Fix clippy and doc test errors

develop changed every sequence-based `keylet::` factory to take
`SeqProxy const&` instead of `std::uint32_t`, and removed the
two-argument `mptokenIssuance(seq, issuer)` overload. The wasm host
functions and their tests still passed raw sequences, so the branch
merged cleanly but did not compile.

Wrap the raw sequences at the call sites, matching the idiom develop
adopted in its own tests:

- `SeqProxy::rawSequence` for check, escrow, nftokenOffer, offer,
  payChannel, permissionedDomain and vault
- `SeqProxy::rawTicket` for ticket
- `keylet::mptokenIssuance(makeMptID(seq, issuer))` for the removed
  overload

No computed keylet changes: the factories only read `seq.value()`, and
the removed overload was itself defined as `mptokenIssuance(makeMptID(
seq, issuer))`.

.codecov.yml

@@ -1,10 +1,32 @@
 codecov:
   require_ci_to_pass: true
+  # The C++ and Rust uploads land minutes apart; without this gate Codecov
+  # publishes a near-zero total from whichever one arrives first.
+  notify:
+    after_n_builds: 2
+    wait_for_ci: true
 
 comment:
   behavior: default
   layout: reach,diff,flags,tree,reach
-  show_carryforward_flags: false
+  show_carryforward_flags: true
+  after_n_builds: 2
+
+# C++ and Rust coverage upload from independent workflows under the `cpp` and
+# `rust` flags; carryforward keeps one language's total when only the other reran.
+flag_management:
+  default_rules:
+    carryforward: true
+  individual_flags:
+    - name: cpp
+      carryforward: true
+      paths:
+        - include/
+        - src/
+    - name: rust
+      carryforward: true
+      paths:
+        - crates/
 
 coverage:
   range: "70..85"

.cspell.config.yaml

@@ -67,6 +67,7 @@ words:
   - Btrfs
   - Buildx
   - canonicality
+  - cdylib
   - canonicalised
   - changespq
   - checkme
@@ -103,6 +104,7 @@ words:
   - deleteme
   - demultiplexer
   - deserializaton
+  - desugars
   - desync
   - desynced
   - determ
@@ -128,6 +130,7 @@ words:
   - gcov
   - gcovr
   - ghead
+  - gmock
   - Gnutella
   - godexsoft
   - gpgcheck
@@ -137,7 +140,9 @@ words:
   - hwaddress
   - hwrap
   - ifndef
+  - impls
   - inequation
+  - initialiser
   - insuf
   - insuff
   - invasively
@@ -245,6 +250,7 @@ words:
   - pyparsing
   - qalloc
   - qbsprofile
+  - qself
   - queuable
   - Raphson
   - rcflags
@@ -297,6 +303,7 @@ words:
   - STATSDCOLLECTOR
   - stissue
   - stnum
+  - stnumber
   - stobj
   - stobject
   - stpath
@@ -308,6 +315,7 @@ words:
   - summands
   - superpeer
   - superpeers
+  - Swatinem
   - takergets
   - takerpays
   - ters
@@ -336,6 +344,7 @@ words:
   - unflatten
   - unfund
   - unimpair
+  - unmetered
   - unroutable
   - unscalable
   - unserviced
@@ -356,6 +365,7 @@ words:
   - vfalco
   - vinnie
   - wasmi
+  - Werror
   - wextra
   - wptr
   - writeme
@@ -363,6 +373,7 @@ words:
   - wthread
   - xbridge
   - xchain
+  - xfloat
   - ximinez
   - XMACRO
   - xrpkuwait

.github/dependabot.yml

@@ -19,3 +19,20 @@ updates:
       github-actions:
         patterns:
           - "*"
+
+  - package-ecosystem: cargo
+    directory: /crates
+    schedule:
+      interval: weekly
+      day: monday
+      time: "04:00"
+      timezone: Etc/GMT
+    commit-message:
+      prefix: "ci: [DEPENDABOT] "
+    target-branch: develop
+    open-pull-requests-limit: 10
+    # Bundle all Rust dependency bumps into a single PR per run to reduce noise.
+    groups:
+      rust-dependencies:
+        patterns:
+          - "*"

.github/workflows/cargo-audit.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+# This workflow audits the Rust dependencies in crates/ for known security
+# advisories using cargo-audit. It runs on a weekly schedule, whenever the
+# dependency graph changes (Cargo.lock / Cargo.toml), and on demand. On a
+# scheduled run, a failure opens a tracking issue (matching the clang-tidy
+# workflow's behavior); on push/PR it simply fails the check.
+name: Cargo audit
+
+on:
+  schedule:
+    # 06:32 UTC every Monday.
+    - cron: "32 6 * * 1"
+  push:
+    branches:
+      - "develop"
+      - "release*"
+    paths:
+      - "crates/**/Cargo.toml"
+      - "crates/Cargo.lock"
+      - ".github/workflows/cargo-audit.yml"
+  pull_request:
+    paths:
+      - "crates/**/Cargo.toml"
+      - "crates/Cargo.lock"
+      - ".github/workflows/cargo-audit.yml"
+  workflow_dispatch:
+
+concurrency:
+  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref }}
+  cancel-in-progress: true
+
+defaults:
+  run:
+    shell: bash
+    working-directory: crates
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
+jobs:
+  audit:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    container: ghcr.io/xrplf/xrpld/nix-debian:sha-2e25435
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
+      # Needed to open an issue on scheduled failures.
+      issues: write
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout repository
+        uses: actions/checkout@df4cb1c069e1874edd31b4311f1884172cec0e10 # v6.0.3
+
+      - name: Run cargo audit
+        id: audit
+        continue-on-error: true
+        run: |
+          set -o pipefail
+          cargo audit | tee /tmp/cargo-audit.txt
+
+      - name: Prepare issue body
+        if: ${{ steps.audit.outcome != 'success' && github.event_name == 'schedule' }}
+        run: |
+          {
+              echo "## \`cargo audit\` found advisories"
+              echo
+              echo '```'
+              cat /tmp/cargo-audit.txt
+              echo '```'
+              echo
+              echo "---"
+              echo "*This issue was automatically created by the cargo-audit workflow.*"
+          } >/tmp/cargo-audit-issue.md
+
+      - name: Create issue
+        if: ${{ steps.audit.outcome != 'success' && github.event_name == 'schedule' }}
+        uses: XRPLF/actions/create-issue@2b8bc36af85b88bca0dd7bfac2e2dc05f94ad712
+        with:
+          title: "cargo audit found vulnerabilities"
+          body_file: /tmp/cargo-audit-issue.md
+          labels: "Bug,Security"
+
+      - name: Fail if advisories were found
+        if: ${{ steps.audit.outcome != 'success' }}
+        run: |
+          echo "cargo audit found advisories!"
+          exit 1

.github/workflows/on-pr.yml

@@ -85,6 +85,7 @@ jobs:
             .github/workflows/reusable-check-autogen.yml
             .github/workflows/reusable-clang-tidy.yml
             .github/workflows/reusable-package.yml
+            .github/workflows/reusable-rust.yml
             .github/workflows/reusable-strategy-matrix.yml
             .github/workflows/reusable-test.yml
             .github/workflows/reusable-upload-recipe.yml
@@ -95,6 +96,7 @@ jobs:
             cfg/**
             cmake/**
             conan/**
+            crates/**
             external/**
             include/**
             src/**
@@ -168,6 +170,13 @@ jobs:
     secrets:
       CODECOV_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.CODECOV_TOKEN }}
 
+  rust:
+    needs: should-run
+    if: ${{ needs.should-run.outputs.go == 'true' }}
+    uses: ./.github/workflows/reusable-rust.yml
+    secrets:
+      CODECOV_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.CODECOV_TOKEN }}
+
   package:
     needs: [should-run, build-test]
     # Packaging consumes the debian/rhel release binaries, which are only built
@@ -211,6 +220,7 @@ jobs:
       - check-rename
       - clang-tidy
       - build-test
+      - rust
       - package
       - upload-recipe
       - notify-clio

.github/workflows/on-trigger.yml

@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ on:
       - ".github/workflows/reusable-check-autogen.yml"
       - ".github/workflows/reusable-clang-tidy.yml"
       - ".github/workflows/reusable-package.yml"
+      - ".github/workflows/reusable-rust.yml"
       - ".github/workflows/reusable-strategy-matrix.yml"
       - ".github/workflows/reusable-test.yml"
       - ".github/workflows/reusable-upload-recipe.yml"
@@ -33,6 +34,7 @@ on:
       - "cfg/**"
       - "cmake/**"
       - "conan/**"
+      - "crates/**"
       - "external/**"
       - "include/**"
       - "src/**"
@@ -96,6 +98,11 @@ jobs:
     secrets:
       CODECOV_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.CODECOV_TOKEN }}
 
+  rust:
+    uses: ./.github/workflows/reusable-rust.yml
+    secrets:
+      CODECOV_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.CODECOV_TOKEN }}
+
   upload-recipe:
     needs: build-test
     # Only run when pushing to the develop branch.

.github/workflows/reusable-build-test-config.yml

@@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ jobs:
         working-directory: ${{ env.BUILD_DIR }}
         run: |
           ldd ./xrpld
-          if [ "$(ldd ./xrpld | grep -E '(libstdc\+\+|libgcc)' | wc -l)" -eq 0 ]; then
+          if [ "$(ldd ./xrpld | grep -E '(libstdc\+\+)' | wc -l)" -eq 0 ]; then
               echo 'The binary is statically linked.'
           else
               echo 'The binary is dynamically linked.'
@@ -289,6 +289,14 @@ jobs:
         run: |
           ./xrpld --version | grep libvoidstar
 
+      - name: Run Rust tests
+        if: ${{ !inputs.build_only }}
+        working-directory: crates
+        # `xrpl-wasm-vm-ffi` is left out on Windows: its tests link as an executable, and
+        # MSVC - unlike the Unix linkers - will not dead-strip the never-called cxx wrappers
+        # whose C++ shims only the CMake build defines. The other runners cover these tests.
+        run: cargo nextest run --workspace --all-features --locked --no-tests=warn ${{ runner.os == 'Windows' && '--exclude xrpl-wasm-vm-ffi' || '' }}
+
       - name: Run the separate tests
         if: ${{ !inputs.build_only }}
         working-directory: ${{ runner.os == 'Windows' && format('{0}/{1}', env.BUILD_DIR, inputs.build_type) || env.BUILD_DIR }}
@@ -394,6 +402,7 @@ jobs:
           disable_telem: true
           fail_ci_if_error: true
           files: ${{ env.BUILD_DIR }}/coverage.xml
+          flags: cpp
           plugins: noop
           token: ${{ secrets.CODECOV_TOKEN }}
           verbose: true

.github/workflows/reusable-clang-tidy.yml

@@ -88,6 +88,12 @@ jobs:
         run: |
           ninja -j ${{ steps.nproc.outputs.nproc }} xrpl.libpb
 
+      # clang-tidy needs cxxbridge headers generated from Rust crates
+      - name: Build xrpl_crates
+        working-directory: ${{ env.BUILD_DIR }}
+        run: |
+          ninja -j ${{ steps.nproc.outputs.nproc }} xrpl_crates
+
       - name: Run clang tidy
         id: run_clang_tidy
         continue-on-error: true

.github/workflows/reusable-rust.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+# Clippy, coverage and documentation for the Rust crates in crates/. Each runs
+# as an independent job on a GitHub-hosted runner, but inside the same container
+# image used to build the crates in the C++/Corrosion path, so the toolchain
+# (and therefore the lints, coverage instrumentation and the cargo cache) matches
+# what production builds use.
+#
+# Rust unit tests are deliberately NOT run here. They run as part of the C++
+# build (reusable-build-test-config.yml), which already compiles the crates on a
+# self-hosted runner, so there is no need to provision a toolchain again.
+name: Rust
+
+on:
+  workflow_call:
+    secrets:
+      CODECOV_TOKEN:
+        description: "The Codecov token to use for uploading coverage reports."
+        required: false
+
+defaults:
+  run:
+    shell: bash
+    working-directory: crates
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
+jobs:
+  clippy:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    container: ghcr.io/xrplf/xrpld/nix-ubuntu:sha-fecfc0c
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout repository
+        uses: actions/checkout@df4cb1c069e1874edd31b4311f1884172cec0e10 # v6.0.3
+
+      - name: Cache cargo artifacts
+        uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@c19371144df3bb44fab255c43d04cbc2ab54d1c4 # v2.9.1
+        with:
+          workspaces: crates
+
+      - name: Run clippy
+        run: cargo clippy --workspace --all-targets --all-features --locked -- -D warnings
+
+  coverage:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    container: ghcr.io/xrplf/xrpld/nix-ubuntu:sha-fecfc0c
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout repository
+        uses: actions/checkout@df4cb1c069e1874edd31b4311f1884172cec0e10 # v6.0.3
+
+      - name: Cache cargo artifacts
+        uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@c19371144df3bb44fab255c43d04cbc2ab54d1c4 # v2.9.1
+        with:
+          workspaces: crates
+
+      - name: Generate coverage report
+        run: cargo llvm-cov nextest --workspace --all-features --locked --no-tests=warn --lcov --output-path lcov.info
+
+      - name: Upload coverage report
+        if: ${{ github.repository == 'XRPLF/rippled' }}
+        uses: codecov/codecov-action@fb8b3582c8e4def4969c97caa2f19720cb33a72f # v7.0.0
+        with:
+          disable_search: true
+          disable_telem: true
+          fail_ci_if_error: true
+          files: crates/lcov.info
+          flags: rust
+          plugins: noop
+          token: ${{ secrets.CODECOV_TOKEN }}
+          verbose: true
+
+  doc:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    container: ghcr.io/xrplf/xrpld/nix-ubuntu:sha-fecfc0c
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout repository
+        uses: actions/checkout@df4cb1c069e1874edd31b4311f1884172cec0e10 # v6.0.3
+
+      - name: Cache cargo artifacts
+        uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@c19371144df3bb44fab255c43d04cbc2ab54d1c4 # v2.9.1
+        with:
+          workspaces: crates
+
+      - name: Build documentation
+        env:
+          RUSTDOCFLAGS: "-D warnings"
+        run: cargo doc --workspace --no-deps --all-features --locked

.gitignore

@@ -89,3 +89,6 @@ target/
 
 # clangd cache
 /.cache
+
+# Rust build directory
+crates/target

.pre-commit-config.yaml

@@ -62,6 +62,15 @@ repos:
         types_or: [c++, c, proto]
         exclude: ^include/xrpl/protocol_autogen/(transactions|ledger_entries)/
 
+  - repo: local
+    hooks:
+      - id: cargo-fmt
+        name: cargo fmt
+        entry: cargo fmt --manifest-path crates/Cargo.toml --all
+        language: system
+        types: [rust]
+        pass_filenames: false # rustfmt formats the whole workspace
+
   - repo: https://github.com/BlankSpruce/gersemi-pre-commit
     rev: e98930bdc210d3387007f9252d8c1694ea7e410f # frozen: 0.27.7
     hooks:

CMakeLists.txt

@@ -158,6 +158,7 @@ if(coverage)
     include(XrplCov)
 endif()
 
+add_subdirectory(crates)
 include(XrplCore)
 include(XrplProtocolAutogen)
 include(XrplInstall)

cmake/XrplCore.cmake

@@ -205,7 +205,17 @@ target_link_libraries(
 )
 
 add_module(xrpl tx)
-target_link_libraries(xrpl.libxrpl.tx PUBLIC xrpl.libxrpl.ledger)
+# The wasm engine is a Rust crate reached over cxx: the bridge target supplies the
+# generated `lib.h` and `rust/cxx.h` that `tx/wasm` compiles against, and the Rust
+# static library everything downstream links. PUBLIC because the include path travels
+# with the module's own public headers.
+target_link_libraries(
+    xrpl.libxrpl.tx
+    PUBLIC xrpl.libxrpl.ledger xrpl_wasm_vm_ffi_cxxbridge
+)
+# Those headers do not exist at configure time, and the header-verification target
+# compiles this module's headers on their own, so both need the crates built first.
+add_dependencies(xrpl.libxrpl.tx xrpl_crates)
 
 add_module(xrpl consensus)
 target_link_libraries(

crates/.cargo/config.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+[target.x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu]
+rustflags = ["-C", "link-args=-static-libgcc"]
+
+[target.x86_64-pc-windows-msvc]
+rustflags = ["-C", "target-feature=+crt-static"]

crates/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+set(CORROSION_VERSION 0.6.1)
+
+find_package(Corrosion ${CORROSION_VERSION} QUIET)
+if(NOT Corrosion_FOUND)
+    include(FetchContent)
+    FetchContent_Declare(
+        Corrosion
+        GIT_REPOSITORY https://github.com/corrosion-rs/corrosion.git
+        GIT_TAG v${CORROSION_VERSION}
+    )
+    FetchContent_MakeAvailable(Corrosion)
+endif()
+
+corrosion_import_crate(MANIFEST_PATH ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/Cargo.toml)
+
+file(
+    WRITE "${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/.clang-tidy"
+    "# Auto-generated by crates/CMakeLists.txt. Do not edit.\n"
+    "# Neutralizes clang-tidy for corrosion/cxxbridge-generated C++.\n"
+    "# One check kept enabled to avoid clang-tidy's \"no checks enabled\" error.\n"
+    "Checks: '-*,google-readability-todo'\n"
+    "WarningsAsErrors: ''\n"
+    "HeaderFilterRegex: ''\n"
+    "InheritParentConfig: false\n"
+)
+
+# Umbrella target that aggregates all crate-generated code (cxxbridge headers,
+# etc.). Build this before running clang-tidy so generated headers are present.
+add_custom_target(xrpl_crates)
+
+# add_xrpl_crate(<name> CRATE <crate> FILES <file>...) Creates a cxxbridge
+# target <name>_cxxbridge and registers it with xrpl_crates.
+function(add_xrpl_crate name)
+    cmake_parse_arguments(ARG "" "CRATE" "FILES" ${ARGN})
+    corrosion_add_cxxbridge(${name}_cxxbridge CRATE ${ARG_CRATE} FILES
+                            ${ARG_FILES}
+    )
+    # Generated cxxbridge headers don't exist at configure time; CMake 3.28+
+    # validates INTERFACE_SOURCES on consuming targets. Clear it to skip the
+    # existence check — build-time ordering is enforced by the custom commands.
+    set_target_properties(${name}_cxxbridge PROPERTIES INTERFACE_SOURCES "")
+    add_dependencies(xrpl_crates ${name}_cxxbridge)
+endfunction()
+
+add_xrpl_crate(xrpl_wasm_vm_ffi CRATE xrpl_wasm_vm_ffi FILES lib.rs)
+
+# Test-only, and deliberately not part of xrpl_wasm_vm_ffi: it carries the `wat` assembler,
+# which the engine's `wasmi default-features = false` exists to keep out of the consensus
+# path. Linked from src/tests/libxrpl only, so the shipped node cannot contain it.
+add_xrpl_crate(xrpl_wasm_testkit CRATE xrpl_wasm_testkit FILES lib.rs)
+
+# The wasm bridge `include!`s a project header, so its generated translation unit needs
+# the project's include root. Deliberately only that: a header reached from here must
+# stay light enough to compile without the Boost paths this target does not get, which
+# is why `HostContext.h` forward-declares `xrpl::HostFunctions` instead of including it.
+target_include_directories(
+    xrpl_wasm_vm_ffi_cxxbridge
+    PRIVATE ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/include
+)

crates/Cargo.lock

@@ -0,0 +1,497 @@
+# This file is automatically @generated by Cargo.
+# It is not intended for manual editing.
+version = 4
+
+[[package]]
+name = "anstyle"
+version = "1.0.14"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "940b3a0ca603d1eade50a4846a2afffd5ef57a9feac2c0e2ec2e14f9ead76000"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "bitflags"
+version = "2.13.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "b588b76d00fde79687d7646a9b5bdf3cc0f655e0bbd080335a95d7e96f3587da"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "bumpalo"
+version = "3.20.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "72f5acc6cb2ba439de613abc23857ec3d78374d8ed5ac84e9d11336e87da8649"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "cc"
+version = "1.2.61"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d16d90359e986641506914ba71350897565610e87ce0ad9e6f28569db3dd5c6d"
+dependencies = [
+ "find-msvc-tools",
+ "shlex",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "clap"
+version = "4.6.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "1ddb117e43bbf7dacf0a4190fef4d345b9bad68dfc649cb349e7d17d28428e51"
+dependencies = [
+ "clap_builder",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "clap_builder"
+version = "4.6.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "714a53001bf66416adb0e2ef5ac857140e7dc3a0c48fb28b2f10762fc4b5069f"
+dependencies = [
+ "anstyle",
+ "clap_lex",
+ "strsim",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "clap_lex"
+version = "1.1.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "c8d4a3bb8b1e0c1050499d1815f5ab16d04f0959b233085fb31653fbfc9d98f9"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "codespan-reporting"
+version = "0.13.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "af491d569909a7e4dee0ad7db7f5341fef5c614d5b8ec8cf765732aba3cff681"
+dependencies = [
+ "serde",
+ "termcolor",
+ "unicode-width",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "cxx"
+version = "1.0.198"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "6fe442a792c7c736eea18b32a7f8a3b63cf8aafabda6760042dc2fdeda456291"
+dependencies = [
+ "cc",
+ "cxx-build",
+ "cxxbridge-cmd",
+ "cxxbridge-flags",
+ "cxxbridge-macro",
+ "foldhash 0.2.0",
+ "link-cplusplus",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "cxx-build"
+version = "1.0.198"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "e3184a94384c663718698311a78a51ac00c484c10b4eeac06fb0a068c5f64fa2"
+dependencies = [
+ "cc",
+ "codespan-reporting",
+ "indexmap",
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "scratch",
+ "syn 3.0.3",
+]
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+
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+version = "0.1.0"
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+ "quote",
+ "syn 3.0.3",
+ "xrpl-host-functions",
+]
+
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+]

crates/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+[workspace]
+members = ["xrpl-wasm-vm-ffi", "xrpl-wasm-vm", "xrpl-wasm-testkit", "xrpl-host-functions", "xrpl-host-functions-macros"]
+resolver = "3"
+
+[workspace.dependencies]
+cxx = { version = "1.0.198", features = ["c++20"] }
+
+[workspace.package]
+edition = "2024"
+
+[profile.release]
+opt-level = 3
+overflow-checks = true
+lto = true
+debug = true

crates/xrpl-host-functions-macros/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+[package]
+name = "xrpl-host-functions-macros"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition.workspace = true
+
+[lib]
+proc-macro = true
+
+[dependencies]
+syn = { version = "3", features = ["full"] }
+quote = "1"
+proc-macro2 = "1"
+
+# The expansion names `::xrpl_host_functions::HostFnSpec`, so the doctest needs the
+# facade crate. Cargo allows this cycle because dev-dependencies are outside the
+# library build graph.
+[dev-dependencies]
+xrpl-host-functions.path = "../xrpl-host-functions"

crates/xrpl-host-functions-macros/src/errors.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+/// Folds accumulated diagnostics into the single error a macro can return.
+///
+/// `syn::Error` is itself a collection: `combine` appends, and
+/// `into_compile_error` emits one `compile_error!` per recorded span. Folding
+/// instead of returning the first error means every mistake in a
+/// `host_functions!` block surfaces in one build rather than one per rebuild.
+pub(crate) fn combine(errors: Vec<syn::Error>) -> Option<syn::Error> {
+    errors.into_iter().reduce(|mut first, next| {
+        first.combine(next);
+        first
+    })
+}

crates/xrpl-host-functions-macros/src/lib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,384 @@
+mod errors;
+mod parsed_host_function;
+
+use std::collections::HashSet;
+
+use proc_macro2::TokenStream;
+use quote::quote;
+use syn::{
+    TraitItemFn,
+    parse::{Parse, ParseStream},
+    parse2,
+};
+
+use parsed_host_function::ParsedHostFunction;
+
+/// Declares the wasm host ABI once, and generates everything that follows from it.
+///
+/// The input is a block of `fn` declarations, each carrying the gas cost the host
+/// charges before the call and the name the guest imports it under. Doc comments
+/// are kept and appear on the generated items.
+///
+/// This crate is an implementation detail of `xrpl-host-functions`, which
+/// hand-writes the types the expansion refers to and holds the one declaration
+/// block. The expansion names those types by absolute path, so a call site needs
+/// `xrpl-host-functions` as a dependency but no imports from it.
+///
+/// ```
+/// use xrpl_host_functions::HostResult;
+/// use xrpl_host_functions_macros::host_functions;
+///
+/// host_functions! {
+///     /// The sequence number of the ledger being built, as 4 little-endian bytes.
+///     #[gas = 60]
+///     #[wasm_name = "ldgr_index"]
+///     fn get_ledger_sqn(&self, out: &mut [u8]) -> HostResult<usize>;
+///
+///     /// Writes `msg` to the trace log.
+///     #[gas = 500]
+///     #[wasm_name = "trace_num"]
+///     fn trace_num(&self, msg: &str, number: i64) -> HostResult<()>;
+/// }
+///
+/// // A `HostFunctions` trait, holding the declarations verbatim:
+/// struct Host;
+/// impl HostFunctions for Host {
+///     fn get_ledger_sqn(&self, out: &mut [u8]) -> HostResult<usize> {
+///         out[..4].copy_from_slice(&7u32.to_le_bytes());
+///         Ok(4)
+///     }
+///     fn trace_num(&self, _msg: &str, _number: i64) -> HostResult<()> { Ok(()) }
+/// }
+///
+/// // A `HostFunctionSpec` enum carrying the ABI metadata as a `const` table:
+/// assert_eq!(HostFunctionSpec::GetLedgerSqn.gas(), 60);
+/// assert_eq!(HostFunctionSpec::TraceNum.wasm_name(), "trace_num");
+/// assert_eq!(HostFunctionSpec::ALL.len(), 2);
+/// ```
+///
+/// A declaration must be a plain `fn` taking `&self` and returning
+/// `HostResult<T>`, with no body and no generics: it maps to exactly one wasm
+/// import signature. Two declarations may not share a `wasm_name`, nor collapse to
+/// the same PascalCase variant.
+#[proc_macro]
+pub fn host_functions(input: proc_macro::TokenStream) -> proc_macro::TokenStream {
+    expand(input.into())
+        .unwrap_or_else(syn::Error::into_compile_error)
+        .into()
+}
+
+fn expand(input: TokenStream) -> syn::Result<TokenStream> {
+    let HostFunctionsInput { functions } = parse2(input)?;
+
+    let mut parsed = Vec::with_capacity(functions.len());
+    let mut errors = Vec::new();
+    for function in functions {
+        match ParsedHostFunction::parse(function) {
+            Ok(function) => parsed.push(function),
+            Err(error) => errors.push(error),
+        }
+    }
+    if let Some(error) = errors::combine(errors) {
+        return Err(error);
+    }
+    if let Some(error) = errors::combine(collisions(&parsed)) {
+        return Err(error);
+    }
+
+    Ok(generate(&parsed))
+}
+
+/// Names two declarations may not share, because the generated code would then
+/// fail to compile at a span the caller cannot see.
+fn collisions(functions: &[ParsedHostFunction]) -> Vec<syn::Error> {
+    let mut errors = Vec::new();
+    let mut variants = HashSet::new();
+    let mut wasm_names = HashSet::new();
+
+    for function in functions {
+        if !variants.insert(function.variant.to_string()) {
+            errors.push(syn::Error::new_spanned(
+                &function.variant,
+                format!(
+                    "another host function already becomes the `{}` variant",
+                    function.variant
+                ),
+            ));
+        }
+        if !wasm_names.insert(function.wasm_name.value()) {
+            errors.push(syn::Error::new_spanned(
+                &function.wasm_name,
+                format!(
+                    "another host function is already imported as `{}`",
+                    function.wasm_name.value()
+                ),
+            ));
+        }
+    }
+
+    errors
+}
+
+fn generate(functions: &[ParsedHostFunction]) -> TokenStream {
+    let trait_methods = functions.iter().map(ParsedHostFunction::trait_method);
+    let variants = functions
+        .iter()
+        .map(ParsedHostFunction::variant_declaration);
+    let spec_arms = functions.iter().map(ParsedHostFunction::spec_arm);
+    let all = functions.iter().map(|function| &function.variant);
+
+    quote! {
+        /// The host side of the wasm ABI: one method per function a guest may
+        /// import.
+        ///
+        /// Implement it once per execution environment — the ledger host, a test
+        /// double, a benchmark fake — and a guest module cannot tell them apart.
+        /// Each method is one declaration from the `host_functions!` block, as
+        /// written; its `&self` receiver is not part of the ABI the guest sees,
+        /// so a host that must mutate does so behind interior mutability.
+        ///
+        /// # The output contract
+        ///
+        /// A method handed an `out` buffer **writes into it only when the whole
+        /// value fits, and returns the value's true length whether it fitted or
+        /// not.**
+        ///
+        /// The length is the value's, not the number of bytes written, because it
+        /// is how a guest that asked with too small a buffer learns the size to
+        /// ask for next time. The engine turns a length past the buffer into
+        /// `BufferTooSmall`, and one past the field cap into `DataFieldTooLarge`,
+        /// so a host needs to know neither.
+        ///
+        /// Writing nothing unless the value fits is the half only a host can hold
+        /// up. An engine can bound how many bytes are *writable* — and does, by
+        /// handing over a region clamped to the field cap — but it cannot take
+        /// back what a method already put there. A host that wrote a truncated
+        /// prefix and then reported the larger length would leave those bytes in
+        /// guest memory behind a refusal the guest is told to ignore. C++'s
+        /// `setData` is the reference point: it wrote only on a value that fit.
+        pub trait HostFunctions {
+            #(#trait_methods)*
+        }
+
+        /// One row of the ABI table: what [`HostFunctionSpec::wasm_name`] and
+        /// [`HostFunctionSpec::gas`] read from.
+        ///
+        /// Private, and the only reason it exists is to keep both of them fed
+        /// from a single `match` over the declarations.
+        struct HostFnSpec {
+            name: &'static str,
+            gas: u64,
+        }
+
+        /// Identifies one host function, and is the compile-time source of its
+        /// ABI metadata.
+        ///
+        /// One variant per `host_functions!` declaration, named by converting the
+        /// function name to PascalCase. [`Self::ALL`] is the whole ABI, which is
+        /// what a wasm engine iterates to build its import table.
+        #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+        pub enum HostFunctionSpec {
+            #(#variants,)*
+        }
+
+        impl HostFunctionSpec {
+            /// Every host function, in the order declared.
+            ///
+            /// This is the complete import surface a guest may link against: a
+            /// function absent here cannot be called, and one present here must
+            /// be registered for a module that imports it to instantiate.
+            pub const ALL: &'static [Self] = &[#(Self::#all,)*];
+
+            /// This function's row of the ABI table.
+            const fn spec(self) -> HostFnSpec {
+                match self {
+                    #(#spec_arms,)*
+                }
+            }
+
+            /// The name a guest imports this function under.
+            ///
+            /// A guest's import name must match this exactly, or the module
+            /// fails to instantiate. Usable in `const` context, so import lists
+            /// can be built at compile time.
+            pub const fn wasm_name(self) -> &'static str {
+                self.spec().name
+            }
+
+            /// Gas charged before the call runs, independent of its arguments.
+            ///
+            /// Consensus-relevant: two nodes that disagree on this value
+            /// disagree on transaction outcomes. Usable in `const` context, so
+            /// gas tables can be built at compile time.
+            pub const fn gas(self) -> u64 {
+                self.spec().gas
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+struct HostFunctionsInput {
+    functions: Vec<TraitItemFn>,
+}
+
+impl Parse for HostFunctionsInput {
+    fn parse(input: ParseStream) -> syn::Result<Self> {
+        let mut functions = Vec::new();
+        while !input.is_empty() {
+            functions.push(input.parse()?);
+        }
+        Ok(HostFunctionsInput { functions })
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn accepts_an_empty_block() {
+        expand(quote! {}).unwrap();
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn reports_mistakes_from_every_function() {
+        let error = expand(quote! {
+            #[wasm_name = "ldgr_index"]
+            fn get_ledger_sqn(&self) -> HostResult<[u8; 4]>;
+
+            #[gas = 2000]
+            fn sha512_half(&self, data: &[u8]) -> HostResult<[u8; 32]>;
+        })
+        .expect_err("expected parsing to fail");
+
+        let messages: Vec<_> = error.into_iter().map(|error| error.to_string()).collect();
+        assert_eq!(messages.len(), 2, "{messages:?}");
+        assert!(messages[0].contains("missing `#[gas"), "{messages:?}");
+        assert!(messages[1].contains("missing `#[wasm_name"), "{messages:?}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn propagates_syntax_errors() {
+        let error = expand(quote! { fn missing_semicolon() }).expect_err("expected a syntax error");
+        assert!(!error.to_string().is_empty());
+    }
+
+    /// The messages of every diagnostic recorded by one failed `expand`.
+    fn messages(input: TokenStream) -> Vec<String> {
+        let Err(error) = expand(input) else {
+            panic!("expected expansion to fail");
+        };
+        error.into_iter().map(|error| error.to_string()).collect()
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn generates_the_trait_the_enum_and_the_table() {
+        let generated = expand(quote! {
+            #[gas = 60]
+            #[wasm_name = "ldgr_index"]
+            fn get_ledger_sqn(&self) -> HostResult<[u8; 4]>;
+
+            #[gas = 500]
+            #[wasm_name = "trace_num"]
+            fn trace_num(&self, msg: &str, number: i64) -> HostResult<()>;
+        })
+        .unwrap()
+        .to_string();
+
+        for expected in [
+            "pub trait HostFunctions",
+            "fn get_ledger_sqn (& self) -> HostResult < [u8 ; 4] > ;",
+            "fn trace_num (& self , msg : & str , number : i64) -> HostResult < () > ;",
+            "pub enum HostFunctionSpec { GetLedgerSqn , TraceNum , }",
+            "pub const ALL : & 'static [Self] = & [Self :: GetLedgerSqn , Self :: TraceNum ,]",
+            // The table's row type is generated too, and stays private.
+            "struct HostFnSpec { name : & 'static str , gas : u64 , }",
+            "const fn spec (self) -> HostFnSpec",
+            "Self :: GetLedgerSqn => HostFnSpec { name : \"ldgr_index\" , gas : 60u64 }",
+            "pub const fn wasm_name (self) -> & 'static str",
+            "pub const fn gas (self) -> u64",
+        ] {
+            assert!(generated.contains(expected), "missing {expected:?}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The expansion stands alone: every name in it is either generated here or
+    /// written in the declarations, so it cannot depend on the crate it lands in.
+    #[test]
+    fn names_no_crate_of_its_own() {
+        let generated = expand(quote! {
+            #[gas = 60]
+            #[wasm_name = "ldgr_index"]
+            fn get_ledger_sqn(&self) -> HostResult<[u8; 4]>;
+        })
+        .unwrap()
+        .to_string();
+
+        assert!(!generated.contains("xrpl_host_functions"), "{generated}");
+
+        // `Self::Variant` is the only path the expansion may build: anything else
+        // would reach out of the generated code. Doc comments spell paths without
+        // spaces (`Self::ALL`), so they do not match.
+        for (index, _) in generated.match_indices(" :: ") {
+            assert!(
+                generated[..index].ends_with("Self"),
+                "path out of the expansion at {index}: {generated}"
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// `spec` is an implementation detail of the two accessors, so it must not
+    /// become part of the ABI crate's public surface.
+    #[test]
+    fn keeps_the_table_row_private() {
+        let generated = expand(quote! {
+            #[gas = 60]
+            #[wasm_name = "ldgr_index"]
+            fn get_ledger_sqn(&self) -> HostResult<[u8; 4]>;
+        })
+        .unwrap()
+        .to_string();
+
+        assert!(!generated.contains("pub struct HostFnSpec"), "{generated}");
+        assert!(!generated.contains("pub const fn spec"), "{generated}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rejects_two_functions_that_share_a_wasm_name() {
+        let messages = messages(quote! {
+            #[gas = 60]
+            #[wasm_name = "trace"]
+            fn trace(&self, msg: &str) -> HostResult<()>;
+
+            #[gas = 70]
+            #[wasm_name = "trace"]
+            fn trace_num(&self, msg: &str, number: i64) -> HostResult<()>;
+        });
+
+        assert_eq!(messages.len(), 1, "{messages:?}");
+        assert!(
+            messages[0].contains("already imported as `trace`"),
+            "{messages:?}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// Names that differ only in underscores collapse to one enum variant.
+    #[test]
+    fn rejects_two_functions_that_share_a_variant() {
+        let messages = messages(quote! {
+            #[gas = 60]
+            #[wasm_name = "a"]
+            fn get_ledger_sqn(&self) -> HostResult<[u8; 4]>;
+
+            #[gas = 70]
+            #[wasm_name = "b"]
+            fn get_ledger__sqn(&self) -> HostResult<[u8; 4]>;
+        });
+
+        assert_eq!(messages.len(), 1, "{messages:?}");
+        assert!(
+            messages[0].contains("`GetLedgerSqn` variant"),
+            "{messages:?}"
+        );
+    }
+}

crates/xrpl-host-functions-macros/src/parsed_host_function.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,871 @@
+use proc_macro2::TokenStream;
+use quote::{format_ident, quote};
+use syn::{
+    Attribute, Expr, ExprLit, Ident, Lit, LitStr, PathArguments, ReceiverKind, ReturnType, Safety,
+    Signature, TraitItemFn, Type, TypePath,
+};
+
+use crate::errors;
+
+/// `#[gas = N]`: the base gas charged before the call runs.
+const GAS: &str = "gas";
+/// `#[wasm_name = "..."]`: the name the guest imports the function under.
+const WASM_NAME: &str = "wasm_name";
+/// `///` desugars to `#[doc = "..."]` before macro expansion.
+const DOC: &str = "doc";
+/// The alias every declaration returns its success type through.
+const HOST_RESULT: &str = "HostResult";
+
+/// One entry of a `host_functions!` block: its ABI metadata and its signature.
+pub(crate) struct ParsedHostFunction {
+    pub(crate) gas: u64,
+    /// Kept as the literal the user wrote, so diagnostics and the generated
+    /// string both carry that span.
+    pub(crate) wasm_name: LitStr,
+    /// Doc comments, in source order, to re-emit on the generated items.
+    pub(crate) docs: Vec<Attribute>,
+    /// The enum variant this declaration becomes, spanned at the function name.
+    pub(crate) variant: Ident,
+    pub(crate) signature: Signature,
+}
+
+impl ParsedHostFunction {
+    /// `#[doc …] fn get_ledger_sqn(&self) -> HostResult<[u8; 4]>;`
+    pub(crate) fn trait_method(&self) -> TokenStream {
+        let docs = &self.docs;
+        // The declaration is already a trait method: emitted verbatim, so what
+        // the block reads like is what the trait is.
+        let signature = &self.signature;
+
+        quote! {
+            #(#docs)*
+            #signature;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// `#[doc …] GetLedgerSqn`
+    pub(crate) fn variant_declaration(&self) -> TokenStream {
+        let docs = &self.docs;
+        let variant = &self.variant;
+        quote! {
+            #(#docs)*
+            #variant
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// `Self::GetLedgerSqn => HostFnSpec { name: "ldgr_index", gas: 60u64 }`
+    pub(crate) fn spec_arm(&self) -> TokenStream {
+        let Self {
+            gas,
+            wasm_name,
+            variant,
+            ..
+        } = self;
+        quote! {
+            Self::#variant => HostFnSpec { name: #wasm_name, gas: #gas }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn parse(function: TraitItemFn) -> syn::Result<Self> {
+        let mut gas = None;
+        let mut wasm_name = None;
+        let mut docs = Vec::new();
+        let mut errors = Vec::new();
+
+        // Tracked separately from `gas`/`wasm_name` so a malformed attribute is
+        // not also reported as a missing one.
+        let mut saw_gas = false;
+        let mut saw_wasm_name = false;
+
+        for attr in function.attrs {
+            if attr.path().is_ident(GAS) {
+                saw_gas = true;
+                if let Err(error) = int_value(&attr).and_then(|v| set_once(&mut gas, v, &attr)) {
+                    errors.push(error);
+                }
+            } else if attr.path().is_ident(WASM_NAME) {
+                saw_wasm_name = true;
+                if let Err(error) =
+                    string_value(&attr).and_then(|v| set_once(&mut wasm_name, v, &attr))
+                {
+                    errors.push(error);
+                }
+            } else if attr.path().is_ident(DOC) {
+                docs.push(attr);
+            } else {
+                errors.push(syn::Error::new_spanned(
+                    &attr,
+                    format!("unexpected attribute `{}`", path_name(&attr)),
+                ));
+            }
+        }
+
+        if !saw_gas {
+            errors.push(syn::Error::new_spanned(
+                &function.sig.ident,
+                format!("missing `#[{GAS} = ...]` attribute"),
+            ));
+        }
+        if !saw_wasm_name {
+            errors.push(syn::Error::new_spanned(
+                &function.sig.ident,
+                format!("missing `#[{WASM_NAME} = \"...\"]` attribute"),
+            ));
+        }
+        if let Some(body) = &function.default {
+            errors.push(syn::Error::new_spanned(
+                body,
+                "a host function is implemented by the host, so it must not have a body",
+            ));
+        }
+        if !function.sig.generics.params.is_empty() || function.sig.generics.where_clause.is_some()
+        {
+            errors.push(syn::Error::new_spanned(
+                &function.sig.ident,
+                "a host function must not be generic: it maps to one wasm import signature",
+            ));
+        }
+        errors.extend(check_receiver(&function.sig).err());
+        errors.extend(check_return_type(&function.sig).err());
+        if let Some(name) = &wasm_name {
+            errors.extend(check_wasm_name(name).err());
+        }
+        reject_modifiers(&function.sig, &mut errors);
+
+        // A name whose PascalCase form is not a legal variant is reported here
+        // rather than emitted, which would either panic or fail downstream.
+        let variant = match variant_ident(&function.sig.ident) {
+            Ok(variant) => Some(variant),
+            Err(error) => {
+                errors.push(error);
+                None
+            }
+        };
+
+        if let Some(error) = errors::combine(errors) {
+            return Err(error);
+        }
+
+        let (Some(gas), Some(wasm_name), Some(variant)) = (gas, wasm_name, variant) else {
+            unreachable!("every absent field is reported above");
+        };
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            gas,
+            wasm_name,
+            docs,
+            variant,
+            signature: function.sig,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+/// Every declaration carries a receiver, and it is always `&self`.
+///
+/// `&self` is the only receiver that can work: the VM reaches the host through a
+/// shared `&dyn HostFunctions` stored in the wasmi `Store`, and a host that needs
+/// to mutate does so behind interior mutability. The receiver is not part of the
+/// wasm ABI — the guest passes no `self` — so it is uniform across the block.
+fn check_receiver(signature: &Signature) -> syn::Result<()> {
+    let Some(receiver) = signature.receiver() else {
+        return Err(syn::Error::new_spanned(
+            &signature.ident,
+            format!(
+                "a host function must declare its receiver: `fn {}(&self, ...)`",
+                signature.ident
+            ),
+        ));
+    };
+
+    // `&self` and nothing else: not `&mut self`, not `self`/`mut self`, not a
+    // typed `self: Box<Self>`, and not a spelled-out lifetime.
+    if !matches!(receiver.kind, ReceiverKind::Reference(_, None, None)) {
+        return Err(syn::Error::new_spanned(
+            receiver,
+            "a host function's receiver must be exactly `&self`: the VM calls the host \
+             through a shared `&dyn HostFunctions`",
+        ));
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Every declaration returns `HostResult<T>`, including the ones that yield
+/// nothing (`HostResult<()>`).
+///
+/// One shape for every function is what lets a single dispatch adapter lower them
+/// all: lift the arguments out of guest memory, call the host, then turn `Ok(T)`
+/// into the wire's non-negative `i32` and `Err(e)` into a negative code or a trap.
+/// A function returning a bare `T` would need its own arm.
+fn check_return_type(signature: &Signature) -> syn::Result<()> {
+    const SHAPE: &str = "a host function must return `HostResult<T>` — \
+                         `HostResult<()>` if it yields nothing";
+
+    let ReturnType::Type(_, returned) = &signature.output else {
+        return Err(syn::Error::new_spanned(&signature.ident, SHAPE));
+    };
+
+    let Type::Path(TypePath {
+        qself: None, path, ..
+    }) = &**returned
+    else {
+        return Err(syn::Error::new_spanned(returned, SHAPE));
+    };
+    // The last segment only, so `HostResult<T>` may be written qualified.
+    let Some(last) = path.segments.last() else {
+        return Err(syn::Error::new_spanned(returned, SHAPE));
+    };
+    if last.ident != HOST_RESULT {
+        return Err(syn::Error::new_spanned(returned, SHAPE));
+    }
+
+    // `HostResult` without its success type is `HostResult` the alias, which names
+    // no type; rustc's own message for that is unhelpfully far from the cause.
+    let PathArguments::AngleBracketed(arguments) = &last.arguments else {
+        return Err(syn::Error::new_spanned(
+            returned,
+            format!("`{HOST_RESULT}` needs its success type: `{HOST_RESULT}<T>`"),
+        ));
+    };
+    if arguments.args.len() != 1 {
+        return Err(syn::Error::new_spanned(
+            arguments,
+            format!("`{HOST_RESULT}` takes exactly one type: `{HOST_RESULT}<T>`"),
+        ));
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// `const`, `async`, `unsafe`/`safe` and `extern "…"` have no meaning in the
+/// wasm ABI, and would otherwise pass silently into the generated trait.
+fn reject_modifiers(signature: &Signature, errors: &mut Vec<syn::Error>) {
+    const PLAIN: &str =
+        "a host function must be a plain `fn`: this modifier is not part of the wasm ABI";
+
+    if let Some(constness) = &signature.constness {
+        errors.push(syn::Error::new_spanned(constness, PLAIN));
+    }
+    if let Some(asyncness) = &signature.asyncness {
+        errors.push(syn::Error::new_spanned(asyncness, PLAIN));
+    }
+    match &signature.safety {
+        Safety::Default => {}
+        Safety::Safe(token) => errors.push(syn::Error::new_spanned(token, PLAIN)),
+        Safety::Unsafe(token) => errors.push(syn::Error::new_spanned(token, PLAIN)),
+    }
+    if let Some(abi) = &signature.abi {
+        errors.push(syn::Error::new_spanned(abi, PLAIN));
+    }
+}
+
+/// The wasm import name reaches the engine's import table verbatim, so it is
+/// held to what an import name can sanely be rather than to any string.
+fn check_wasm_name(name: &LitStr) -> syn::Result<()> {
+    let value = name.value();
+    if value.is_empty() {
+        return Err(syn::Error::new_spanned(
+            name,
+            "the wasm name must not be empty",
+        ));
+    }
+    if let Some(character) = value
+        .chars()
+        .find(|c| !c.is_ascii_alphanumeric() && *c != '_')
+    {
+        return Err(syn::Error::new_spanned(
+            name,
+            format!(
+                "a wasm name may only contain `A-Za-z0-9_`, but this one contains {character:?}"
+            ),
+        ));
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// The enum variant a declaration becomes: `get_ledger_sqn` -> `GetLedgerSqn`.
+///
+/// The result carries `ident`'s span, so anything the compiler says about the
+/// variant points at the declaration that produced it.
+fn variant_ident(ident: &Ident) -> syn::Result<Ident> {
+    // `to_string` spells raw identifiers `r#type`; the `r#` is not part of the name.
+    let name = ident.to_string();
+    let name = name.strip_prefix("r#").unwrap_or(&name);
+
+    let mut pascal = String::with_capacity(name.len());
+    let mut capitalize = true;
+    for character in name.chars() {
+        if character == '_' {
+            capitalize = true;
+        } else if capitalize {
+            pascal.extend(character.to_uppercase());
+            capitalize = false;
+        } else {
+            pascal.push(character);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // A name of nothing but underscores leaves `pascal` empty; the original is
+    // already a legal identifier, so keep it.
+    if pascal.is_empty() {
+        return Ok(ident.clone());
+    }
+
+    // `Ident::new` panics on a leading digit (`_2fa` -> `2fa`) and silently
+    // accepts keyword spellings (`self_` -> `Self`), which then fails to parse
+    // where the variant is emitted. Parsing rejects both, without panicking.
+    if let Err(error) = syn::parse_str::<Ident>(&pascal) {
+        return Err(syn::Error::new_spanned(
+            ident,
+            format!(
+                "this name becomes the enum variant `{pascal}`, which is not a valid \
+                 variant name ({error}); rename the host function"
+            ),
+        ));
+    }
+    Ok(format_ident!("{pascal}", span = ident.span()))
+}
+
+/// Records `value`, or reports that the attribute appeared more than once.
+fn set_once<T>(slot: &mut Option<T>, value: T, attr: &Attribute) -> syn::Result<()> {
+    if slot.replace(value).is_some() {
+        return Err(syn::Error::new_spanned(
+            attr,
+            format!("duplicate `{}` attribute", path_name(attr)),
+        ));
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn int_value(attr: &Attribute) -> syn::Result<u64> {
+    match &attr.meta.require_name_value()?.value {
+        Expr::Lit(ExprLit {
+            lit: Lit::Int(int), ..
+        }) => {
+            // `LitInt` keeps the sign in its digits, so `base10_parse::<u64>`
+            // would report a negative value as "invalid digit found in string".
+            if int.base10_digits().starts_with('-') {
+                return Err(syn::Error::new_spanned(
+                    int,
+                    format!("`{}` must not be negative", path_name(attr)),
+                ));
+            }
+            int.base10_parse()
+        }
+        other => Err(syn::Error::new_spanned(
+            other,
+            format!("`{}` expects an integer literal", path_name(attr)),
+        )),
+    }
+}
+
+fn string_value(attr: &Attribute) -> syn::Result<LitStr> {
+    match &attr.meta.require_name_value()?.value {
+        Expr::Lit(ExprLit {
+            lit: Lit::Str(string),
+            ..
+        }) => Ok(string.clone()),
+        other => Err(syn::Error::new_spanned(
+            other,
+            format!("`{}` expects a string literal", path_name(attr)),
+        )),
+    }
+}
+
+/// The attribute's path as written, for diagnostics: `gas`, or `foo::bar`.
+fn path_name(attr: &Attribute) -> String {
+    attr.path()
+        .segments
+        .iter()
+        .map(|segment| segment.ident.to_string())
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+        .join("::")
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use quote::ToTokens;
+    use syn::parse_quote;
+
+    /// The message of every diagnostic recorded by one failed `parse`.
+    ///
+    /// `expect_err` is unavailable here: it needs `T: Debug`, and syn only
+    /// implements `Debug` for its AST types under the `extra-traits` feature.
+    fn messages(function: TraitItemFn) -> Vec<String> {
+        let Err(error) = ParsedHostFunction::parse(function) else {
+            panic!("expected parsing to fail");
+        };
+        error.into_iter().map(|error| error.to_string()).collect()
+    }
+
+    fn doc_text(attr: &Attribute) -> String {
+        match &attr.meta.require_name_value().unwrap().value {
+            Expr::Lit(ExprLit {
+                lit: Lit::Str(text),
+                ..
+            }) => text.value(),
+            _ => panic!("doc attribute is not a string literal"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn reads_gas_and_wasm_name() {
+        let parsed = ParsedHostFunction::parse(parse_quote! {
+            #[gas = 60]
+            #[wasm_name = "ldgr_index"]
+            fn get_ledger_sqn(&self) -> HostResult<[u8; 4]>;
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(parsed.gas, 60);
+        assert_eq!(parsed.wasm_name.value(), "ldgr_index");
+        assert_eq!(parsed.signature.ident.to_string(), "get_ledger_sqn");
+        assert_eq!(parsed.variant.to_string(), "GetLedgerSqn");
+        assert!(parsed.docs.is_empty());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn derives_variant_names_from_function_names() {
+        for (function, variant) in [
+            ("get_ledger_sqn", "GetLedgerSqn"),
+            ("sha512_half", "Sha512Half"),
+            ("trace", "Trace"),
+            ("get_current_ledger_obj_field", "GetCurrentLedgerObjField"),
+            ("r#type", "Type"),
+            ("trace2", "Trace2"),
+            // Pathological, but must not panic: no letters to capitalize.
+            ("__", "__"),
+        ] {
+            let ident = format_ident!("{function}");
+            assert_eq!(
+                variant_ident(&ident).map(|v| v.to_string()).ok(),
+                Some(variant.to_owned()),
+                "{function}"
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// `_2fa` would PascalCase to `2fa`; building that `Ident` panics, and a
+    /// panic in a proc macro is reported with no useful span at all.
+    #[test]
+    fn rejects_a_name_that_becomes_a_leading_digit() {
+        let messages = messages(parse_quote! {
+            #[gas = 60]
+            #[wasm_name = "two_factor"]
+            fn _2fa(&self) -> HostResult<()>;
+        });
+
+        assert_eq!(messages.len(), 1, "{messages:?}");
+        assert!(
+            messages[0].contains("becomes the enum variant `2fa`"),
+            "{messages:?}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// `self_` PascalCases to `Self`, which `Ident::new` accepts and rustc then
+    /// rejects where the variant is emitted. `r#Self` is not a legal escape.
+    #[test]
+    fn rejects_a_name_that_becomes_a_keyword() {
+        for function in ["self_", "_self"] {
+            let ident = format_ident!("{function}");
+            let Err(error) = variant_ident(&ident) else {
+                panic!("expected `{function}` to be rejected");
+            };
+            assert!(
+                error.to_string().contains("variant `Self`"),
+                "{}",
+                error.to_string()
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rejects_negative_gas() {
+        let messages = messages(parse_quote! {
+            #[gas = -5]
+            #[wasm_name = "ldgr_index"]
+            fn get_ledger_sqn(&self) -> HostResult<[u8; 4]>;
+        });
+
+        assert_eq!(messages.len(), 1, "{messages:?}");
+        assert_eq!(messages[0], "`gas` must not be negative");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rejects_unusable_wasm_names() {
+        let empty = messages(parse_quote! {
+            #[gas = 60]
+            #[wasm_name = ""]
+            fn get_ledger_sqn(&self) -> HostResult<[u8; 4]>;
+        });
+        assert_eq!(empty.len(), 1, "{empty:?}");
+        assert_eq!(empty[0], "the wasm name must not be empty");
+
+        let spaced = messages(parse_quote! {
+            #[gas = 60]
+            #[wasm_name = "ldgr index"]
+            fn get_ledger_sqn(&self) -> HostResult<[u8; 4]>;
+        });
+        assert_eq!(spaced.len(), 1, "{spaced:?}");
+        assert!(spaced[0].contains("may only contain"), "{spaced:?}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rejects_signature_modifiers() {
+        for declaration in [
+            quote! { unsafe fn get_ledger_sqn(&self) -> HostResult<[u8; 4]>; },
+            quote! { async fn get_ledger_sqn(&self) -> HostResult<[u8; 4]>; },
+            quote! { const fn get_ledger_sqn(&self) -> HostResult<[u8; 4]>; },
+            quote! { extern "C" fn get_ledger_sqn(&self) -> HostResult<[u8; 4]>; },
+        ] {
+            let function: TraitItemFn = syn::parse2(quote! {
+                #[gas = 60]
+                #[wasm_name = "ldgr_index"]
+                #declaration
+            })
+            .unwrap();
+
+            let messages = messages(function);
+            assert_eq!(messages.len(), 1, "{messages:?}");
+            assert!(messages[0].contains("must be a plain `fn`"), "{messages:?}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn trait_method_keeps_the_declared_receiver_and_ends_in_a_semicolon() {
+        let parsed = ParsedHostFunction::parse(parse_quote! {
+            /// Hashes `data`.
+            #[gas = 2000]
+            #[wasm_name = "sha512_half"]
+            fn sha512_half(&self, data: &[u8]) -> HostResult<[u8; 32]>;
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+
+        // `///` reaches the macro as `#[doc = r"..."]`: rustc's lexer spells doc
+        // comments as raw string literals.
+        let method = parsed.trait_method().to_string();
+        assert!(
+            method.starts_with("# [doc = r\" Hashes `data`.\"]"),
+            "{method}"
+        );
+        assert!(
+            method
+                .contains("fn sha512_half (& self , data : & [u8]) -> HostResult < [u8 ; 32] > ;"),
+            "{method}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn spec_arm_carries_the_name_and_the_gas() {
+        let parsed = ParsedHostFunction::parse(parse_quote! {
+            #[gas = 60]
+            #[wasm_name = "ldgr_index"]
+            fn get_ledger_sqn(&self) -> HostResult<[u8; 4]>;
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            parsed.spec_arm().to_string(),
+            "Self :: GetLedgerSqn => HostFnSpec { name : \"ldgr_index\" , gas : 60u64 }"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn keeps_doc_comments_in_source_order() {
+        let parsed = ParsedHostFunction::parse(parse_quote! {
+            /// First line.
+            ///
+            /// Third line.
+            #[gas = 60]
+            #[wasm_name = "ldgr_index"]
+            fn get_ledger_sqn(&self) -> HostResult<[u8; 4]>;
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+
+        let docs: Vec<_> = parsed.docs.iter().map(doc_text).collect();
+        assert_eq!(docs, vec![" First line.", "", " Third line."]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn preserves_parameters_and_return_type() {
+        let traced = ParsedHostFunction::parse(parse_quote! {
+            #[gas = 500]
+            #[wasm_name = "trace"]
+            fn trace(&self, msg: &str, data: &[u8], as_hex: bool) -> HostResult<()>;
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+        // The receiver is `inputs[0]`; the three wasm parameters follow it.
+        assert_eq!(traced.signature.inputs.len(), 4);
+        assert_eq!(
+            traced.signature.output.to_token_stream().to_string(),
+            "-> HostResult < () >"
+        );
+
+        let hashed = ParsedHostFunction::parse(parse_quote! {
+            #[gas = 2000]
+            #[wasm_name = "sha512_half"]
+            fn sha512_half(&self, data: &[u8]) -> HostResult<[u8; HASH_LEN]>;
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            hashed.signature.output.to_token_stream().to_string(),
+            "-> HostResult < [u8 ; HASH_LEN] >"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn reports_both_missing_attributes_at_once() {
+        let messages = messages(parse_quote! {
+            fn get_ledger_sqn(&self) -> HostResult<[u8; 4]>;
+        });
+
+        assert_eq!(messages.len(), 2);
+        assert!(messages[0].contains("missing `#[gas"), "{messages:?}");
+        assert!(messages[1].contains("missing `#[wasm_name"), "{messages:?}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn names_the_unexpected_attribute() {
+        let messages = messages(parse_quote! {
+            #[gas = 60]
+            #[wsam_name = "typo"]
+            fn get_ledger_sqn(&self) -> HostResult<[u8; 4]>;
+        });
+
+        // The typo'd attribute, plus the `wasm_name` it failed to be.
+        assert_eq!(messages.len(), 2);
+        assert!(
+            messages.iter().any(|m| m.contains("`wsam_name`")),
+            "{messages:?}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rejects_wrong_literal_types() {
+        let gas = messages(parse_quote! {
+            #[gas = "60"]
+            #[wasm_name = "ldgr_index"]
+            fn get_ledger_sqn(&self) -> HostResult<[u8; 4]>;
+        });
+        assert_eq!(gas.len(), 1, "{gas:?}");
+        assert!(
+            gas[0].contains("`gas` expects an integer literal"),
+            "{gas:?}"
+        );
+
+        let name = messages(parse_quote! {
+            #[gas = 60]
+            #[wasm_name = 7]
+            fn get_ledger_sqn(&self) -> HostResult<[u8; 4]>;
+        });
+        assert_eq!(name.len(), 1, "{name:?}");
+        assert!(
+            name[0].contains("`wasm_name` expects a string literal"),
+            "{name:?}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rejects_gas_that_does_not_fit_in_u64() {
+        let messages = messages(parse_quote! {
+            #[gas = 99999999999999999999999]
+            #[wasm_name = "ldgr_index"]
+            fn get_ledger_sqn(&self) -> HostResult<[u8; 4]>;
+        });
+
+        assert_eq!(messages.len(), 1, "{messages:?}");
+        assert!(messages[0].contains("number too large"), "{messages:?}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rejects_attribute_shapes_other_than_name_value() {
+        let bare = messages(parse_quote! {
+            #[gas]
+            #[wasm_name = "ldgr_index"]
+            fn get_ledger_sqn(&self) -> HostResult<[u8; 4]>;
+        });
+        assert_eq!(bare.len(), 1, "{bare:?}");
+        assert!(bare[0].contains("gas = ..."), "{bare:?}");
+
+        let list = messages(parse_quote! {
+            #[gas(60)]
+            #[wasm_name = "ldgr_index"]
+            fn get_ledger_sqn(&self) -> HostResult<[u8; 4]>;
+        });
+        assert_eq!(list.len(), 1, "{list:?}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rejects_duplicate_attributes() {
+        let messages = messages(parse_quote! {
+            #[gas = 60]
+            #[gas = 70]
+            #[wasm_name = "ldgr_index"]
+            #[wasm_name = "ldgr_index"]
+            fn get_ledger_sqn(&self) -> HostResult<[u8; 4]>;
+        });
+
+        assert_eq!(messages.len(), 2, "{messages:?}");
+        assert!(messages[0].contains("duplicate `gas`"), "{messages:?}");
+        assert!(
+            messages[1].contains("duplicate `wasm_name`"),
+            "{messages:?}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// A malformed attribute must not also be reported as an absent one.
+    #[test]
+    fn does_not_report_a_malformed_attribute_as_missing() {
+        let messages = messages(parse_quote! {
+            #[gas = "60"]
+            #[wasm_name = 7]
+            fn get_ledger_sqn(&self) -> HostResult<[u8; 4]>;
+        });
+
+        assert_eq!(messages.len(), 2, "{messages:?}");
+        assert!(
+            !messages.iter().any(|m| m.contains("missing")),
+            "{messages:?}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rejects_a_body() {
+        let messages = messages(parse_quote! {
+            #[gas = 60]
+            #[wasm_name = "ldgr_index"]
+            fn get_ledger_sqn(&self) -> HostResult<[u8; 4]> { Ok([0; 4]) }
+        });
+
+        assert_eq!(messages.len(), 1, "{messages:?}");
+        assert!(messages[0].contains("must not have a body"), "{messages:?}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rejects_generics() {
+        let parameter = messages(parse_quote! {
+            #[gas = 60]
+            #[wasm_name = "ldgr_index"]
+            fn get_ledger_sqn<T>(&self) -> HostResult<T>;
+        });
+        assert_eq!(parameter.len(), 1, "{parameter:?}");
+        assert!(
+            parameter[0].contains("must not be generic"),
+            "{parameter:?}"
+        );
+
+        let clause = messages(parse_quote! {
+            #[gas = 60]
+            #[wasm_name = "ldgr_index"]
+            fn get_ledger_sqn(&self) -> HostResult<[u8; 4]> where Self: Sized;
+        });
+        assert_eq!(clause.len(), 1, "{clause:?}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn requires_a_receiver() {
+        let messages = messages(parse_quote! {
+            #[gas = 60]
+            #[wasm_name = "ldgr_index"]
+            fn get_ledger_sqn() -> HostResult<[u8; 4]>;
+        });
+
+        assert_eq!(messages.len(), 1, "{messages:?}");
+        assert!(
+            messages[0].contains("must declare its receiver: `fn get_ledger_sqn(&self, ...)`"),
+            "{messages:?}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// Anything but `&self` would need a host the VM cannot hand out: it holds
+    /// one shared `&dyn HostFunctions` for the whole run.
+    #[test]
+    fn rejects_receivers_other_than_shared_self() {
+        for receiver in [
+            quote! { &mut self },
+            quote! { self },
+            quote! { mut self },
+            quote! { self: Box<Self> },
+            quote! { &'a self },
+        ] {
+            let function: TraitItemFn = syn::parse2(quote! {
+                #[gas = 60]
+                #[wasm_name = "ldgr_index"]
+                fn get_ledger_sqn(#receiver) -> HostResult<[u8; 4]>;
+            })
+            .unwrap_or_else(|_| panic!("`{receiver}` should parse"));
+
+            let messages = messages(function);
+            assert_eq!(messages.len(), 1, "`{receiver}`: {messages:?}");
+            assert!(
+                messages[0].contains("must be exactly `&self`"),
+                "`{receiver}`: {messages:?}"
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// A bare `T` return would need its own lowering arm, so the uniform shape is
+    /// required rather than inferred.
+    #[test]
+    fn rejects_returns_that_are_not_host_result() {
+        for output in [
+            quote! {},
+            quote! { -> () },
+            quote! { -> [u8; 4] },
+            quote! { -> i32 },
+            quote! { -> Result<[u8; 4], HostError> },
+            quote! { -> impl Iterator<Item = u8> },
+        ] {
+            let function: TraitItemFn = syn::parse2(quote! {
+                #[gas = 60]
+                #[wasm_name = "ldgr_index"]
+                fn get_ledger_sqn(&self) #output;
+            })
+            .unwrap_or_else(|_| panic!("`{output}` should parse"));
+
+            let messages = messages(function);
+            assert_eq!(messages.len(), 1, "`{output}`: {messages:?}");
+            assert!(
+                messages[0].contains("must return `HostResult<T>`"),
+                "`{output}`: {messages:?}"
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// `HostResult` may be written qualified, since the trait method keeps whatever
+    /// path resolves where the block is written.
+    #[test]
+    fn accepts_a_qualified_host_result() {
+        let parsed = ParsedHostFunction::parse(parse_quote! {
+            #[gas = 60]
+            #[wasm_name = "ldgr_index"]
+            fn get_ledger_sqn(&self) -> xrpl_host_functions::HostResult<[u8; 4]>;
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+
+        assert!(
+            parsed
+                .trait_method()
+                .to_string()
+                .contains("xrpl_host_functions :: HostResult < [u8 ; 4] >"),
+            "{}",
+            parsed.trait_method()
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// `HostResult` with no success type names no type at all; rustc's own error
+    /// for that lands on the generated trait, far from the declaration.
+    #[test]
+    fn rejects_host_result_without_a_success_type() {
+        let messages = messages(parse_quote! {
+            #[gas = 60]
+            #[wasm_name = "ldgr_index"]
+            fn get_ledger_sqn(&self) -> HostResult;
+        });
+
+        assert_eq!(messages.len(), 1, "{messages:?}");
+        assert!(
+            messages[0].contains("needs its success type"),
+            "{messages:?}"
+        );
+    }
+}

crates/xrpl-host-functions/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+[package]
+name = "xrpl-host-functions"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition.workspace = true
+
+[dependencies]
+xrpl-host-functions-macros.path = "../xrpl-host-functions-macros"

crates/xrpl-host-functions/src/lib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,539 @@
+//! The wasm host ABI: the one place it is declared.
+//!
+//! `host_functions!` turns the declaration block at the bottom of this file into the
+//! [`HostFunctions`] trait a host implements and the [`HostFunctionSpec`] table a
+//! wasm engine registers from.
+//!
+//! The split: hand-written here is the vocabulary the declarations are written in —
+//! [`HostError`], [`TraceDataType`], [`HostResult`], [`HASH_LEN`] — and everything
+//! derived from the declarations is generated. The expansion names nothing this file
+//! does not, so the two sides meet only in the block below.
+//!
+//! So this file is lists — error codes, trace data types, functions. The `macro_rules!`
+//! that expand the first two into enums live in `macros.rs`.
+
+#![no_std]
+
+#[macro_use]
+mod macros;
+
+// Not re-exported: the ABI is declared once, here, and this is the only call site.
+use xrpl_host_functions_macros::host_functions;
+
+host_errors! {
+    Unimplemented = -1,
+    FieldNotFound = -2,
+    BufferTooSmall = -3,
+    NoArray = -4,
+    NotLeafField = -5,
+    LocatorMalformed = -6,
+    SlotOutRange = -7,
+    SlotsFull = -8,
+    EmptySlot = -9,
+    LedgerObjNotFound = -10,
+    OutOfTransferLimit = -11,
+    DataFieldTooLarge = -12,
+    PointerOutOfBounds = -13,
+    NoMemExported = -14,
+    InvalidParams = -15,
+    InvalidAccount = -16,
+    InvalidField = -17,
+    IndexOutOfBounds = -18,
+    FloatInputMalformed = -19,
+    FloatComputationError = -20,
+    /// Internal fatal error.
+    /// User code will never see this error but keep it reserved to not rely on the value.
+    InternalFatal = -2147483648,
+}
+
+/// Convenience alias for the trait's fallible returns.
+pub type HostResult<T> = Result<T, HostError>;
+
+/// A `sha512Half` digest: the first 32 bytes of a SHA-512, as XRPL uses it.
+pub const HASH_LEN: usize = 32;
+
+trace_data_types! {
+    /// 8 little-endian bytes, rendered as a signed decimal.
+    Int64 = 1,
+    /// 8 little-endian bytes, rendered as an unsigned decimal.
+    Uint64 = 2,
+    /// A serialized XRPL float: 12 bytes, mantissa then exponent.
+    Xfloat = 3,
+    /// A 20-byte account ID, rendered as base58.
+    Account = 4,
+    /// A serialized `STAmount`.
+    Amount = 5,
+    /// Raw bytes, hex-encoded.
+    AsHex = 6,
+    /// Bytes rendered verbatim as text.
+    AsText = 7,
+}
+
+host_functions! {
+    /// The sequence number of the ledger being built, as 4 little-endian bytes.
+    #[gas = 60]
+    #[wasm_name = "ldgr_index"]
+    fn get_ledger_sqn(&self, out: &mut [u8]) -> HostResult<usize>;
+
+    /// The close time of the parent (last-closed) ledger, as 4 little-endian bytes.
+    #[gas = 60]
+    #[wasm_name = "parent_ldgr_time"]
+    fn get_parent_ledger_time(&self, out: &mut [u8]) -> HostResult<usize>;
+
+    /// The hash of the parent (last-closed) ledger, as 32 bytes.
+    #[gas = 60]
+    #[wasm_name = "parent_ldgr_hash"]
+    fn get_parent_ledger_hash(&self, out: &mut [u8]) -> HostResult<usize>;
+
+    /// The base fee of the ledger being built, in drops, as 4 little-endian bytes.
+    #[gas = 60]
+    #[wasm_name = "base_fee"]
+    fn get_base_fee(&self, out: &mut [u8]) -> HostResult<usize>;
+
+    /// Whether an amendment is enabled. The input is either its 32-byte id or its
+    /// name; the answer is `1` if enabled and `0` if not. Unlike the getters, this
+    /// reads an input region and returns the flag directly rather than writing bytes.
+    #[gas = 100]
+    #[wasm_name = "amendment_enabled"]
+    fn is_amendment_enabled(&self, amendment: &[u8]) -> HostResult<i32>;
+
+    /// Load the ledger object with the given 32-byte id into a cache slot, so later
+    /// calls can read its fields. `cache_idx` selects the slot (1-based); `0` asks the
+    /// host to assign a free one. Returns the slot used, or a negative error.
+    #[gas = 5000]
+    #[wasm_name = "cache_le"]
+    fn cache_ledger_obj(&self, obj_id: &[u8], cache_idx: i32) -> HostResult<i32>;
+
+    /// The serialized bytes of one field of the transaction being executed, selected
+    /// by its `SField` code.
+    #[gas = 70]
+    #[wasm_name = "tx_field"]
+    fn get_tx_field(&self, field: i32, out: &mut [u8]) -> HostResult<usize>;
+
+    /// The serialized bytes of one field of the current (escrow) ledger object.
+    #[gas = 70]
+    #[wasm_name = "home_le_field"]
+    fn get_current_ledger_obj_field(&self, field: i32, out: &mut [u8]) -> HostResult<usize>;
+
+    /// The serialized bytes of one field of a previously cached ledger object,
+    /// selected by its cache slot and the field's `SField` code.
+    #[gas = 70]
+    #[wasm_name = "le_field"]
+    fn get_ledger_obj_field(&self, cache_idx: i32, field: i32, out: &mut [u8]) -> HostResult<usize>;
+
+    /// The serialized bytes of a nested field of the transaction, reached by a
+    /// `locator`: a path of little-endian `i32` steps (so its byte length is a
+    /// non-zero multiple of 4). Reads the locator region and writes the field bytes.
+    #[gas = 110]
+    #[wasm_name = "tx_inner"]
+    fn get_tx_nested_field(&self, locator: &[u8], out: &mut [u8]) -> HostResult<usize>;
+
+    /// The serialized bytes of a nested field of the current (escrow) ledger object,
+    /// reached by a `locator`, as with [`HostFunctions::get_tx_nested_field`].
+    #[gas = 110]
+    #[wasm_name = "home_le_inner"]
+    fn get_current_ledger_obj_nested_field(
+        &self,
+        locator: &[u8],
+        out: &mut [u8],
+    ) -> HostResult<usize>;
+
+    /// The serialized bytes of a nested field of a previously cached ledger object,
+    /// selected by its cache slot and reached by a `locator`.
+    #[gas = 110]
+    #[wasm_name = "le_inner"]
+    fn get_ledger_obj_nested_field(
+        &self,
+        cache_idx: i32,
+        locator: &[u8],
+        out: &mut [u8],
+    ) -> HostResult<usize>;
+
+    /// The number of elements in an array field of the transaction, selected by its
+    /// `SField` code. Answers the count directly, or a negative error (`NoArray` if
+    /// the field is not an array). Reads and writes no memory.
+    #[gas = 40]
+    #[wasm_name = "tx_arr_len"]
+    fn get_tx_array_len(&self, field: i32) -> HostResult<i32>;
+
+    /// The number of elements in an array field of the current (escrow) ledger
+    /// object, as with [`HostFunctions::get_tx_array_len`].
+    #[gas = 40]
+    #[wasm_name = "home_le_arr_len"]
+    fn get_current_ledger_obj_array_len(&self, field: i32) -> HostResult<i32>;
+
+    /// The number of elements in an array field of a previously cached ledger object,
+    /// selected by its cache slot and `SField` code.
+    #[gas = 40]
+    #[wasm_name = "le_arr_len"]
+    fn get_ledger_obj_array_len(&self, cache_idx: i32, field: i32) -> HostResult<i32>;
+
+    /// The number of elements in a nested array field of the transaction, reached by a
+    /// `locator`. Reads the locator region and answers the count directly.
+    #[gas = 70]
+    #[wasm_name = "tx_inner_arr_len"]
+    fn get_tx_nested_array_len(&self, locator: &[u8]) -> HostResult<i32>;
+
+    /// The number of elements in a nested array field of the current (escrow) ledger
+    /// object, reached by a `locator`, as with [`HostFunctions::get_tx_nested_array_len`].
+    #[gas = 70]
+    #[wasm_name = "home_le_inner_arr_len"]
+    fn get_current_ledger_obj_nested_array_len(&self, locator: &[u8]) -> HostResult<i32>;
+
+    /// The number of elements in a nested array field of a previously cached ledger
+    /// object, selected by its cache slot and reached by a `locator`.
+    #[gas = 70]
+    #[wasm_name = "le_inner_arr_len"]
+    fn get_ledger_obj_nested_array_len(&self, cache_idx: i32, locator: &[u8]) -> HostResult<i32>;
+
+    /// Verify `signature` over `message` under `pubkey`. Reads the three regions and
+    /// answers `1` if the signature is valid, `0` if not, or a negative error.
+    ///
+    /// GAS DISCREPANCY: this 300 is the value the C-ABI fork registered
+    /// (`rippled-wasm-host-functions`, WasmVM.cpp), which this port follows. The
+    /// prior C++ integration in this tree charged 35000 for the same call — 100x
+    /// more, and closer to the real cost of signature verification. The value is
+    /// consensus-critical, so confirm which is intended before this ships.
+    #[gas = 300]
+    #[wasm_name = "check_sig"]
+    fn check_signature(
+        &self,
+        message: &[u8],
+        signature: &[u8],
+        pubkey: &[u8],
+    ) -> HostResult<i32>;
+
+    /// The 32-byte ledger key (keylet) of an account's `AccountRoot`, computed from a
+    /// 20-byte account id. Reads the account region and writes the keylet.
+    #[gas = 350]
+    #[wasm_name = "accountroot_id"]
+    fn account_keylet(&self, account: &[u8], out: &mut [u8]) -> HostResult<usize>;
+
+    /// The 32-byte keylet of an AMM, computed from its two assets. Each asset is a
+    /// byte slice whose length selects its kind (24 = MPT, 20 = XRP, 40 = issued
+    /// currency + issuer). Reads both asset regions and writes the keylet.
+    #[gas = 450]
+    #[wasm_name = "amm_id"]
+    fn amm_keylet(&self, asset1: &[u8], asset2: &[u8], out: &mut [u8]) -> HostResult<usize>;
+
+    /// The 32-byte keylet of a `Check`, computed from a 20-byte account id and its
+    /// sequence number. `seq` is the guest's `u32` carried as its `i32` bit pattern.
+    /// Reads the account region and writes the keylet.
+    #[gas = 350]
+    #[wasm_name = "check_id"]
+    fn check_keylet(&self, account: &[u8], seq: i32, out: &mut [u8]) -> HostResult<usize>;
+
+    /// The 32-byte keylet of a `Credential`, computed from the 20-byte subject and
+    /// issuer account ids and a credential-type byte string. Reads all three regions
+    /// and writes the keylet.
+    #[gas = 350]
+    #[wasm_name = "credential_id"]
+    fn credential_keylet(
+        &self,
+        subject: &[u8],
+        issuer: &[u8],
+        credential_type: &[u8],
+        out: &mut [u8],
+    ) -> HostResult<usize>;
+
+    /// The 32-byte keylet of a `Delegate` object, computed from the 20-byte account
+    /// and the account it authorizes. Reads both account regions and writes the keylet.
+    #[gas = 350]
+    #[wasm_name = "delegate_id"]
+    fn delegate_keylet(
+        &self,
+        account: &[u8],
+        authorize: &[u8],
+        out: &mut [u8],
+    ) -> HostResult<usize>;
+
+    /// The 32-byte keylet of a `DepositPreauth`, computed from the 20-byte account and
+    /// the account it authorizes to deposit. Reads both account regions and writes the
+    /// keylet.
+    #[gas = 350]
+    #[wasm_name = "deposit_preauth_id"]
+    fn deposit_preauth_keylet(
+        &self,
+        account: &[u8],
+        authorize: &[u8],
+        out: &mut [u8],
+    ) -> HostResult<usize>;
+
+    /// The 32-byte keylet of an account's `DID`, computed from its 20-byte account id.
+    /// Reads the account region and writes the keylet.
+    #[gas = 350]
+    #[wasm_name = "did_id"]
+    fn did_keylet(&self, account: &[u8], out: &mut [u8]) -> HostResult<usize>;
+
+    /// The 32-byte keylet of an `Escrow`, computed from the 20-byte owner account and
+    /// its sequence number. `seq` is the guest's `u32` carried as its `i32` bit
+    /// pattern. Reads the account region and writes the keylet.
+    #[gas = 350]
+    #[wasm_name = "escrow_id"]
+    fn escrow_keylet(&self, account: &[u8], seq: i32, out: &mut [u8]) -> HostResult<usize>;
+
+    /// The 32-byte keylet of a `RippleState` (trust line), computed from two 20-byte
+    /// account ids and a 20-byte currency. Reads all three regions and writes the
+    /// keylet.
+    #[gas = 400]
+    #[wasm_name = "trustline_id"]
+    fn trust_line_keylet(
+        &self,
+        account1: &[u8],
+        account2: &[u8],
+        currency: &[u8],
+        out: &mut [u8],
+    ) -> HostResult<usize>;
+
+    /// The 32-byte keylet of an `MPTokenIssuance`, computed from the 20-byte issuer
+    /// account and its sequence number. `seq` is the guest's `u32` carried as its
+    /// `i32` bit pattern. Reads the account region and writes the keylet.
+    #[gas = 350]
+    #[wasm_name = "mpt_issuance_id"]
+    fn mptoken_issuance_keylet(
+        &self,
+        issuer: &[u8],
+        seq: i32,
+        out: &mut [u8],
+    ) -> HostResult<usize>;
+
+    /// The 32-byte keylet of an `MPToken`, computed from a 24-byte MPT issuance id and
+    /// the 20-byte holder account. Reads both regions and writes the keylet.
+    #[gas = 500]
+    #[wasm_name = "mptoken_id"]
+    fn mptoken_keylet(&self, mptid: &[u8], holder: &[u8], out: &mut [u8]) -> HostResult<usize>;
+
+    /// The 32-byte keylet of an `NFTokenOffer`, computed from the 20-byte owner account
+    /// and its sequence number. `seq` is the guest's `u32` carried as its `i32` bit
+    /// pattern. Reads the account region and writes the keylet.
+    #[gas = 350]
+    #[wasm_name = "nft_offer_id"]
+    fn nftoken_offer_keylet(
+        &self,
+        account: &[u8],
+        seq: i32,
+        out: &mut [u8],
+    ) -> HostResult<usize>;
+
+    /// The 32-byte keylet of an `Offer`, computed from the 20-byte owner account and
+    /// its sequence number. `seq` is the guest's `u32` carried as its `i32` bit
+    /// pattern. Reads the account region and writes the keylet.
+    #[gas = 350]
+    #[wasm_name = "offer_id"]
+    fn offer_keylet(&self, account: &[u8], seq: i32, out: &mut [u8]) -> HostResult<usize>;
+
+    /// The 32-byte keylet of an `Oracle`, computed from the 20-byte owner account and
+    /// its document id. `doc_id` is the guest's `u32` carried as its `i32` bit pattern.
+    /// Reads the account region and writes the keylet.
+    #[gas = 350]
+    #[wasm_name = "oracle_id"]
+    fn oracle_keylet(&self, account: &[u8], doc_id: i32, out: &mut [u8]) -> HostResult<usize>;
+
+    /// The 32-byte keylet of a `PayChannel`, computed from the 20-byte source account,
+    /// the 20-byte destination account, and the channel's sequence number. `seq` is the
+    /// guest's `u32` carried as its `i32` bit pattern. Reads both account regions and
+    /// writes the keylet.
+    #[gas = 350]
+    #[wasm_name = "paychan_id"]
+    fn paychannel_keylet(
+        &self,
+        account: &[u8],
+        destination: &[u8],
+        seq: i32,
+        out: &mut [u8],
+    ) -> HostResult<usize>;
+
+    /// The 32-byte keylet of a `PermissionedDomain`, computed from the 20-byte owner
+    /// account and its sequence number. `seq` is the guest's `u32` carried as its `i32`
+    /// bit pattern. Reads the account region and writes the keylet.
+    #[gas = 350]
+    #[wasm_name = "permissioned_domain_id"]
+    fn permissioned_domain_keylet(
+        &self,
+        account: &[u8],
+        seq: i32,
+        out: &mut [u8],
+    ) -> HostResult<usize>;
+
+    /// The 32-byte keylet of a `SignerList`, computed from its 20-byte owner account.
+    /// Reads the account region and writes the keylet.
+    #[gas = 350]
+    #[wasm_name = "signers_id"]
+    fn signer_list_keylet(&self, account: &[u8], out: &mut [u8]) -> HostResult<usize>;
+
+    /// The 32-byte keylet of a `Ticket`, computed from the 20-byte owner account and its
+    /// ticket sequence number. `seq` is the guest's `u32` carried as its `i32` bit
+    /// pattern. Reads the account region and writes the keylet.
+    #[gas = 350]
+    #[wasm_name = "ticket_id"]
+    fn ticket_keylet(&self, account: &[u8], seq: i32, out: &mut [u8]) -> HostResult<usize>;
+
+    /// The 32-byte keylet of a `Vault`, computed from the 20-byte owner account and its
+    /// sequence number. `seq` is the guest's `u32` carried as its `i32` bit pattern.
+    /// Reads the account region and writes the keylet.
+    #[gas = 350]
+    #[wasm_name = "vault_id"]
+    fn vault_keylet(&self, account: &[u8], seq: i32, out: &mut [u8]) -> HostResult<usize>;
+
+    /// The XRPL `sha512Half` of `data`: the first [`HASH_LEN`] bytes of its SHA-512.
+    #[gas = 2000]
+    #[wasm_name = "sha512_half"]
+    fn sha512_half(&self, data: &[u8], out: &mut [u8]) -> HostResult<usize>;
+
+    /// Writes `msg` to the trace log, followed by `data` rendered as `data_type` says.
+    ///
+    /// The one declaration whose wasm function has **no result**: this node's own log
+    /// is its only effect, so a guest is told nothing. An `Err` from a host therefore
+    /// reaches it in no form, and only the host-fatal ones do anything at all.
+    ///
+    /// It is also the one declaration that is **not** the wasm parameter order.
+    /// `data_type` is the third wasm parameter, between the two regions, because that
+    /// is where xrpld's `trace_proto` and the guest stdlib put it; `register.rs` takes
+    /// the arguments in wasm order and calls this in declaration order.
+    #[gas = 30]
+    #[wasm_name = "trace"]
+    fn trace(&self, msg: &str, data: &[u8], data_type: TraceDataType) -> HostResult<()>;
+
+    /// Stores `data` as the current object's data field, replacing whatever was there,
+    /// and returns the number of bytes stored. Reads the data region; `DataFieldTooLarge`
+    /// if it exceeds the host's limit.
+    #[gas = 1000]
+    #[wasm_name = "set_data"]
+    fn update_data(&self, data: &[u8]) -> HostResult<i32>;
+
+    /// The URI of the `NFToken` with id `nft_id` (32 bytes) held by the 20-byte
+    /// `account`. Reads both regions and writes the URI bytes.
+    #[gas = 5000]
+    #[wasm_name = "nft_uri"]
+    fn get_nft(&self, account: &[u8], nft_id: &[u8], out: &mut [u8]) -> HostResult<usize>;
+
+    /// The 20-byte issuer account encoded in the `NFToken` id `nft_id` (32 bytes).
+    /// Reads the id region and writes the issuer bytes.
+    #[gas = 70]
+    #[wasm_name = "nft_issuer"]
+    fn get_nft_issuer(&self, nft_id: &[u8], out: &mut [u8]) -> HostResult<usize>;
+
+    /// The taxon encoded in the `NFToken` id `nft_id` (32 bytes). Reads the id region
+    /// and writes the taxon as its four little-endian bytes.
+    #[gas = 60]
+    #[wasm_name = "nft_taxon"]
+    fn get_nft_taxon(&self, nft_id: &[u8], out: &mut [u8]) -> HostResult<usize>;
+
+    /// The flags encoded in the `NFToken` id `nft_id` (32 bytes). Reads the id region
+    /// and returns the flags as the call's scalar result.
+    #[gas = 60]
+    #[wasm_name = "nft_flags"]
+    fn get_nft_flags(&self, nft_id: &[u8]) -> HostResult<i32>;
+
+    /// The transfer fee encoded in the `NFToken` id `nft_id` (32 bytes). Reads the id
+    /// region and returns the fee as the call's scalar result.
+    #[gas = 60]
+    #[wasm_name = "nft_xfer_fee"]
+    fn get_nft_transfer_fee(&self, nft_id: &[u8]) -> HostResult<i32>;
+
+    /// The sequence number encoded in the `NFToken` id `nft_id` (32 bytes). Reads the
+    /// id region and writes the sequence as its four little-endian bytes.
+    #[gas = 60]
+    #[wasm_name = "nft_serial"]
+    fn get_nft_sequence(&self, nft_id: &[u8], out: &mut [u8]) -> HostResult<usize>;
+
+    // A "float" here is an XRPL `Number` in its serialized form: a byte blob the guest
+    // holds opaquely and hands back to these functions. Inputs and outputs that are
+    // floats are byte regions; `mode` is the rounding mode, a scalar the guest chooses.
+
+    /// A float built from the signed integer `x` under rounding `mode`. Writes the
+    /// float bytes; no input region.
+    #[gas = 100]
+    #[wasm_name = "float_from_int"]
+    fn float_from_int(&self, x: i64, mode: i32, out: &mut [u8]) -> HostResult<usize>;
+
+    /// A float built from the unsigned integer in the 8-byte region `x` under rounding
+    /// `mode`. Reads the integer region and writes the float bytes.
+    #[gas = 130]
+    #[wasm_name = "float_from_uint"]
+    fn float_from_uint(&self, x: &[u8], mode: i32, out: &mut [u8]) -> HostResult<usize>;
+
+    /// A float built from the serialized `STAmount` in `amount` under rounding `mode`.
+    /// Reads the amount region and writes the float bytes.
+    #[gas = 150]
+    #[wasm_name = "float_from_stamount"]
+    fn float_from_stamount(&self, amount: &[u8], mode: i32, out: &mut [u8]) -> HostResult<usize>;
+
+    /// A float built from the serialized `STNumber` in `number` under rounding `mode`.
+    /// Reads the number region and writes the float bytes.
+    #[gas = 150]
+    #[wasm_name = "float_from_stnumber"]
+    fn float_from_stnumber(&self, number: &[u8], mode: i32, out: &mut [u8]) -> HostResult<usize>;
+
+    /// The float `x` rounded to a signed integer under rounding `mode`. Reads the float
+    /// region and writes the integer as its eight little-endian bytes.
+    #[gas = 130]
+    #[wasm_name = "float_to_int"]
+    fn float_to_int(&self, x: &[u8], mode: i32, out: &mut [u8]) -> HostResult<usize>;
+
+    /// The float `x` split into its mantissa and exponent. Reads the float region and
+    /// writes the mantissa (eight little-endian bytes) and the exponent (four little-
+    /// endian bytes) to two separate output regions.
+    #[gas = 130]
+    #[wasm_name = "float_to_mant_exp"]
+    fn float_to_mant_exp(
+        &self,
+        x: &[u8],
+        mantissa_out: &mut [u8],
+        exponent_out: &mut [u8],
+    ) -> HostResult<usize>;
+
+    /// A float built from `mantissa` and `exponent` under rounding `mode`. Writes the
+    /// float bytes; no input region.
+    #[gas = 100]
+    #[wasm_name = "float_from_mant_exp"]
+    fn float_from_mant_exp(
+        &self,
+        mantissa: i64,
+        exponent: i32,
+        mode: i32,
+        out: &mut [u8],
+    ) -> HostResult<usize>;
+
+    /// Compares floats `x` and `y`, returning a negative, zero, or positive scalar as
+    /// `x` is less than, equal to, or greater than `y`. Reads both float regions.
+    #[gas = 80]
+    #[wasm_name = "float_cmp"]
+    fn float_compare(&self, x: &[u8], y: &[u8]) -> HostResult<i32>;
+
+    /// The float sum `x + y` under rounding `mode`. Reads both float regions and writes
+    /// the result bytes.
+    #[gas = 160]
+    #[wasm_name = "float_add"]
+    fn float_add(&self, x: &[u8], y: &[u8], mode: i32, out: &mut [u8]) -> HostResult<usize>;
+
+    /// The float difference `x - y` under rounding `mode`. Reads both float regions and
+    /// writes the result bytes.
+    #[gas = 160]
+    #[wasm_name = "float_sub"]
+    fn float_subtract(&self, x: &[u8], y: &[u8], mode: i32, out: &mut [u8]) -> HostResult<usize>;
+
+    /// The float product `x * y` under rounding `mode`. Reads both float regions and
+    /// writes the result bytes.
+    #[gas = 300]
+    #[wasm_name = "float_mult"]
+    fn float_multiply(&self, x: &[u8], y: &[u8], mode: i32, out: &mut [u8]) -> HostResult<usize>;
+
+    /// The float quotient `x / y` under rounding `mode`. Reads both float regions and
+    /// writes the result bytes.
+    #[gas = 300]
+    #[wasm_name = "float_div"]
+    fn float_divide(&self, x: &[u8], y: &[u8], mode: i32, out: &mut [u8]) -> HostResult<usize>;
+
+    /// The `n`-th root of the float `x` under rounding `mode`. Reads the float region
+    /// and writes the result bytes.
+    #[gas = 5500]
+    #[wasm_name = "float_root"]
+    fn float_root(&self, x: &[u8], n: i32, mode: i32, out: &mut [u8]) -> HostResult<usize>;
+
+    /// The float `x` raised to the power `n` under rounding `mode`. Reads the float
+    /// region and writes the result bytes.
+    #[gas = 5500]
+    #[wasm_name = "float_pow"]
+    fn float_power(&self, x: &[u8], n: i32, mode: i32, out: &mut [u8]) -> HostResult<usize>;
+}

crates/xrpl-host-functions/src/macros.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+//! The `macro_rules!` behind the two hand-listed enums, [`crate::HostError`] and
+//! [`crate::TraceDataType`].
+//!
+//! Each takes one list of `Variant = code,` and expands the enum together with the
+//! `ALL`/`code`/`from_code` set that must not fall behind it. The lists themselves stay
+//! in `lib.rs`, beside the `host_functions!` block.
+
+/// Declares [`crate::HostError`] from one list: the variants, `HostError::ALL` and
+/// `HostError::from_code`'s table all expand from the codes given.
+///
+/// One list is what makes `ALL` complete. Rust cannot enumerate an enum's
+/// variants — an exhaustive `match` forces an arm per variant but gives nothing to
+/// iterate — so a hand-written `ALL` beside a hand-written enum could only be kept
+/// in step by review, and `ALL`'s whole purpose is to be the set a test can trust.
+/// A code added to the list gains its `ALL` entry and its `from_code` arm by
+/// construction. `HostFunctionSpec::ALL` is complete the same way, from the
+/// `host_functions!` block.
+macro_rules! host_errors {
+    ($($(#[$doc:meta])* $variant:ident = $code:literal,)+) => {
+        /// Error codes a host function may return.
+        ///
+        #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+        #[repr(i32)]
+        pub enum HostError {
+            $($(#[$doc])* $variant = $code,)+
+        }
+
+        impl HostError {
+            /// Every error a host function may return, in code order.
+            ///
+            /// The complete set, and complete by construction: a wasm engine's
+            /// split between the codes it hands the guest and the conditions it
+            /// traps on is a decision per variant, so the test that checks the
+            /// split iterates this and a code added to the ABI cannot slip past it.
+            pub const ALL: &'static [HostError] = &[$(HostError::$variant,)+];
+
+            /// The negative wire value a failed call returns. Every code but
+            /// `InternalFatal` is one a guest reads off that value.
+            #[inline]
+            pub const fn code(self) -> i32 {
+                self as i32
+            }
+
+            /// Reconstruct a `HostError` from its wire code.
+            ///
+            /// A code this ABI does not define is `InternalFatal`: an answer the
+            /// caller cannot act on is the call not having been served, and that is
+            /// the variant which says so. Positive values are not errors at all and go
+            /// the same way, since this is reached only once a negative return has
+            /// been read as a failure.
+            pub const fn from_code(code: i32) -> HostError {
+                match code {
+                    $($code => HostError::$variant,)+
+                    _ => HostError::InternalFatal,
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+/// Declares [`crate::TraceDataType`] from one list, so `TraceDataType::ALL`,
+/// `TraceDataType::code` and `TraceDataType::from_code` cannot fall behind the
+/// variants — the reason `host_errors!` above is written this way.
+macro_rules! trace_data_types {
+    ($($(#[$doc:meta])* $variant:ident = $code:literal,)+) => {
+        /// How [`HostFunctions::trace`] is to read its data buffer.
+        ///
+        /// The discriminants are wire values shared with the guest stdlib: append only,
+        /// never renumber. They start at 1, so a zeroed argument names no type rather
+        /// than the first one.
+        ///
+        /// This is the declaration a guest and a host both compile against. The host
+        /// side needs a second one — `cxx` cannot be a dependency here, since this
+        /// crate also links into the guest — so `xrpl-wasm-vm-ffi` declares a shared
+        /// enum for C++ and converts, exhaustively, from this.
+        #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+        #[repr(i32)]
+        pub enum TraceDataType {
+            $($(#[$doc])* $variant = $code,)+
+        }
+
+        impl TraceDataType {
+            /// Every data type a guest may name, in code order.
+            pub const ALL: &'static [TraceDataType] = &[$(TraceDataType::$variant,)+];
+
+            /// The wire value a guest passes to name this type.
+            #[inline]
+            pub const fn code(self) -> i32 {
+                self as i32
+            }
+
+            /// The type `code` names, or `None`: the engine drops a call it cannot
+            /// read rather than guessing at a rendering the guest did not ask for.
+            pub const fn from_code(code: i32) -> Option<TraceDataType> {
+                match code {
+                    $($code => Some(TraceDataType::$variant),)+
+                    _ => None,
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    };
+}

crates/xrpl-host-functions/tests/expansion_hygiene.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+//! `host_functions!` must work outside the crate that declares the ABI: the only
+//! names its expansion needs are the ones the declarations themselves spell.
+
+use xrpl_host_functions::HostResult;
+use xrpl_host_functions_macros::host_functions;
+
+host_functions! {
+    /// Answers with the number it was given.
+    #[gas = 7]
+    #[wasm_name = "ping"]
+    fn ping(&self, number: i32) -> HostResult<i32>;
+}
+
+struct Host;
+
+impl HostFunctions for Host {
+    fn ping(&self, number: i32) -> HostResult<i32> {
+        Ok(number)
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn the_generated_table_stands_on_its_own() {
+    assert_eq!(HostFunctionSpec::ALL.len(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(HostFunctionSpec::Ping.wasm_name(), "ping");
+    assert_eq!(HostFunctionSpec::Ping.gas(), 7);
+}
+
+/// The generated trait is implementable from another crate, which is the point of
+/// declaring the ABI in a library at all.
+#[test]
+fn the_generated_trait_is_implementable_here() {
+    assert_eq!(Host.ping(3), Ok(3));
+}

crates/xrpl-host-functions/tests/host_errors.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+//! Exercises what `host_errors!` generates: the wire codes, the set
+//! [`HostError::ALL`] names, and the round trip between them.
+//!
+//! The codes are consensus input — they are what a guest reads off a failed host
+//! call — so they are pinned here as literals and derived everywhere else.
+
+use xrpl_host_functions::HostError;
+
+/// The whole set, written out in the order `ALL` gives it: the one place the wire
+/// codes appear as literals, and a deliberate change-detector, since a code that
+/// moves changes what every deployed guest is told.
+#[test]
+fn the_error_table_matches_the_declarations() {
+    let table: Vec<(HostError, i32)> = HostError::ALL
+        .iter()
+        .map(|&error| (error, error.code()))
+        .collect();
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        table,
+        [
+            (HostError::Unimplemented, -1),
+            (HostError::FieldNotFound, -2),
+            (HostError::BufferTooSmall, -3),
+            (HostError::NoArray, -4),
+            (HostError::NotLeafField, -5),
+            (HostError::LocatorMalformed, -6),
+            (HostError::SlotOutRange, -7),
+            (HostError::SlotsFull, -8),
+            (HostError::EmptySlot, -9),
+            (HostError::LedgerObjNotFound, -10),
+            (HostError::OutOfTransferLimit, -11),
+            (HostError::DataFieldTooLarge, -12),
+            (HostError::PointerOutOfBounds, -13),
+            (HostError::NoMemExported, -14),
+            (HostError::InvalidParams, -15),
+            (HostError::InvalidAccount, -16),
+            (HostError::InvalidField, -17),
+            (HostError::IndexOutOfBounds, -18),
+            (HostError::FloatInputMalformed, -19),
+            (HostError::FloatComputationError, -20),
+            (HostError::InternalFatal, i32::MIN),
+        ]
+    );
+}
+
+/// The guest-facing set is `-1 ..= -20` and nothing else: those entries are xrpld's
+/// `HostFunctionError`, and each is a code some contract may read.
+///
+/// `InternalFatal` is the one deliberate exception, exempted by name rather than by
+/// widening the range: a condition with no number a contract can act on needs no number
+/// in the range a contract reads, and holding it at `i32::MIN` is what keeps it from
+/// ever colliding with a code appended to xrpld's list.
+#[test]
+fn every_code_but_the_sentinel_is_in_the_shared_range() {
+    let shared: Vec<HostError> = HostError::ALL
+        .iter()
+        .copied()
+        .filter(|&error| error != HostError::InternalFatal)
+        .collect();
+
+    let outside: Vec<HostError> = shared
+        .iter()
+        .copied()
+        .filter(|error| !(-20..=-1).contains(&error.code()))
+        .collect();
+
+    assert!(outside.is_empty(), "outside -1..=-20: {outside:?}");
+    assert_eq!(shared.len(), 20);
+    assert_eq!(HostError::InternalFatal.code(), i32::MIN);
+    assert_eq!(HostError::ALL.len(), 21);
+}
+
+/// Every code a guest can be handed comes back as the error that produced it, so a
+/// caller reading a negative return value recovers the condition and not a
+/// neighbouring one. The table above pins the numbers; this adds only the round
+/// trip.
+#[test]
+fn every_wire_code_round_trips_back_to_its_error() {
+    for &error in HostError::ALL {
+        assert_eq!(HostError::from_code(error.code()), error, "{error:?}");
+    }
+}
+
+/// A code from outside the set is `InternalFatal`: a host answering something this ABI
+/// does not define has not served the call, whatever it meant by it, and success is not
+/// an error at all.
+///
+/// `-21` is the code xrpld would append next, so it is the one that decides whether a
+/// list this crate has not caught up with reaches a guest or stops the run. `i32::MIN +
+/// 1` is next to the sentinel and unassigned, which is what makes the sentinel a value
+/// rather than a range.
+#[test]
+fn a_code_outside_the_set_is_internal_fatal() {
+    for code in [-21, i32::MIN + 1, 0, 1, i32::MAX] {
+        assert_eq!(
+            HostError::from_code(code),
+            HostError::InternalFatal,
+            "{code}"
+        );
+    }
+}

crates/xrpl-wasm-testkit/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+[package]
+name = "xrpl-wasm-testkit"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition.workspace = true
+
+[lib]
+crate-type = ["staticlib", "rlib"]
+
+[dependencies]
+cxx.workspace = true
+wat = "1"

crates/xrpl-wasm-testkit/src/lib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+//! Assembles WebAssembly text for the C++ test suite. **Test-only.**
+//!
+//! A crate of its own rather than an entry on `xrpl-wasm-vm-ffi`, and the separation is the
+//! point. The engine pins `wasmi = { default-features = false }` precisely so a text
+//! assembler cannot reach the consensus path — wasmi's `wat` feature is on by default and
+//! makes `Module::new` accept text as readily as binary, which would make a transaction's
+//! validity a build flag (review finding A5). Putting `compile_wat` on the production bridge
+//! would link `wat` into xrpld even if nothing called it.
+//!
+//! Linked only into `xrpl_tests`, never into `libxrpl` or `xrpld`, so "no assembler in the
+//! shipped node" is a property of the link graph rather than a flag someone can flip.
+#![deny(rustdoc::broken_intra_doc_links)]
+
+#[cxx::bridge(namespace = "rs::wasm_testkit")]
+mod ffi {
+    extern "Rust" {
+        /// Assemble `wat` to a wasm module.
+        ///
+        /// Throws `rust::Error` on invalid input, which is what a test wants: a typo in a
+        /// fixture should fail the test that holds it, at the line that holds it.
+        fn compile_wat(wat: &str) -> Result<Vec<u8>>;
+    }
+}
+
+fn compile_wat(wat: &str) -> Result<Vec<u8>, wat::Error> {
+    wat::parse_str(wat)
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::compile_wat;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_module_assembles_to_something_beginning_with_the_wasm_magic() {
+        let wasm = compile_wat("(module)").expect("assembles");
+
+        assert_eq!(&wasm[..4], b"\0asm");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_typo_is_an_error_rather_than_a_module() {
+        let error = compile_wat("(module (func (export").expect_err("must not assemble");
+
+        assert!(
+            !error.to_string().is_empty(),
+            "the error has to say something"
+        );
+    }
+}

crates/xrpl-wasm-vm-ffi/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+[package]
+name = "xrpl-wasm-vm-ffi"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition.workspace = true
+
+[lib]
+crate-type = ["staticlib", "rlib"]
+
+[dependencies]
+cxx.workspace = true
+xrpl-host-functions = { path = "../xrpl-host-functions" }
+xrpl-wasm-vm = { path = "../xrpl-wasm-vm" }

crates/xrpl-wasm-vm/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+[package]
+name = "xrpl-wasm-vm"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition.workspace = true
+
+[dependencies]
+wasmi = { version = "1.1.0", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
+xrpl-host-functions = { path = "../xrpl-host-functions" }
+
+[dev-dependencies]
+wat = "1"

crates/xrpl-wasm-vm/src/abi.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,824 @@
+use crate::region::Region;
+use crate::vm::{MAX_FIELD_BYTES, VmState};
+use wasmi::{Caller, Memory};
+use xrpl_host_functions::{HostError, HostFunctionSpec, HostFunctions, HostResult};
+
+/// A condition that stops the run. It is a property of the run rather than an answer
+/// to a call, so it reaches no guest and carries no wire code — which is why it is
+/// not a [`HostError`]: no host can report one and no contract can read one.
+///
+/// The three are the outcomes a host call can end a run with, and
+/// `From<Fault> for RunError` in `vm.rs` is where each gets its name.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub(crate) enum Fault {
+    /// This call's charge would take the meter below zero. The guest exhausting the
+    /// meter with its own instructions reaches [`crate::vm::RunError::OutOfGas`] by
+    /// wasmi's `OutOfFuel` trap instead, never through here.
+    OutOfGas,
+    /// The call could not be served: either the host said so, or this engine's own
+    /// fuel meter did not answer.
+    Internal,
+    /// There is no linear memory to work in — the module exports none, or the call
+    /// came from a start section, which runs before there is an instance.
+    NoMemory,
+}
+
+/// How a host call fails: with a code the guest reads off the return value, or with a
+/// [`Fault`] that stops the run.
+///
+/// **The variant picks the channel.** [`to_wire`] reads it rather than asking a
+/// predicate, so the two cannot disagree, and a [`FatalHostError`] cannot be built
+/// around something a guest was supposed to see.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub(crate) enum CallError {
+    Code(HostError),
+    Fatal(Fault),
+}
+
+/// A host call's result inside the engine: [`HostResult`] plus the faults only the
+/// engine can raise.
+pub(crate) type CallResult<T> = Result<T, CallError>;
+
+/// Which channel a host's answer takes, decided once, here.
+///
+/// Three codes stop the run instead of reaching the contract that asked. Each says the
+/// call was not served at all — the host could not do it, it has not been wired, or
+/// there is nowhere to put the answer — and a contract has no business interpreting
+/// any of them, so it is told nothing and the run ends. Every other code is the
+/// contract's to read.
+impl From<HostError> for CallError {
+    fn from(error: HostError) -> CallError {
+        match error {
+            HostError::InternalFatal => CallError::Fatal(Fault::Internal),
+            HostError::Unimplemented => CallError::Fatal(Fault::Internal),
+            HostError::NoMemExported => CallError::Fatal(Fault::NoMemory),
+            code => CallError::Code(code),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// The payload a trap carries so [`crate::vm::run`] can name the outcome without
+/// parsing a message. Holds a [`Fault`], so by construction no guest-visible code can
+/// leave through this channel.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub(crate) struct FatalHostError(pub(crate) Fault);
+
+impl wasmi::errors::HostError for FatalHostError {}
+
+impl core::fmt::Display for FatalHostError {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut core::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> core::fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "host call refused: {:?}", self.0)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Charge the call's gas, run its body, put the result on the wire. The one path
+/// every registered closure takes, so gas cannot be forgotten.
+pub(crate) fn charged(
+    caller: &mut Caller<'_, VmState<'_>>,
+    op: HostFunctionSpec,
+    body: impl FnOnce(&mut Caller<'_, VmState<'_>>) -> CallResult<i32>,
+) -> Result<i32, wasmi::Error> {
+    to_wire(charge(caller, op.gas()).and_then(|()| body(caller)))
+}
+
+/// [`charged`] for a call the guest gets no answer from: its wasm function has no
+/// result, so a soft error has nowhere to go and is dropped. The gas is charged first
+/// and charged whatever happens after, so the cost is all such a call leaves behind.
+///
+/// Only `trace` takes this path.
+pub(crate) fn charged_unreported(
+    caller: &mut Caller<'_, VmState<'_>>,
+    op: HostFunctionSpec,
+    body: impl FnOnce(&mut Caller<'_, VmState<'_>>) -> CallResult<()>,
+) -> Result<(), wasmi::Error> {
+    dropped(charge(caller, op.gas()).and_then(|()| body(caller)))
+}
+
+/// [`to_wire`] for a call with no result: there is no return value to encode a code
+/// in, so it is dropped. A [`Fault`] still stops the run — that is a property of the
+/// run, not an answer to the call.
+fn dropped(result: CallResult<()>) -> Result<(), wasmi::Error> {
+    match result {
+        Err(CallError::Fatal(fault)) => Err(wasmi::Error::host(FatalHostError(fault))),
+        _ => Ok(()),
+    }
+}
+
+fn to_wire(result: CallResult<i32>) -> Result<i32, wasmi::Error> {
+    match result {
+        Ok(value) => Ok(value),
+        Err(CallError::Code(error)) => Ok(error.code()),
+        Err(CallError::Fatal(fault)) => Err(wasmi::Error::host(FatalHostError(fault))),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Deduct `cost` fuel; [`Fault::OutOfGas`] if it would go negative.
+///
+/// A meter that will not answer is this crate's own defect, not the contract's, so it
+/// is [`Fault::Internal`] rather than a number a guest could act on.
+fn charge<T>(caller: &mut Caller<'_, T>, cost: u64) -> CallResult<()> {
+    let remaining = caller
+        .get_fuel()
+        .map_err(|_| CallError::Fatal(Fault::Internal))?;
+    match remaining.checked_sub(cost) {
+        Some(left) => caller
+            .set_fuel(left)
+            .map_err(|_| CallError::Fatal(Fault::Internal)),
+        None => {
+            let _ = caller.set_fuel(0);
+            Err(CallError::Fatal(Fault::OutOfGas))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn charge_transfer(state: &VmState<'_>, n: usize) -> Result<(), HostError> {
+    let n = n as u64;
+    let remaining = state.transfer_budget.get();
+    match remaining.checked_sub(n) {
+        Some(left) => {
+            state.transfer_budget.set(left);
+            Ok(())
+        }
+        None => Err(HostError::OutOfTransferLimit),
+    }
+}
+
+fn memory(caller: &Caller<'_, VmState<'_>>) -> CallResult<Memory> {
+    caller
+        .data()
+        .memory
+        .ok_or(CallError::Fatal(Fault::NoMemory))
+}
+
+/// [`Region::read`] of the guest's memory, for a call that reads and writes nothing
+/// back (`trace`).
+pub(crate) fn read_borrowed<'a>(
+    caller: &'a Caller<'_, VmState<'_>>,
+    input: Region,
+) -> CallResult<&'a [u8]> {
+    let mem = memory(caller)?;
+    Ok(input.read(mem.data(caller))?)
+}
+
+/// Decode a guest `u32` argument — a keylet's sequence number or document id — from
+/// its four little-endian bytes, carried on to the host as its `i32` bit pattern.
+///
+/// The ABI transports these as a 4-byte region rather than a wasm scalar (the guest
+/// SDK passes `seq.to_le_bytes()`), so the region must be exactly four bytes;
+/// `InvalidParams` otherwise, matching the C-ABI wrapper's `getDataUInt32`.
+pub(crate) fn read_u32_arg(bytes: &[u8]) -> HostResult<i32> {
+    let arr: [u8; 4] = bytes.try_into().map_err(|_| HostError::InvalidParams)?;
+    Ok(i32::from_le_bytes(arr))
+}
+
+/// Service a call whose answer is bytes, written straight into the guest's output
+/// region.
+///
+/// **`fill` returns the value's true length, not what it wrote**: a host holding 64
+/// bytes and offered room for 4 writes nothing and answers `64`, which is how the
+/// guest learns the size to ask for. So `n` is bounded by neither the region nor the
+/// cap, and both checks below are reachable.
+pub(crate) fn write_into(
+    caller: &mut Caller<'_, VmState<'_>>,
+    out: Region,
+    fill: impl FnOnce(&dyn HostFunctions, &mut [u8]) -> HostResult<usize>,
+) -> CallResult<i32> {
+    let range = out.range()?;
+    let cap = range.len();
+    let mem = memory(caller)?;
+    let host: &dyn HostFunctions = caller.data().host;
+    // Bounds-checked over the guest's whole declared region, so a buffer running
+    // past memory is a wrong pointer rather than a truncated prefix being served…
+    let buf = mem
+        .data_mut(&mut *caller)
+        .get_mut(range)
+        .ok_or(HostError::PointerOutOfBounds)?;
+    // …of which only the field cap is writable, so no call can exceed it whatever
+    // the guest declared.
+    let buf = &mut buf[..cap.min(MAX_FIELD_BYTES)];
+
+    let n = fill(host, buf)?;
+
+    if n > MAX_FIELD_BYTES {
+        return Err(HostError::DataFieldTooLarge.into());
+    }
+    if n > cap {
+        return Err(HostError::BufferTooSmall.into());
+    }
+    charge_transfer(caller.data(), n)?;
+    #[expect(
+        clippy::cast_possible_truncation,
+        clippy::cast_possible_wrap,
+        reason = "`n > MAX_FIELD_BYTES` returned above, and the cap is far inside i32"
+    )]
+    let n = n as i32;
+    Ok(n)
+}
+
+/// Service a call that reads guest memory and writes bytes back to it: the host
+/// fills the run's output buffer, which is copied to the guest once every rule has
+/// passed.
+///
+/// `call` gets the guest's whole memory, so it can borrow any number of input
+/// regions with [`Region::read`] — which a `&mut` view of that memory would forbid.
+/// That is why the answer goes through a buffer instead of straight into the guest
+/// as [`write_into`]'s does.
+///
+/// **The host is never told the guest's capacity**: it is offered the whole buffer
+/// and reports the value's true length, so the fit is decided here, with nothing yet
+/// in guest memory. A refused value therefore reaches it in no part.
+///
+/// The output is judged after the inputs, so a call with both bad reports the
+/// input's verdict. `NoMemExported` precedes both: there is no memory to validate a
+/// region against.
+pub(crate) fn write_buffered(
+    caller: &mut Caller<'_, VmState<'_>>,
+    out: Region,
+    call: impl FnOnce(&dyn HostFunctions, &[u8], &mut [u8]) -> HostResult<usize>,
+) -> CallResult<i32> {
+    let mem = memory(caller)?;
+    // One borrow split in two: the guest's bytes for the inputs, the store data for
+    // the output buffer. Taking them together is what keeps the inputs borrowed
+    // rather than copied out.
+    let (data, state) = mem.data_and_store_mut(&mut *caller);
+    let host: &dyn HostFunctions = state.host;
+
+    let n = call(host, data, &mut state.out_buffer[..])?;
+
+    // `out` is checked here rather than before the call: the inputs are judged
+    // first, so a call with both malformed reports the input's verdict.
+    let range = out.range()?;
+    let cap = range.len();
+    if n > MAX_FIELD_BYTES {
+        return Err(HostError::DataFieldTooLarge.into());
+    }
+    let buf = data.get_mut(range).ok_or(HostError::PointerOutOfBounds)?;
+    if n > cap {
+        return Err(HostError::BufferTooSmall.into());
+    }
+    charge_transfer(state, n)?;
+    buf[..n].copy_from_slice(&state.out_buffer[..n]);
+    #[expect(
+        clippy::cast_possible_truncation,
+        clippy::cast_possible_wrap,
+        reason = "`n > MAX_FIELD_BYTES` returned above, and the cap is far inside i32"
+    )]
+    let n = n as i32;
+    Ok(n)
+}
+
+/// The mantissa and exponent widths `float_to_mant_exp` writes: an `i64` and an `i32`.
+/// Fixed by the ABI, not the guest, so the split is a constant rather than a reported
+/// length.
+const MANTISSA_BYTES: usize = 8;
+const EXPONENT_BYTES: usize = 4;
+
+/// Service `float_to_mant_exp`, the one call that writes two output regions: the host
+/// fills the run's output buffer with the mantissa followed by the exponent, and each
+/// is copied to its own guest region once every rule has passed.
+///
+/// Like [`write_buffered`], the host reads its input from the guest's memory and writes
+/// to a scratch buffer, so the input stays borrowed rather than copied. The two output
+/// regions are judged after the input, and the mantissa's region before the exponent's,
+/// so the first fault reported is the leftmost.
+///
+/// The two widths are the ABI's rather than the guest's, so the length the host reports
+/// is checked against their sum for equality rather than as a bound, and ahead of the
+/// output regions: a wrong total means there is no answer to place, whatever the guest
+/// declared. That is a fatal error and not a status, since the guest asked for nothing
+/// wrong.
+pub(crate) fn write_mant_exp(
+    caller: &mut Caller<'_, VmState<'_>>,
+    mantissa_out: Region,
+    exponent_out: Region,
+    call: impl FnOnce(&dyn HostFunctions, &[u8], &mut [u8], &mut [u8]) -> HostResult<usize>,
+) -> CallResult<i32> {
+    let mem = memory(caller)?;
+    let (data, state) = mem.data_and_store_mut(&mut *caller);
+    let host: &dyn HostFunctions = state.host;
+
+    // The scratch buffer is split at the fixed mantissa width: the host fills the first
+    // eight bytes with the mantissa and the next four with the exponent.
+    let (mant_buf, exp_buf) = state.out_buffer.split_at_mut(MANTISSA_BYTES);
+    let mant_buf = &mut mant_buf[..MANTISSA_BYTES];
+    let exp_buf = &mut exp_buf[..EXPONENT_BYTES];
+
+    let total = call(host, data, mant_buf, exp_buf)?;
+
+    // Both buffers are fixed-width and were offered whole, so the only length the host
+    // can correctly report is their sum. Anything else is the host contradicting the
+    // ABI: with the widths in doubt, part of what would be copied out is whatever the
+    // previous call left in the buffer, so none of it is copied.
+    if total != MANTISSA_BYTES + EXPONENT_BYTES {
+        return Err(HostError::InternalFatal.into());
+    }
+
+    // Copy the mantissa, then the exponent, each only if its whole value fits its
+    // region — a region too small is `BufferTooSmall`, with nothing written.
+    let mant_range = mantissa_out.range()?;
+    let mant_dst = data
+        .get_mut(mant_range)
+        .ok_or(HostError::PointerOutOfBounds)?;
+    if mant_dst.len() < MANTISSA_BYTES {
+        return Err(HostError::BufferTooSmall.into());
+    }
+    mant_dst[..MANTISSA_BYTES].copy_from_slice(&state.out_buffer[..MANTISSA_BYTES]);
+
+    let exp_range = exponent_out.range()?;
+    let exp_dst = data
+        .get_mut(exp_range)
+        .ok_or(HostError::PointerOutOfBounds)?;
+    if exp_dst.len() < EXPONENT_BYTES {
+        return Err(HostError::BufferTooSmall.into());
+    }
+    exp_dst[..EXPONENT_BYTES]
+        .copy_from_slice(&state.out_buffer[MANTISSA_BYTES..MANTISSA_BYTES + EXPONENT_BYTES]);
+
+    charge_transfer(state, MANTISSA_BYTES + EXPONENT_BYTES)?;
+    #[expect(
+        clippy::cast_possible_truncation,
+        clippy::cast_possible_wrap,
+        reason = "a total other than 12 returned above, and 12 is far inside i32"
+    )]
+    let total = total as i32;
+    Ok(total)
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::vm::TRANSFER_LIMIT_BYTES;
+    use std::cell::Cell;
+    use wasmi::StoreLimitsBuilder;
+    use xrpl_host_functions::TraceDataType;
+
+    /// `charge_transfer` takes the store data, which has to hold a host.
+    struct UncalledHost;
+
+    impl HostFunctions for UncalledHost {
+        fn get_ledger_sqn(&self, _out: &mut [u8]) -> HostResult<usize> {
+            unreachable!("no unit test in this module calls the host")
+        }
+        fn get_parent_ledger_time(&self, _out: &mut [u8]) -> HostResult<usize> {
+            unreachable!("no unit test in this module calls the host")
+        }
+        fn get_parent_ledger_hash(&self, _out: &mut [u8]) -> HostResult<usize> {
+            unreachable!("no unit test in this module calls the host")
+        }
+        fn get_base_fee(&self, _out: &mut [u8]) -> HostResult<usize> {
+            unreachable!("no unit test in this module calls the host")
+        }
+        fn is_amendment_enabled(&self, _amendment: &[u8]) -> HostResult<i32> {
+            unreachable!("no unit test in this module calls the host")
+        }
+        fn cache_ledger_obj(&self, _obj_id: &[u8], _cache_idx: i32) -> HostResult<i32> {
+            unreachable!("no unit test in this module calls the host")
+        }
+        fn get_tx_field(&self, _field: i32, _out: &mut [u8]) -> HostResult<usize> {
+            unreachable!("no unit test in this module calls the host")
+        }
+        fn get_current_ledger_obj_field(&self, _field: i32, _out: &mut [u8]) -> HostResult<usize> {
+            unreachable!("no unit test in this module calls the host")
+        }
+        fn get_ledger_obj_field(
+            &self,
+            _cache_idx: i32,
+            _field: i32,
+            _out: &mut [u8],
+        ) -> HostResult<usize> {
+            unreachable!("no unit test in this module calls the host")
+        }
+        fn get_tx_nested_field(&self, _locator: &[u8], _out: &mut [u8]) -> HostResult<usize> {
+            unreachable!("no unit test in this module calls the host")
+        }
+        fn get_current_ledger_obj_nested_field(
+            &self,
+            _locator: &[u8],
+            _out: &mut [u8],
+        ) -> HostResult<usize> {
+            unreachable!("no unit test in this module calls the host")
+        }
+        fn get_ledger_obj_nested_field(
+            &self,
+            _cache_idx: i32,
+            _locator: &[u8],
+            _out: &mut [u8],
+        ) -> HostResult<usize> {
+            unreachable!("no unit test in this module calls the host")
+        }
+        fn get_tx_array_len(&self, _field: i32) -> HostResult<i32> {
+            unreachable!("no unit test in this module calls the host")
+        }
+        fn get_current_ledger_obj_array_len(&self, _field: i32) -> HostResult<i32> {
+            unreachable!("no unit test in this module calls the host")
+        }
+        fn get_ledger_obj_array_len(&self, _cache_idx: i32, _field: i32) -> HostResult<i32> {
+            unreachable!("no unit test in this module calls the host")
+        }
+        fn get_tx_nested_array_len(&self, _locator: &[u8]) -> HostResult<i32> {
+            unreachable!("no unit test in this module calls the host")
+        }
+        fn get_current_ledger_obj_nested_array_len(&self, _locator: &[u8]) -> HostResult<i32> {
+            unreachable!("no unit test in this module calls the host")
+        }
+        fn get_ledger_obj_nested_array_len(
+            &self,
+            _cache_idx: i32,
+            _locator: &[u8],
+        ) -> HostResult<i32> {
+            unreachable!("no unit test in this module calls the host")
+        }
+        fn check_signature(
+            &self,
+            _message: &[u8],
+            _signature: &[u8],
+            _pubkey: &[u8],
+        ) -> HostResult<i32> {
+            unreachable!("no unit test in this module calls the host")
+        }
+        fn account_keylet(&self, _account: &[u8], _out: &mut [u8]) -> HostResult<usize> {
+            unreachable!("no unit test in this module calls the host")
+        }
+        fn amm_keylet(&self, _asset1: &[u8], _asset2: &[u8], _out: &mut [u8]) -> HostResult<usize> {
+            unreachable!("no unit test in this module calls the host")
+        }
+        fn check_keylet(&self, _account: &[u8], _seq: i32, _out: &mut [u8]) -> HostResult<usize> {
+            unreachable!("no unit test in this module calls the host")
+        }
+        fn credential_keylet(
+            &self,
+            _subject: &[u8],
+            _issuer: &[u8],
+            _credential_type: &[u8],
+            _out: &mut [u8],
+        ) -> HostResult<usize> {
+            unreachable!("no unit test in this module calls the host")
+        }
+        fn delegate_keylet(
+            &self,
+            _account: &[u8],
+            _authorize: &[u8],
+            _out: &mut [u8],
+        ) -> HostResult<usize> {
+            unreachable!("no unit test in this module calls the host")
+        }
+        fn deposit_preauth_keylet(
+            &self,
+            _account: &[u8],
+            _authorize: &[u8],
+            _out: &mut [u8],
+        ) -> HostResult<usize> {
+            unreachable!("no unit test in this module calls the host")
+        }
+        fn did_keylet(&self, _account: &[u8], _out: &mut [u8]) -> HostResult<usize> {
+            unreachable!("no unit test in this module calls the host")
+        }
+        fn escrow_keylet(&self, _account: &[u8], _seq: i32, _out: &mut [u8]) -> HostResult<usize> {
+            unreachable!("no unit test in this module calls the host")
+        }
+        fn trust_line_keylet(
+            &self,
+            _account1: &[u8],
+            _account2: &[u8],
+            _currency: &[u8],
+            _out: &mut [u8],
+        ) -> HostResult<usize> {
+            unreachable!("no unit test in this module calls the host")
+        }
+        fn mptoken_issuance_keylet(
+            &self,
+            _issuer: &[u8],
+            _seq: i32,
+            _out: &mut [u8],
+        ) -> HostResult<usize> {
+            unreachable!("no unit test in this module calls the host")
+        }
+        fn mptoken_keylet(
+            &self,
+            _mptid: &[u8],
+            _holder: &[u8],
+            _out: &mut [u8],
+        ) -> HostResult<usize> {
+            unreachable!("no unit test in this module calls the host")
+        }
+        fn nftoken_offer_keylet(
+            &self,
+            _account: &[u8],
+            _seq: i32,
+            _out: &mut [u8],
+        ) -> HostResult<usize> {
+            unreachable!("no unit test in this module calls the host")
+        }
+        fn offer_keylet(&self, _account: &[u8], _seq: i32, _out: &mut [u8]) -> HostResult<usize> {
+            unreachable!("no unit test in this module calls the host")
+        }
+        fn oracle_keylet(
+            &self,
+            _account: &[u8],
+            _doc_id: i32,
+            _out: &mut [u8],
+        ) -> HostResult<usize> {
+            unreachable!("no unit test in this module calls the host")
+        }
+        fn paychannel_keylet(
+            &self,
+            _account: &[u8],
+            _destination: &[u8],
+            _seq: i32,
+            _out: &mut [u8],
+        ) -> HostResult<usize> {
+            unreachable!("no unit test in this module calls the host")
+        }
+        fn permissioned_domain_keylet(
+            &self,
+            _account: &[u8],
+            _seq: i32,
+            _out: &mut [u8],
+        ) -> HostResult<usize> {
+            unreachable!("no unit test in this module calls the host")
+        }
+        fn signer_list_keylet(&self, _account: &[u8], _out: &mut [u8]) -> HostResult<usize> {
+            unreachable!("no unit test in this module calls the host")
+        }
+        fn ticket_keylet(&self, _account: &[u8], _seq: i32, _out: &mut [u8]) -> HostResult<usize> {
+            unreachable!("no unit test in this module calls the host")
+        }
+        fn vault_keylet(&self, _account: &[u8], _seq: i32, _out: &mut [u8]) -> HostResult<usize> {
+            unreachable!("no unit test in this module calls the host")
+        }
+        fn sha512_half(&self, _data: &[u8], _out: &mut [u8]) -> HostResult<usize> {
+            unreachable!("no unit test in this module calls the host")
+        }
+        fn trace(&self, _msg: &str, _data: &[u8], _data_type: TraceDataType) -> HostResult<()> {
+            unreachable!("no unit test in this module calls the host")
+        }
+        fn update_data(&self, _data: &[u8]) -> HostResult<i32> {
+            unreachable!("no unit test in this module calls the host")
+        }
+        fn get_nft(&self, _account: &[u8], _nft_id: &[u8], _out: &mut [u8]) -> HostResult<usize> {
+            unreachable!("no unit test in this module calls the host")
+        }
+        fn get_nft_issuer(&self, _nft_id: &[u8], _out: &mut [u8]) -> HostResult<usize> {
+            unreachable!("no unit test in this module calls the host")
+        }
+        fn get_nft_taxon(&self, _nft_id: &[u8], _out: &mut [u8]) -> HostResult<usize> {
+            unreachable!("no unit test in this module calls the host")
+        }
+        fn get_nft_flags(&self, _nft_id: &[u8]) -> HostResult<i32> {
+            unreachable!("no unit test in this module calls the host")
+        }
+        fn get_nft_transfer_fee(&self, _nft_id: &[u8]) -> HostResult<i32> {
+            unreachable!("no unit test in this module calls the host")
+        }
+        fn get_nft_sequence(&self, _nft_id: &[u8], _out: &mut [u8]) -> HostResult<usize> {
+            unreachable!("no unit test in this module calls the host")
+        }
+        fn float_from_int(&self, _x: i64, _mode: i32, _out: &mut [u8]) -> HostResult<usize> {
+            unreachable!("no unit test in this module calls the host")
+        }
+        fn float_from_uint(&self, _x: &[u8], _mode: i32, _out: &mut [u8]) -> HostResult<usize> {
+            unreachable!("no unit test in this module calls the host")
+        }
+        fn float_from_stamount(
+            &self,
+            _amount: &[u8],
+            _mode: i32,
+            _out: &mut [u8],
+        ) -> HostResult<usize> {
+            unreachable!("no unit test in this module calls the host")
+        }
+        fn float_from_stnumber(
+            &self,
+            _number: &[u8],
+            _mode: i32,
+            _out: &mut [u8],
+        ) -> HostResult<usize> {
+            unreachable!("no unit test in this module calls the host")
+        }
+        fn float_to_int(&self, _x: &[u8], _mode: i32, _out: &mut [u8]) -> HostResult<usize> {
+            unreachable!("no unit test in this module calls the host")
+        }
+        fn float_to_mant_exp(
+            &self,
+            _x: &[u8],
+            _mantissa_out: &mut [u8],
+            _exponent_out: &mut [u8],
+        ) -> HostResult<usize> {
+            unreachable!("no unit test in this module calls the host")
+        }
+        fn float_from_mant_exp(
+            &self,
+            _mantissa: i64,
+            _exponent: i32,
+            _mode: i32,
+            _out: &mut [u8],
+        ) -> HostResult<usize> {
+            unreachable!("no unit test in this module calls the host")
+        }
+        fn float_compare(&self, _x: &[u8], _y: &[u8]) -> HostResult<i32> {
+            unreachable!("no unit test in this module calls the host")
+        }
+        fn float_add(
+            &self,
+            _x: &[u8],
+            _y: &[u8],
+            _mode: i32,
+            _out: &mut [u8],
+        ) -> HostResult<usize> {
+            unreachable!("no unit test in this module calls the host")
+        }
+        fn float_subtract(
+            &self,
+            _x: &[u8],
+            _y: &[u8],
+            _mode: i32,
+            _out: &mut [u8],
+        ) -> HostResult<usize> {
+            unreachable!("no unit test in this module calls the host")
+        }
+        fn float_multiply(
+            &self,
+            _x: &[u8],
+            _y: &[u8],
+            _mode: i32,
+            _out: &mut [u8],
+        ) -> HostResult<usize> {
+            unreachable!("no unit test in this module calls the host")
+        }
+        fn float_divide(
+            &self,
+            _x: &[u8],
+            _y: &[u8],
+            _mode: i32,
+            _out: &mut [u8],
+        ) -> HostResult<usize> {
+            unreachable!("no unit test in this module calls the host")
+        }
+        fn float_root(&self, _x: &[u8], _n: i32, _mode: i32, _out: &mut [u8]) -> HostResult<usize> {
+            unreachable!("no unit test in this module calls the host")
+        }
+        fn float_power(
+            &self,
+            _x: &[u8],
+            _n: i32,
+            _mode: i32,
+            _out: &mut [u8],
+        ) -> HostResult<usize> {
+            unreachable!("no unit test in this module calls the host")
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn state(budget: u64) -> VmState<'static> {
+        VmState {
+            host: &UncalledHost,
+            mem_limits: StoreLimitsBuilder::new().build(),
+            transfer_budget: Cell::new(budget),
+            memory: None,
+            out_buffer: [0u8; MAX_FIELD_BYTES],
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// `wasmi::Error` is not `PartialEq`, so a test expecting the guest-visible
+    /// channel says so by going through here.
+    fn wire(result: CallResult<i32>) -> i32 {
+        to_wire(result)
+            .unwrap_or_else(|trap| panic!("expected a guest-visible status, got a trap: {trap}"))
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_success_becomes_the_value_and_an_error_becomes_its_code() {
+        assert_eq!(wire(Ok(0)), 0);
+        assert_eq!(wire(Ok(32)), 32);
+        assert_eq!(wire(Err(HostError::BufferTooSmall.into())), -3);
+    }
+
+    /// The codes a host may answer that a contract must not see, and the fault each
+    /// becomes. Written out rather than derived from `From<HostError>`, which is what
+    /// they are asserting.
+    const STOPS_THE_RUN: [(HostError, Fault); 3] = [
+        (HostError::InternalFatal, Fault::Internal),
+        (HostError::Unimplemented, Fault::Internal),
+        (HostError::NoMemExported, Fault::NoMemory),
+    ];
+
+    /// Every fault, so the two tests below are the whole set and not a sample.
+    /// `From<Fault> for RunError` is what forces a fault added later to be
+    /// considered; this is what forces it to be tested.
+    const ALL_FAULTS: [Fault; 3] = [Fault::OutOfGas, Fault::Internal, Fault::NoMemory];
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_code_that_stops_the_run_converts_to_its_fault() {
+        for (error, fault) in STOPS_THE_RUN {
+            assert_eq!(CallError::from(error), CallError::Fatal(fault), "{error:?}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Over `HostError::ALL`, so it is the whole ABI and not a sample: a code added
+    /// to the ABI arrives already asserted to reach the guest as itself, and stopping
+    /// the run on it is then a change someone has to come and make.
+    ///
+    /// `OutOfTransferLimit` is the row worth reading twice: the one budget a
+    /// contract can be expected to handle, so it is told no rather than killed.
+    #[test]
+    fn every_other_code_reaches_the_guest_as_itself() {
+        for &error in HostError::ALL {
+            if STOPS_THE_RUN.iter().any(|&(stops, _)| stops == error) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            assert_eq!(CallError::from(error), CallError::Code(error), "{error:?}");
+            assert_eq!(wire(Err(error.into())), error.code(), "{error:?}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The trap carries the fault, so `run` can name the outcome without parsing a
+    /// message.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_fault_becomes_a_trap_carrying_it() {
+        for fault in ALL_FAULTS {
+            let trap = to_wire(Err(CallError::Fatal(fault)))
+                .expect_err("a fault must not reach the guest as a code");
+            let payload = trap.downcast_ref::<FatalHostError>().unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                panic!("{fault:?}: expected a FatalHostError payload, got: {trap}")
+            });
+            assert_eq!(*payload, FatalHostError(fault));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The result-less path splits the same two channels differently: a fault still
+    /// stops the run, and every code is dropped, since `trace` has no return value to
+    /// carry it. Over `HostError::ALL` for the reason above — a code added to the ABI
+    /// arrives asserted against both paths.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_call_with_no_result_drops_a_code_and_traps_on_a_fault() {
+        assert!(dropped(Ok(())).is_ok());
+
+        for &error in HostError::ALL {
+            if let CallError::Code(code) = CallError::from(error) {
+                assert!(
+                    dropped(Err(CallError::Code(code))).is_ok(),
+                    "{error:?} has no channel to the guest and must be dropped"
+                );
+            }
+        }
+
+        for fault in ALL_FAULTS {
+            let trap =
+                dropped(Err(CallError::Fatal(fault))).expect_err("a fault must stop the run");
+            let payload = trap.downcast_ref::<FatalHostError>().unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                panic!("{fault:?}: expected a FatalHostError payload, got: {trap}")
+            });
+            assert_eq!(*payload, FatalHostError(fault));
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_transfer_spends_the_budget() {
+        let state = state(100);
+
+        assert_eq!(charge_transfer(&state, 30), Ok(()));
+        assert_eq!(state.transfer_budget.get(), 70);
+        assert_eq!(charge_transfer(&state, 70), Ok(()));
+        assert_eq!(state.transfer_budget.get(), 0);
+    }
+
+    /// The budget bounds the total, so the transfer that would overrun it is
+    /// refused whole rather than partially charged.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_transfer_past_the_budget_is_refused_and_charges_nothing() {
+        let state = state(100);
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            charge_transfer(&state, 101),
+            Err(HostError::OutOfTransferLimit)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            state.transfer_budget.get(),
+            100,
+            "a refusal must not charge"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(charge_transfer(&state, 100), Ok(()));
+        assert_eq!(
+            charge_transfer(&state, 1),
+            Err(HostError::OutOfTransferLimit)
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn transferring_nothing_costs_nothing() {
+        let state = state(0);
+
+        assert_eq!(charge_transfer(&state, 0), Ok(()));
+        assert_eq!(state.transfer_budget.get(), 0);
+    }
+
+    /// The field cap holds one call to a small share of the run's budget, so the
+    /// budget bounds a run rather than a call. An inequality, not the two values:
+    /// those are pinned in `vm.rs`.
+    #[test]
+    fn no_single_value_can_exhaust_the_run_budget() {
+        assert!(
+            (MAX_FIELD_BYTES as u64) * 64 <= TRANSFER_LIMIT_BYTES,
+            "one {MAX_FIELD_BYTES}-byte value against a {TRANSFER_LIMIT_BYTES}-byte budget"
+        );
+    }
+}

crates/xrpl-wasm-vm/src/lib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+//! The escrow wasm VM: compile a contract, meter it, and serve its host calls.
+//!
+//! Every guest access goes through `abi.rs` and reaches linear memory only by
+//! wasmi's bounds-checked slice operations; `forbid(unsafe_code)` makes that a
+//! property rather than a claim. The cast lints are on for the same reason — on a
+//! consensus path a truncating or sign-losing cast changes what a contract is
+//! charged or told, so each one is argued for at its site.
+#![forbid(unsafe_code)]
+#![deny(rustdoc::broken_intra_doc_links)]
+#![deny(unreachable_pub)]
+#![deny(
+    clippy::cast_possible_truncation,
+    clippy::cast_possible_wrap,
+    clippy::cast_sign_loss,
+    clippy::cast_lossless
+)]
+
+mod abi;
+mod preflight;
+mod region;
+mod register;
+mod vm;
+
+pub use preflight::{CheckError, check};
+pub use vm::{
+    MAX_FIELD_BYTES, MAX_MEMORY_BYTES, MAX_MEMORY_PAGES, RunError, RunFailure, RunOutcome,
+    TRANSFER_LIMIT_BYTES, run,
+};

crates/xrpl-wasm-vm/src/preflight.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,351 @@
+//! Screening a contract before it reaches the ledger.
+//!
+//! [`check`] answers whether [`crate::run`] would refuse a module before the
+//! guest's first instruction — the three stages a caller maps to a malformed
+//! transaction rather than to a failed one. It needs **no host, no store and no
+//! gas**: everything it reads is a property of the compiled module. That is what
+//! makes it callable from a transaction's preflight, which has no ledger to serve
+//! host calls from.
+//!
+//! Two things it deliberately does not screen. A module exporting **no** linear
+//! memory passes: a contract that makes no host call needs none, and one that
+//! does is refused at the call and charged for what it burned. A start section
+//! passes: it is guest code, and executing it is the one thing a check must not do
+//! — a trap in one is charged to the contract like any other trap.
+//!
+//! One thing it screens that a run can only discover: an exported memory larger
+//! than the engine grants. See [`check_memory`] for what stays invisible.
+
+use std::fmt;
+use wasmi::{ExternType, FuncType, Module, ValType};
+use xrpl_host_functions::HostFunctionSpec;
+
+use crate::register::HOST_MODULE;
+use crate::vm::{MAX_MEMORY_PAGES, compile};
+
+/// Why a module cannot be run. One variant per stage, since the caller maps the
+/// stages separately.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub enum CheckError {
+    /// `wasm` is not a valid module under this engine's configuration.
+    Compile(String),
+    /// An import no engine of this ABI defines: another module namespace, a name
+    /// that is not a host function, or one imported as something other than a
+    /// function.
+    Import(String),
+    /// No export named `function_name` with signature `() -> i32`.
+    EntryPoint(String),
+    /// The module asks for more linear memory than the engine grants.
+    Memory(String),
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for CheckError {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            CheckError::Compile(detail) => write!(f, "compile: {detail}"),
+            CheckError::Import(detail) => write!(f, "import: {detail}"),
+            // The detail says which of the entry point's failures this is, since
+            // "no entry point" would be wrong for an export of the wrong type.
+            CheckError::EntryPoint(detail) => write!(f, "{detail}"),
+            CheckError::Memory(detail) => write!(f, "memory: {detail}"),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Screen `wasm`: it must compile, import only what the engine serves, export
+/// `function_name` as `() -> i32`, and ask for no more memory than it may have.
+///
+/// The stages are ordered by how much of the module each explains. An import fault
+/// is reported before a missing entry point because the imports are what the rest of
+/// the module is built on; memory comes last, being a resource request rather than a
+/// mistake about the ABI.
+pub fn check(wasm: &[u8], function_name: &str) -> Result<(), CheckError> {
+    let module = compile(wasm).map_err(CheckError::Compile)?;
+    check_imports(&module)?;
+    check_entry_point(&module, function_name)?;
+    check_memory(&module)
+}
+
+/// Every import must be one the linker defines. The first that is not ends the
+/// check, so a module with several faults reports the earliest.
+fn check_imports(module: &Module) -> Result<(), CheckError> {
+    for import in module.imports() {
+        check_import(import.module(), import.name(), import.ty()).map_err(CheckError::Import)?;
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Whether the engine defines this one import.
+///
+/// The set of names is [`HostFunctionSpec::ALL`], which is also what
+/// [`crate::register::register_host_functions`] iterates — so a check and a run
+/// cannot disagree about which names exist, and adding a host function extends
+/// both at once. The one thing this does not compare is `ty`'s *signature*, which
+/// still parts a module from the engine at instantiation; the kind is compared
+/// because the engine defines these names as functions and as nothing else.
+///
+/// The rules are ordered, not merely alternatives: a guest importing `env::malloc`
+/// is told about the namespace rather than that `malloc` is not a host function,
+/// because the namespace is the one that explains every other import it has too.
+fn check_import(module: &str, name: &str, ty: &ExternType) -> Result<(), String> {
+    if module != HOST_MODULE {
+        return Err(format!("'{module}::{name}' is not from '{HOST_MODULE}'"));
+    }
+    if !HostFunctionSpec::ALL
+        .iter()
+        .any(|op| op.wasm_name() == name)
+    {
+        return Err(format!("no host function '{name}'"));
+    }
+    if !matches!(ty, ExternType::Func(_)) {
+        return Err(format!("'{HOST_MODULE}::{name}' is not a function"));
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn check_entry_point(module: &Module, name: &str) -> Result<(), CheckError> {
+    match module.get_export(name) {
+        Some(ExternType::Func(ty)) if is_entry_point(&ty) => Ok(()),
+        found => Err(CheckError::EntryPoint(entry_point_fault(found, name))),
+    }
+}
+
+/// The entry point's type: nothing in, one `i32` out — what [`crate::run`]'s
+/// `get_typed_func::<(), i32>` accepts.
+fn is_entry_point(ty: &FuncType) -> bool {
+    ty.params().is_empty() && matches!(ty.results(), [ValType::I32])
+}
+
+/// A module may not declare more linear memory than the engine grants.
+///
+/// Only what it *exports* is visible here. A memory a module keeps to itself is not
+/// in its exports, and the store's limiter is what refuses that one — at
+/// instantiation, where the run is charged nothing and the caller cannot tell it
+/// from any other resource failure. Screening the exported case covers every
+/// contract built against the guest SDK, since a contract needs an exported memory
+/// to make a host call at all.
+fn check_memory(module: &Module) -> Result<(), CheckError> {
+    for export in module.exports() {
+        if let ExternType::Memory(ty) = export.ty() {
+            check_initial_pages(ty.minimum()).map_err(CheckError::Memory)?;
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Whether the engine will grant a memory of this declared initial size.
+///
+/// The *minimum* only: a declared maximum past the cap is legal and simply
+/// unreachable, which `vm_limits::a_declared_maximum_past_the_cap_is_allowed_but_
+/// unreachable` pins on the run side. Refusing it here would turn a runnable
+/// contract away.
+fn check_initial_pages(pages: u64) -> Result<(), String> {
+    if pages > u64::from(MAX_MEMORY_PAGES) {
+        return Err(format!(
+            "initial memory of {pages} pages is past the {MAX_MEMORY_PAGES}-page cap"
+        ));
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// How an entry-point lookup failed, in the words both stages use: a check and a
+/// run describe the same module the same way, and "no entry point" would send a
+/// contract author looking for a function they already have.
+pub(crate) fn entry_point_fault(found: Option<ExternType>, name: &str) -> String {
+    match found {
+        Some(ExternType::Func(_)) => {
+            format!("entry point '{name}' has the wrong signature, expected '() -> i32'")
+        }
+        Some(_) => format!("export '{name}' is not a function"),
+        None => format!("no entry point '{name}'"),
+    }
+}
+
+/// The rules, one by one, on inputs built directly rather than parsed out of a
+/// module. `tests/preflight.rs` runs real modules through [`check`]; what is here is
+/// what a module cannot state precisely — which rule fires, in which order, and in
+/// what words the caller logs it.
+///
+/// `wat` is a dev-dependency, so the one test here that does need a module writes it
+/// as text like every other test in the crate. What the library must not gain is a
+/// text *entry point* — `check` and `run` take binaries — and a `cfg(test)` caller
+/// cannot give it one.
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use wasmi::{GlobalType, MemoryType, Mutability};
+
+    /// A host function as a guest declares it. Any function type will do: the
+    /// signature is not what [`check_import`] compares.
+    fn a_function() -> ExternType {
+        ExternType::Func(FuncType::new([ValType::I32], [ValType::I32]))
+    }
+
+    /// A name every one of these tests can use, taken from the ABI rather than
+    /// spelled, so it stays a real host function as the ABI changes.
+    fn a_host_function_name() -> &'static str {
+        HostFunctionSpec::ALL[0].wasm_name()
+    }
+
+    // -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Imports
+    // -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /// Every name the ABI declares is served. Derived from `ALL` rather than
+    /// listed, so a host function added to the ABI is covered the day it lands.
+    #[test]
+    fn every_declared_host_function_is_served() {
+        for op in HostFunctionSpec::ALL {
+            assert_eq!(
+                check_import(HOST_MODULE, op.wasm_name(), &a_function()),
+                Ok(()),
+                "{}",
+                op.wasm_name()
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn an_import_from_another_namespace_is_refused() {
+        for namespace in ["env", "host", "host_lib2", ""] {
+            let refusal = check_import(namespace, a_host_function_name(), &a_function())
+                .expect_err(namespace);
+            assert!(
+                refusal.contains("is not from 'host_lib'"),
+                "{namespace}: {refusal}"
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn an_unknown_name_is_refused() {
+        let refusal =
+            check_import(HOST_MODULE, "no_such_function", &a_function()).expect_err("unknown name");
+        assert_eq!(refusal, "no host function 'no_such_function'");
+    }
+
+    /// The engine defines these names as functions and as nothing else, so a module
+    /// importing one as a global or a memory does not link either.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_host_function_imported_as_anything_else_is_refused() {
+        for ty in [
+            ExternType::Global(GlobalType::new(ValType::I32, Mutability::Const)),
+            ExternType::Memory(MemoryType::new(1, None)),
+        ] {
+            let name = a_host_function_name();
+            let refusal = check_import(HOST_MODULE, name, &ty).expect_err("not a function");
+            assert_eq!(refusal, format!("'host_lib::{name}' is not a function"));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The rules are ordered. An import that breaks two of them is reported by the
+    /// first, so the message a contract author reads is the one that explains the
+    /// rest of their imports too.
+    #[test]
+    fn the_namespace_is_reported_before_the_name() {
+        let refusal = check_import("env", "no_such_function", &a_function())
+            .expect_err("neither the namespace nor the name is served");
+
+        assert!(refusal.contains("is not from 'host_lib'"), "{refusal}");
+        assert!(
+            !refusal.contains("no host function"),
+            "the namespace explains it: {refusal}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// Both halves of the type are load-bearing, and neither is checked anywhere
+    /// a module cannot reach.
+    #[test]
+    fn the_entry_point_type_is_nothing_in_and_one_i32_out() {
+        assert!(is_entry_point(&FuncType::new([], [ValType::I32])));
+
+        for wrong in [
+            FuncType::new([], []),
+            FuncType::new([], [ValType::I64]),
+            FuncType::new([ValType::I32], [ValType::I32]),
+            FuncType::new([], [ValType::I32, ValType::I32]),
+        ] {
+            assert!(!is_entry_point(&wrong), "{wrong:?}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Three faults, three descriptions. A run reports these too, with wasmi's own
+    /// error appended, so a swapped arm would mislead at both stages at once.
+    #[test]
+    fn each_entry_point_fault_is_described_as_itself() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            entry_point_fault(Some(a_function()), "finish"),
+            "entry point 'finish' has the wrong signature, expected '() -> i32'"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            entry_point_fault(
+                Some(ExternType::Global(GlobalType::new(
+                    ValType::I32,
+                    Mutability::Const
+                ))),
+                "finish"
+            ),
+            "export 'finish' is not a function"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            entry_point_fault(None, "finish"),
+            "no entry point 'finish'",
+            "an absent export must not be reported as a wrong signature"
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// The cap itself is granted; one page past it is not. The boundary is the whole
+    /// rule, and it is the same boundary the store's limiter applies at
+    /// instantiation.
+    #[test]
+    fn the_initial_memory_may_reach_the_cap_but_not_pass_it() {
+        assert_eq!(check_initial_pages(0), Ok(()));
+        assert_eq!(check_initial_pages(u64::from(MAX_MEMORY_PAGES)), Ok(()));
+
+        let past = u64::from(MAX_MEMORY_PAGES) + 1;
+        let refusal = check_initial_pages(past).expect_err("one page past the cap");
+        assert_eq!(
+            refusal,
+            format!("initial memory of {past} pages is past the {MAX_MEMORY_PAGES}-page cap")
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// The bridge logs this string and the C++ tests match on it, so the stage's
+    /// prefix is part of the interface rather than a debugging aid.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_refusal_names_its_stage() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            CheckError::Compile("bad magic".to_string()).to_string(),
+            "compile: bad magic"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            CheckError::Memory("initial memory of 129 pages".to_string()).to_string(),
+            "memory: initial memory of 129 pages"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            CheckError::Import("no host function 'x'".to_string()).to_string(),
+            "import: no host function 'x'"
+        );
+        // The entry point's detail already says which of its three faults it is,
+        // so a prefix would only repeat it.
+        assert_eq!(
+            CheckError::EntryPoint("no entry point 'finish'".to_string()).to_string(),
+            "no entry point 'finish'"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn the_stages_run_in_order() {
+        assert!(
+            matches!(check(b"not wasm", "finish"), Err(CheckError::Compile(_))),
+            "nothing is screened until the module compiles"
+        );
+
+        // A module that compiles and imports nothing, so it reaches the entry point.
+        let empty = wat::parse_str("(module)").expect("assembles");
+        assert!(
+            matches!(check(&empty, "finish"), Err(CheckError::EntryPoint(_))),
+            "a module that compiles and imports nothing reaches the entry point"
+        );
+    }
+}

crates/xrpl-wasm-vm/src/region.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+use crate::vm::MAX_FIELD_BYTES;
+use core::ops::Range;
+use xrpl_host_functions::{HostError, HostResult};
+
+/// A byte region as the guest declared it: the `(ptr, len)` pair off the wire, not
+/// yet checked.
+///
+/// Every byte parameter in this ABI is such a pair, so pairing them once at the wire
+/// boundary is what keeps the helpers in `abi.rs` from each taking two loose integers
+/// they could be handed in either order.
+///
+/// It lives in a module of its own so that the fields are out of reach and
+/// [`range`](Region::range) is the *only* way to indices — the check cannot be
+/// skipped, only deferred. Construction is infallible for that reason: a call whose
+/// output region is malformed is then refused in the order its own helper chooses,
+/// rather than at the moment the pair happened to be formed.
+#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
+pub(crate) struct Region {
+    ptr: i32,
+    len: i32,
+}
+
+impl Region {
+    pub(crate) fn new(ptr: i32, len: i32) -> Region {
+        Region { ptr, len }
+    }
+
+    /// `start..end` as indices. The conversion is the negativity check — it fails on
+    /// exactly the negative values — and the addition guards a 32-bit `usize`, where
+    /// two `i32`s can sum past the end.
+    pub(crate) fn range(self) -> HostResult<Range<usize>> {
+        let (Ok(start), Ok(len)) = (usize::try_from(self.ptr), usize::try_from(self.len)) else {
+            return Err(HostError::InvalidParams);
+        };
+        let end = start
+            .checked_add(len)
+            .ok_or(HostError::PointerOutOfBounds)?;
+        Ok(start..end)
+    }
+
+    /// The region's bytes, refused past the field cap. No copy: the slice aliases
+    /// `data`.
+    pub(crate) fn read(self, data: &[u8]) -> HostResult<&[u8]> {
+        let range = self.range()?;
+        if range.len() > MAX_FIELD_BYTES {
+            return Err(HostError::DataFieldTooLarge);
+        }
+        data.get(range).ok_or(HostError::PointerOutOfBounds)
+    }
+}

crates/xrpl-wasm-vm/src/vm.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,353 @@
+use std::cell::Cell;
+use std::fmt;
+use std::sync::LazyLock;
+use wasmi::{
+    Config, Engine, Export, Linker, Memory, Module, Store, StoreLimits, StoreLimitsBuilder,
+    TrapCode,
+};
+use xrpl_host_functions::HostFunctions;
+
+use crate::abi::{FatalHostError, Fault};
+use crate::preflight::entry_point_fault;
+use crate::register::register_host_functions;
+
+/// wasm linear-memory page size, fixed by the wasm spec (64 KiB).
+const WASM_PAGE_BYTES: u32 = 64 * 1024;
+
+/// Linear-memory page cap.
+pub const MAX_MEMORY_PAGES: u32 = 128;
+
+/// [`MAX_MEMORY_PAGES`] in bytes: 8 MiB.
+pub const MAX_MEMORY_BYTES: usize = (MAX_MEMORY_PAGES * WASM_PAGE_BYTES) as usize;
+
+/// Total bytes that may cross the host/guest boundary in one [`run`], separate
+/// from gas.
+pub const TRANSFER_LIMIT_BYTES: u64 = 1 << 20;
+
+/// Size cap on any single value crossing the boundary, in either direction; over
+/// it is `DataFieldTooLarge`.
+///
+/// A protocol limit: `kMaxWasmDataLength` in `include/xrpl/protocol/Protocol.h`.
+pub const MAX_FIELD_BYTES: usize = 1024;
+
+/// State threaded through every host call, stored in the wasmi [`Store`].
+pub(crate) struct VmState<'h> {
+    pub(crate) host: &'h dyn HostFunctions,
+    /// Enforces [`MAX_MEMORY_BYTES`] via `Store::limiter`, which needs a `&mut`
+    /// into it from `&mut VmState` — hence a field rather than a local.
+    pub(crate) mem_limits: StoreLimits,
+    /// Remaining transfer budget for this run ([`TRANSFER_LIMIT_BYTES`]).
+    ///
+    /// A `Cell` because it is decremented from a shared `&Caller`. One thread per
+    /// invocation touches the store, so the lack of `Sync` costs nothing.
+    ///
+    /// TODO: the extra charge for an unaligned field copy has nothing to attach to
+    /// until this ABI gains a `FieldLocator` host function.
+    pub(crate) transfer_budget: Cell<u64>,
+    /// The guest's linear memory, resolved once by [`run`] after instantiation so
+    /// no host call pays for an export lookup.
+    ///
+    /// Caching the handle is sound because a [`Memory`] is an arena index, not a
+    /// pointer to the bytes: it survives `memory.grow`, and `data`/`data_mut`
+    /// re-derive the slice per call.
+    ///
+    /// The handle is scoped to one store, so this assumes **one module, one
+    /// instance, one store per `run`**. Module linking or nested execution would
+    /// have to resolve per instance: a cached handle would serve a call against the
+    /// wrong instance's memory, which is a wrong answer rather than an error.
+    pub(crate) memory: Option<Memory>,
+    /// Where a host writes a value before [`crate::abi::write_buffered`] copies it
+    /// to the guest. One buffer per run, so no call zero-fills one of its own.
+    ///
+    /// Inline rather than boxed: the store's data is built once and then only
+    /// borrowed, so a kilobyte in it costs a move where a `Box` costs an
+    /// allocation. A local would cost neither, but `forbid(unsafe_code)` means a
+    /// stack buffer is zero-filled — per call, which is the cost this removes.
+    pub(crate) out_buffer: [u8; MAX_FIELD_BYTES],
+}
+
+/// Outcome of running an escrow contract to completion.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct RunOutcome {
+    /// The value returned by the exported entry point (`finish`): `> 0` means
+    /// allow the escrow to finish.
+    pub result: i32,
+    /// Fuel (gas) consumed by the whole invocation — guest instructions plus
+    /// the per-call host charges.
+    pub fuel_used: u64,
+}
+
+/// Why a run produced no result. Each variant is one outcome for the caller to
+/// map to a TER.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub enum RunError {
+    /// `wasm` is not a valid module under this engine's configuration.
+    Compile(String),
+    /// The module compiled but the engine would not accept it: an import the
+    /// linker does not define, or an initial memory past the page cap. Not guest
+    /// code failing — a start section that traps is [`RunError::Trap`].
+    Instantiate(String),
+    /// No export named `function_name` with signature `() -> i32`: absent, not a
+    /// function, or a function of another type — which the detail tells apart.
+    EntryPoint(String),
+    /// Gas exhausted — by the guest's own instructions or by a host call's
+    /// charge. [`RunFailure::fuel_used`] is the whole limit.
+    OutOfGas,
+    /// The host could not serve a call.
+    Internal,
+    /// A host call had no linear memory to work in: the module exports none, or
+    /// the call came from a start section, which runs before there is an instance
+    /// to resolve the memory from.
+    NoMemory,
+    /// The guest trapped: `unreachable`, division by zero, an out-of-bounds
+    /// access, or `memory.grow` past the page cap. Wherever the guest was
+    /// executing, including a start section during instantiation.
+    Trap(String),
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for RunError {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            RunError::Compile(detail) => write!(f, "compile: {detail}"),
+            RunError::Instantiate(detail) => write!(f, "instantiate: {detail}"),
+            // The detail says which of the entry point's failures this is, since
+            // "no entry point" would be wrong for an export of the wrong type.
+            RunError::EntryPoint(detail) => write!(f, "{detail}"),
+            RunError::OutOfGas => write!(f, "out of gas"),
+            RunError::Internal => write!(f, "internal error"),
+            RunError::NoMemory => write!(f, "no exported memory"),
+            RunError::Trap(detail) => write!(f, "trap: {detail}"),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// A failed run, with the gas it still owes: a contract that traps or exhausts
+/// its gas is charged for what it burned.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct RunFailure {
+    pub error: RunError,
+    /// Fuel consumed before the failure. The whole limit when gas ran out; `0`
+    /// when the module never ran.
+    pub fuel_used: u64,
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for RunFailure {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "{} (fuel used: {})", self.error, self.fuel_used)
+    }
+}
+
+impl RunFailure {
+    /// A failure with no fuel accounted: it stopped the run at or before the guest's
+    /// first instruction, or under a store with no meter to read.
+    fn owing_nothing(error: RunError) -> RunFailure {
+        RunFailure {
+            error,
+            fuel_used: 0,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Fuel spent out of `gas`: the one place a run's cost is measured, so success,
+/// trap and refusal all report it the same way.
+///
+/// `Store::get_fuel` fails only on a store without fuel metering, which
+/// [`build_wasm_engine`] rules out and `run`'s `set_fuel` would already have
+/// caught — so a failure here is a defect in this crate. It must not become a
+/// number: `0` forgives a run its whole cost, `gas` charges an untouched one for
+/// everything. [`RunError::Internal`] instead.
+fn fuel_used(store: &Store<VmState<'_>>, gas: u64) -> Result<u64, RunError> {
+    store
+        .get_fuel()
+        .map(|remaining| gas.saturating_sub(remaining))
+        .map_err(|_| RunError::Internal)
+}
+
+/// Report `error` with the run's cost attached. A cost that cannot be read replaces
+/// the outcome rather than being invented — see [`fuel_used`].
+fn failed(store: &Store<VmState<'_>>, gas: u64, error: RunError) -> RunFailure {
+    match fuel_used(store, gas) {
+        Ok(fuel_used) => RunFailure { error, fuel_used },
+        Err(unmetered) => RunFailure::owing_nothing(unmetered),
+    }
+}
+
+/// The outcome a `wasmi::Error` names for itself, if any, rather than leaving it to
+/// the stage that raised it.
+///
+/// Two ways a run halts mid-flight: a host call that could not be served, which
+/// carries a [`FatalHostError`] saying which condition it was, and the guest's own
+/// instructions exhausting the meter, which wasmi raises as `OutOfFuel`.
+///
+/// Both can happen anywhere the guest executes — including a start section, which
+/// is guest code running during instantiation — so every stage from there on asks
+/// this before naming a failure after itself.
+fn guest_halted(error: &wasmi::Error) -> Option<RunError> {
+    if let Some(fatal) = error.downcast_ref::<FatalHostError>() {
+        return Some(fatal.0.into());
+    }
+    (error.as_trap_code() == Some(TrapCode::OutOfFuel)).then_some(RunError::OutOfGas)
+}
+
+/// Why instantiation failed, once [`guest_halted`] has ruled out the two conditions
+/// that can arise anywhere.
+///
+/// A start section is guest code, so it can trap on its own — `unreachable`, a
+/// division by zero, an out-of-bounds access — and a trap is the guest's fault
+/// wherever it happens. Naming that after the *stage* would file it beside the
+/// module faults a caller treats as its own defect, and charge nothing for
+/// instructions the contract burned. What is left for [`RunError::Instantiate`] is a
+/// module the linker or the store would not accept at all.
+fn instantiation_failure(error: &wasmi::Error) -> RunError {
+    match error.as_trap_code() {
+        Some(_) => RunError::Trap(error.to_string()),
+        None => RunError::Instantiate(error.to_string()),
+    }
+}
+
+/// The outcome a [`Fault`] is: the one place a stopped call becomes a stopped run.
+///
+/// Total and one arm each, because a `Fault` is only ever a condition that stops the
+/// run — the guest-visible codes cannot reach here, which is what
+/// [`crate::abi::CallError`] buys. A fault added later has no arm and does not
+/// compile.
+impl From<Fault> for RunError {
+    fn from(fault: Fault) -> RunError {
+        match fault {
+            Fault::OutOfGas => RunError::OutOfGas,
+            Fault::Internal => RunError::Internal,
+            Fault::NoMemory => RunError::NoMemory,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// The process-wide wasmi engine, built once on first use.
+///
+/// The configuration is consensus-fixed and identical for every invocation, and an
+/// [`Engine`] is an internally `Arc`ed `Send + Sync` handle, so one shared engine
+/// serves concurrent [`run`] calls.
+pub(crate) fn wasm_engine() -> &'static Engine {
+    static ENGINE: LazyLock<Engine> = LazyLock::new(build_wasm_engine);
+    &ENGINE
+}
+
+/// Build the wasmi engine the escrow VM requires: deterministic, minimal
+/// features, fuel metering on.
+fn build_wasm_engine() -> Engine {
+    let mut config = Config::default();
+    config.consume_fuel(true);
+    config.ignore_custom_sections(true);
+    config.wasm_mutable_global(false);
+    config.wasm_multi_value(false);
+    config.wasm_sign_extension(false);
+    config.wasm_saturating_float_to_int(false);
+    config.wasm_bulk_memory(false);
+    config.wasm_reference_types(false);
+    config.wasm_tail_call(false);
+    config.wasm_extended_const(false);
+    config.floats(false);
+    config.wasm_multi_memory(false);
+    config.wasm_custom_page_sizes(false);
+    config.wasm_memory64(false);
+    config.wasm_wide_arithmetic(false);
+    // TODO: enable option to reject wasm code containing start section after wasmi 2.0 release
+    Engine::new(&config)
+}
+
+/// Compile `wasm` for this engine.
+///
+/// The one path to a [`Module`]: the configuration is what decides whether a
+/// contract is valid at all, so [`run`] and [`crate::check`] must not be able to
+/// compile against different ones.
+pub(crate) fn compile(wasm: &[u8]) -> Result<Module, String> {
+    Module::new(wasm_engine(), wasm).map_err(|e| e.to_string())
+}
+
+/// Run a contract: compile `wasm`, give it `gas` fuel, service its host
+/// calls through `host`, and call the exported `function_name`.
+pub fn run<'h>(
+    wasm: &[u8],
+    gas: u64,
+    host: &'h dyn HostFunctions,
+    function_name: &str,
+) -> Result<RunOutcome, RunFailure> {
+    let engine = wasm_engine();
+    let module =
+        compile(wasm).map_err(|detail| RunFailure::owing_nothing(RunError::Compile(detail)))?;
+
+    let mem_limits = StoreLimitsBuilder::new()
+        .memory_size(MAX_MEMORY_BYTES)
+        .trap_on_grow_failure(true)
+        .build();
+    let mut store = Store::new(
+        engine,
+        VmState {
+            host,
+            mem_limits,
+            transfer_budget: Cell::new(TRANSFER_LIMIT_BYTES),
+            memory: None,
+            out_buffer: [0u8; MAX_FIELD_BYTES],
+        },
+    );
+
+    store
+        .set_fuel(gas)
+        .map_err(|_| RunFailure::owing_nothing(RunError::Internal))?;
+    store.limiter(|state| &mut state.mem_limits);
+
+    let mut linker = Linker::<VmState<'h>>::new(engine);
+    register_host_functions(&mut linker)
+        .map_err(|_| RunFailure::owing_nothing(RunError::Internal))?;
+
+    let instance = match linker.instantiate_and_start(&mut store, &module) {
+        Ok(instance) => instance,
+        Err(e) => {
+            let error = guest_halted(&e).unwrap_or_else(|| instantiation_failure(&e));
+            return Err(failed(&store, gas, error));
+        }
+    };
+    store.data_mut().memory = instance.exports(&store).find_map(Export::into_memory);
+
+    let function = match instance.get_typed_func::<(), i32>(&store, function_name) {
+        Ok(function) => function,
+        Err(e) => {
+            let found = instance
+                .get_export(&store, function_name)
+                .map(|export| export.ty(&store));
+            let error =
+                RunError::EntryPoint(format!("{}: {e}", entry_point_fault(found, function_name)));
+            return Err(failed(&store, gas, error));
+        }
+    };
+
+    let result = match function.call(&mut store, ()) {
+        Ok(result) => result,
+        Err(e) => {
+            let error = guest_halted(&e).unwrap_or_else(|| RunError::Trap(e.to_string()));
+            return Err(failed(&store, gas, error));
+        }
+    };
+
+    let fuel_used = fuel_used(&store, gas).map_err(RunFailure::owing_nothing)?;
+    Ok(RunOutcome { result, fuel_used })
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn the_engine_is_one_engine() {
+        assert!(Engine::same(wasm_engine(), wasm_engine()));
+    }
+
+    /// The only place these numbers appear as literals; every other test derives
+    /// them from the constants.
+    #[test]
+    fn the_limits_are_the_protocol_limits() {
+        assert_eq!(MAX_MEMORY_PAGES, 128, "linear-memory page cap");
+        assert_eq!(MAX_MEMORY_BYTES, 8 * 1024 * 1024, "page cap in bytes");
+        assert_eq!(MAX_FIELD_BYTES, 1024, "kMaxWasmDataLength");
+        assert_eq!(TRANSFER_LIMIT_BYTES, 1 << 20, "kWasmTransferLimit");
+    }
+}

crates/xrpl-wasm-vm/tests/budgets.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,750 @@
+//! The two budgets a run spends: gas (fuel), and the transfer limit on bytes
+//! crossing the boundary. Both are consensus input, so several of these tests
+//! assert exact numbers.
+
+mod support;
+
+use support::{
+    Answer, EMPTY_REGION, FakeHost, ONE_PAGE, PLENTY_OF_GAS, code, import, module, run,
+    run_with_gas, trace_call,
+};
+use xrpl_host_functions::{HASH_LEN, HostError, HostFunctionSpec, TraceDataType};
+use xrpl_wasm_vm::{MAX_FIELD_BYTES, RunError, TRANSFER_LIMIT_BYTES};
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Gas
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/// The fuel a module of `body` burns, given gas to spare.
+fn fuel_for(body: &str, parts: &[&str], host: &FakeHost) -> u64 {
+    let wat = module(parts, body);
+    run(&wat, host).expect("the module should run").fuel_used
+}
+
+/// The fuel a module burns doing nothing but returning a constant; every figure
+/// below builds on it. wasmi's number, pinned deliberately because wasmi's fuel
+/// table is consensus input.
+const EMPTY_MODULE_FUEL: u64 = 30;
+
+/// wasmi's own fuel for a host call whose operands are all constants under 64: 14
+/// per `*.const`, plus 1 for the call. Our gas sits on top.
+///
+/// The formula holds only under 64, because wasmi widens a constant's encoding
+/// above that, each tier costing 7 more. Every call in [`call_for`] keeps its
+/// operands small for that reason; one with a larger constant fails here by a
+/// multiple of 7.
+fn wasmi_call_fuel(small_const_operands: u64) -> u64 {
+    14 * small_const_operands + 1
+}
+
+/// What wasmi charges on top of that for a call to a function with no result —
+/// `trace`'s shape, and nothing else in the ABI. Per call, not per module. Measured
+/// and pinned like the figures above.
+const WASMI_NO_RESULT_FUEL: u64 = 14;
+
+/// wasmi's fuel for one `(drop …)`, which is how a module makes more than one call
+/// and keeps only the last result. Pinned like the two above.
+const WASMI_DROP_FUEL: u64 = 21;
+
+/// The wasm a test needs in order to call one host function: the `(import …)`
+/// declaration, a call with small-constant operands, and how many it pushes.
+struct Call {
+    import: &'static str,
+    call: &'static str,
+    operands: u64,
+    /// Whether the call leaves an `i32` behind. `trace` does not, which is why
+    /// [`Call::body`] ends every module with a constant instead of the call.
+    yields: bool,
+}
+
+impl Call {
+    /// `n` calls in a row, leaving one `i32` for the module to return: the last
+    /// answer where there is one, and a constant where the call has none.
+    fn body(&self, n: usize) -> String {
+        if self.yields {
+            format!(
+                "{}{}",
+                format!("(drop {}) ", self.call).repeat(n - 1),
+                self.call
+            )
+        } else {
+            format!("{}(i32.const 0)", format!("{} ", self.call).repeat(n))
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// What [`Call::body`] burns beside the calls' own gas and the module's floor:
+    /// one `drop` between consecutive answers, or wasmi's own surcharge on a call
+    /// that has none.
+    fn overhead(&self, n: u64) -> u64 {
+        if self.yields {
+            (n - 1) * WASMI_DROP_FUEL
+        } else {
+            n * WASMI_NO_RESULT_FUEL
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// The test wasm for each host function. The `match` is exhaustive, so a function
+/// added to the ABI fails to compile until it has wasm here, and iterating
+/// [`HostFunctionSpec::ALL`] then covers the whole ABI.
+fn call_for(op: HostFunctionSpec) -> Call {
+    let (import, call, operands) = match op {
+        HostFunctionSpec::GetLedgerSqn => (
+            import::LDGR_INDEX,
+            "(call $ldgr_index (i32.const 0) (i32.const 4))",
+            2,
+        ),
+        HostFunctionSpec::GetParentLedgerTime => (
+            import::PARENT_LDGR_TIME,
+            "(call $parent_ldgr_time (i32.const 0) (i32.const 4))",
+            2,
+        ),
+        HostFunctionSpec::GetParentLedgerHash => (
+            import::PARENT_LDGR_HASH,
+            "(call $parent_ldgr_hash (i32.const 0) (i32.const 32))",
+            2,
+        ),
+        HostFunctionSpec::GetBaseFee => (
+            import::BASE_FEE,
+            "(call $base_fee (i32.const 0) (i32.const 4))",
+            2,
+        ),
+        HostFunctionSpec::IsAmendmentEnabled => (
+            import::AMENDMENT_ENABLED,
+            "(call $amendment_enabled (i32.const 0) (i32.const 32))",
+            2,
+        ),
+        HostFunctionSpec::CacheLedgerObj => (
+            import::CACHE_LE,
+            "(call $cache_le (i32.const 0) (i32.const 32) (i32.const 0))",
+            3,
+        ),
+        HostFunctionSpec::GetTxField => (
+            import::TX_FIELD,
+            "(call $tx_field (i32.const 1) (i32.const 0) (i32.const 4))",
+            3,
+        ),
+        HostFunctionSpec::GetCurrentLedgerObjField => (
+            import::HOME_LE_FIELD,
+            "(call $home_le_field (i32.const 1) (i32.const 0) (i32.const 4))",
+            3,
+        ),
+        HostFunctionSpec::GetLedgerObjField => (
+            import::LE_FIELD,
+            "(call $le_field (i32.const 1) (i32.const 1) (i32.const 0) (i32.const 4))",
+            4,
+        ),
+        HostFunctionSpec::GetTxNestedField => (
+            import::TX_INNER,
+            "(call $tx_inner (i32.const 0) (i32.const 4) (i32.const 8) (i32.const 4))",
+            4,
+        ),
+        HostFunctionSpec::GetCurrentLedgerObjNestedField => (
+            import::HOME_LE_INNER,
+            "(call $home_le_inner (i32.const 0) (i32.const 4) (i32.const 8) (i32.const 4))",
+            4,
+        ),
+        HostFunctionSpec::GetLedgerObjNestedField => (
+            import::LE_INNER,
+            "(call $le_inner (i32.const 1) (i32.const 0) (i32.const 4) (i32.const 8) (i32.const 4))",
+            5,
+        ),
+        HostFunctionSpec::GetTxArrayLen => {
+            (import::TX_ARR_LEN, "(call $tx_arr_len (i32.const 1))", 1)
+        }
+        HostFunctionSpec::GetCurrentLedgerObjArrayLen => (
+            import::HOME_LE_ARR_LEN,
+            "(call $home_le_arr_len (i32.const 1))",
+            1,
+        ),
+        HostFunctionSpec::GetLedgerObjArrayLen => (
+            import::LE_ARR_LEN,
+            "(call $le_arr_len (i32.const 1) (i32.const 1))",
+            2,
+        ),
+        HostFunctionSpec::GetTxNestedArrayLen => (
+            import::TX_INNER_ARR_LEN,
+            "(call $tx_inner_arr_len (i32.const 0) (i32.const 4))",
+            2,
+        ),
+        HostFunctionSpec::GetCurrentLedgerObjNestedArrayLen => (
+            import::HOME_LE_INNER_ARR_LEN,
+            "(call $home_le_inner_arr_len (i32.const 0) (i32.const 4))",
+            2,
+        ),
+        HostFunctionSpec::GetLedgerObjNestedArrayLen => (
+            import::LE_INNER_ARR_LEN,
+            "(call $le_inner_arr_len (i32.const 1) (i32.const 0) (i32.const 4))",
+            3,
+        ),
+        HostFunctionSpec::CheckSignature => (
+            import::CHECK_SIG,
+            "(call $check_sig (i32.const 0) (i32.const 0) (i32.const 0) (i32.const 0) (i32.const 0) (i32.const 0))",
+            6,
+        ),
+        HostFunctionSpec::AccountKeylet => (
+            import::ACCOUNTROOT_ID,
+            "(call $accountroot_id (i32.const 0) (i32.const 20) (i32.const 32) (i32.const 32))",
+            4,
+        ),
+        HostFunctionSpec::AmmKeylet => (
+            import::AMM_ID,
+            "(call $amm_id (i32.const 0) (i32.const 20) (i32.const 24) (i32.const 40) (i32.const 0) (i32.const 32))",
+            6,
+        ),
+        HostFunctionSpec::CheckKeylet => (
+            import::CHECK_ID,
+            "(call $check_id (i32.const 0) (i32.const 20) (i32.const 0) (i32.const 4) (i32.const 32) (i32.const 32))",
+            6,
+        ),
+        HostFunctionSpec::CredentialKeylet => (
+            import::CREDENTIAL_ID,
+            "(call $credential_id (i32.const 0) (i32.const 20) (i32.const 20) (i32.const 20) (i32.const 40) (i32.const 4) (i32.const 44) (i32.const 20))",
+            8,
+        ),
+        HostFunctionSpec::DelegateKeylet => (
+            import::DELEGATE_ID,
+            "(call $delegate_id (i32.const 0) (i32.const 20) (i32.const 20) (i32.const 20) (i32.const 40) (i32.const 32))",
+            6,
+        ),
+        HostFunctionSpec::DepositPreauthKeylet => (
+            import::DEPOSIT_PREAUTH_ID,
+            "(call $deposit_preauth_id (i32.const 0) (i32.const 20) (i32.const 20) (i32.const 20) (i32.const 40) (i32.const 32))",
+            6,
+        ),
+        HostFunctionSpec::DidKeylet => (
+            import::DID_ID,
+            "(call $did_id (i32.const 0) (i32.const 20) (i32.const 32) (i32.const 32))",
+            4,
+        ),
+        HostFunctionSpec::EscrowKeylet => (
+            import::ESCROW_ID,
+            "(call $escrow_id (i32.const 0) (i32.const 20) (i32.const 0) (i32.const 4) (i32.const 32) (i32.const 32))",
+            6,
+        ),
+        HostFunctionSpec::TrustLineKeylet => (
+            import::TRUSTLINE_ID,
+            "(call $trustline_id (i32.const 0) (i32.const 20) (i32.const 20) (i32.const 20) (i32.const 40) (i32.const 20) (i32.const 60) (i32.const 32))",
+            8,
+        ),
+        HostFunctionSpec::MptokenIssuanceKeylet => (
+            import::MPT_ISSUANCE_ID,
+            "(call $mpt_issuance_id (i32.const 0) (i32.const 20) (i32.const 0) (i32.const 4) (i32.const 32) (i32.const 32))",
+            6,
+        ),
+        HostFunctionSpec::MptokenKeylet => (
+            import::MPTOKEN_ID,
+            "(call $mptoken_id (i32.const 0) (i32.const 24) (i32.const 24) (i32.const 20) (i32.const 44) (i32.const 20))",
+            6,
+        ),
+        HostFunctionSpec::NftokenOfferKeylet => (
+            import::NFT_OFFER_ID,
+            "(call $nft_offer_id (i32.const 0) (i32.const 20) (i32.const 0) (i32.const 4) (i32.const 32) (i32.const 32))",
+            6,
+        ),
+        HostFunctionSpec::OfferKeylet => (
+            import::OFFER_ID,
+            "(call $offer_id (i32.const 0) (i32.const 20) (i32.const 0) (i32.const 4) (i32.const 32) (i32.const 32))",
+            6,
+        ),
+        HostFunctionSpec::OracleKeylet => (
+            import::ORACLE_ID,
+            "(call $oracle_id (i32.const 0) (i32.const 20) (i32.const 0) (i32.const 4) (i32.const 32) (i32.const 32))",
+            6,
+        ),
+        HostFunctionSpec::PaychannelKeylet => (
+            import::PAYCHAN_ID,
+            "(call $paychan_id (i32.const 0) (i32.const 20) (i32.const 20) (i32.const 20) (i32.const 0) (i32.const 4) (i32.const 40) (i32.const 20))",
+            8,
+        ),
+        HostFunctionSpec::PermissionedDomainKeylet => (
+            import::PERMISSIONED_DOMAIN_ID,
+            "(call $permissioned_domain_id (i32.const 0) (i32.const 20) (i32.const 0) (i32.const 4) (i32.const 32) (i32.const 32))",
+            6,
+        ),
+        HostFunctionSpec::SignerListKeylet => (
+            import::SIGNERS_ID,
+            "(call $signers_id (i32.const 0) (i32.const 20) (i32.const 32) (i32.const 32))",
+            4,
+        ),
+        HostFunctionSpec::TicketKeylet => (
+            import::TICKET_ID,
+            "(call $ticket_id (i32.const 0) (i32.const 20) (i32.const 0) (i32.const 4) (i32.const 32) (i32.const 32))",
+            6,
+        ),
+        HostFunctionSpec::VaultKeylet => (
+            import::VAULT_ID,
+            "(call $vault_id (i32.const 0) (i32.const 20) (i32.const 0) (i32.const 4) (i32.const 32) (i32.const 32))",
+            6,
+        ),
+        HostFunctionSpec::Sha512Half => (
+            import::SHA512_HALF,
+            "(call $sha512_half (i32.const 0) (i32.const 4) (i32.const 0) (i32.const 32))",
+            4,
+        ),
+        HostFunctionSpec::Trace => (
+            import::TRACE,
+            "(call $trace (i32.const 0) (i32.const 0) (i32.const 1) (i32.const 0) (i32.const 0))",
+            5,
+        ),
+        HostFunctionSpec::UpdateData => (
+            import::SET_DATA,
+            "(call $set_data (i32.const 0) (i32.const 8))",
+            2,
+        ),
+        HostFunctionSpec::GetNft => (
+            import::NFT_URI,
+            "(call $nft_uri (i32.const 0) (i32.const 20) (i32.const 20) (i32.const 32) (i32.const 52) (i32.const 12))",
+            6,
+        ),
+        HostFunctionSpec::GetNftIssuer => (
+            import::NFT_ISSUER,
+            "(call $nft_issuer (i32.const 0) (i32.const 32) (i32.const 32) (i32.const 20))",
+            4,
+        ),
+        HostFunctionSpec::GetNftTaxon => (
+            import::NFT_TAXON,
+            "(call $nft_taxon (i32.const 0) (i32.const 32) (i32.const 32) (i32.const 4))",
+            4,
+        ),
+        HostFunctionSpec::GetNftFlags => (
+            import::NFT_FLAGS,
+            "(call $nft_flags (i32.const 0) (i32.const 32))",
+            2,
+        ),
+        HostFunctionSpec::GetNftTransferFee => (
+            import::NFT_XFER_FEE,
+            "(call $nft_xfer_fee (i32.const 0) (i32.const 32))",
+            2,
+        ),
+        HostFunctionSpec::GetNftSequence => (
+            import::NFT_SERIAL,
+            "(call $nft_serial (i32.const 0) (i32.const 32) (i32.const 32) (i32.const 4))",
+            4,
+        ),
+        HostFunctionSpec::FloatFromInt => (
+            import::FLOAT_FROM_INT,
+            "(call $float_from_int (i64.const 0) (i32.const 0) (i32.const 8) (i32.const 0))",
+            4,
+        ),
+        HostFunctionSpec::FloatFromUint => (
+            import::FLOAT_FROM_UINT,
+            "(call $float_from_uint (i32.const 0) (i32.const 8) (i32.const 8) (i32.const 8) (i32.const 0))",
+            5,
+        ),
+        HostFunctionSpec::FloatFromStamount => (
+            import::FLOAT_FROM_STAMOUNT,
+            "(call $float_from_stamount (i32.const 0) (i32.const 8) (i32.const 8) (i32.const 8) (i32.const 0))",
+            5,
+        ),
+        HostFunctionSpec::FloatFromStnumber => (
+            import::FLOAT_FROM_STNUMBER,
+            "(call $float_from_stnumber (i32.const 0) (i32.const 8) (i32.const 8) (i32.const 8) (i32.const 0))",
+            5,
+        ),
+        HostFunctionSpec::FloatToInt => (
+            import::FLOAT_TO_INT,
+            "(call $float_to_int (i32.const 0) (i32.const 8) (i32.const 8) (i32.const 8) (i32.const 0))",
+            5,
+        ),
+        HostFunctionSpec::FloatToMantExp => (
+            import::FLOAT_TO_MANT_EXP,
+            "(call $float_to_mant_exp (i32.const 0) (i32.const 8) (i32.const 8) (i32.const 8) (i32.const 16) (i32.const 4))",
+            6,
+        ),
+        HostFunctionSpec::FloatFromMantExp => (
+            import::FLOAT_FROM_MANT_EXP,
+            "(call $float_from_mant_exp (i64.const 0) (i32.const 0) (i32.const 8) (i32.const 8) (i32.const 0))",
+            5,
+        ),
+        HostFunctionSpec::FloatCompare => (
+            import::FLOAT_CMP,
+            "(call $float_cmp (i32.const 0) (i32.const 8) (i32.const 8) (i32.const 8))",
+            4,
+        ),
+        HostFunctionSpec::FloatAdd => (
+            import::FLOAT_ADD,
+            "(call $float_add (i32.const 0) (i32.const 8) (i32.const 8) (i32.const 8) (i32.const 16) (i32.const 8) (i32.const 0))",
+            7,
+        ),
+        HostFunctionSpec::FloatSubtract => (
+            import::FLOAT_SUB,
+            "(call $float_sub (i32.const 0) (i32.const 8) (i32.const 8) (i32.const 8) (i32.const 16) (i32.const 8) (i32.const 0))",
+            7,
+        ),
+        HostFunctionSpec::FloatMultiply => (
+            import::FLOAT_MULT,
+            "(call $float_mult (i32.const 0) (i32.const 8) (i32.const 8) (i32.const 8) (i32.const 16) (i32.const 8) (i32.const 0))",
+            7,
+        ),
+        HostFunctionSpec::FloatDivide => (
+            import::FLOAT_DIV,
+            "(call $float_div (i32.const 0) (i32.const 8) (i32.const 8) (i32.const 8) (i32.const 16) (i32.const 8) (i32.const 0))",
+            7,
+        ),
+        HostFunctionSpec::FloatRoot => (
+            import::FLOAT_ROOT,
+            "(call $float_root (i32.const 0) (i32.const 8) (i32.const 2) (i32.const 8) (i32.const 8) (i32.const 0))",
+            6,
+        ),
+        HostFunctionSpec::FloatPower => (
+            import::FLOAT_POW,
+            "(call $float_pow (i32.const 0) (i32.const 8) (i32.const 2) (i32.const 8) (i32.const 8) (i32.const 0))",
+            6,
+        ),
+    };
+    Call {
+        import,
+        call,
+        operands,
+        yields: !matches!(op, HostFunctionSpec::Trace),
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn an_empty_module_burns_a_fixed_amount_of_fuel() {
+    let fuel = fuel_for("(i32.const 0)", &[ONE_PAGE], &FakeHost::new());
+    assert_eq!(fuel, EMPTY_MODULE_FUEL);
+}
+
+/// Calling a host function `n` times costs `n` times its gas, to the unit. Every
+/// other term is known — the module's floor, wasmi's fuel per call, one `drop` per
+/// answered call — so the total is a closed form, with the gas read from the spec
+/// table rather than restated. `n = 1` pins the charge, `n > 1` pins that it lands
+/// on every call rather than once per run.
+#[test]
+fn a_host_call_costs_its_gas_every_time_it_is_called() {
+    let host = FakeHost::new().answering_field(1, Answer::bytes([0xaa]));
+
+    for &op in HostFunctionSpec::ALL {
+        let call = call_for(op);
+        let per_call = wasmi_call_fuel(call.operands) + op.gas();
+
+        for n in 1..=3 {
+            let body = call.body(n);
+            let n = n as u64;
+
+            assert_eq!(
+                fuel_for(&body, &[call.import, ONE_PAGE], &host),
+                EMPTY_MODULE_FUEL + n * per_call + call.overhead(n),
+                "{n} x {}",
+                call.call
+            );
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// The gas charge precedes the call's body, so a failing call costs exactly what a
+/// successful one costs. Field 1 is answered and field 7 is not; the two modules
+/// are otherwise identical, so their totals are comparable.
+#[test]
+fn a_failing_host_call_costs_exactly_what_a_successful_one_costs() {
+    let host = FakeHost::new().answering_field(1, Answer::bytes([0xaa]));
+    let call = |field: i32| {
+        module(
+            &[import::HOME_LE_FIELD, ONE_PAGE],
+            &format!("(call $home_le_field (i32.const {field}) (i32.const 0) (i32.const 4))"),
+        )
+    };
+
+    let answered = run(&call(1), &host).expect("the module should run");
+    let refused = run(&call(7), &host).expect("the module should run");
+
+    assert_eq!(answered.result, 1);
+    assert_eq!(refused.result, code(HostError::FieldNotFound));
+    assert_eq!(refused.fuel_used, answered.fuel_used);
+}
+
+/// `fuel_used` is `gas - remaining`: what the run spent, not what was left or what
+/// it was handed. The gas figures are derived from the run's cost, so the boundary
+/// — exactly enough, and one short — is among the cases.
+#[test]
+fn fuel_used_is_what_was_spent_not_what_was_supplied() {
+    let host = FakeHost::new();
+    let op = HostFunctionSpec::GetLedgerSqn;
+    let call = call_for(op);
+    let wat = module(&[call.import, ONE_PAGE], call.call);
+    let cost = EMPTY_MODULE_FUEL + wasmi_call_fuel(call.operands) + op.gas();
+
+    // Exactly its cost is enough, and no amount above it changes the figure. The
+    // result is checked too, so the figure belongs to a run that did the work
+    // rather than to one that was cut short.
+    for gas in [cost, cost + 1, cost * 100, PLENTY_OF_GAS] {
+        let outcome = run_with_gas(&wat, gas, &host).expect("should run");
+        assert_eq!(
+            outcome.result, 4,
+            "gas {gas}: the call should have succeeded"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(outcome.fuel_used, cost, "gas {gas}");
+    }
+
+    // One fuel short: the run ends at the call it cannot pay for and still owes the
+    // whole limit, because `charge` spends what is left.
+    let short = run_with_gas(&wat, cost - 1, &host).expect_err("one fuel short must not complete");
+    assert!(
+        matches!(short.error, RunError::OutOfGas),
+        "expected the run to end out of gas, got: {short}"
+    );
+    assert_eq!(short.fuel_used, cost - 1);
+}
+
+/// Fuel is metered, so the same module burns the same fuel every time — a
+/// property consensus depends on.
+#[test]
+fn the_same_run_burns_the_same_fuel() {
+    let call = call_for(HostFunctionSpec::Trace);
+    let wat = module(&[call.import, ONE_PAGE], &call.body(1));
+
+    let first = run(&wat, &FakeHost::new()).expect("should run").fuel_used;
+    for _ in 0..4 {
+        assert_eq!(
+            run(&wat, &FakeHost::new()).expect("should run").fuel_used,
+            first
+        );
+    }
+    assert!(first > HostFunctionSpec::Trace.gas());
+}
+
+/// Too little gas to finish stops the run: the meter refuses the guest's own
+/// instructions before it ever reaches the host call.
+#[test]
+fn a_run_that_cannot_afford_itself_fails() {
+    let host = FakeHost::new();
+    let wat = module(
+        &[import::LDGR_INDEX, ONE_PAGE],
+        "(call $ldgr_index (i32.const 0) (i32.const 4))",
+    );
+
+    for gas in [0, 1, 10] {
+        let Err(failure) = run_with_gas(&wat, gas, &host) else {
+            panic!("gas {gas} should not have completed");
+        };
+        assert!(
+            matches!(failure.error, RunError::OutOfGas),
+            "gas {gas}: expected the run to end out of gas, got: {failure}"
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+/// A guest looping forever is stopped by gas rather than running away, and owes
+/// the gas it burned doing it.
+#[test]
+fn an_endless_loop_is_stopped_by_gas() {
+    const GAS: u64 = 100_000;
+
+    let host = FakeHost::new();
+    let wat = module(&[ONE_PAGE], "(loop $l (br $l)) (i32.const 0)");
+
+    let failure = run_with_gas(&wat, GAS, &host).expect_err("an endless loop must not complete");
+    assert!(
+        matches!(failure.error, RunError::OutOfGas),
+        "expected the meter to stop it, got: {failure}"
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        failure.fuel_used, GAS,
+        "a runaway guest burns the whole limit"
+    );
+}
+
+/// A host call refused its gas stops the run: the guest never gets a chance to
+/// ignore the refusal and carry on, and it is charged the whole limit.
+///
+/// The gas range is every amount that reaches the call and cannot pay for it, so
+/// the case is the whole boundary rather than one number. `trace` is the call under
+/// it because it is the one that could not report a refusal even if it wanted to:
+/// stopping the run is the whole of what the guest sees.
+#[test]
+fn a_host_call_refused_its_gas_stops_the_run() {
+    let host = FakeHost::new();
+    let op = HostFunctionSpec::Trace;
+    let call = call_for(op);
+    let wat = module(&[call.import, ONE_PAGE], &call.body(1));
+    // Measured rather than derived: the whole run's cost, less the call's own gas,
+    // is the least a guest can be given and still reach the call. Below that the
+    // meter stops the guest's own instructions instead, which is
+    // `a_run_that_cannot_afford_itself_fails`'s case, not this one.
+    let cost = run(&wat, &FakeHost::new())
+        .expect("the module should run")
+        .fuel_used;
+
+    for gas in cost - op.gas()..cost {
+        let Err(failure) = run_with_gas(&wat, gas, &host) else {
+            panic!("gas {gas}: the run completed, so the guest was handed the refusal");
+        };
+        assert!(
+            matches!(failure.error, RunError::OutOfGas),
+            "gas {gas}: expected the run to end out of gas, got: {failure}"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            failure.fuel_used, gas,
+            "gas {gas}: a call it cannot afford burns the whole limit"
+        );
+    }
+    assert!(host.traces().is_empty(), "the host body must not have run");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// The transfer limit
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/// A module that repeats `call` while `keep_going` holds, then returns the last
+/// status, so a budget can be run to exhaustion inside one invocation.
+fn until_refused(imports: &str, call: &str, keep_going: &str) -> String {
+    module(
+        &[imports, ONE_PAGE],
+        &format!(
+            "(local $r i32)
+             (loop $l
+               (local.set $r {call})
+               (br_if $l {keep_going}))
+             (local.get $r)"
+        ),
+    )
+}
+
+/// For a call whose success is a positive byte count.
+const WHILE_POSITIVE: &str = "(i32.gt_s (local.get $r) (i32.const 0))";
+
+/// Bytes written into guest memory are charged against the run's budget, and the
+/// budget is a per-run total: 1 MiB of 1 KiB values exhausts it.
+#[test]
+fn writes_spend_the_transfer_budget() {
+    let host = FakeHost::new().answering_field(1, Answer::filler(MAX_FIELD_BYTES));
+    let wat = until_refused(
+        import::HOME_LE_FIELD,
+        &format!("(call $home_le_field (i32.const 1) (i32.const 0) (i32.const {MAX_FIELD_BYTES}))"),
+        WHILE_POSITIVE,
+    );
+
+    let outcome = run(&wat, &host).expect("the module should run");
+    assert_eq!(outcome.result, code(HostError::OutOfTransferLimit));
+    assert_eq!(
+        host.fields_asked.borrow().len() as u64,
+        TRANSFER_LIMIT_BYTES / MAX_FIELD_BYTES as u64 + 1,
+        "one call per 1 KiB of budget, plus the one that was refused"
+    );
+}
+
+/// The budget is per run, not per call: a fresh run starts with a full budget.
+#[test]
+fn each_run_gets_its_own_budget() {
+    let wat = until_refused(
+        import::HOME_LE_FIELD,
+        &format!("(call $home_le_field (i32.const 1) (i32.const 0) (i32.const {MAX_FIELD_BYTES}))"),
+        WHILE_POSITIVE,
+    );
+
+    for _ in 0..2 {
+        let host = FakeHost::new().answering_field(1, Answer::filler(MAX_FIELD_BYTES));
+        let outcome = run(&wat, &host).expect("the module should run");
+        assert_eq!(outcome.result, code(HostError::OutOfTransferLimit));
+        assert_eq!(
+            host.fields_asked.borrow().len() as u64,
+            TRANSFER_LIMIT_BYTES / MAX_FIELD_BYTES as u64 + 1
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+/// A run well inside the budget never sees it.
+#[test]
+fn a_modest_run_never_meets_the_budget() {
+    let host = FakeHost::new().answering_field(1, Answer::filler(MAX_FIELD_BYTES));
+    let wat = module(
+        &[import::HOME_LE_FIELD, ONE_PAGE],
+        &format!("(call $home_le_field (i32.const 1) (i32.const 0) (i32.const {MAX_FIELD_BYTES}))"),
+    );
+
+    let outcome = run(&wat, &host).expect("the module should run");
+    assert_eq!(outcome.result, MAX_FIELD_BYTES as i32);
+}
+
+/// Reads leave the budget alone: `read_borrowed` hands the host a slice *aliasing*
+/// guest memory, so there are no copied bytes to charge. What bounds how many reads
+/// a run can make is gas, which every host call pays before its body runs.
+///
+/// The observation is the write at the end, not the reads: the module reads four
+/// times the whole budget first, so a rule that charged reads would have nothing
+/// left, and the write would answer `OutOfTransferLimit` instead of a byte count.
+#[test]
+fn reads_do_not_spend_the_transfer_budget() {
+    /// 1 KiB reads, four times over the budget.
+    const READS: u64 = 4 * TRANSFER_LIMIT_BYTES / MAX_FIELD_BYTES as u64;
+
+    let host = FakeHost::new().answering_field(1, Answer::filler(MAX_FIELD_BYTES));
+    let read = trace_call(
+        TraceDataType::AsHex,
+        EMPTY_REGION,
+        &format!("(i32.const 0) (i32.const {MAX_FIELD_BYTES})"),
+    );
+    let wat = module(
+        &[import::TRACE, import::HOME_LE_FIELD, ONE_PAGE],
+        &format!(
+            "(local $i i32)
+             (loop $l
+               {read}
+               (local.set $i (i32.add (local.get $i) (i32.const 1)))
+               (br_if $l (i32.lt_u (local.get $i) (i32.const {READS}))))
+             (call $home_le_field (i32.const 1) (i32.const 0) (i32.const {MAX_FIELD_BYTES}))"
+        ),
+    );
+
+    let outcome = run(&wat, &host).expect("the module should run");
+    assert_eq!(
+        host.traces().len() as u64,
+        READS,
+        "every read should have been served"
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        outcome.result, MAX_FIELD_BYTES as i32,
+        "the write after {READS} reads of {MAX_FIELD_BYTES} bytes should still have its budget"
+    );
+}
+
+/// Only the output half of a read-write call spends the budget. `sha512_half`'s
+/// input is a borrowed read like any other, aliasing guest memory rather than
+/// crossing the boundary, so a run may hash far more bytes than the budget holds as
+/// long as the digests it writes fit inside it.
+///
+/// The two totals are asserted, so the arithmetic that makes the case is in the
+/// test rather than in a comment: the inputs alone would overrun the budget, the
+/// digests alone are a small fraction of it.
+#[test]
+fn only_the_output_half_of_a_read_write_spends_the_budget() {
+    /// Enough 1 KiB inputs to overrun the budget twice over.
+    const CALLS: u64 = 2 * TRANSFER_LIMIT_BYTES / MAX_FIELD_BYTES as u64;
+
+    assert!(
+        CALLS * MAX_FIELD_BYTES as u64 > TRANSFER_LIMIT_BYTES,
+        "the inputs alone must overrun the budget"
+    );
+    assert!(
+        CALLS * HASH_LEN as u64 <= TRANSFER_LIMIT_BYTES / 2,
+        "the digests alone must stay well inside it"
+    );
+
+    let host = FakeHost::new().answering_digest(Answer::filler(HASH_LEN));
+    let wat = module(
+        &[import::SHA512_HALF, ONE_PAGE],
+        &format!(
+            "(local $i i32)
+             (local $r i32)
+             (loop $l
+               (local.set $r (call $sha512_half (i32.const 0) (i32.const {MAX_FIELD_BYTES})
+                                                (i32.const 0) (i32.const {HASH_LEN})))
+               (local.set $i (i32.add (local.get $i) (i32.const 1)))
+               (br_if $l (i32.lt_u (local.get $i) (i32.const {CALLS}))))
+             (local.get $r)"
+        ),
+    );
+
+    let outcome = run(&wat, &host).expect("the module should run");
+    assert_eq!(
+        host.digested.borrow().len() as u64,
+        CALLS,
+        "every call should have been served"
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        outcome.result, HASH_LEN as i32,
+        "only the digests are charged, and they fit"
+    );
+}

crates/xrpl-wasm-vm/tests/memory_policy.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,621 @@
+//! The bounds, field-cap and buffer-fit rules `abi.rs` enforces on every region
+//! crossing the boundary. This is the policy the guest observes, so each rule is
+//! pinned to the code it answers with.
+
+mod support;
+
+use support::{
+    Answer, COMPLETED, EMPTY_REGION, FakeHost, ONE_PAGE, code, failure, import, module, status,
+    traced,
+};
+use xrpl_host_functions::{HASH_LEN, HostError, TraceDataType};
+use xrpl_wasm_vm::{MAX_FIELD_BYTES, RunError};
+
+/// One page, so anything at or past 65536 is out of bounds.
+const PAGE: i64 = 64 * 1024;
+
+/// The per-field size cap, as a wasm operand.
+const CAP: i64 = MAX_FIELD_BYTES as i64;
+/// One byte over the cap: the smallest value the engine must refuse.
+const OVER_CAP: i64 = CAP + 1;
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Output regions (`write_into`)
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/// The whole output region must be in bounds, not merely its start — the engine
+/// checks `[dst, dst + cap)` before the host is allowed to write.
+#[test]
+fn an_output_region_running_past_memory_is_refused() {
+    let host = FakeHost::new();
+
+    for (dst, cap) in [(PAGE, 4), (PAGE - 3, 4), (PAGE + 1024, 4), (0, PAGE + 1)] {
+        let wat = module(
+            &[import::LDGR_INDEX, ONE_PAGE],
+            &format!("(call $ldgr_index (i32.const {dst}) (i32.const {cap}))"),
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            status(&wat, &host),
+            code(HostError::PointerOutOfBounds),
+            "dst {dst} cap {cap}"
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+/// A region ending exactly at the last byte of memory is in bounds.
+#[test]
+fn an_output_region_ending_at_the_last_byte_is_allowed() {
+    let host = FakeHost::new();
+
+    let wat = module(
+        &[import::LDGR_INDEX, ONE_PAGE],
+        &format!("(call $ldgr_index (i32.const {}) (i32.const 4))", PAGE - 4),
+    );
+    assert_eq!(status(&wat, &host), 4);
+}
+
+/// The wire carries `i32`, so a guest can present a negative pointer or length.
+#[test]
+fn a_negative_output_pointer_or_length_is_refused() {
+    let host = FakeHost::new();
+
+    for (dst, cap) in [(-1, 4), (0, -1), (-1, -1), (i32::MIN, 4)] {
+        let wat = module(
+            &[import::LDGR_INDEX, ONE_PAGE],
+            &format!("(call $ldgr_index (i32.const {dst}) (i32.const {cap}))"),
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            status(&wat, &host),
+            code(HostError::InvalidParams),
+            "dst {dst} cap {cap}"
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+/// The host reports a value's true length whether or not it fitted; a value that
+/// did not fit is the guest's error, not the host's.
+#[test]
+fn a_value_larger_than_the_buffer_is_refused() {
+    let host = FakeHost::new().answering_field(1, Answer::filler(64));
+
+    let wat = module(
+        &[import::HOME_LE_FIELD, ONE_PAGE],
+        "(call $home_le_field (i32.const 1) (i32.const 0) (i32.const 63))",
+    );
+    assert_eq!(status(&wat, &host), code(HostError::BufferTooSmall));
+
+    let wat = module(
+        &[import::HOME_LE_FIELD, ONE_PAGE],
+        "(call $home_le_field (i32.const 1) (i32.const 0) (i32.const 64))",
+    );
+    assert_eq!(status(&wat, &host), 64, "exactly enough room is enough");
+}
+
+/// A zero-length output region is in bounds and simply cannot hold anything.
+#[test]
+fn a_zero_length_output_region_is_in_bounds_but_too_small() {
+    let host = FakeHost::new();
+
+    let wat = module(
+        &[import::LDGR_INDEX, ONE_PAGE],
+        "(call $ldgr_index (i32.const 0) (i32.const 0))",
+    );
+    assert_eq!(status(&wat, &host), code(HostError::BufferTooSmall));
+}
+
+/// A host that reports more than the per-field cap is refused even when the
+/// guest offered room for it: the cap is the engine's rule, not the buffer's.
+#[test]
+fn a_value_past_the_field_cap_is_refused() {
+    let host = FakeHost::new()
+        .answering_field(1, Answer::claiming(OVER_CAP as usize))
+        .answering_field(2, Answer::claiming(MAX_FIELD_BYTES));
+
+    let wat = module(
+        &[import::HOME_LE_FIELD, ONE_PAGE],
+        "(call $home_le_field (i32.const 1) (i32.const 0) (i32.const 4096))",
+    );
+    assert_eq!(status(&wat, &host), code(HostError::DataFieldTooLarge));
+
+    let wat = module(
+        &[import::HOME_LE_FIELD, ONE_PAGE],
+        "(call $home_le_field (i32.const 2) (i32.const 0) (i32.const 4096))",
+    );
+    assert_eq!(status(&wat, &host), CAP as i32, "the cap itself is allowed");
+}
+
+/// A refused over-cap value leaves nothing behind. `write_into` hands the host at
+/// most [`MAX_FIELD_BYTES`] of the guest's buffer however much room the guest
+/// declared, so a value past the cap does not fit the region it is offered and no
+/// prefix of it can reach guest memory either.
+///
+/// The host answers with a real over-cap value: [`Answer::claiming`] writes
+/// nothing whatever the engine does, so it could not tell the two apart. The
+/// second module folds the *whole* declared buffer rather than one byte, so the
+/// claim is about the region and not about its first byte.
+#[test]
+fn an_over_cap_value_is_refused_without_reaching_guest_memory() {
+    /// The buffer the guest declares: well over the cap, so the clamp bites.
+    const BUFFER: usize = 4096;
+
+    let over_cap = vec![0xff; MAX_FIELD_BYTES + 1];
+    let host = FakeHost::new().answering_field(1, Answer::bytes(over_cap));
+    let call = format!("(call $home_le_field (i32.const 1) (i32.const 0) (i32.const {BUFFER}))");
+
+    // The status the guest sees, from a module that returns it directly.
+    let refusing = module(&[import::HOME_LE_FIELD, ONE_PAGE], &call);
+    assert_eq!(
+        status(&refusing, &host),
+        code(HostError::DataFieldTooLarge),
+        "the value is refused"
+    );
+
+    // Every byte of the buffer, or-ed together: guest memory starts zero-filled,
+    // so any byte the host wrote shows up here.
+    let reading = module(
+        &[import::HOME_LE_FIELD, ONE_PAGE],
+        &format!(
+            "(local $i i32)
+             (local $seen i32)
+             (drop {call})
+             (loop $l
+               (local.set $seen (i32.or (local.get $seen) (i32.load8_u (local.get $i))))
+               (local.set $i (i32.add (local.get $i) (i32.const 1)))
+               (br_if $l (i32.lt_u (local.get $i) (i32.const {BUFFER}))))
+             (local.get $seen)"
+        ),
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        status(&reading, &host),
+        0,
+        "and not one of its bytes is in the guest's buffer"
+    );
+}
+
+/// The field cap is checked before the buffer-fit rule, so a value that breaks both
+/// is reported as over-cap. The guest branches on the code, and the two rules
+/// answer different questions, so the order is worth pinning.
+#[test]
+fn the_field_cap_precedes_the_buffer_fit_check() {
+    let host = FakeHost::new().answering_field(1, Answer::claiming(MAX_FIELD_BYTES + 1));
+
+    // A 63-byte buffer: the value is both over the cap and far too big to fit.
+    let wat = module(
+        &[import::HOME_LE_FIELD, ONE_PAGE],
+        "(call $home_le_field (i32.const 1) (i32.const 0) (i32.const 63))",
+    );
+    assert_eq!(status(&wat, &host), code(HostError::DataFieldTooLarge));
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Input regions (`Region::read`, via `sha512_half`)
+//
+// `sha512_half`'s first pair is an input region like any other, and it is the
+// input the guest gets a status back from: `trace`, the other reader, answers
+// nothing at all. So the codes are pinned here and the silence below.
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/// An input region is bounds-checked the same way an output region is. Every case
+/// here stays within the field cap, which on an input is checked first.
+#[test]
+fn an_input_region_running_past_memory_is_refused() {
+    let host = FakeHost::new();
+
+    for (ptr, len) in [(PAGE, 1), (PAGE - 3, 4), (PAGE - 1, CAP)] {
+        let wat = module(
+            &[import::SHA512_HALF, ONE_PAGE],
+            &format!(
+                "(call $sha512_half (i32.const {ptr}) (i32.const {len})
+                                    (i32.const 0) (i32.const {HASH_LEN}))"
+            ),
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            status(&wat, &host),
+            code(HostError::PointerOutOfBounds),
+            "ptr {ptr} len {len}"
+        );
+        assert!(host.digested.borrow().is_empty(), "the host is not called");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_negative_input_pointer_or_length_is_refused() {
+    let host = FakeHost::new();
+
+    for (ptr, len) in [(-1, 1), (0, -1), (i32::MIN, 1)] {
+        let wat = module(
+            &[import::SHA512_HALF, ONE_PAGE],
+            &format!(
+                "(call $sha512_half (i32.const {ptr}) (i32.const {len})
+                                    (i32.const 0) (i32.const {HASH_LEN}))"
+            ),
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            status(&wat, &host),
+            code(HostError::InvalidParams),
+            "ptr {ptr} len {len}"
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+/// The field cap bounds what the guest may hand *in*, too.
+#[test]
+fn an_input_past_the_field_cap_is_refused() {
+    let host = FakeHost::new();
+    let digest = |len: i64| {
+        module(
+            &[import::SHA512_HALF, ONE_PAGE],
+            &format!(
+                "(call $sha512_half (i32.const 0) (i32.const {len})
+                                    (i32.const 2048) (i32.const {HASH_LEN}))"
+            ),
+        )
+    };
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        status(&digest(OVER_CAP), &host),
+        code(HostError::DataFieldTooLarge)
+    );
+    assert!(host.digested.borrow().is_empty());
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        status(&digest(CAP), &host),
+        HASH_LEN as i32,
+        "the cap itself is allowed"
+    );
+}
+
+/// The two directions check in opposite orders: an input's length is known before
+/// the read, so the cap comes first, while an output's region has to be resolved
+/// before the host can produce a value, so bounds come first there.
+#[test]
+fn the_field_cap_precedes_the_bounds_check_on_an_input() {
+    let host = FakeHost::new();
+
+    let reading = module(
+        &[import::SHA512_HALF, ONE_PAGE],
+        &format!(
+            "(call $sha512_half (i32.const 0) (i32.const {})
+                                (i32.const 0) (i32.const {HASH_LEN}))",
+            PAGE + 1
+        ),
+    );
+    assert_eq!(status(&reading, &host), code(HostError::DataFieldTooLarge));
+
+    let writing = module(
+        &[import::LDGR_INDEX, ONE_PAGE],
+        &format!("(call $ldgr_index (i32.const 0) (i32.const {}))", PAGE + 1),
+    );
+    assert_eq!(status(&writing, &host), code(HostError::PointerOutOfBounds));
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// The reader with no result (`read_borrowed`, via `trace`)
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/// `trace` reads two regions and either one being bad refuses the call. The same
+/// rule as above, and the guest is told nothing: the refusal is the host not being
+/// called, and the run carries on to the constant that follows.
+#[test]
+fn both_of_traces_regions_are_checked_silently() {
+    let host = FakeHost::new();
+    let regions = [
+        (
+            format!("(i32.const {PAGE}) (i32.const 1)"),
+            EMPTY_REGION.to_owned(),
+        ),
+        (
+            EMPTY_REGION.to_owned(),
+            format!("(i32.const {PAGE}) (i32.const 1)"),
+        ),
+        (
+            EMPTY_REGION.to_owned(),
+            format!("(i32.const 0) (i32.const {OVER_CAP})"),
+        ),
+        (
+            "(i32.const -1) (i32.const 1)".to_owned(),
+            EMPTY_REGION.to_owned(),
+        ),
+    ];
+
+    for (msg, data) in regions {
+        let wat = module(
+            &[import::TRACE, ONE_PAGE],
+            &traced(TraceDataType::AsHex, &msg, &data),
+        );
+        assert_eq!(status(&wat, &host), COMPLETED, "msg {msg} data {data}");
+        assert!(
+            host.traces().is_empty(),
+            "msg {msg} data {data}: the host must not be called"
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Both at once (`write_buffered`, via `sha512_half`)
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/// A call with an input and an output region decides everything about the input
+/// before anything about the output, so a bad input is reported however the output
+/// region is wrong — out of bounds, or a pointer that is not one at all.
+///
+/// The whole output region, params included, is judged after the host has answered.
+/// Hoisting any part of that above the call would put the output's verdict first for
+/// these cases, and there is no half of it that can be hoisted on a principle the
+/// other half shares.
+#[test]
+fn a_read_write_checks_its_input_before_its_output() {
+    let host = FakeHost::new();
+    let digest = |src: i64, src_len: i64, dst: i64| {
+        module(
+            &[import::SHA512_HALF, ONE_PAGE],
+            &format!(
+                "(call $sha512_half (i32.const {src}) (i32.const {src_len})
+                                    (i32.const {dst}) (i32.const {HASH_LEN}))"
+            ),
+        )
+    };
+
+    let over_cap = digest(0, OVER_CAP, 0);
+    assert_eq!(status(&over_cap, &host), code(HostError::DataFieldTooLarge));
+
+    let out_of_bounds = digest(PAGE, 4, 0);
+    assert_eq!(
+        status(&out_of_bounds, &host),
+        code(HostError::PointerOutOfBounds)
+    );
+
+    // A bad input against each way the output can be wrong: the input's verdict is
+    // the one reported, and the host is never asked for a value nobody can take.
+    for dst in [PAGE, -1] {
+        let both_bad = digest(0, OVER_CAP, dst);
+        assert_eq!(
+            status(&both_bad, &host),
+            code(HostError::DataFieldTooLarge),
+            "dst {dst}"
+        );
+    }
+    assert!(host.digested.borrow().is_empty(), "the host is not reached");
+}
+
+/// The output half of a read-write call obeys the same rules as a plain write.
+#[test]
+fn a_read_write_output_obeys_the_write_rules() {
+    let host = FakeHost::new().answering_digest(Answer::filler(32));
+
+    let wat = module(
+        &[import::SHA512_HALF, ONE_PAGE],
+        "(call $sha512_half (i32.const 0) (i32.const 4) (i32.const 0) (i32.const 31))",
+    );
+    assert_eq!(status(&wat, &host), code(HostError::BufferTooSmall));
+
+    let wat = module(
+        &[import::SHA512_HALF, ONE_PAGE],
+        &format!(
+            "(call $sha512_half (i32.const 0) (i32.const 4) (i32.const {PAGE}) (i32.const 32))"
+        ),
+    );
+    assert_eq!(status(&wat, &host), code(HostError::PointerOutOfBounds));
+}
+
+/// A refused value reaches guest memory in no part, however much of it the host
+/// wrote. The host answers with 32 bytes it did write and a length it did not, so
+/// the refusal happens with the value sitting in the run's output buffer — and the
+/// guest's buffer has to come back untouched.
+///
+/// Stronger than the contract asks for: a guest must not read its buffer on a
+/// negative status. It holds because the buffer is copied to the guest only after
+/// the length, the bounds, the fit and the budget have all passed, so there is no
+/// window in which a refused value is in guest memory.
+#[test]
+fn a_refused_value_leaves_nothing_in_guest_memory() {
+    const MARKER: u8 = 77;
+
+    // The two refusals a value can meet after the host has produced it: longer
+    // than the field cap, and longer than the buffer the guest offered.
+    let refusals = [
+        (MAX_FIELD_BYTES + 1, HASH_LEN, HostError::DataFieldTooLarge),
+        (HASH_LEN, HASH_LEN - 1, HostError::BufferTooSmall),
+    ];
+
+    for (claimed, cap, expected) in refusals {
+        let host =
+            FakeHost::new().answering_digest(Answer::writing_but_claiming([MARKER; 32], claimed));
+        let call = format!(
+            "(call $sha512_half (i32.const 0) (i32.const 4) (i32.const 64) (i32.const {cap}))"
+        );
+
+        let refused = module(&[import::SHA512_HALF, ONE_PAGE], &call);
+        assert_eq!(
+            status(&refused, &host),
+            code(expected),
+            "claiming {claimed}"
+        );
+
+        // The same call, reporting what is at the output region afterwards.
+        let inspect = module(
+            &[import::SHA512_HALF, ONE_PAGE],
+            &format!("(drop {call}) (i32.load8_u (i32.const 64))"),
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            status(&inspect, &host),
+            0,
+            "claiming {claimed}: the refused value must not have been written"
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+/// An input region may overlap the output region: the host is served the input as
+/// it stands and its answer lands afterwards, so the two cannot interfere. The
+/// marker is any byte distinct from the input's first (`a`), so `finish` returning
+/// it proves the write landed.
+#[test]
+fn an_input_may_overlap_the_output() {
+    const MARKER: u8 = 99;
+
+    let host = FakeHost::new().answering_digest(Answer::bytes([MARKER; HASH_LEN]));
+
+    let wat = module(
+        &[
+            import::SHA512_HALF,
+            ONE_PAGE,
+            r#"(data (i32.const 0) "abcd")"#,
+        ],
+        &format!(
+            "(drop (call $sha512_half (i32.const 0) (i32.const 4)
+                                      (i32.const 0) (i32.const {HASH_LEN})))
+             (i32.load8_u (i32.const 0))"
+        ),
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        status(&wat, &host),
+        i32::from(MARKER),
+        "the output overwrote the input"
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        *host.digested.borrow(),
+        vec![b"abcd".to_vec()],
+        "the host saw the input as it was"
+    );
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// The memory export itself
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/// A host call with no memory to work in ends the run instead of answering the
+/// guest: there is no buffer for a status to describe, and nothing the guest could
+/// do about the answer — which is what puts this beside out-of-gas on the fatal
+/// channel. What the guest burned getting there is still charged.
+fn assert_no_memory(wat: &str, host: &FakeHost) {
+    let failure = failure(wat, host);
+    assert!(
+        matches!(failure.error, RunError::NoMemory),
+        "expected the run to end for want of a memory export, got: {failure}"
+    );
+    assert!(failure.fuel_used > 0, "{failure}");
+}
+
+/// Every region is relative to the guest's exported memory, so a module without
+/// one cannot make a host call at all.
+#[test]
+fn a_module_that_exports_no_memory_cannot_call_the_host() {
+    let host = FakeHost::new();
+
+    let wat = module(
+        &[import::LDGR_INDEX, "(memory 1)"],
+        "(call $ldgr_index (i32.const 0) (i32.const 4))",
+    );
+    assert_no_memory(&wat, &host);
+}
+
+/// Having no memory is answered before anything about a call's arguments, so a
+/// module without one ends the run even when its arguments would have earned a
+/// guest-visible code of their own (here an input over the field cap).
+///
+/// The order is deliberate: no memory is a fact about the instance, not about this
+/// call, and a region cannot be validated against a memory that is not there. It
+/// costs the guest nothing — every call such a module makes ends the run anyway.
+#[test]
+fn no_memory_is_answered_before_a_calls_arguments_are() {
+    let host = FakeHost::new();
+
+    let wat = module(
+        &[import::SHA512_HALF, "(memory 1)"],
+        &format!(
+            "(call $sha512_half (i32.const 0) (i32.const {OVER_CAP})
+                                (i32.const 0) (i32.const {HASH_LEN}))"
+        ),
+    );
+    assert_no_memory(&wat, &host);
+}
+
+/// The memory's export *name* is not part of the contract: the engine takes the
+/// module's memory whatever it is called. Nothing in the wasm spec attaches meaning
+/// to `"memory"` — it is a toolchain convention, so the kind decides.
+#[test]
+fn a_memory_exported_under_any_name_is_the_guests_memory() {
+    let host = FakeHost::new();
+
+    for name in ["mem", "linear", "the memory"] {
+        let wat = module(
+            &[
+                import::LDGR_INDEX,
+                &format!(r#"(memory (export "{name}") 1)"#),
+            ],
+            "(drop (call $ldgr_index (i32.const 64) (i32.const 4)))
+             (i32.load (i32.const 64))",
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            status(&wat, &host),
+            7,
+            "the host wrote into the memory exported as '{name}'"
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+/// One memory exported under several names is one memory. The engine resolves the
+/// first export of kind memory, and with at most one memory per module every such
+/// export is that memory, so the order the exports are walked in cannot change the
+/// answer.
+#[test]
+fn one_memory_exported_under_several_names_is_still_that_memory() {
+    let host = FakeHost::new();
+
+    let wat = module(
+        &[
+            import::LDGR_INDEX,
+            r#"(memory (export "memory") (export "mem") (export "linear") 1)"#,
+        ],
+        "(drop (call $ldgr_index (i32.const 64) (i32.const 4)))
+         (i32.load (i32.const 64))",
+    );
+    assert_eq!(status(&wat, &host), 7);
+}
+
+/// The export has to *be* a memory: a global named `memory` is not one, and it
+/// neither serves as the guest's memory nor hides the memory the module really
+/// exports. The kind decides, so the conventional name carries no weight on
+/// either side.
+#[test]
+fn an_export_named_memory_that_is_not_a_memory_is_not_the_guests_memory() {
+    let host = FakeHost::new();
+
+    let call = "(call $ldgr_index (i32.const 0) (i32.const 4))";
+
+    let wrong_kind = module(
+        &[
+            import::LDGR_INDEX,
+            "(memory 1)",
+            r#"(global (export "memory") i32 (i32.const 0))"#,
+        ],
+        call,
+    );
+    assert_no_memory(&wrong_kind, &host);
+
+    let shadowed = module(
+        &[
+            import::LDGR_INDEX,
+            r#"(memory (export "mem") 1)"#,
+            r#"(global (export "memory") i32 (i32.const 0))"#,
+        ],
+        call,
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        status(&shadowed, &host),
+        4,
+        "the real memory is found past the global that took its name"
+    );
+}
+
+/// Bounds follow the memory the module actually declared, not a fixed page.
+#[test]
+fn bounds_follow_the_declared_memory_size() {
+    let host = FakeHost::new();
+
+    let wat = module(
+        &[import::LDGR_INDEX, r#"(memory (export "memory") 2)"#],
+        &format!("(call $ldgr_index (i32.const {PAGE}) (i32.const 4))"),
+    );
+    assert_eq!(status(&wat, &host), 4, "the second page is in bounds");
+}

crates/xrpl-wasm-vm/tests/preflight.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,516 @@
+//! What screening refuses, and that it refuses nothing a run would have served.
+//!
+//! `check` reaches its verdict from the compiled module alone, so these tests take
+//! no host — except the ones that put the same module through `run` to compare the
+//! two.
+
+mod support;
+
+use support::{ENTRY, FakeHost, ONE_PAGE, PLENTY_OF_GAS, assemble, import, module};
+use xrpl_host_functions::HostFunctionSpec;
+use xrpl_wasm_vm::{CheckError, MAX_MEMORY_PAGES, RunError};
+
+/// Assert which stage screening refused a module at, because the caller maps the
+/// stages separately. The error comes back out for the tests that also read its
+/// message.
+macro_rules! assert_stage {
+    ($refusal:expr, $stage:pat) => {{
+        let refusal = $refusal;
+        assert!(
+            matches!(refusal, $stage),
+            concat!("expected a ", stringify!($stage), " refusal, got: {}"),
+            refusal
+        );
+        refusal
+    }};
+}
+
+/// Screens `wat`, which must assemble.
+fn check(wat: &str) -> Result<(), CheckError> {
+    xrpl_wasm_vm::check(&assemble(wat), ENTRY)
+}
+
+fn refusal(wat: &str) -> CheckError {
+    check(wat).expect_err(&format!("expected this module to be refused:\n{wat}"))
+}
+
+fn passes(wat: &str) {
+    if let Err(refusal) = check(wat) {
+        panic!("expected this module to pass, but: {refusal}\n{wat}");
+    }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Compiling
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/// A contract that imports a host function, exports its memory and exports the
+/// entry point is what screening is looking for.
+#[test]
+fn a_runnable_contract_passes() {
+    passes(&module(
+        &[import::LDGR_INDEX, ONE_PAGE],
+        "(call $ldgr_index (i32.const 0) (i32.const 4))",
+    ));
+}
+
+/// Bytes that are not a wasm module at all.
+#[test]
+fn garbage_does_not_pass() {
+    for bytes in [b"".as_slice(), b"not wasm", &[0x00, 0x61, 0x73, 0x6d]] {
+        let refusal = xrpl_wasm_vm::check(bytes, ENTRY).expect_err("garbage must not pass");
+        assert_stage!(refusal, CheckError::Compile(_));
+    }
+}
+
+/// Screening takes wasm binaries, and text is not one — the same rule the VM
+/// applies, from the same `wasmi` built without its `wat` feature. Turning that
+/// feature on would make this transaction blob valid at both ends.
+#[test]
+fn a_text_format_module_does_not_pass() {
+    let text = module(&[ONE_PAGE], "(i32.const 0)");
+
+    let refusal =
+        xrpl_wasm_vm::check(text.as_bytes(), ENTRY).expect_err("text must not pass as a module");
+    assert_stage!(refusal, CheckError::Compile(_));
+
+    // The same module, assembled first, passes: the text is sound and only the
+    // format was refused.
+    passes(&text);
+}
+
+/// A feature the engine disables is refused here too, because both stages compile
+/// against the one engine. `vm_limits.rs` walks every disabled feature; this pins
+/// that screening sees the same configuration.
+#[test]
+fn a_disabled_feature_does_not_pass() {
+    let refusal = refusal(&module(
+        &[ONE_PAGE],
+        "(drop (f64.add (f64.const 1) (f64.const 2))) (i32.const 0)",
+    ));
+    let refusal = assert_stage!(refusal, CheckError::Compile(_)).to_string();
+    assert!(refusal.contains("floating-point"), "{refusal}");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Imports
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/// Every host function the ABI declares, spelled as a guest imports it. The count
+/// is asserted against the ABI so a function added to it cannot be left out here.
+const ALL_IMPORTS: [&str; 61] = [
+    import::LDGR_INDEX,
+    import::PARENT_LDGR_TIME,
+    import::PARENT_LDGR_HASH,
+    import::BASE_FEE,
+    import::AMENDMENT_ENABLED,
+    import::CACHE_LE,
+    import::TX_FIELD,
+    import::HOME_LE_FIELD,
+    import::LE_FIELD,
+    import::TX_INNER,
+    import::HOME_LE_INNER,
+    import::LE_INNER,
+    import::TX_ARR_LEN,
+    import::HOME_LE_ARR_LEN,
+    import::LE_ARR_LEN,
+    import::TX_INNER_ARR_LEN,
+    import::HOME_LE_INNER_ARR_LEN,
+    import::LE_INNER_ARR_LEN,
+    import::CHECK_SIG,
+    import::ACCOUNTROOT_ID,
+    import::AMM_ID,
+    import::CHECK_ID,
+    import::CREDENTIAL_ID,
+    import::DELEGATE_ID,
+    import::DEPOSIT_PREAUTH_ID,
+    import::DID_ID,
+    import::ESCROW_ID,
+    import::TRUSTLINE_ID,
+    import::MPT_ISSUANCE_ID,
+    import::MPTOKEN_ID,
+    import::NFT_OFFER_ID,
+    import::OFFER_ID,
+    import::ORACLE_ID,
+    import::PAYCHAN_ID,
+    import::PERMISSIONED_DOMAIN_ID,
+    import::SIGNERS_ID,
+    import::TICKET_ID,
+    import::VAULT_ID,
+    import::SHA512_HALF,
+    import::TRACE,
+    import::SET_DATA,
+    import::NFT_URI,
+    import::NFT_ISSUER,
+    import::NFT_TAXON,
+    import::NFT_FLAGS,
+    import::NFT_XFER_FEE,
+    import::NFT_SERIAL,
+    import::FLOAT_FROM_INT,
+    import::FLOAT_FROM_UINT,
+    import::FLOAT_FROM_STAMOUNT,
+    import::FLOAT_FROM_STNUMBER,
+    import::FLOAT_TO_INT,
+    import::FLOAT_TO_MANT_EXP,
+    import::FLOAT_FROM_MANT_EXP,
+    import::FLOAT_CMP,
+    import::FLOAT_ADD,
+    import::FLOAT_SUB,
+    import::FLOAT_MULT,
+    import::FLOAT_DIV,
+    import::FLOAT_ROOT,
+    import::FLOAT_POW,
+];
+
+#[test]
+fn every_declared_host_function_may_be_imported() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        ALL_IMPORTS.len(),
+        HostFunctionSpec::ALL.len(),
+        "the ABI gained a host function with no import declaration in this test"
+    );
+
+    let mut parts = ALL_IMPORTS.to_vec();
+    parts.push(ONE_PAGE);
+    passes(&module(&parts, "(i32.const 0)"));
+}
+
+/// A module may import fewer host functions than are registered, but not more.
+#[test]
+fn an_unknown_host_function_does_not_pass() {
+    let refusal = refusal(&module(
+        &[
+            r#"(import "host_lib" "no_such_function" (func $f (param i32) (result i32)))"#,
+            ONE_PAGE,
+        ],
+        "(call $f (i32.const 0))",
+    ));
+    let refusal = assert_stage!(refusal, CheckError::Import(_)).to_string();
+    assert!(
+        refusal.contains("no host function 'no_such_function'"),
+        "{refusal}"
+    );
+}
+
+/// Host functions live under one module name — `host_lib` — and an import naming
+/// another is refused even when the function name is real. `env` is in the list
+/// because that is what plain clang emits.
+#[test]
+fn an_import_from_another_module_does_not_pass() {
+    for module_name in ["host", "env", ""] {
+        let refusal = refusal(&module(
+            &[
+                &format!(
+                    r#"(import "{module_name}" "ldgr_index" (func $f (param i32 i32) (result i32)))"#
+                ),
+                ONE_PAGE,
+            ],
+            "(call $f (i32.const 0) (i32.const 4))",
+        ));
+        let refusal = assert_stage!(refusal, CheckError::Import(_)).to_string();
+        assert!(refusal.contains("is not from 'host_lib'"), "{refusal}");
+    }
+}
+
+/// A host function's name imported as something other than a function. The engine
+/// defines it as a function and nothing else, so this does not link either.
+#[test]
+fn a_host_function_imported_as_a_global_does_not_pass() {
+    let refusal = refusal(&module(
+        &[
+            r#"(import "host_lib" "ldgr_index" (global $g i32))"#,
+            ONE_PAGE,
+        ],
+        "(global.get $g)",
+    ));
+    let refusal = assert_stage!(refusal, CheckError::Import(_)).to_string();
+    assert!(
+        refusal.contains("'host_lib::ldgr_index' is not a function"),
+        "{refusal}"
+    );
+}
+
+/// A module faulty at two stages is refused by the earlier one — it imports what no
+/// engine serves *and* exports no entry point. The imports are what the rest of the
+/// module depends on, so that is the message worth having.
+#[test]
+fn the_earlier_stage_is_the_one_reported() {
+    let refusal = refusal(
+        r#"(module
+             (import "host_lib" "no_such_function" (func $f (result i32)))
+             (memory (export "memory") 1)
+             (func (export "not_the_entry_point") (result i32) (call $f)))"#,
+    );
+
+    assert_stage!(refusal, CheckError::Import(_));
+}
+
+/// The signature is the one part of an import screening does not compare, so a
+/// module that will not link can still pass. Recorded here because it is the gap
+/// this stage leaves, not because it is wanted.
+#[test]
+fn an_import_with_the_wrong_signature_still_passes() {
+    let wat = module(
+        &[
+            r#"(import "host_lib" "ldgr_index" (func $f (param i64 i64) (result i32)))"#,
+            ONE_PAGE,
+        ],
+        "(i32.const 0)",
+    );
+    passes(&wat);
+
+    let host = FakeHost::new();
+    let failure = xrpl_wasm_vm::run(&assemble(&wat), PLENTY_OF_GAS, &host, ENTRY)
+        .expect_err("a mistyped import must not link");
+    assert!(
+        matches!(failure.error, RunError::Instantiate(_)),
+        "{failure}"
+    );
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// The entry point
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+#[test]
+fn a_missing_entry_point_does_not_pass() {
+    let refusal = refusal(
+        r#"(module (memory (export "memory") 1)
+                              (func (export "other") (result i32) (i32.const 0)))"#,
+    );
+    let refusal = assert_stage!(refusal, CheckError::EntryPoint(_)).to_string();
+    assert_eq!(refusal, "no entry point 'finish'");
+}
+
+/// The entry point is looked up by the name the caller asks for, as a run looks it
+/// up: screening a contract for one entry point says nothing about another.
+#[test]
+fn the_entry_point_is_the_name_the_caller_gives() {
+    let wasm = assemble(
+        r#"(module (memory (export "memory") 1)
+             (func (export "other") (result i32) (i32.const 0)))"#,
+    );
+
+    assert!(xrpl_wasm_vm::check(&wasm, "other").is_ok());
+    assert!(xrpl_wasm_vm::check(&wasm, ENTRY).is_err());
+}
+
+/// Both halves of the entry point's type are screened: a module returning the
+/// wrong thing, or taking anything at all, would fail the run's typed lookup.
+#[test]
+fn an_entry_point_of_the_wrong_type_does_not_pass() {
+    for (signature, body) in [
+        ("(result i64)", "(i64.const 0)"),
+        ("(param i32) (result i32)", "(i32.const 0)"),
+        ("", "(nop)"),
+    ] {
+        let refusal = refusal(&format!(
+            r#"(module (memory (export "memory") 1)
+                 (func (export "finish") {signature} {body}))"#
+        ));
+        let refusal = assert_stage!(refusal, CheckError::EntryPoint(_)).to_string();
+        assert_eq!(
+            refusal, "entry point 'finish' has the wrong signature, expected '() -> i32'",
+            "{signature}"
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+/// An export of the entry point's name that is not a function at all is a third
+/// case, and named as such: nothing is missing and no signature is wrong.
+#[test]
+fn an_entry_point_that_is_not_a_function_does_not_pass() {
+    let refusal = refusal(
+        r#"(module (memory (export "memory") 1) (global (export "finish") i32 (i32.const 0)))"#,
+    );
+    let refusal = assert_stage!(refusal, CheckError::EntryPoint(_)).to_string();
+    assert_eq!(refusal, "export 'finish' is not a function");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Agreement with a run
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/// A module with no linear memory to export passes. A contract that makes no host
+/// call needs none, and one that does is refused at the call and charged — a
+/// runtime fault, not a malformed module.
+#[test]
+fn a_module_exporting_no_memory_passes() {
+    let wat = r#"(module (func (export "finish") (result i32) (i32.const 0)))"#;
+    passes(wat);
+
+    let host = FakeHost::new();
+    assert_eq!(
+        xrpl_wasm_vm::run(&assemble(wat), PLENTY_OF_GAS, &host, ENTRY)
+            .expect("a module that calls no host function needs no memory")
+            .result,
+        0
+    );
+}
+
+/// Modules spanning what screening decides, each also put through a run.
+fn modules() -> Vec<(&'static str, String)> {
+    vec![
+        (
+            "a runnable contract",
+            module(&[import::LDGR_INDEX, ONE_PAGE], "(i32.const 0)"),
+        ),
+        (
+            "a contract that traps",
+            module(&[ONE_PAGE], "(unreachable)"),
+        ),
+        (
+            "a disabled feature",
+            module(&[ONE_PAGE], "(i32.extend8_s (i32.const 1))"),
+        ),
+        (
+            "an unknown host function",
+            module(
+                &[
+                    r#"(import "host_lib" "nope" (func $f (result i32)))"#,
+                    ONE_PAGE,
+                ],
+                "(call $f)",
+            ),
+        ),
+        (
+            "an import from another module",
+            module(
+                &[
+                    r#"(import "env" "ldgr_index" (func $f (param i32 i32) (result i32)))"#,
+                    ONE_PAGE,
+                ],
+                "(i32.const 0)",
+            ),
+        ),
+        (
+            "a host function imported as a global",
+            module(
+                &[r#"(import "host_lib" "trace" (global $g i32))"#, ONE_PAGE],
+                "(global.get $g)",
+            ),
+        ),
+        (
+            "no entry point",
+            r#"(module (memory (export "memory") 1)
+                 (func (export "other") (result i32) (i32.const 0)))"#
+                .to_string(),
+        ),
+        (
+            "an entry point of the wrong type",
+            r#"(module (memory (export "memory") 1)
+                 (func (export "finish") (result i64) (i64.const 0)))"#
+                .to_string(),
+        ),
+    ]
+}
+
+/// Screening refuses a module exactly when a run would refuse it at one of the
+/// three stages screening covers — nothing it rejects would have run, and nothing
+/// it passes stops before the entry point is called. The exceptions are the ones
+/// [`what_static_screening_cannot_see`] lists.
+#[test]
+fn screening_and_a_run_agree() {
+    let host = FakeHost::new();
+
+    for (label, wat) in modules() {
+        let wasm = assemble(&wat);
+        let refused_early = match xrpl_wasm_vm::run(&wasm, PLENTY_OF_GAS, &host, ENTRY) {
+            Err(failure) => matches!(
+                failure.error,
+                RunError::Compile(_) | RunError::Instantiate(_) | RunError::EntryPoint(_)
+            ),
+            Ok(_) => false,
+        };
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            xrpl_wasm_vm::check(&wasm, ENTRY).is_err(),
+            refused_early,
+            "{label}"
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+/// A module asking for more memory than the engine grants is refused, so the
+/// contract that could never run does not reach the ledger. The cap itself passes.
+#[test]
+fn an_exported_memory_past_the_cap_does_not_pass() {
+    let wat = module(
+        &[&format!(
+            r#"(memory (export "memory") {})"#,
+            MAX_MEMORY_PAGES + 1
+        )],
+        "(i32.const 0)",
+    );
+    let refusal = assert_stage!(refusal(&wat), CheckError::Memory(_)).to_string();
+    assert!(refusal.contains("past the 128-page cap"), "{refusal}");
+
+    passes(&module(
+        &[&format!(r#"(memory (export "memory") {MAX_MEMORY_PAGES})"#)],
+        "(i32.const 0)",
+    ));
+}
+
+/// A declared *maximum* past the cap is legal and simply unreachable, so screening
+/// must not turn it away: `vm_limits` runs this very module to completion.
+#[test]
+fn a_declared_maximum_past_the_cap_still_passes() {
+    passes(&module(
+        &[&format!(
+            r#"(memory (export "memory") 1 {})"#,
+            MAX_MEMORY_PAGES + 1
+        )],
+        "(i32.const 0)",
+    ));
+}
+
+/// The gap, listed rather than described, and now one entry long. A memory a module
+/// keeps to itself is not in its exports, so this is the one module that passes
+/// screening and then fails to *instantiate* — which is why a run's refusal at that
+/// stage cannot be read as the node's fault.
+///
+/// A contract needs an exported memory to make any host call, so a module of this
+/// shape can do nothing but compute; the SDK does not produce one.
+#[test]
+fn what_static_screening_cannot_see() {
+    let host = FakeHost::new();
+    let wat = format!(
+        r#"(module (memory {})
+             (func (export "finish") (result i32) (i32.const 0)))"#,
+        MAX_MEMORY_PAGES + 1
+    );
+
+    passes(&wat);
+
+    let failure = xrpl_wasm_vm::run(&assemble(&wat), PLENTY_OF_GAS, &host, ENTRY)
+        .expect_err("the store's limiter must refuse the memory");
+    assert!(
+        matches!(failure.error, RunError::Instantiate(_)),
+        "{failure}"
+    );
+}
+
+/// A start section is guest code, so screening cannot see whether it traps — but it
+/// no longer has to. A trap is the guest's fault wherever it happens, so the run
+/// charges the contract for what it burned instead of reporting a module the node
+/// should have screened.
+#[test]
+fn a_start_section_screening_cannot_see_is_charged_as_a_trap() {
+    let host = FakeHost::new();
+    let wat = format!(
+        r#"(module {ONE_PAGE}
+             (func $init (unreachable))
+             (start $init)
+             (func (export "finish") (result i32) (i32.const 0)))"#
+    );
+
+    passes(&wat);
+
+    let failure = xrpl_wasm_vm::run(&assemble(&wat), PLENTY_OF_GAS, &host, ENTRY)
+        .expect_err("a start section that traps must not complete the run");
+    assert!(matches!(failure.error, RunError::Trap(_)), "{failure}");
+    assert!(
+        failure.fuel_used > 0,
+        "charged for what it burned: {failure}"
+    );
+}

crates/xrpl-wasm-vm/tests/vm_limits.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,580 @@
+//! What the engine refuses outright: modules it will not compile, will not
+//! instantiate, or cannot find an entry point in — plus the linear-memory cap.
+//!
+//! These are the sandbox's outer wall. Everything here fails the run rather than
+//! returning a code to the guest, so each test reads the failure's message.
+
+mod support;
+
+use support::{
+    FakeHost, ONE_PAGE, PLENTY_OF_GAS, failure, import, module, run, run_entry, run_with_gas,
+};
+use xrpl_wasm_vm::{MAX_MEMORY_PAGES, RunError};
+
+/// Assert which stage a run failed at, because the caller maps the stages to
+/// different outcomes. A stage is one `RunError` variant, so the expectation is a
+/// pattern; the failure comes back out for the tests that also read its message.
+macro_rules! assert_stage {
+    ($failure:expr, $stage:pat) => {{
+        let failure = $failure;
+        assert!(
+            matches!(failure.error, $stage),
+            concat!("expected a ", stringify!($stage), " failure, got: {}"),
+            failure
+        );
+        failure
+    }};
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Linear memory
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/// A module declaring more than the cap fails to instantiate — the limit applies
+/// to the initial memory, not only to growth.
+#[test]
+fn an_initial_memory_past_the_cap_is_refused() {
+    let host = FakeHost::new();
+
+    let wat = module(
+        &[&format!(
+            r#"(memory (export "memory") {})"#,
+            MAX_MEMORY_PAGES + 1
+        )],
+        "(i32.const 0)",
+    );
+    assert_stage!(failure(&wat, &host), RunError::Instantiate(_));
+}
+
+/// The cap itself is allowed.
+#[test]
+fn an_initial_memory_at_the_cap_is_allowed() {
+    let host = FakeHost::new();
+
+    let wat = module(
+        &[&format!(r#"(memory (export "memory") {MAX_MEMORY_PAGES})"#)],
+        "(i32.const 0)",
+    );
+    assert_eq!(run(&wat, &host).expect("should run").result, 0);
+}
+
+/// Growth up to the cap succeeds; growth past it traps rather than answering -1 as
+/// `memory.grow` otherwise would, because the engine's limiter sets
+/// `trap_on_grow_failure(true)`.
+#[test]
+fn growth_stops_at_the_cap() {
+    let host = FakeHost::new();
+
+    let wat = module(
+        &[ONE_PAGE],
+        &format!("(memory.grow (i32.const {}))", MAX_MEMORY_PAGES - 1),
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        run(&wat, &host).expect("should run").result,
+        1,
+        "growing to exactly the cap answers the previous size"
+    );
+
+    let wat = module(
+        &[ONE_PAGE],
+        &format!("(memory.grow (i32.const {MAX_MEMORY_PAGES}))"),
+    );
+    assert_stage!(failure(&wat, &host), RunError::Trap(_));
+}
+
+/// A module may declare a maximum above the cap: the cap is enforced on the initial
+/// memory and on growth, not on the memory type's declared bound.
+#[test]
+fn a_declared_maximum_past_the_cap_is_allowed_but_unreachable() {
+    let host = FakeHost::new();
+    let memory = format!(r#"(memory (export "memory") 1 {})"#, MAX_MEMORY_PAGES + 1);
+
+    let wat = module(&[&memory], "(i32.const 0)");
+    assert_eq!(run(&wat, &host).expect("should run").result, 0);
+
+    let wat = module(
+        &[&memory],
+        &format!("(memory.grow (i32.const {MAX_MEMORY_PAGES}))"),
+    );
+    assert_stage!(failure(&wat, &host), RunError::Trap(_));
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Engine configuration
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/// One row per feature `build_wasm_engine` turns off: the smallest module that uses
+/// it, and the fragment of wasmi's refusal that names the feature. A row declaring
+/// its own memory omits [`ONE_PAGE`], or it is refused for having two memories
+/// instead.
+fn disabled_features() -> Vec<(&'static str, Vec<&'static str>, &'static str, &'static str)> {
+    vec![
+        (
+            "wasm_multi_value",
+            vec![
+                ONE_PAGE,
+                "(func $two (result i32 i32) (i32.const 1) (i32.const 2))",
+            ],
+            "(call $two) (drop) (drop) (i32.const 0)",
+            "multi-value",
+        ),
+        (
+            "wasm_sign_extension",
+            vec![ONE_PAGE],
+            "(i32.extend8_s (i32.const 1))",
+            "sign extension",
+        ),
+        (
+            "wasm_bulk_memory",
+            vec![ONE_PAGE],
+            "(memory.fill (i32.const 0) (i32.const 0) (i32.const 1)) (i32.const 0)",
+            "bulk memory",
+        ),
+        (
+            "wasm_reference_types",
+            vec![ONE_PAGE, "(table 1 externref)"],
+            "(i32.const 0)",
+            "reference types",
+        ),
+        // The proposal covers mutable globals crossing the module boundary; an
+        // internal one is core wasm and stays allowed — see the test below.
+        (
+            "wasm_mutable_global",
+            vec![ONE_PAGE, r#"(global (export "g") (mut i32) (i32.const 0))"#],
+            "(i32.const 0)",
+            "mutable global",
+        ),
+        (
+            "wasm_tail_call",
+            vec![ONE_PAGE, "(func $f (result i32) (i32.const 0))"],
+            "(return_call $f)",
+            "tail call",
+        ),
+        // Arithmetic in a constant initialiser. wasmi names the operator rather
+        // than the proposal here.
+        (
+            "wasm_extended_const",
+            vec![
+                ONE_PAGE,
+                "(global $g i32 (i32.add (i32.const 1) (i32.const 2)))",
+            ],
+            "(global.get $g)",
+            "non-constant operator",
+        ),
+        (
+            "wasm_multi_memory",
+            vec![ONE_PAGE, "(memory 1)"],
+            "(i32.const 0)",
+            "multiple memories",
+        ),
+        (
+            "wasm_memory64",
+            vec![r#"(memory (export "memory") i64 1)"#],
+            "(i32.const 0)",
+            "memory64",
+        ),
+        (
+            "wasm_custom_page_sizes",
+            vec![r#"(memory (export "memory") 1 (pagesize 1))"#],
+            "(i32.const 0)",
+            "custom page sizes",
+        ),
+        (
+            "wasm_wide_arithmetic",
+            vec![ONE_PAGE],
+            "(drop (i64.add128 (i64.const 1) (i64.const 2) (i64.const 3) (i64.const 4)))
+             (i32.const 0)",
+            "wide arithmetic",
+        ),
+        // Determinism across nodes is the reason floats are off.
+        (
+            "floats",
+            vec![ONE_PAGE],
+            "(drop (f64.add (f64.const 1) (f64.const 2))) (i32.const 0)",
+            "floating-point",
+        ),
+    ]
+}
+
+/// Every feature the engine disables is refused, and refused for that reason.
+///
+/// `wasm_custom_page_sizes` and `wasm_wide_arithmetic` are off by default in wasmi
+/// 1.1 (`engine/config.rs:72,74`), so their rows guard against wasmi changing that
+/// default rather than against our own config.
+#[test]
+fn every_disabled_feature_is_refused_by_name() {
+    let host = FakeHost::new();
+
+    for (knob, parts, body, expected) in disabled_features() {
+        let wat = module(&parts, body);
+        let failure = assert_stage!(failure(&wat, &host), RunError::Compile(_)).to_string();
+
+        assert!(
+            failure.contains(expected),
+            "{knob}: expected a refusal mentioning {expected:?}, got: {failure}"
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+/// The three knobs [`every_disabled_feature_is_refused_by_name`] cannot cover. The
+/// engine is a process-wide `LazyLock`, so a test observes the one configuration we
+/// build: a knob masked by another, or with no caller-visible effect, has no
+/// distinguishing module.
+#[test]
+fn the_knobs_without_a_module_of_their_own() {
+    let host = FakeHost::new();
+
+    // `wasm_saturating_float_to_int(false)`: every saturating conversion takes a
+    // float operand, so `floats(false)` refuses it first, as the message shows.
+    let wat = module(&[ONE_PAGE], "(i32.trunc_sat_f32_s (f32.const 1))");
+    let refusal = failure(&wat, &host).to_string();
+    assert!(refusal.contains("floating-point"), "{refusal}");
+    assert!(!refusal.contains("saturating"), "{refusal}");
+
+    // `ignore_custom_sections(true)`: governs whether wasmi retains custom
+    // sections, not accept/reject, so this pins only that one is harmless.
+    let wat = module(
+        &[ONE_PAGE, r#"(@custom "note" "ignored")"#],
+        "(i32.const 0)",
+    );
+    assert_eq!(run(&wat, &host).expect("should run").result, 0);
+
+    // `consume_fuel(true)`: with it off, `Store::set_fuel` fails and `run` returns
+    // before instantiating, so every test in the suite fails.
+    let wat = module(&[ONE_PAGE], "(i32.const 0)");
+    assert!(run(&wat, &host).expect("should run").fuel_used > 0);
+}
+
+/// A mutable global the module keeps to itself is core wasm, so the disabled
+/// proposal does not reach it: a guest can still have mutable state.
+#[test]
+fn an_internal_mutable_global_is_still_allowed() {
+    let host = FakeHost::new();
+
+    let wat = module(
+        &[ONE_PAGE, "(global $g (mut i32) (i32.const 0))"],
+        "(global.set $g (i32.const 7)) (global.get $g)",
+    );
+    assert_eq!(run(&wat, &host).expect("should run").result, 7);
+}
+
+/// Bytes that are not a wasm module at all.
+#[test]
+fn garbage_does_not_compile() {
+    let host = FakeHost::new();
+
+    for bytes in [b"".as_slice(), b"not wasm", &[0x00, 0x61, 0x73, 0x6d]] {
+        let failure = xrpl_wasm_vm::run(bytes, PLENTY_OF_GAS, &host, support::ENTRY)
+            .expect_err("garbage must not compile");
+        assert_stage!(failure, RunError::Compile(_));
+    }
+}
+
+/// The VM takes wasm binaries, and text is not one. wasmi's `wat` feature is on by
+/// default and would have `Module::new` assemble text too, so the crate builds
+/// wasmi without it; turning it back on would make this transaction blob valid.
+#[test]
+fn the_vm_refuses_a_text_format_module() {
+    let host = FakeHost::new();
+    let text = module(&[ONE_PAGE], "(i32.const 0)");
+
+    let failure = xrpl_wasm_vm::run(text.as_bytes(), PLENTY_OF_GAS, &host, support::ENTRY)
+        .expect_err("text must not compile as a module");
+    assert_stage!(failure, RunError::Compile(_));
+
+    // The same module, assembled first, runs: the text is sound and only the
+    // format was refused.
+    assert_eq!(run(&text, &host).expect("should run").result, 0);
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Imports
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/// A module may import fewer host functions than are registered, but not more:
+/// an import the linker does not define fails instantiation.
+#[test]
+fn an_unknown_import_fails_instantiation() {
+    let host = FakeHost::new();
+
+    let wat = module(
+        &[
+            r#"(import "host_lib" "no_such_function" (func $f (param i32) (result i32)))"#,
+            ONE_PAGE,
+        ],
+        "(call $f (i32.const 0))",
+    );
+    assert_stage!(failure(&wat, &host), RunError::Instantiate(_));
+}
+
+/// Host functions are registered under one module name — `host_lib`, the name the
+/// guest SDK and this repo's fixtures import from — and a guest naming a different
+/// one does not link. `env` is in the list because that is what plain clang emits.
+#[test]
+fn the_import_module_name_must_match() {
+    let host = FakeHost::new();
+
+    for module_name in ["host", "env", ""] {
+        let wat = module(
+            &[
+                &format!(
+                    r#"(import "{module_name}" "ldgr_index" (func $f (param i32 i32) (result i32)))"#
+                ),
+                ONE_PAGE,
+            ],
+            "(call $f (i32.const 0) (i32.const 4))",
+        );
+        assert_stage!(failure(&wat, &host), RunError::Instantiate(_));
+    }
+}
+
+/// An import spelled with the wrong signature does not link even under the right
+/// name, which is what makes the registered signatures load-bearing.
+#[test]
+fn an_import_with_the_wrong_signature_fails_instantiation() {
+    let host = FakeHost::new();
+
+    for signature in [
+        "(param i32) (result i32)",         // too few parameters
+        "(param i32 i32 i32) (result i32)", // too many
+        "(param i64 i64) (result i32)",     // wrong parameter types
+        "(param i32 i32) (result i64)",     // wrong result type
+        "(param i32 i32)",                  // no result
+    ] {
+        let wat = module(
+            &[
+                &format!(r#"(import "host_lib" "ldgr_index" (func $f {signature}))"#),
+                ONE_PAGE,
+            ],
+            "(i32.const 0)",
+        );
+        assert_stage!(failure(&wat, &host), RunError::Instantiate(_));
+    }
+}
+
+/// A module that imports a host function it never calls still has to link.
+#[test]
+fn an_unused_import_is_still_linked() {
+    let host = FakeHost::new();
+
+    let wat = module(
+        &[import::LDGR_INDEX, import::TRACE, ONE_PAGE],
+        "(i32.const 0)",
+    );
+    assert_eq!(run(&wat, &host).expect("should run").result, 0);
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// The start section
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/// A start section runs guest code during instantiation, before the entry point
+/// is even looked up, and `set_fuel` and the memory limiter are both installed by
+/// then — so it is metered like any other guest code, and a run it stops is
+/// charged for what it burned.
+///
+/// Reported as a **trap**, not as a module that would not instantiate: a trap is the
+/// guest's fault wherever it happens, and the stage a run stopped at is not what the
+/// caller maps. Filing it under the stage would put a contract's own defect among the
+/// faults a caller treats as the node's, and charge nothing for the instructions the
+/// contract burned reaching it.
+#[test]
+fn a_trapping_start_section_is_a_guest_trap_and_is_charged() {
+    let host = FakeHost::new();
+
+    let wat = format!(
+        r#"(module {ONE_PAGE}
+             (func $init (unreachable))
+             (start $init)
+             (func (export "finish") (result i32) (i32.const 0)))"#
+    );
+    let failure = assert_stage!(
+        run_with_gas(&wat, PLENTY_OF_GAS, &host)
+            .expect_err("a start section that traps must not complete the run"),
+        RunError::Trap(_)
+    );
+    assert!(
+        failure.fuel_used > 0,
+        "the start section's instructions are metered: {failure}"
+    );
+}
+
+/// What `RunError::Instantiate` is left to mean: a module the linker or the store
+/// would not accept, rather than one whose guest code failed. Its two shapes, so the
+/// variant is not left standing for nothing.
+#[test]
+fn instantiation_failure_is_a_module_the_engine_will_not_accept() {
+    let host = FakeHost::new();
+
+    // The linker defines no such import.
+    let wat = module(
+        &[
+            r#"(import "host_lib" "no_such_function" (func $f (result i32)))"#,
+            ONE_PAGE,
+        ],
+        "(call $f)",
+    );
+    assert_stage!(failure(&wat, &host), RunError::Instantiate(_));
+
+    // The store's limiter will not grant the memory, and does not trap to say so.
+    let wat = module(
+        &[&format!("(memory {})", MAX_MEMORY_PAGES + 1)],
+        "(i32.const 0)",
+    );
+    assert_stage!(failure(&wat, &host), RunError::Instantiate(_));
+}
+
+/// A start section that runs out of gas is reported as out of gas, not as a module
+/// that would not instantiate. The stage a run stopped at is not what the caller
+/// maps — the reason is — and gas exhaustion is one outcome wherever the guest
+/// reaches it.
+#[test]
+fn a_start_section_that_exhausts_gas_is_out_of_gas_not_an_instantiation_failure() {
+    const GAS: u64 = 10_000;
+
+    let host = FakeHost::new();
+    let wat = format!(
+        r#"(module {ONE_PAGE}
+             (func $init (loop $l (br $l)))
+             (start $init)
+             (func (export "finish") (result i32) (i32.const 0)))"#
+    );
+
+    let failure = assert_stage!(
+        run_with_gas(&wat, GAS, &host).expect_err("an endless start section must not instantiate"),
+        RunError::OutOfGas
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        failure.fuel_used, GAS,
+        "a runaway start section burns the whole limit"
+    );
+}
+
+/// A start section cannot make a host call that needs guest memory, even in a
+/// module that exports one: the memory is resolved from the *instance's* exports,
+/// and instantiation is what produces the instance, so a call made while it is
+/// still running has no memory to work in and ends the run.
+///
+/// Not a choice: `Module::instantiate` is `pub(crate)` in wasmi, so instantiation
+/// cannot be split from the start section to resolve the memory in between.
+#[test]
+fn a_start_section_cannot_make_a_host_call() {
+    let host = FakeHost::new();
+
+    let wat = format!(
+        r#"(module {ldgr_index} {ONE_PAGE}
+             (func $init (drop (call $ldgr_index (i32.const 0) (i32.const 4))))
+             (start $init)
+             (func (export "finish") (result i32) (i32.const 0)))"#,
+        ldgr_index = import::LDGR_INDEX
+    );
+
+    let failure = assert_stage!(
+        run_with_gas(&wat, PLENTY_OF_GAS, &host)
+            .expect_err("a host call from a start section must not be served"),
+        RunError::NoMemory
+    );
+    assert!(
+        failure.fuel_used > 0,
+        "the start section is metered up to the refused call: {failure}"
+    );
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// The entry point
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+#[test]
+fn a_missing_entry_point_fails() {
+    let host = FakeHost::new();
+
+    let wat = r#"(module (memory (export "memory") 1) (func (export "other") (result i32) (i32.const 0)))"#;
+    let failure = assert_stage!(
+        run_with_gas(wat, PLENTY_OF_GAS, &host)
+            .expect_err("a module without the entry point must not run"),
+        RunError::EntryPoint(_)
+    );
+    assert!(
+        failure.to_string().contains("no entry point 'finish'"),
+        "{failure}"
+    );
+}
+
+/// The entry point is looked up by the name the caller asks for.
+#[test]
+fn the_entry_point_is_the_name_the_caller_gives() {
+    let host = FakeHost::new();
+
+    let wat = r#"(module (memory (export "memory") 1) (func (export "other") (result i32) (i32.const 9)))"#;
+    let outcome = run_entry(wat, &host, "other").expect("should run");
+    assert_eq!(outcome.result, 9);
+}
+
+/// The entry point must take nothing and return an `i32`. A module that exports the
+/// name with another signature is told so, rather than being told the export is
+/// missing: wasmi answers both cases with one error, and "no entry point" would send
+/// a contract author looking for a function they already have.
+#[test]
+fn an_entry_point_of_the_wrong_type_fails() {
+    let host = FakeHost::new();
+
+    for signature in ["(result i64)", "(param i32) (result i32)", ""] {
+        let body = if signature.contains("result i64") {
+            "(i64.const 0)"
+        } else if signature.is_empty() {
+            "(nop)"
+        } else {
+            "(i32.const 0)"
+        };
+        let wat = format!(
+            r#"(module (memory (export "memory") 1) (func (export "finish") {signature} {body}))"#
+        );
+        let failure = assert_stage!(
+            run_with_gas(&wat, PLENTY_OF_GAS, &host)
+                .expect_err("a wrongly-typed entry point must not run"),
+            RunError::EntryPoint(_)
+        )
+        .to_string();
+        assert!(
+            failure.contains("entry point 'finish' has the wrong signature"),
+            "{signature}: {failure}"
+        );
+        assert!(
+            !failure.contains("no entry point"),
+            "a present export must not be reported as absent — {signature}: {failure}"
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+/// An export of the entry point's name that is not a function at all is a third
+/// case, and named as such: nothing is missing and no signature is wrong.
+#[test]
+fn an_entry_point_that_is_not_a_function_fails() {
+    let host = FakeHost::new();
+
+    let wat =
+        r#"(module (memory (export "memory") 1) (global (export "finish") i32 (i32.const 0)))"#;
+    let failure = assert_stage!(
+        run_with_gas(wat, PLENTY_OF_GAS, &host).expect_err("a non-function export must not run"),
+        RunError::EntryPoint(_)
+    )
+    .to_string();
+    assert!(
+        failure.contains("export 'finish' is not a function"),
+        "{failure}"
+    );
+}
+
+/// A guest that traps fails the run rather than returning a value.
+#[test]
+fn a_trapping_guest_fails_the_run() {
+    let host = FakeHost::new();
+
+    let wat = module(&[ONE_PAGE], "(unreachable)");
+    assert_stage!(failure(&wat, &host), RunError::Trap(_));
+
+    // An out-of-bounds guest access is a trap too, caught by the engine rather
+    // than anything the host is asked about.
+    let wat = module(&[ONE_PAGE], "(i32.load (i32.const 100000))");
+    assert_stage!(failure(&wat, &host), RunError::Trap(_));
+}

include/xrpl/basics/Number.h

@@ -549,8 +549,21 @@ public:
     setround(RoundingMode inMode);
 
     /**
-     * Returns which mantissa scale is currently in use for normalization.
+     * Convert an integer to a RoundingMode, validating that it is in range.
      *
+     * Returns std::nullopt if the value does not correspond to a valid
+     * RoundingMode.
+     */
+    static std::optional<RoundingMode>
+    checkedRoundingMode(int mode) noexcept
+    {
+        if (mode < static_cast<int>(RoundingMode::ToNearest) ||
+            mode > static_cast<int>(RoundingMode::Upward))
+            return std::nullopt;
+        return static_cast<RoundingMode>(mode);
+    }
+
+    /**
      * If you think you need to call this outside of unit tests, no you don't.
      */
     static MantissaRange::MantissaScale

include/xrpl/protocol/Protocol.h

@@ -333,6 +333,16 @@ enum class VaultVersion : uint8_t {
  */
 constexpr std::uint8_t kMaxAssetCheckDepth = 5;
 
+/**
+ * Maximum length of a Data field in Escrow object that can be updated by WASM code.
+ */
+constexpr std::size_t kMaxWasmDataLength = 1 * 1024;  // 1KB
+
+/**
+ * Maximum amount of data transfer across hostfunction<->wasm border.
+ */
+constexpr std::size_t kWasmTransferLimit = 1 << 20;  // 1MB
+
 /**
  * A ledger index.
  */

include/xrpl/protocol/TER.h

@@ -129,8 +129,10 @@ enum TEMcodes : TERUnderlyingType {
     temARRAY_TOO_LARGE,
     temBAD_TRANSFER_FEE,
     temINVALID_INNER_BATCH,
+
     temBAD_MPT,
     temBAD_CIPHERTEXT,
+    temBAD_WASM,
 };
 
 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -370,6 +372,7 @@ enum TECcodes : TERUnderlyingType {
     tecNO_DELEGATE_PERMISSION = 198,
     tecBAD_PROOF = 199,
     tecNO_SPONSOR_PERMISSION = 200,
+    tecOUT_OF_GAS = 201,
 };
 
 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------

include/xrpl/tx/wasm/HostContext.h

@@ -0,0 +1,427 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <rust/cxx.h>
+
+#include <cstdint>
+
+namespace xrpl {
+// `xrpl::HostFunctions` is forward-declared rather than included: this header is
+// `include!()`d by the cxxbridge-generated translation unit, whose target gets only the
+// project's `include/` directory - not the Boost paths that HostFunc.h -> Slice.h ->
+// strHex.h transitively need. A reference member and declarations alone do not require a
+// complete type; HostContext.cpp, compiled into libxrpl, includes the real header.
+class HostFunctions;
+
+// Defined by the cxx bridge, which emits it into `xrpl_wasm_vm_ffi_cxxbridge/lib.h` from the
+// declaration in `crates/xrpl-wasm-vm-ffi` - so the data types and their wire values are
+// written once, in Rust, rather than kept in step with a copy here.
+//
+// Forward-declared for the reason `HostFunctions` above is: that generated header includes
+// this one, so naming its definition here would be circular. A scoped enum with a fixed
+// underlying type needs no definition to appear in a signature; `HostContext.cpp` includes
+// the generated header for the `switch`.
+enum class TraceDataType : std::int32_t;
+
+// The host handed to the Rust wasm engine: one method per entry in the wasm host ABI,
+// each forwarding to `xrpl::HostFunctions` - the single source of truth for ledger
+// access - and lowering its typed `std::expected` result onto the ABI's wire form.
+//
+// Every method is `noexcept`, and every body catches everything: a C++ exception
+// unwinding into the Rust frames that called it would be undefined behaviour, so a
+// failure leaves here as -1, which the engine reads as a fatal error and reports as
+// `tecINTERNAL`.
+//
+// Not an owner: it borrows `hf` for the length of one run. Declared `struct` because the
+// Rust side only ever sees an opaque pointer.
+class HostContext
+{
+    // Non-const so a host function that mutates (`cacheLedgerObj`, `updateData`) can be
+    // reached from the `const` methods below: constness of the reference is not
+    // constness of the referent.
+    HostFunctions& hostFunctions_;
+
+public:
+    HostContext(HostFunctions& hostFunctions);
+
+    // A byte-producing call is handed `out` - a slice aliasing either guest linear
+    // memory or the engine's output buffer - writes the value only if the whole of it
+    // fits, and returns the value's *true* length, which may exceed `out`. That is how a
+    // guest learns the size to ask for, and it is why these methods never need to know
+    // the guest's capacity: the engine owns the buffer-fit, field-cap and transfer-budget
+    // rules and derives all three from the length returned here.
+    //
+    // A negative return is a `HostFunctionError` code.
+    [[nodiscard]] std::int32_t
+    getLedgerSqn(rust::Slice<std::uint8_t> out) const noexcept;
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::int32_t
+    getParentLedgerTime(rust::Slice<std::uint8_t> out) const noexcept;
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::int32_t
+    getParentLedgerHash(rust::Slice<std::uint8_t> out) const noexcept;
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::int32_t
+    getBaseFee(rust::Slice<std::uint8_t> out) const noexcept;
+
+    // The amendment is either a 32-byte id or a name; a 32-byte input is tried as an
+    // id first and falls back to a name lookup. Answers 1 or 0, or a negative
+    // `HostFunctionError` code.
+    [[nodiscard]] std::int32_t
+    isAmendmentEnabled(rust::Slice<std::uint8_t const> amendment) const noexcept;
+
+    // The object id must be a 32-byte uint256, else `InvalidParams`. `cacheIdx` selects
+    // the slot (0 = pick a free one). Answers the slot used, or a negative
+    // `HostFunctionError` code.
+    [[nodiscard]] std::int32_t
+    cacheLedgerObj(rust::Slice<std::uint8_t const> objId, std::int32_t cacheIdx) const noexcept;
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::int32_t
+    getTxField(std::int32_t field, rust::Slice<std::uint8_t> out) const noexcept;
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::int32_t
+    getCurrentLedgerObjField(std::int32_t field, rust::Slice<std::uint8_t> out) const noexcept;
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::int32_t
+    getLedgerObjField(std::int32_t cacheIdx, std::int32_t field, rust::Slice<std::uint8_t> out)
+        const noexcept;
+
+    // The locator is a path of little-endian i32 steps, so its byte length must be a
+    // non-zero multiple of 4, else `LocatorMalformed`.
+    [[nodiscard]] std::int32_t
+    getTxNestedField(rust::Slice<std::uint8_t const> locator, rust::Slice<std::uint8_t> out)
+        const noexcept;
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::int32_t
+    getCurrentLedgerObjNestedField(
+        rust::Slice<std::uint8_t const> locator,
+        rust::Slice<std::uint8_t> out) const noexcept;
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::int32_t
+    getLedgerObjNestedField(
+        std::int32_t cacheIdx,
+        rust::Slice<std::uint8_t const> locator,
+        rust::Slice<std::uint8_t> out) const noexcept;
+
+    // Answers the array's element count directly, or a negative `HostFunctionError`
+    // code (`NoArray` if the field is not an array).
+    [[nodiscard]] std::int32_t
+    getTxArrayLen(std::int32_t field) const noexcept;
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::int32_t
+    getCurrentLedgerObjArrayLen(std::int32_t field) const noexcept;
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::int32_t
+    getLedgerObjArrayLen(std::int32_t cacheIdx, std::int32_t field) const noexcept;
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::int32_t
+    getTxNestedArrayLen(rust::Slice<std::uint8_t const> locator) const noexcept;
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::int32_t
+    getCurrentLedgerObjNestedArrayLen(rust::Slice<std::uint8_t const> locator) const noexcept;
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::int32_t
+    getLedgerObjNestedArrayLen(std::int32_t cacheIdx, rust::Slice<std::uint8_t const> locator)
+        const noexcept;
+
+    // Answers 1/0 for a valid/invalid signature, or a negative `HostFunctionError`.
+    [[nodiscard]] std::int32_t
+    checkSignature(
+        rust::Slice<std::uint8_t const> message,
+        rust::Slice<std::uint8_t const> signature,
+        rust::Slice<std::uint8_t const> pubkey) const noexcept;
+
+    // The account id must be 20 bytes, else `InvalidParams`. Writes the 32-byte keylet.
+    [[nodiscard]] std::int32_t
+    accountKeylet(rust::Slice<std::uint8_t const> account, rust::Slice<std::uint8_t> out)
+        const noexcept;
+
+    // Each asset is decoded by length (24 = MPT, 20 = XRP, 40 = issue), else
+    // `InvalidParams`. Writes the 32-byte keylet.
+    [[nodiscard]] std::int32_t
+    ammKeylet(
+        rust::Slice<std::uint8_t const> asset1,
+        rust::Slice<std::uint8_t const> asset2,
+        rust::Slice<std::uint8_t> out) const noexcept;
+
+    // The account id must be 20 bytes, else `InvalidParams`. `seq` carries the guest's
+    // u32 as its i32 bit pattern. Writes the 32-byte keylet.
+    [[nodiscard]] std::int32_t
+    checkKeylet(
+        rust::Slice<std::uint8_t const> account,
+        std::int32_t seq,
+        rust::Slice<std::uint8_t> out) const noexcept;
+
+    // Subject and issuer must each be 20 bytes, else `InvalidParams`. Writes the
+    // 32-byte keylet.
+    [[nodiscard]] std::int32_t
+    credentialKeylet(
+        rust::Slice<std::uint8_t const> subject,
+        rust::Slice<std::uint8_t const> issuer,
+        rust::Slice<std::uint8_t const> credentialType,
+        rust::Slice<std::uint8_t> out) const noexcept;
+
+    // Both accounts must be 20 bytes, else `InvalidParams`. Writes the 32-byte keylet.
+    [[nodiscard]] std::int32_t
+    delegateKeylet(
+        rust::Slice<std::uint8_t const> account,
+        rust::Slice<std::uint8_t const> authorize,
+        rust::Slice<std::uint8_t> out) const noexcept;
+
+    // Both accounts must be 20 bytes, else `InvalidParams`. Writes the 32-byte keylet.
+    [[nodiscard]] std::int32_t
+    depositPreauthKeylet(
+        rust::Slice<std::uint8_t const> account,
+        rust::Slice<std::uint8_t const> authorize,
+        rust::Slice<std::uint8_t> out) const noexcept;
+
+    // The account id must be 20 bytes, else `InvalidParams`. Writes the 32-byte keylet.
+    [[nodiscard]] std::int32_t
+    didKeylet(rust::Slice<std::uint8_t const> account, rust::Slice<std::uint8_t> out)
+        const noexcept;
+
+    // The account id must be 20 bytes, else `InvalidParams`. `seq` carries the guest's
+    // u32 as its i32 bit pattern. Writes the 32-byte keylet.
+    [[nodiscard]] std::int32_t
+    escrowKeylet(
+        rust::Slice<std::uint8_t const> account,
+        std::int32_t seq,
+        rust::Slice<std::uint8_t> out) const noexcept;
+
+    // Both accounts and the currency must each be 20 bytes, else `InvalidParams`.
+    // Writes the 32-byte keylet.
+    [[nodiscard]] std::int32_t
+    trustLineKeylet(
+        rust::Slice<std::uint8_t const> account1,
+        rust::Slice<std::uint8_t const> account2,
+        rust::Slice<std::uint8_t const> currency,
+        rust::Slice<std::uint8_t> out) const noexcept;
+
+    // The issuer id must be 20 bytes, else `InvalidParams`. `seq` carries the guest's
+    // u32 as its i32 bit pattern. Writes the 32-byte keylet.
+    [[nodiscard]] std::int32_t
+    mptokenIssuanceKeylet(
+        rust::Slice<std::uint8_t const> issuer,
+        std::int32_t seq,
+        rust::Slice<std::uint8_t> out) const noexcept;
+
+    // The MPT id must be 24 bytes and the holder 20, else `InvalidParams`. Writes the
+    // 32-byte keylet.
+    [[nodiscard]] std::int32_t
+    mptokenKeylet(
+        rust::Slice<std::uint8_t const> mptid,
+        rust::Slice<std::uint8_t const> holder,
+        rust::Slice<std::uint8_t> out) const noexcept;
+
+    // The account id must be 20 bytes, else `InvalidParams`. `seq` carries the guest's
+    // u32 as its i32 bit pattern. Writes the 32-byte keylet.
+    [[nodiscard]] std::int32_t
+    nftokenOfferKeylet(
+        rust::Slice<std::uint8_t const> account,
+        std::int32_t seq,
+        rust::Slice<std::uint8_t> out) const noexcept;
+
+    // The account id must be 20 bytes, else `InvalidParams`. `seq` carries the guest's
+    // u32 as its i32 bit pattern. Writes the 32-byte keylet.
+    [[nodiscard]] std::int32_t
+    offerKeylet(
+        rust::Slice<std::uint8_t const> account,
+        std::int32_t seq,
+        rust::Slice<std::uint8_t> out) const noexcept;
+
+    // The account id must be 20 bytes, else `InvalidParams`. `docId` carries the
+    // guest's u32 as its i32 bit pattern. Writes the 32-byte keylet.
+    [[nodiscard]] std::int32_t
+    oracleKeylet(
+        rust::Slice<std::uint8_t const> account,
+        std::int32_t docId,
+        rust::Slice<std::uint8_t> out) const noexcept;
+
+    // Both account ids must be 20 bytes, else `InvalidParams`. `seq` carries the
+    // guest's u32 as its i32 bit pattern. Writes the 32-byte keylet.
+    [[nodiscard]] std::int32_t
+    paychannelKeylet(
+        rust::Slice<std::uint8_t const> account,
+        rust::Slice<std::uint8_t const> destination,
+        std::int32_t seq,
+        rust::Slice<std::uint8_t> out) const noexcept;
+
+    // The account id must be 20 bytes, else `InvalidParams`. `seq` carries the guest's
+    // u32 as its i32 bit pattern. Writes the 32-byte keylet.
+    [[nodiscard]] std::int32_t
+    permissionedDomainKeylet(
+        rust::Slice<std::uint8_t const> account,
+        std::int32_t seq,
+        rust::Slice<std::uint8_t> out) const noexcept;
+
+    // The account id must be 20 bytes, else `InvalidParams`. Writes the 32-byte keylet.
+    [[nodiscard]] std::int32_t
+    signerListKeylet(rust::Slice<std::uint8_t const> account, rust::Slice<std::uint8_t> out)
+        const noexcept;
+
+    // The account id must be 20 bytes, else `InvalidParams`. `seq` carries the guest's
+    // u32 as its i32 bit pattern. Writes the 32-byte keylet.
+    [[nodiscard]] std::int32_t
+    ticketKeylet(
+        rust::Slice<std::uint8_t const> account,
+        std::int32_t seq,
+        rust::Slice<std::uint8_t> out) const noexcept;
+
+    // The account id must be 20 bytes, else `InvalidParams`. `seq` carries the guest's
+    // u32 as its i32 bit pattern. Writes the 32-byte keylet.
+    [[nodiscard]] std::int32_t
+    vaultKeylet(
+        rust::Slice<std::uint8_t const> account,
+        std::int32_t seq,
+        rust::Slice<std::uint8_t> out) const noexcept;
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::int32_t
+    sha512Half(rust::Slice<std::uint8_t const> data, rust::Slice<std::uint8_t> out) const noexcept;
+
+    // Renders `data` as `dataType` says, and hands the text to `HostFunctions::trace`, which
+    // is what puts it in this node's log.
+    //
+    // The one call that answers nothing: the guest's wasm function has no result, and this
+    // node's own log is the only thing a trace touches, so a buffer that does not hold what
+    // it claims is logged here and dropped rather than reported to a contract.
+    void
+    trace(rust::Str msg, rust::Slice<std::uint8_t const> data, TraceDataType dataType)
+        const noexcept;
+
+    // Stores `data` as the current object's data field and returns the number of bytes
+    // stored, or a negative `HostFunctionError` code.
+    [[nodiscard]] std::int32_t
+    updateData(rust::Slice<std::uint8_t const> data) const noexcept;
+
+    // The account id must be 20 bytes and the nft id 32 bytes, else `InvalidParams`.
+    // Writes the token's URI bytes.
+    [[nodiscard]] std::int32_t
+    getNFT(
+        rust::Slice<std::uint8_t const> account,
+        rust::Slice<std::uint8_t const> nftId,
+        rust::Slice<std::uint8_t> out) const noexcept;
+
+    // The nft id must be 32 bytes, else `InvalidParams`. Writes the 20-byte issuer
+    // account encoded in the id.
+    [[nodiscard]] std::int32_t
+    getNFTIssuer(rust::Slice<std::uint8_t const> nftId, rust::Slice<std::uint8_t> out)
+        const noexcept;
+
+    // The nft id must be 32 bytes, else `InvalidParams`. Writes the taxon as its four
+    // little-endian bytes.
+    [[nodiscard]] std::int32_t
+    getNFTTaxon(rust::Slice<std::uint8_t const> nftId, rust::Slice<std::uint8_t> out)
+        const noexcept;
+
+    // The nft id must be 32 bytes, else `InvalidParams`. Returns the flags, or a
+    // negative `HostFunctionError` code.
+    [[nodiscard]] std::int32_t
+    getNFTFlags(rust::Slice<std::uint8_t const> nftId) const noexcept;
+
+    // The nft id must be 32 bytes, else `InvalidParams`. Returns the transfer fee, or a
+    // negative `HostFunctionError` code.
+    [[nodiscard]] std::int32_t
+    getNFTTransferFee(rust::Slice<std::uint8_t const> nftId) const noexcept;
+
+    // The nft id must be 32 bytes, else `InvalidParams`. Writes the sequence number as
+    // its four little-endian bytes.
+    [[nodiscard]] std::int32_t
+    getNFTSequence(rust::Slice<std::uint8_t const> nftId, rust::Slice<std::uint8_t> out)
+        const noexcept;
+
+    // Float / number arithmetic. A float is an XRPL `Number` in serialized form;
+    // `mode` is a rounding mode. Each writes the result float bytes unless noted.
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::int32_t
+    floatFromInt(std::int64_t x, std::int32_t mode, rust::Slice<std::uint8_t> out) const noexcept;
+
+    // The integer region must be eight bytes, else `InvalidParams`.
+    [[nodiscard]] std::int32_t
+    floatFromUint(
+        rust::Slice<std::uint8_t const> x,
+        std::int32_t mode,
+        rust::Slice<std::uint8_t> out) const noexcept;
+
+    // `amount` must be a serialized `STAmount`, else `InvalidParams`.
+    [[nodiscard]] std::int32_t
+    floatFromSTAmount(
+        rust::Slice<std::uint8_t const> amount,
+        std::int32_t mode,
+        rust::Slice<std::uint8_t> out) const noexcept;
+
+    // `number` must be a serialized `STNumber`, else `InvalidParams`.
+    [[nodiscard]] std::int32_t
+    floatFromSTNumber(
+        rust::Slice<std::uint8_t const> number,
+        std::int32_t mode,
+        rust::Slice<std::uint8_t> out) const noexcept;
+
+    // Rounds the float to an integer, written as its eight little-endian bytes.
+    [[nodiscard]] std::int32_t
+    floatToInt(rust::Slice<std::uint8_t const> x, std::int32_t mode, rust::Slice<std::uint8_t> out)
+        const noexcept;
+
+    // Writes the mantissa (eight little-endian bytes) and the exponent (four little-
+    // endian bytes) to two output regions; returns their total size.
+    [[nodiscard]] std::int32_t
+    floatToMantExp(
+        rust::Slice<std::uint8_t const> x,
+        rust::Slice<std::uint8_t> mantissaOut,
+        rust::Slice<std::uint8_t> exponentOut) const noexcept;
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::int32_t
+    floatFromMantExp(
+        std::int64_t mantissa,
+        std::int32_t exponent,
+        std::int32_t mode,
+        rust::Slice<std::uint8_t> out) const noexcept;
+
+    // Returns a negative, zero, or positive scalar as `x` is less than, equal to, or
+    // greater than `y`, or a negative `HostFunctionError` code on failure.
+    [[nodiscard]] std::int32_t
+    floatCompare(rust::Slice<std::uint8_t const> x, rust::Slice<std::uint8_t const> y)
+        const noexcept;
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::int32_t
+    floatAdd(
+        rust::Slice<std::uint8_t const> x,
+        rust::Slice<std::uint8_t const> y,
+        std::int32_t mode,
+        rust::Slice<std::uint8_t> out) const noexcept;
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::int32_t
+    floatSubtract(
+        rust::Slice<std::uint8_t const> x,
+        rust::Slice<std::uint8_t const> y,
+        std::int32_t mode,
+        rust::Slice<std::uint8_t> out) const noexcept;
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::int32_t
+    floatMultiply(
+        rust::Slice<std::uint8_t const> x,
+        rust::Slice<std::uint8_t const> y,
+        std::int32_t mode,
+        rust::Slice<std::uint8_t> out) const noexcept;
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::int32_t
+    floatDivide(
+        rust::Slice<std::uint8_t const> x,
+        rust::Slice<std::uint8_t const> y,
+        std::int32_t mode,
+        rust::Slice<std::uint8_t> out) const noexcept;
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::int32_t
+    floatRoot(
+        rust::Slice<std::uint8_t const> x,
+        std::int32_t n,
+        std::int32_t mode,
+        rust::Slice<std::uint8_t> out) const noexcept;
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::int32_t
+    floatPower(
+        rust::Slice<std::uint8_t const> x,
+        std::int32_t n,
+        std::int32_t mode,
+        rust::Slice<std::uint8_t> out) const noexcept;
+};
+
+}  // namespace xrpl

include/xrpl/tx/wasm/HostFunc.h

@@ -0,0 +1,473 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <xrpl/basics/Slice.h>
+#include <xrpl/basics/base_uint.h>
+#include <xrpl/beast/utility/Journal.h>
+#include <xrpl/protocol/AccountID.h>
+#include <xrpl/protocol/Asset.h>
+#include <xrpl/protocol/SField.h>
+#include <xrpl/protocol/UintTypes.h>
+#include <xrpl/tx/wasm/WasmCommon.h>
+
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <expected>
+#include <string>
+#include <string_view>
+
+namespace xrpl {
+
+namespace wasm_float {
+
+std::string
+floatToString(Slice const& data);
+
+std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+floatFromIntImpl(int64_t x, int32_t mode);
+
+std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+floatFromUintImpl(uint64_t x, int32_t mode);
+
+std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+floatFromSTAmountImpl(STAmount const& x, int32_t mode);
+
+std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+floatFromSTNumberImpl(STNumber const& x, int32_t mode);
+
+std::expected<int64_t, HostFunctionError>
+floatToIntImpl(Slice const& x, int32_t mode);
+
+std::expected<FloatPair, HostFunctionError>
+floatToMantExpImpl(Slice const& x);
+
+std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+floatFromMantExpImpl(int64_t mantissa, int32_t exponent, int32_t mode);
+
+std::expected<int32_t, HostFunctionError>
+floatCompareImpl(Slice const& x, Slice const& y);
+
+std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+floatAddImpl(Slice const& x, Slice const& y, int32_t mode);
+
+std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+floatSubtractImpl(Slice const& x, Slice const& y, int32_t mode);
+
+std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+floatMultiplyImpl(Slice const& x, Slice const& y, int32_t mode);
+
+std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+floatDivideImpl(Slice const& x, Slice const& y, int32_t mode);
+
+std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+floatRootImpl(Slice const& x, int32_t n, int32_t mode);
+
+std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+floatPowerImpl(Slice const& x, int32_t n, int32_t mode);
+
+}  // namespace wasm_float
+
+// Intended to work only through wasm runtime. Don't call them directly, except with unit tests
+class HostFunctions
+{
+protected:
+    beast::Journal j_;
+
+public:
+    HostFunctions(beast::Journal j = beast::Journal{beast::Journal::getNullSink()}) : j_(j)
+    {
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] beast::Journal
+    getJournal() const
+    {
+        return j_;
+    }
+
+    // LCOV_EXCL_START
+
+    [[nodiscard]] virtual bool
+    checkSelf() const
+    {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] [[nodiscard]] virtual std::expected<std::uint32_t, HostFunctionError>
+    getLedgerSqn() const
+    {
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::Unimplemented);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] [[nodiscard]] virtual std::expected<std::uint32_t, HostFunctionError>
+    getParentLedgerTime() const
+    {
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::Unimplemented);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] [[nodiscard]] virtual std::expected<Hash, HostFunctionError>
+    getParentLedgerHash() const
+    {
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::Unimplemented);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] [[nodiscard]] virtual std::expected<uint32_t, HostFunctionError>
+    getBaseFee() const
+    {
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::Unimplemented);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] [[nodiscard]] virtual std::expected<int32_t, HostFunctionError>
+    isAmendmentEnabled(uint256 const& amendmentId) const
+    {
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::Unimplemented);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] [[nodiscard]] virtual std::expected<int32_t, HostFunctionError>
+    isAmendmentEnabled(std::string_view const& amendmentName) const
+    {
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::Unimplemented);
+    }
+
+    virtual std::expected<int32_t, HostFunctionError>
+    cacheLedgerObj(uint256 const& objId, int32_t cacheIdx)
+    {
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::Unimplemented);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] [[nodiscard]] virtual std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    getTxField(SField const& fname) const
+    {
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::Unimplemented);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] [[nodiscard]] virtual std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    getCurrentLedgerObjField(SField const& fname) const
+    {
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::Unimplemented);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] [[nodiscard]] virtual std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    getLedgerObjField(int32_t cacheIdx, SField const& fname) const
+    {
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::Unimplemented);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] [[nodiscard]] virtual std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    getTxNestedField(FieldLocator const& locator) const
+    {
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::Unimplemented);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] [[nodiscard]] virtual std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    getCurrentLedgerObjNestedField(FieldLocator const& locator) const
+    {
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::Unimplemented);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] [[nodiscard]] virtual std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    getLedgerObjNestedField(int32_t cacheIdx, FieldLocator const& locator) const
+    {
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::Unimplemented);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] [[nodiscard]] virtual std::expected<int32_t, HostFunctionError>
+    getTxArrayLen(SField const& fname) const
+    {
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::Unimplemented);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] [[nodiscard]] virtual std::expected<int32_t, HostFunctionError>
+    getCurrentLedgerObjArrayLen(SField const& fname) const
+    {
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::Unimplemented);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] [[nodiscard]] virtual std::expected<int32_t, HostFunctionError>
+    getLedgerObjArrayLen(int32_t cacheIdx, SField const& fname) const
+    {
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::Unimplemented);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] [[nodiscard]] virtual std::expected<int32_t, HostFunctionError>
+    getTxNestedArrayLen(FieldLocator const& locator) const
+    {
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::Unimplemented);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] [[nodiscard]] virtual std::expected<int32_t, HostFunctionError>
+    getCurrentLedgerObjNestedArrayLen(FieldLocator const& locator) const
+    {
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::Unimplemented);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] [[nodiscard]] virtual std::expected<int32_t, HostFunctionError>
+    getLedgerObjNestedArrayLen(int32_t cacheIdx, FieldLocator const& locator) const
+    {
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::Unimplemented);
+    }
+
+    virtual std::expected<int32_t, HostFunctionError>
+    updateData(Slice const& data)
+    {
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::Unimplemented);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] [[nodiscard]] virtual std::expected<int32_t, HostFunctionError>
+    checkSignature(Slice const& message, Slice const& signature, Slice const& pubkey) const
+    {
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::Unimplemented);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] [[nodiscard]] virtual std::expected<Hash, HostFunctionError>
+    computeSha512HalfHash(Slice const& data) const
+    {
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::Unimplemented);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] [[nodiscard]] virtual std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    accountKeylet(AccountID const& account) const
+    {
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::Unimplemented);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] [[nodiscard]] virtual std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    ammKeylet(Asset const& issue1, Asset const& issue2) const
+    {
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::Unimplemented);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] [[nodiscard]] virtual std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    checkKeylet(AccountID const& account, std::uint32_t seq) const
+    {
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::Unimplemented);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] [[nodiscard]] virtual std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    credentialKeylet(AccountID const& subject, AccountID const& issuer, Slice const& credentialType)
+        const
+    {
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::Unimplemented);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] [[nodiscard]] virtual std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    didKeylet(AccountID const& account) const
+    {
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::Unimplemented);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] [[nodiscard]] virtual std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    delegateKeylet(AccountID const& account, AccountID const& authorize) const
+    {
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::Unimplemented);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] [[nodiscard]] virtual std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    depositPreauthKeylet(AccountID const& account, AccountID const& authorize) const
+    {
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::Unimplemented);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] [[nodiscard]] virtual std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    escrowKeylet(AccountID const& account, std::uint32_t seq) const
+    {
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::Unimplemented);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] [[nodiscard]] virtual std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    trustLineKeylet(AccountID const& account1, AccountID const& account2, Currency const& currency)
+        const
+    {
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::Unimplemented);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] [[nodiscard]] virtual std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    mptokenIssuanceKeylet(AccountID const& issuer, std::uint32_t seq) const
+    {
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::Unimplemented);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] [[nodiscard]] virtual std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    mptokenKeylet(MPTID const& mptid, AccountID const& holder) const
+    {
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::Unimplemented);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] [[nodiscard]] virtual std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    nftokenOfferKeylet(AccountID const& account, std::uint32_t seq) const
+    {
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::Unimplemented);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] [[nodiscard]] virtual std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    offerKeylet(AccountID const& account, std::uint32_t seq) const
+    {
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::Unimplemented);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] [[nodiscard]] virtual std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    oracleKeylet(AccountID const& account, std::uint32_t docId) const
+    {
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::Unimplemented);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] [[nodiscard]] virtual std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    paychannelKeylet(AccountID const& account, AccountID const& destination, std::uint32_t seq)
+        const
+    {
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::Unimplemented);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] [[nodiscard]] virtual std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    permissionedDomainKeylet(AccountID const& account, std::uint32_t seq) const
+    {
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::Unimplemented);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] [[nodiscard]] virtual std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    signerListKeylet(AccountID const& account) const
+    {
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::Unimplemented);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] [[nodiscard]] virtual std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    ticketKeylet(AccountID const& account, std::uint32_t seq) const
+    {
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::Unimplemented);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] [[nodiscard]] virtual std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    vaultKeylet(AccountID const& account, std::uint32_t seq) const
+    {
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::Unimplemented);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] [[nodiscard]] virtual std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    getNFT(AccountID const& account, uint256 const& nftId) const
+    {
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::Unimplemented);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] [[nodiscard]] virtual std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    getNFTIssuer(uint256 const& nftId) const
+    {
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::Unimplemented);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] [[nodiscard]] virtual std::expected<std::uint32_t, HostFunctionError>
+    getNFTTaxon(uint256 const& nftId) const
+    {
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::Unimplemented);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] [[nodiscard]] virtual std::expected<int32_t, HostFunctionError>
+    getNFTFlags(uint256 const& nftId) const
+    {
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::Unimplemented);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] [[nodiscard]] virtual std::expected<int32_t, HostFunctionError>
+    getNFTTransferFee(uint256 const& nftId) const
+    {
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::Unimplemented);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] [[nodiscard]] virtual std::expected<std::uint32_t, HostFunctionError>
+    getNFTSequence(uint256 const& nftId) const
+    {
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::Unimplemented);
+    }
+
+    // A no-op rather than Unimplemented: trace only writes to the local log.
+    // trace_wrap has already rendered the guest's buffer into `data`.
+    virtual void
+    trace(std::string_view const& msg, std::string_view const& data) const
+    {
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] [[nodiscard]] virtual std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    floatFromInt(int64_t x, int32_t mode) const
+    {
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::Unimplemented);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] [[nodiscard]] virtual std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    floatFromUint(uint64_t x, int32_t mode) const
+    {
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::Unimplemented);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] [[nodiscard]] virtual std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    floatFromSTAmount(STAmount const& x, int32_t mode) const
+    {
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::Unimplemented);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] [[nodiscard]] virtual std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    floatFromSTNumber(STNumber const& x, int32_t mode) const
+    {
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::Unimplemented);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] [[nodiscard]] virtual std::expected<int64_t, HostFunctionError>
+    floatToInt(Slice const& x, int32_t mode) const
+    {
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::Unimplemented);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] [[nodiscard]] virtual std::expected<FloatPair, HostFunctionError>
+    floatToMantExp(Slice const& x) const
+    {
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::Unimplemented);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] [[nodiscard]] virtual std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    floatFromMantExp(int64_t mantissa, int32_t exponent, int32_t mode) const
+    {
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::Unimplemented);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] [[nodiscard]] virtual std::expected<int32_t, HostFunctionError>
+    floatCompare(Slice const& x, Slice const& y) const
+    {
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::Unimplemented);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] [[nodiscard]] virtual std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    floatAdd(Slice const& x, Slice const& y, int32_t mode) const
+    {
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::Unimplemented);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] [[nodiscard]] virtual std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    floatSubtract(Slice const& x, Slice const& y, int32_t mode) const
+    {
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::Unimplemented);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] [[nodiscard]] virtual std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    floatMultiply(Slice const& x, Slice const& y, int32_t mode) const
+    {
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::Unimplemented);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] [[nodiscard]] virtual std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    floatDivide(Slice const& x, Slice const& y, int32_t mode) const
+    {
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::Unimplemented);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] [[nodiscard]] virtual std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    floatRoot(Slice const& x, int32_t n, int32_t mode) const
+    {
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::Unimplemented);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] [[nodiscard]] virtual std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    floatPower(Slice const& x, int32_t n, int32_t mode) const
+    {
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::Unimplemented);
+    }
+
+    virtual ~HostFunctions() = default;
+    // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
+};
+
+}  // namespace xrpl

include/xrpl/tx/wasm/HostFuncImpl.h

@@ -0,0 +1,290 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <xrpl/basics/Slice.h>
+#include <xrpl/basics/base_uint.h>
+#include <xrpl/beast/utility/Journal.h>
+#include <xrpl/core/ServiceRegistry.h>
+#include <xrpl/protocol/AccountID.h>
+#include <xrpl/protocol/Asset.h>
+#include <xrpl/protocol/Keylet.h>
+#include <xrpl/protocol/SField.h>
+#include <xrpl/protocol/STAmount.h>
+#include <xrpl/protocol/UintTypes.h>
+#include <xrpl/tx/ApplyContext.h>
+#include <xrpl/tx/wasm/HostFunc.h>
+#include <xrpl/tx/wasm/WasmCommon.h>
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <array>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <expected>
+#include <memory>
+#include <optional>
+#include <string_view>
+
+namespace xrpl {
+
+// Intended to work only through wasm runtime. Don't call them directly, except with unit tests
+class WasmHostFunctionsImpl : public HostFunctions
+{
+    ApplyContext& ctx_;
+
+    Keylet leKey_;
+    mutable std::optional<std::shared_ptr<SLE const>> currentLedgerObj_;
+
+    static int constexpr maxCache = 256;
+    std::array<std::shared_ptr<SLE const>, maxCache> cache_;
+
+    std::optional<Bytes> data_;
+
+public:
+    std::expected<std::shared_ptr<SLE const>, HostFunctionError>
+    getCurrentLedgerObj() const
+    {
+        if (!currentLedgerObj_)
+            currentLedgerObj_ = ctx_.view().read(leKey_);
+        if (*currentLedgerObj_)
+            return *currentLedgerObj_;
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::LedgerObjNotFound);
+    }
+
+    std::expected<int32_t, HostFunctionError>
+    normalizeCacheIndex(int32_t cacheIdx) const
+    {
+        --cacheIdx;
+        if (cacheIdx < 0 || cacheIdx >= maxCache)
+            return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::SlotOutRange);
+        if (!cache_[cacheIdx])
+            return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::EmptySlot);
+        return cacheIdx;
+    }
+
+    template <typename F>
+    void
+    log(std::string_view const& msg, F&& dataFn) const
+    {
+#ifdef DEBUG_OUTPUT
+        auto& j = std::cerr;
+#else
+        if (!getJournal().active(beast::Severity::Trace))
+            return;
+        auto j = getJournal().trace();
+#endif
+        j << "WasmTrace[" << toShortString(leKey_.key) << "]: " << msg << " " << dataFn();
+
+#ifdef DEBUG_OUTPUT
+        j << std::endl;
+#endif
+    }
+
+public:
+    WasmHostFunctionsImpl(ApplyContext& ct, Keylet const& leKey)
+        : HostFunctions(ct.journal), ctx_(ct), leKey_(leKey)
+    {
+    }
+
+    bool
+    checkSelf() const override
+    {
+        return !currentLedgerObj_ && !data_ &&
+            std::ranges::none_of(cache_, [](auto const& p) { return !!p; });
+    }
+
+    std::optional<Bytes> const&
+    getData() const
+    {
+        return data_;
+    }
+
+    std::expected<std::uint32_t, HostFunctionError>
+    getLedgerSqn() const override;
+
+    std::expected<std::uint32_t, HostFunctionError>
+    getParentLedgerTime() const override;
+
+    std::expected<Hash, HostFunctionError>
+    getParentLedgerHash() const override;
+
+    std::expected<std::uint32_t, HostFunctionError>
+    getBaseFee() const override;
+
+    std::expected<int32_t, HostFunctionError>
+    isAmendmentEnabled(uint256 const& amendmentId) const override;
+
+    std::expected<int32_t, HostFunctionError>
+    isAmendmentEnabled(std::string_view const& amendmentName) const override;
+
+    std::expected<int32_t, HostFunctionError>
+    cacheLedgerObj(uint256 const& objId, int32_t cacheIdx) override;
+
+    std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    getTxField(SField const& fname) const override;
+
+    std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    getCurrentLedgerObjField(SField const& fname) const override;
+
+    std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    getLedgerObjField(int32_t cacheIdx, SField const& fname) const override;
+
+    std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    getTxNestedField(FieldLocator const& locator) const override;
+
+    std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    getCurrentLedgerObjNestedField(FieldLocator const& locator) const override;
+
+    std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    getLedgerObjNestedField(int32_t cacheIdx, FieldLocator const& locator) const override;
+
+    std::expected<int32_t, HostFunctionError>
+    getTxArrayLen(SField const& fname) const override;
+
+    std::expected<int32_t, HostFunctionError>
+    getCurrentLedgerObjArrayLen(SField const& fname) const override;
+
+    std::expected<int32_t, HostFunctionError>
+    getLedgerObjArrayLen(int32_t cacheIdx, SField const& fname) const override;
+
+    std::expected<int32_t, HostFunctionError>
+    getTxNestedArrayLen(FieldLocator const& locator) const override;
+
+    std::expected<int32_t, HostFunctionError>
+    getCurrentLedgerObjNestedArrayLen(FieldLocator const& locator) const override;
+
+    std::expected<int32_t, HostFunctionError>
+    getLedgerObjNestedArrayLen(int32_t cacheIdx, FieldLocator const& locator) const override;
+
+    std::expected<int32_t, HostFunctionError>
+    updateData(Slice const& data) override;
+
+    std::expected<int32_t, HostFunctionError>
+    checkSignature(Slice const& message, Slice const& signature, Slice const& pubkey)
+        const override;
+
+    std::expected<Hash, HostFunctionError>
+    computeSha512HalfHash(Slice const& data) const override;
+
+    std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    accountKeylet(AccountID const& account) const override;
+
+    std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    ammKeylet(Asset const& issue1, Asset const& issue2) const override;
+
+    std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    checkKeylet(AccountID const& account, std::uint32_t seq) const override;
+
+    std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    credentialKeylet(AccountID const& subject, AccountID const& issuer, Slice const& credentialType)
+        const override;
+
+    std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    didKeylet(AccountID const& account) const override;
+
+    std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    delegateKeylet(AccountID const& account, AccountID const& authorize) const override;
+
+    std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    depositPreauthKeylet(AccountID const& account, AccountID const& authorize) const override;
+
+    std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    escrowKeylet(AccountID const& account, std::uint32_t seq) const override;
+
+    std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    trustLineKeylet(AccountID const& account1, AccountID const& account2, Currency const& currency)
+        const override;
+
+    std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    mptokenIssuanceKeylet(AccountID const& issuer, std::uint32_t seq) const override;
+
+    std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    mptokenKeylet(MPTID const& mptid, AccountID const& holder) const override;
+
+    std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    nftokenOfferKeylet(AccountID const& account, std::uint32_t seq) const override;
+
+    std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    offerKeylet(AccountID const& account, std::uint32_t seq) const override;
+
+    std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    oracleKeylet(AccountID const& account, std::uint32_t docId) const override;
+
+    std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    paychannelKeylet(AccountID const& account, AccountID const& destination, std::uint32_t seq)
+        const override;
+
+    std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    permissionedDomainKeylet(AccountID const& account, std::uint32_t seq) const override;
+
+    std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    signerListKeylet(AccountID const& account) const override;
+
+    std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    ticketKeylet(AccountID const& account, std::uint32_t seq) const override;
+
+    std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    vaultKeylet(AccountID const& account, std::uint32_t seq) const override;
+
+    std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    getNFT(AccountID const& account, uint256 const& nftId) const override;
+
+    std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    getNFTIssuer(uint256 const& nftId) const override;
+
+    std::expected<std::uint32_t, HostFunctionError>
+    getNFTTaxon(uint256 const& nftId) const override;
+
+    std::expected<int32_t, HostFunctionError>
+    getNFTFlags(uint256 const& nftId) const override;
+
+    std::expected<int32_t, HostFunctionError>
+    getNFTTransferFee(uint256 const& nftId) const override;
+
+    std::expected<std::uint32_t, HostFunctionError>
+    getNFTSequence(uint256 const& nftId) const override;
+
+    void
+    trace(std::string_view const& msg, std::string_view const& data) const override;
+
+    std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    floatFromInt(int64_t x, int32_t mode) const override;
+
+    std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    floatFromUint(uint64_t x, int32_t mode) const override;
+
+    std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    floatFromSTAmount(STAmount const& x, int32_t mode) const override;
+
+    std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    floatFromSTNumber(STNumber const& x, int32_t mode) const override;
+
+    std::expected<int64_t, HostFunctionError>
+    floatToInt(Slice const& x, int32_t mode) const override;
+
+    std::expected<FloatPair, HostFunctionError>
+    floatToMantExp(Slice const& x) const override;
+
+    std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    floatFromMantExp(int64_t mantissa, int32_t exponent, int32_t mode) const override;
+
+    std::expected<int32_t, HostFunctionError>
+    floatCompare(Slice const& x, Slice const& y) const override;
+
+    std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    floatAdd(Slice const& x, Slice const& y, int32_t mode) const override;
+
+    std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    floatSubtract(Slice const& x, Slice const& y, int32_t mode) const override;
+
+    std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    floatMultiply(Slice const& x, Slice const& y, int32_t mode) const override;
+
+    std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    floatDivide(Slice const& x, Slice const& y, int32_t mode) const override;
+
+    std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    floatRoot(Slice const& x, int32_t n, int32_t mode) const override;
+
+    std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    floatPower(Slice const& x, int32_t n, int32_t mode) const override;
+};
+
+}  // namespace xrpl

include/xrpl/tx/wasm/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+# WASM Module for Programmable Escrows
+
+WebAssembly execution for programmable escrows. When an escrow is finished, its contract
+runs to decide whether the release conditions are met. Specification:
+[XLS-0102: WASM VM](https://xls.xrpl.org/xls/XLS-0102-wasm-vm.html).
+
+The engine itself is Rust (`crates/xrpl-wasm-vm`, over wasmi), reached through a cxx
+bridge.
+
+## What is in this directory
+
+- **`WasmVM.h`** — the entry points xrpld calls: `runEscrowWasm` (execute a contract,
+  returning a result and its gas cost, or a `WasmTER`) and `preflightEscrowWasm` (screen a
+  module with no host and no execution). Both own their TER maps.
+- **`HostFunc.h`** — the `HostFunctions` interface: one virtual per host function, each
+  defaulting to `Unimplemented`, returning `std::expected<T, HostFunctionError>`.
+- **`HostFuncImpl.h`** — `WasmHostFunctionsImpl`, the implementation over an
+  `ApplyContext&`. Bodies are split across `HostFuncImpl*.cpp` by category.
+- **`HostContext.h`** — the bridge's C++ half: an ABI-shaped, `noexcept` view of
+  `HostFunctions` that the engine calls back into. Nothing may unwind into Rust, so every
+  method routes through `guarded()`.
+- **`WasmCommon.h`** — the shared vocabulary: `HostFunctionError` (the codes a contract
+  sees), `Bytes`, `FieldLocator`, `WasmTER`, `adjustWasmEndianess`, which is where the
+  boundary's byte order is decided, and `guarded()`, the one catch every crossing of the
+  bridge's C++ half goes through.
+
+## Host functions
+
+Grouped by what they reach: ledger information; transaction and ledger-object field access;
+keylet construction; cryptography; float arithmetic; NFT queries; tracing.
+
+The wire names and per-call gas costs are declared in `crates/xrpl-host-functions` —
+one `host_functions!` block that generates the ABI trait and the spec table. That
+declaration is the single source of truth; `HostFunc.h` is the C++ side of it.
+
+## Entry point
+
+A module must export `escrow_finish` (`escrowFunctionName`) taking no parameters and
+returning `int32_t`: positive means the conditions are met, zero or negative rejects the
+finish. Everything the contract needs it asks for through a host call.

include/xrpl/tx/wasm/WasmCommon.h

@@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <xrpl/basics/Log.h>
+#include <xrpl/basics/base_uint.h>
+#include <xrpl/basics/contract.h>
+#include <xrpl/beast/utility/Journal.h>
+#include <xrpl/protocol/TER.h>
+
+#include <bit>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <exception>
+#include <limits>
+#include <optional>
+#include <source_location>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace xrpl {
+
+using Bytes = std::vector<std::uint8_t>;
+using Hash = xrpl::uint256;
+using FloatPair = std::pair<int64_t, int32_t>;
+
+enum class HostFunctionError : int32_t {
+    Unimplemented = -1,
+    FieldNotFound = -2,
+    BufferTooSmall = -3,
+    NoArray = -4,
+    NotLeafField = -5,
+    LocatorMalformed = -6,
+    SlotOutRange = -7,
+    SlotsFull = -8,
+    EmptySlot = -9,
+    LedgerObjNotFound = -10,
+    OutOfTransferLimit = -11,
+    DataFieldTooLarge = -12,
+    PointerOutOfBounds = -13,
+    NoMemExported = -14,
+    InvalidParams = -15,
+    InvalidAccount = -16,
+    InvalidField = -17,
+    IndexOutOfBounds = -18,
+    FloatInputMalformed = -19,
+    FloatComputationError = -20,
+
+    // The call was not served at all, so the engine stops the run and the transaction is
+    // tecINTERNAL rather than the contract being handed a code to interpret. `guarded`
+    // answers it for a host body that throws.
+    //
+    // Outside the -1 ..= -20 range that a contract reads, and the only entry that is: it
+    // needs no number in that range, and INT32_MIN cannot collide with a code appended
+    // above. Negative so that a reader treating it as an ordinary failure is still right.
+    InternalFatal = std::numeric_limits<int32_t>::min(),
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+struct WasmResult
+{
+    T result;
+    int64_t cost;
+};
+using EscrowResult = WasmResult<int32_t>;
+
+// Engine error when wasm does not run to completion. `cost` is the gas consumed
+// when meaningful (tecOUT_OF_GAS / tecFAILED_PROCESSING; caller writes it to tx
+// metadata); std::nullopt for tecINTERNAL and malformed input (no gas reported).
+struct WasmTER
+{
+    TER ter;
+    std::optional<int64_t> cost;
+};
+
+class FieldLocator
+{
+    int32_t const* ptr_ = nullptr;
+    uint32_t size_ = 0;
+    std::vector<int32_t> buf_;
+
+public:
+    FieldLocator(std::vector<int32_t>&& buf)
+        : ptr_(&buf[0]), size_(buf.size()), buf_(std::move(buf))
+    {
+    }
+
+    FieldLocator(int32_t const* ptr, uint32_t const size) : ptr_(ptr), size_(size)
+    {
+    }
+
+    FieldLocator(FieldLocator const&) = delete;
+    FieldLocator&
+    operator=(FieldLocator const&) = delete;
+    FieldLocator(FieldLocator&&) = default;
+    FieldLocator&
+    operator=(FieldLocator&&) = default;
+
+    int32_t
+    operator[](unsigned i) const
+    {
+        if (i >= size_)
+            Throw<std::runtime_error>("index out of bounds");
+        return ptr_[i];
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] uint32_t
+    size() const
+    {
+        return size_;
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] int32_t const*
+    data() const
+    {
+        return ptr_;
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] bool
+    empty() const
+    {
+        return size_ == 0;
+    }
+};
+
+template <typename T, size_t Size = sizeof(T)>
+constexpr T
+adjustWasmEndianessHlp(T x)
+{
+    static_assert(std::is_integral_v<T>, "Only integral types");
+    if constexpr (Size > 1)
+    {
+        using U = std::make_unsigned_t<T>;
+        U u = static_cast<U>(x);
+        U const low = (u & 0xFF) << ((Size - 1) << 3);
+        u = adjustWasmEndianessHlp<U, Size - 1>(u >> 8);
+        return static_cast<T>(low | u);
+    }
+
+    return x;
+}
+
+template <typename T, size_t Size = sizeof(T)>
+constexpr T
+adjustWasmEndianess(T x)
+{
+    // LCOV_EXCL_START
+    static_assert(std::is_integral_v<T>, "Only integral types");
+    if constexpr (std::endian::native == std::endian::big)
+    {
+        return adjustWasmEndianessHlp(x);
+    }
+    return x;
+    // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
+}
+
+constexpr int32_t
+hfErrorToInt(HostFunctionError e)
+{
+    return static_cast<int32_t>(e);
+}
+
+template <class Body>
+std::invoke_result_t<Body>
+guarded(
+    beast::Journal journal,
+    std::invoke_result_t<Body> onThrow,
+    Body&& body,
+    std::source_location const location = std::source_location::current()) noexcept
+{
+    try
+    {
+        return body();
+    }
+    catch (std::exception const& e)
+    {
+        JLOG(journal.error()) << "wasm: " << location.function_name() << " threw: " << e.what();
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        JLOG(journal.error()) << "wasm: " << location.function_name() << " threw";
+    }
+
+    return onThrow;
+}
+
+}  // namespace xrpl

include/xrpl/tx/wasm/WasmVM.h

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <xrpl/beast/utility/Journal.h>
+#include <xrpl/protocol/TER.h>
+#include <xrpl/tx/wasm/HostFunc.h>
+#include <xrpl/tx/wasm/WasmCommon.h>
+
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <expected>
+#include <string_view>
+
+namespace xrpl {
+
+// The export a programmable escrow's contract is run through.
+std::string_view inline constexpr escrowFunctionName = "escrow_finish";
+
+// Run `wasmCode`'s `funcName` export with `gasLimit` gas, servicing its host calls
+// through `hfs`.
+//
+// On success the result is what the contract returned - positive means the escrow may
+// finish - together with the gas it consumed. On failure it is the TER to apply and,
+// when the number means anything, the gas to write to transaction metadata: a contract
+// that traps or exhausts its budget is charged for what it burned, while a `tecINTERNAL`
+// reports no cost because the fault is the node's rather than the transaction's.
+std::expected<EscrowResult, WasmTER>
+runEscrowWasm(
+    Bytes const& wasmCode,
+    HostFunctions& hfs,
+    std::int64_t gasLimit,
+    std::string_view funcName = escrowFunctionName) noexcept;
+
+// Screen `wasmCode`: whether `runEscrowWasm` would refuse it before the contract's
+// first instruction. Compiles the module and reads its imports and exports; runs
+// nothing.
+//
+// Takes no `HostFunctions`, because the verdict comes from the compiled module alone.
+// That is what makes this callable from a transactor's `preflight`, which has no view
+// to build a host over.
+//
+// `temBAD_WASM` for every fault in the module - the transaction carries something this
+// engine cannot run, so it is refused before it can reach the ledger.
+// `telFAILED_PROCESSING` if the engine itself failed: nothing was learned about the
+// module, and a defect here is not evidence that the transaction is malformed.
+NotTEC
+preflightEscrowWasm(
+    Bytes const& wasmCode,
+    beast::Journal j,
+    std::string_view funcName = escrowFunctionName) noexcept;
+
+}  // namespace xrpl

src/libxrpl/protocol/TER.cpp

@@ -108,6 +108,7 @@ transResults()
         MAKE_ERROR(tecPRECISION_LOSS,                "The amounts used by the transaction cannot interact."),
         MAKE_ERROR(tecBAD_PROOF,                     "Proof cannot be verified"),
         MAKE_ERROR(tecNO_SPONSOR_PERMISSION,         "Sponsor has not authorized this transaction."),
+        MAKE_ERROR(tecOUT_OF_GAS,                    "The WASM code ran out of gas during execution."),
 
         MAKE_ERROR(tefALREADY,                     "The exact transaction was already in this ledger."),
         MAKE_ERROR(tefBAD_ADD_AUTH,                "Not authorized to add account."),
@@ -204,6 +205,7 @@ transResults()
         MAKE_ERROR(temBAD_TRANSFER_FEE,          "Malformed: Transfer fee is outside valid range."),
         MAKE_ERROR(temINVALID_INNER_BATCH,       "Malformed: Invalid inner batch transaction."),
         MAKE_ERROR(temBAD_CIPHERTEXT,            "Malformed: Invalid ciphertext."),
+        MAKE_ERROR(temBAD_WASM,                  "Malformed: Provided WASM code is invalid."),
 
         MAKE_ERROR(terRETRY,                  "Retry transaction."),
         MAKE_ERROR(terFUNDS_SPENT,            "DEPRECATED."),

src/libxrpl/tx/wasm/HostFuncImpl.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+#include <xrpl/tx/wasm/HostFuncImpl.h>
+
+#include <xrpl/basics/Slice.h>
+#include <xrpl/protocol/Protocol.h>
+#include <xrpl/protocol/PublicKey.h>
+#include <xrpl/protocol/digest.h>
+#include <xrpl/tx/wasm/WasmCommon.h>
+
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <expected>
+#include <string_view>
+
+namespace xrpl {
+
+// =========================================================
+// SECTION: WRITE FUNCTION
+// =========================================================
+
+std::expected<int32_t, HostFunctionError>
+WasmHostFunctionsImpl::updateData(Slice const& data)
+{
+    if (data.size() > kMaxWasmDataLength)
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::DataFieldTooLarge);
+
+    data_ = Bytes(data.begin(), data.end());
+    return data_->size();
+}
+
+// =========================================================
+// SECTION: UTILS
+// =========================================================
+
+std::expected<int32_t, HostFunctionError>
+WasmHostFunctionsImpl::checkSignature(
+    Slice const& message,
+    Slice const& signature,
+    Slice const& pubkey) const
+{
+    if (!publicKeyType(pubkey))
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::InvalidParams);
+
+    PublicKey const pk(pubkey);
+    return verify(pk, message, signature);
+}
+
+std::expected<Hash, HostFunctionError>
+WasmHostFunctionsImpl::computeSha512HalfHash(Slice const& data) const
+{
+    auto const hash = sha512Half(data);
+    return hash;
+}
+
+void
+WasmHostFunctionsImpl::trace(std::string_view const& msg, std::string_view const& data) const
+{
+    log(msg, [&data] { return data; });
+}
+
+}  // namespace xrpl

src/libxrpl/tx/wasm/HostFuncImplFloat.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,530 @@
+#include <xrpl/basics/Number.h>
+#include <xrpl/basics/Slice.h>
+#include <xrpl/protocol/SField.h>
+#include <xrpl/protocol/STNumber.h>
+#include <xrpl/protocol/Serializer.h>
+#include <xrpl/tx/wasm/HostFunc.h>
+#include <xrpl/tx/wasm/HostFuncImpl.h>
+#include <xrpl/tx/wasm/WasmCommon.h>
+
+#include <boost/algorithm/hex.hpp>
+
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <expected>
+#include <iterator>
+#include <optional>
+#include <string>
+#include <utility>
+
+#ifdef _DEBUG
+// #define DEBUG_OUTPUT 1
+#endif
+
+namespace xrpl {
+
+namespace wasm_float {
+
+namespace detail {
+
+// Decode a serialized STNumber float payload. Returns nullopt if the data is
+// not a well-formed encoding.
+std::optional<Number>
+floatDecode(Slice const& data)
+{
+    static unsigned constexpr encodedFloatSize = 12;
+    if (data.size() != encodedFloatSize)
+        return std::nullopt;
+    try
+    {
+        SerialIter it(data);
+        return STNumber(it, sfNumber).value();
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        return std::nullopt;
+    }
+}
+
+// Build a Number from a raw mantissa/exponent pair. Returns nullopt if the
+// value cannot be represented, e.g. the exponent is out of range.
+std::optional<Number>
+numberFromMantExp(int64_t mantissa, int32_t exponent)
+{
+    try
+    {
+        return Number(mantissa, exponent);
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        return std::nullopt;
+    }
+}
+
+// Serialize a Number to the STNumber float encoding.
+std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+floatEncode(Number const& n)
+{
+    Serializer msg;
+    STNumber(sfNumber, n).add(msg);
+    auto data = msg.getData();
+
+#ifdef DEBUG_OUTPUT
+    std::cout << "m: " << std::setw(20) << n.mantissa() << ", e: " << std::setw(12) << n.exponent()
+              << ", hex: ";
+    std::cout << std::hex << std::uppercase << std::setfill('0');
+    for (auto const& c : data)
+        std::cout << std::setw(2) << (unsigned)c << " ";
+    std::cout << std::dec << std::setfill(' ') << std::endl;
+#endif
+    return std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>(std::move(data));
+}
+
+struct FloatState
+{
+    // Set only when the requested mode is valid; sets the rounding mode on
+    // construction and restores the previous mode on destruction.
+    std::optional<NumberRoundModeGuard> guard;
+
+    explicit FloatState(int32_t mode)
+    {
+        if (auto const rm = Number::checkedRoundingMode(mode))
+            guard.emplace(*rm);
+    }
+
+    explicit
+    operator bool() const
+    {
+        return guard.has_value();
+    }
+};
+
+}  // namespace detail
+
+std::string
+floatToString(Slice const& data)
+{
+    // set default mode as we don't expect it will be used here
+    detail::FloatState const rm(static_cast<int32_t>(Number::RoundingMode::ToNearest));
+    auto const num = detail::floatDecode(data);
+    if (!num)
+    {
+        std::string hex;
+        hex.reserve(data.size() * 2);
+        boost::algorithm::hex(data.begin(), data.end(), std::back_inserter(hex));
+        return "Invalid data: " + hex;
+    }
+    return to_string(*num);
+}
+
+std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+floatFromIntImpl(int64_t x, int32_t mode)
+{
+    try
+    {
+        detail::FloatState const rm(mode);
+        if (!rm)
+            return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::FloatInputMalformed);
+
+        return detail::floatEncode(Number(x));
+    }
+    // LCOV_EXCL_START
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::FloatComputationError);
+    }
+    // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
+}
+
+std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+floatFromUintImpl(uint64_t x, int32_t mode)
+{
+    try
+    {
+        detail::FloatState const rm(mode);
+        if (!rm)
+            return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::FloatInputMalformed);
+
+        return detail::floatEncode(Number(x, 0, Number::Normalized{}));
+    }
+    // LCOV_EXCL_START
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::FloatComputationError);
+    }
+    // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
+}
+
+std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+floatFromSTAmountImpl(STAmount const& x, int32_t mode)
+{
+    try
+    {
+        detail::FloatState const rm(mode);
+        if (!rm)
+            return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::FloatInputMalformed);
+
+        return detail::floatEncode(static_cast<Number>(x));
+    }
+    // LCOV_EXCL_START
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::FloatComputationError);
+    }
+    // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
+}
+
+std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+floatFromSTNumberImpl(STNumber const& x, int32_t mode)
+{
+    try
+    {
+        detail::FloatState const rm(mode);
+        if (!rm)
+            return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::FloatInputMalformed);
+
+        return detail::floatEncode(x.value());
+    }
+    // LCOV_EXCL_START
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::FloatComputationError);
+    }
+    // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
+}
+
+std::expected<int64_t, HostFunctionError>
+floatToIntImpl(Slice const& x, int32_t mode)
+{
+    try
+    {
+        detail::FloatState const rm(mode);
+        if (!rm)
+            return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::FloatInputMalformed);
+
+        auto const num = detail::floatDecode(x);
+        if (!num)
+            return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::FloatInputMalformed);  // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
+        return static_cast<int64_t>(*num);
+    }
+    // LCOV_EXCL_START
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::FloatComputationError);
+    }
+    // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
+}
+
+std::expected<FloatPair, HostFunctionError>
+floatToMantExpImpl(Slice const& x)
+{
+    try
+    {
+        detail::FloatState const rm(static_cast<int32_t>(Number::RoundingMode::ToNearest));
+        if (!rm)
+            return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::FloatInputMalformed);
+
+        auto const num = detail::floatDecode(x);
+        if (!num)
+            return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::FloatInputMalformed);  // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
+
+        return FloatPair(num->mantissa(), num->exponent());
+    }
+    // LCOV_EXCL_START
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::FloatComputationError);
+    }
+    // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
+}
+
+std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+floatFromMantExpImpl(int64_t mantissa, int32_t exponent, int32_t mode)
+{
+    try
+    {
+        detail::FloatState const rm(mode);
+        if (!rm)
+            return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::FloatInputMalformed);
+        auto const num = detail::numberFromMantExp(mantissa, exponent);
+        if (!num)
+            return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::FloatInputMalformed);
+        return detail::floatEncode(*num);
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::FloatComputationError);
+    }
+}
+
+std::expected<int32_t, HostFunctionError>
+floatCompareImpl(Slice const& x, Slice const& y)
+{
+    try
+    {
+        // set default mode as we don't expect it will be used here
+        detail::FloatState const rm(static_cast<int32_t>(Number::RoundingMode::ToNearest));
+
+        auto const xx = detail::floatDecode(x);
+        if (!xx)
+            return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::FloatInputMalformed);
+        auto const yy = detail::floatDecode(y);
+        if (!yy)
+            return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::FloatInputMalformed);
+        if (*xx < *yy)
+            return 2;
+        if (*xx == *yy)
+            return 0;
+        return 1;
+    }
+    // LCOV_EXCL_START
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::FloatComputationError);
+    }
+    // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
+}
+
+std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+floatAddImpl(Slice const& x, Slice const& y, int32_t mode)
+{
+    try
+    {
+        detail::FloatState const rm(mode);
+        if (!rm)
+            return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::FloatInputMalformed);
+
+        auto const xx = detail::floatDecode(x);
+        if (!xx)
+            return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::FloatInputMalformed);
+        auto const yy = detail::floatDecode(y);
+        if (!yy)
+            return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::FloatInputMalformed);
+
+        return detail::floatEncode(*xx + *yy);
+    }
+    // LCOV_EXCL_START
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::FloatComputationError);
+    }
+    // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
+}
+
+std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+floatSubtractImpl(Slice const& x, Slice const& y, int32_t mode)
+{
+    try
+    {
+        detail::FloatState const rm(mode);
+        if (!rm)
+            return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::FloatInputMalformed);
+        auto const xx = detail::floatDecode(x);
+        if (!xx)
+            return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::FloatInputMalformed);
+        auto const yy = detail::floatDecode(y);
+        if (!yy)
+            return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::FloatInputMalformed);
+
+        return detail::floatEncode(*xx - *yy);
+    }
+    // LCOV_EXCL_START
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::FloatComputationError);
+    }
+    // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
+}
+
+std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+floatMultiplyImpl(Slice const& x, Slice const& y, int32_t mode)
+{
+    try
+    {
+        detail::FloatState const rm(mode);
+        if (!rm)
+            return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::FloatInputMalformed);
+        auto const xx = detail::floatDecode(x);
+        if (!xx)
+            return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::FloatInputMalformed);
+        auto const yy = detail::floatDecode(y);
+        if (!yy)
+            return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::FloatInputMalformed);
+
+        return detail::floatEncode(*xx * *yy);
+    }
+    // LCOV_EXCL_START
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::FloatComputationError);
+    }
+    // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
+}
+
+std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+floatDivideImpl(Slice const& x, Slice const& y, int32_t mode)
+{
+    try
+    {
+        detail::FloatState const rm(mode);
+        if (!rm)
+            return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::FloatInputMalformed);
+        auto const xx = detail::floatDecode(x);
+        if (!xx)
+            return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::FloatInputMalformed);
+        auto const yy = detail::floatDecode(y);
+        if (!yy)
+            return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::FloatInputMalformed);
+
+        return detail::floatEncode(*xx / *yy);
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::FloatComputationError);
+    }
+}
+
+std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+floatRootImpl(Slice const& x, int32_t n, int32_t mode)
+{
+    try
+    {
+        if (n < 1)
+            return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::FloatInputMalformed);
+
+        detail::FloatState const rm(mode);
+        if (!rm)
+            return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::FloatInputMalformed);
+
+        auto const xx = detail::floatDecode(x);
+        if (!xx)
+            return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::FloatInputMalformed);
+
+        return detail::floatEncode(root(*xx, n));
+    }
+    // LCOV_EXCL_START
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::FloatComputationError);
+    }
+    // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
+}
+
+std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+floatPowerImpl(Slice const& x, int32_t n, int32_t mode)
+{
+    try
+    {
+        if ((n < 0) || (n > Number::kMaxExponent))
+            return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::FloatInputMalformed);
+
+        detail::FloatState const rm(mode);
+        if (!rm)
+            return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::FloatInputMalformed);
+
+        auto const xx = detail::floatDecode(x);
+        if (!xx)
+            return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::FloatInputMalformed);
+        if (*xx == Number() && (n == 0))
+            return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::InvalidParams);
+
+        return detail::floatEncode(power(*xx, n, 1));
+    }
+    // LCOV_EXCL_START
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::FloatComputationError);
+    }
+    // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
+}
+
+}  // namespace wasm_float
+
+// =========================================================
+// ACTUAL HOST FUNCTIONS
+// =========================================================
+
+std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+WasmHostFunctionsImpl::floatFromInt(int64_t x, int32_t mode) const
+{
+    return wasm_float::floatFromIntImpl(x, mode);
+}
+
+std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+WasmHostFunctionsImpl::floatFromUint(uint64_t x, int32_t mode) const
+{
+    return wasm_float::floatFromUintImpl(x, mode);
+}
+
+std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+WasmHostFunctionsImpl::floatFromSTAmount(STAmount const& x, int32_t mode) const
+{
+    return wasm_float::floatFromSTAmountImpl(x, mode);
+}
+
+std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+WasmHostFunctionsImpl::floatFromSTNumber(STNumber const& x, int32_t mode) const
+{
+    return wasm_float::floatFromSTNumberImpl(x, mode);
+}
+
+std::expected<int64_t, HostFunctionError>
+WasmHostFunctionsImpl::floatToInt(Slice const& x, int32_t mode) const
+{
+    return wasm_float::floatToIntImpl(x, mode);
+}
+
+std::expected<FloatPair, HostFunctionError>
+WasmHostFunctionsImpl::floatToMantExp(Slice const& x) const
+{
+    return wasm_float::floatToMantExpImpl(x);
+}
+
+std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+WasmHostFunctionsImpl::floatFromMantExp(int64_t mantissa, int32_t exponent, int32_t mode) const
+{
+    return wasm_float::floatFromMantExpImpl(mantissa, exponent, mode);
+}
+
+std::expected<int32_t, HostFunctionError>
+WasmHostFunctionsImpl::floatCompare(Slice const& x, Slice const& y) const
+{
+    return wasm_float::floatCompareImpl(x, y);
+}
+
+std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+WasmHostFunctionsImpl::floatAdd(Slice const& x, Slice const& y, int32_t mode) const
+{
+    return wasm_float::floatAddImpl(x, y, mode);
+}
+
+std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+WasmHostFunctionsImpl::floatSubtract(Slice const& x, Slice const& y, int32_t mode) const
+{
+    return wasm_float::floatSubtractImpl(x, y, mode);
+}
+
+std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+WasmHostFunctionsImpl::floatMultiply(Slice const& x, Slice const& y, int32_t mode) const
+{
+    return wasm_float::floatMultiplyImpl(x, y, mode);
+}
+
+std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+WasmHostFunctionsImpl::floatDivide(Slice const& x, Slice const& y, int32_t mode) const
+{
+    return wasm_float::floatDivideImpl(x, y, mode);
+}
+
+std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+WasmHostFunctionsImpl::floatRoot(Slice const& x, int32_t n, int32_t mode) const
+{
+    return wasm_float::floatRootImpl(x, n, mode);
+}
+
+std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+WasmHostFunctionsImpl::floatPower(Slice const& x, int32_t n, int32_t mode) const
+{
+    return wasm_float::floatPowerImpl(x, n, mode);
+}
+
+}  // namespace xrpl

src/libxrpl/tx/wasm/HostFuncImplGetter.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,400 @@
+#include <xrpl/basics/base_uint.h>
+#include <xrpl/basics/contract.h>
+#include <xrpl/beast/utility/instrumentation.h>
+#include <xrpl/protocol/Asset.h>
+#include <xrpl/protocol/Indexes.h>
+#include <xrpl/protocol/MPTIssue.h>
+#include <xrpl/protocol/SField.h>
+#include <xrpl/protocol/STBase.h>
+#include <xrpl/protocol/STBitString.h>
+#include <xrpl/protocol/STObject.h>
+#include <xrpl/protocol/Serializer.h>
+#include <xrpl/tx/wasm/HostFuncImpl.h>
+#include <xrpl/tx/wasm/WasmCommon.h>
+
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <expected>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <utility>
+#include <variant>
+
+namespace xrpl {
+
+using FieldValue = std::variant<STBase const*, uint256 const*>;
+
+template <class T>
+Bytes
+getIntBytes(STBase const* obj)
+{
+    static_assert(std::is_integral_v<T>, "Only integral types");
+    XRPL_ASSERT(obj, "getIntBytes null pointer");
+
+    auto const* num(static_cast<STInteger<T> const*>(obj));  // NOLINT
+    T const data = adjustWasmEndianess(num->value());
+    auto const* b = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t const*>(&data);
+    return Bytes{b, b + sizeof(T)};
+}
+
+static std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+getAnyFieldData(STBase const* obj)
+{
+    if (obj == nullptr)
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::FieldNotFound);
+
+    auto const stype = obj->getSType();
+    switch (stype)
+    {
+        // LCOV_EXCL_START
+        case STI_UNKNOWN:
+        case STI_NOTPRESENT:
+            return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::FieldNotFound);
+            // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
+
+        case STI_OBJECT:
+        case STI_ARRAY:
+        case STI_VECTOR256:
+            return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::NotLeafField);
+
+        case STI_ACCOUNT: {
+            auto const* account(static_cast<STAccount const*>(obj));  // NOLINT
+            auto const& data = account->value();
+            return Bytes{data.begin(), data.end()};
+        }
+
+        case STI_ISSUE: {
+            auto const* issue(static_cast<STIssue const*>(obj));  // NOLINT
+            Asset const& asset(issue->value());
+            // XRP and IOU will be processed by serializer
+            if (asset.holds<MPTIssue>())
+            {
+                auto const& mptIssue = asset.get<MPTIssue>();
+                auto const& mptID = mptIssue.getMptID();
+                return Bytes{mptID.cbegin(), mptID.cend()};
+            }
+            break;  // Use serializer
+        }
+
+        case STI_VL: {
+            auto const* vl(static_cast<STBlob const*>(obj));  // NOLINT
+            auto const& data = vl->value();
+            return Bytes{data.begin(), data.end()};
+        }
+
+        case STI_UINT16:
+            return getIntBytes<std::uint16_t>(obj);
+
+        case STI_UINT32:
+            return getIntBytes<std::uint32_t>(obj);
+
+        // LCOV_EXCL_START
+        case STI_UINT64:
+            return getIntBytes<std::uint64_t>(obj);
+
+        case STI_INT32:
+            return getIntBytes<std::int32_t>(obj);
+
+        case STI_INT64:
+            return getIntBytes<std::int64_t>(obj);
+            // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
+
+        case STI_UINT256: {
+            auto const* uint256Obj(static_cast<STUInt256 const*>(obj));  // NOLINT
+            auto const& data = uint256Obj->value();
+            return Bytes{data.begin(), data.end()};
+        }
+
+        case STI_AMOUNT:
+        case STI_NUMBER:
+        default:
+            break;  // Use serializer
+    }
+
+    Serializer msg;
+    obj->add(msg);
+    return msg.getData();
+}
+
+static std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+getAnyFieldData(FieldValue const& variantObj)
+{
+    if (STBase const* const* obj = std::get_if<STBase const*>(&variantObj))
+        return getAnyFieldData(*obj);
+
+    if (uint256 const* const* u = std::get_if<uint256 const*>(&variantObj))
+        return Bytes((*u)->begin(), (*u)->end());
+
+    // Unreachable: the variant only holds the two alternatives above. If not, it is an
+    // xrpld bug, and `guarded` turns the throw into `InternalFatal`, which stops the run ->
+    // tecINTERNAL.
+    Throw<std::runtime_error>("field value variant holds neither alternative");  // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
+}
+
+static inline bool
+noField(STBase const* field)
+{
+    return (field == nullptr) || (STI_NOTPRESENT == field->getSType()) ||
+        (STI_UNKNOWN == field->getSType());
+}
+
+static std::expected<FieldValue, HostFunctionError>
+locateField(STObject const& obj, FieldLocator const& locator)
+{
+    STBase const* field = nullptr;
+    auto const& knownSFields = SField::getKnownCodeToField();
+
+    {
+        int32_t const sfieldCode = adjustWasmEndianess(locator[0]);
+        auto const it = knownSFields.find(sfieldCode);
+        if (it == knownSFields.end())
+            return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::InvalidField);
+
+        auto const& fname(*it->second);
+        field = obj.peekAtPField(fname);
+        if (noField(field))
+            return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::FieldNotFound);
+    }
+
+    for (unsigned i = 1; i < locator.size(); ++i)
+    {
+        int32_t const sfieldCode = adjustWasmEndianess(locator[i]);
+
+        if (STI_ARRAY == field->getSType())
+        {
+            auto const* arr = static_cast<STArray const*>(field);  // NOLINT
+            if (sfieldCode < 0 || std::cmp_greater_equal(sfieldCode, arr->size()))
+                return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::IndexOutOfBounds);
+            field = &(arr->operator[](sfieldCode));
+        }
+        else if (STI_OBJECT == field->getSType())
+        {
+            auto const* o = static_cast<STObject const*>(field);  // NOLINT
+
+            auto const it = knownSFields.find(sfieldCode);
+            if (it == knownSFields.end())
+                return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::InvalidField);
+
+            auto const& fname(*it->second);
+            field = o->peekAtPField(fname);
+        }
+        else if (STI_VECTOR256 == field->getSType())
+        {
+            auto const* v = static_cast<STVector256 const*>(field);  // NOLINT
+            if (sfieldCode < 0 || std::cmp_greater_equal(sfieldCode, v->size()))
+                return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::IndexOutOfBounds);
+            return FieldValue(&(v->operator[](sfieldCode)));
+        }
+        else  // simple field must be the last one
+        {
+            return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::LocatorMalformed);
+        }
+
+        if (noField(field))
+            return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::FieldNotFound);
+    }
+
+    return FieldValue(field);
+}
+
+static inline std::expected<int32_t, HostFunctionError>
+getArrayLen(FieldValue const& variantField)
+{
+    if (STBase const* const* field = std::get_if<STBase const*>(&variantField))
+    {
+        if ((*field)->getSType() == STI_VECTOR256)
+            return static_cast<STVector256 const*>(*field)->size();  // NOLINT
+        if ((*field)->getSType() == STI_ARRAY)
+            return static_cast<STArray const*>(*field)->size();  // NOLINT
+    }
+    // uint256 is not an array so that variant should still return NO_ARRAY
+
+    return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::NoArray);  // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
+}
+
+std::expected<int32_t, HostFunctionError>
+WasmHostFunctionsImpl::cacheLedgerObj(uint256 const& objId, int32_t cacheIdx)
+{
+    auto const& keylet = keylet::unchecked(objId);
+    if (cacheIdx < 0 || cacheIdx > maxCache)
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::SlotOutRange);
+
+    if (cacheIdx == 0)
+    {
+        for (cacheIdx = 0; cacheIdx < maxCache; ++cacheIdx)
+        {
+            if (!cache_[cacheIdx])
+                break;
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        cacheIdx--;  // convert to 0-based index
+    }
+
+    if (cacheIdx >= maxCache)
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::SlotsFull);
+
+    cache_[cacheIdx] = ctx_.view().read(keylet);
+    if (!cache_[cacheIdx])
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::LedgerObjNotFound);
+    return cacheIdx + 1;  // return 1-based index
+}
+
+// Subsection: top level getters
+
+std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+WasmHostFunctionsImpl::getTxField(SField const& fname) const
+{
+    return getAnyFieldData(ctx_.tx.peekAtPField(fname));
+}
+
+std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+WasmHostFunctionsImpl::getCurrentLedgerObjField(SField const& fname) const
+{
+    auto const sle = getCurrentLedgerObj();
+    if (!sle.has_value())
+        return std::unexpected(sle.error());
+    return getAnyFieldData(sle.value()->peekAtPField(fname));
+}
+
+std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+WasmHostFunctionsImpl::getLedgerObjField(int32_t cacheIdx, SField const& fname) const
+{
+    auto const normalizedIdx = normalizeCacheIndex(cacheIdx);
+    if (!normalizedIdx.has_value())
+        return std::unexpected(normalizedIdx.error());
+    return getAnyFieldData(cache_[normalizedIdx.value()]->peekAtPField(fname));
+}
+
+// Subsection: nested getters
+
+std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+WasmHostFunctionsImpl::getTxNestedField(FieldLocator const& locator) const
+{
+    auto const r = locateField(ctx_.tx, locator);
+    if (!r)
+        return std::unexpected(r.error());
+
+    return getAnyFieldData(r.value());
+}
+
+std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+WasmHostFunctionsImpl::getCurrentLedgerObjNestedField(FieldLocator const& locator) const
+{
+    auto const sle = getCurrentLedgerObj();
+    if (!sle.has_value())
+        return std::unexpected(sle.error());
+
+    auto const r = locateField(*sle.value(), locator);
+    if (!r)
+        return std::unexpected(r.error());
+
+    return getAnyFieldData(r.value());
+}
+
+std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+WasmHostFunctionsImpl::getLedgerObjNestedField(int32_t cacheIdx, FieldLocator const& locator) const
+{
+    auto const normalizedIdx = normalizeCacheIndex(cacheIdx);
+    if (!normalizedIdx.has_value())
+        return std::unexpected(normalizedIdx.error());
+
+    auto const r = locateField(*cache_[normalizedIdx.value()], locator);
+    if (!r)
+        return std::unexpected(r.error());
+
+    return getAnyFieldData(r.value());
+}
+
+// Subsection: array length getters
+
+std::expected<int32_t, HostFunctionError>
+WasmHostFunctionsImpl::getTxArrayLen(SField const& fname) const
+{
+    if (fname.fieldType != STI_ARRAY && fname.fieldType != STI_VECTOR256)
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::NoArray);
+
+    auto const* field = ctx_.tx.peekAtPField(fname);
+    if (noField(field))
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::FieldNotFound);
+
+    return getArrayLen(field);
+}
+
+std::expected<int32_t, HostFunctionError>
+WasmHostFunctionsImpl::getCurrentLedgerObjArrayLen(SField const& fname) const
+{
+    if (fname.fieldType != STI_ARRAY && fname.fieldType != STI_VECTOR256)
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::NoArray);
+
+    auto const sle = getCurrentLedgerObj();
+    if (!sle.has_value())
+        return std::unexpected(sle.error());
+
+    auto const* field = sle.value()->peekAtPField(fname);
+    if (noField(field))
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::FieldNotFound);
+
+    return getArrayLen(field);
+}
+
+std::expected<int32_t, HostFunctionError>
+WasmHostFunctionsImpl::getLedgerObjArrayLen(int32_t cacheIdx, SField const& fname) const
+{
+    if (fname.fieldType != STI_ARRAY && fname.fieldType != STI_VECTOR256)
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::NoArray);
+
+    auto const normalizedIdx = normalizeCacheIndex(cacheIdx);
+    if (!normalizedIdx.has_value())
+        return std::unexpected(normalizedIdx.error());
+
+    auto const* field = cache_[normalizedIdx.value()]->peekAtPField(fname);
+    if (noField(field))
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::FieldNotFound);
+
+    return getArrayLen(field);
+}
+
+// Subsection: nested array length getters
+
+std::expected<int32_t, HostFunctionError>
+WasmHostFunctionsImpl::getTxNestedArrayLen(FieldLocator const& locator) const
+{
+    auto const r = locateField(ctx_.tx, locator);
+    if (!r)
+        return std::unexpected(r.error());
+
+    auto const& field = r.value();
+    return getArrayLen(field);
+}
+
+std::expected<int32_t, HostFunctionError>
+WasmHostFunctionsImpl::getCurrentLedgerObjNestedArrayLen(FieldLocator const& locator) const
+{
+    auto const sle = getCurrentLedgerObj();
+    if (!sle.has_value())
+        return std::unexpected(sle.error());
+    auto const r = locateField(*sle.value(), locator);
+    if (!r)
+        return std::unexpected(r.error());
+
+    auto const& field = r.value();
+    return getArrayLen(field);
+}
+
+std::expected<int32_t, HostFunctionError>
+WasmHostFunctionsImpl::getLedgerObjNestedArrayLen(int32_t cacheIdx, FieldLocator const& locator)
+    const
+{
+    auto const normalizedIdx = normalizeCacheIndex(cacheIdx);
+    if (!normalizedIdx.has_value())
+        return std::unexpected(normalizedIdx.error());
+
+    auto const r = locateField(*cache_[normalizedIdx.value()], locator);
+    if (!r)
+        return std::unexpected(r.error());
+
+    auto const& field = r.value();
+    return getArrayLen(field);
+}
+
+}  // namespace xrpl

src/libxrpl/tx/wasm/HostFuncImplKeylet.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,223 @@
+#include <xrpl/basics/Slice.h>
+#include <xrpl/protocol/AccountID.h>
+#include <xrpl/protocol/Asset.h>
+#include <xrpl/protocol/Indexes.h>
+#include <xrpl/protocol/MPTIssue.h>
+#include <xrpl/protocol/Protocol.h>
+#include <xrpl/protocol/SeqProxy.h>
+#include <xrpl/protocol/UintTypes.h>
+#include <xrpl/tx/wasm/HostFuncImpl.h>
+#include <xrpl/tx/wasm/WasmCommon.h>
+
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <expected>
+
+namespace xrpl {
+
+std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+WasmHostFunctionsImpl::accountKeylet(AccountID const& account) const
+{
+    if (!account)
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::InvalidAccount);
+    auto const keylet = keylet::account(account);
+    return Bytes{keylet.key.begin(), keylet.key.end()};
+}
+
+std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+WasmHostFunctionsImpl::ammKeylet(Asset const& issue1, Asset const& issue2) const
+{
+    if (issue1 == issue2)
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::InvalidParams);
+
+    // note: this should be removed with the MPT DEX amendment
+    if (issue1.holds<MPTIssue>() || issue2.holds<MPTIssue>())
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::InvalidParams);
+
+    auto const keylet = keylet::amm(issue1, issue2);
+    return Bytes{keylet.key.begin(), keylet.key.end()};
+}
+
+std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+WasmHostFunctionsImpl::checkKeylet(AccountID const& account, std::uint32_t seq) const
+{
+    if (!account)
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::InvalidAccount);
+    auto const keylet = keylet::check(account, SeqProxy::rawSequence(seq));
+    return Bytes{keylet.key.begin(), keylet.key.end()};
+}
+
+std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+WasmHostFunctionsImpl::credentialKeylet(
+    AccountID const& subject,
+    AccountID const& issuer,
+    Slice const& credentialType) const
+{
+    if (!subject || !issuer)
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::InvalidAccount);
+
+    if (credentialType.empty() || credentialType.size() > kMaxCredentialTypeLength)
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::InvalidParams);
+
+    auto const keylet = keylet::credential(subject, issuer, credentialType);
+
+    return Bytes{keylet.key.begin(), keylet.key.end()};
+}
+
+std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+WasmHostFunctionsImpl::didKeylet(AccountID const& account) const
+{
+    if (!account)
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::InvalidAccount);
+    auto const keylet = keylet::did(account);
+    return Bytes{keylet.key.begin(), keylet.key.end()};
+}
+
+std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+WasmHostFunctionsImpl::delegateKeylet(AccountID const& account, AccountID const& authorize) const
+{
+    if (!account || !authorize)
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::InvalidAccount);
+    if (account == authorize)
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::InvalidParams);
+    auto const keylet = keylet::delegate(account, authorize);
+    return Bytes{keylet.key.begin(), keylet.key.end()};
+}
+
+std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+WasmHostFunctionsImpl::depositPreauthKeylet(AccountID const& account, AccountID const& authorize)
+    const
+{
+    if (!account || !authorize)
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::InvalidAccount);
+    if (account == authorize)
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::InvalidParams);
+    auto const keylet = keylet::depositPreauth(account, authorize);
+    return Bytes{keylet.key.begin(), keylet.key.end()};
+}
+
+std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+WasmHostFunctionsImpl::escrowKeylet(AccountID const& account, std::uint32_t seq) const
+{
+    if (!account)
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::InvalidAccount);
+    auto const keylet = keylet::escrow(account, SeqProxy::rawSequence(seq));
+    return Bytes{keylet.key.begin(), keylet.key.end()};
+}
+
+std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+WasmHostFunctionsImpl::trustLineKeylet(
+    AccountID const& account1,
+    AccountID const& account2,
+    Currency const& currency) const
+{
+    if (!account1 || !account2)
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::InvalidAccount);
+    if (account1 == account2)
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::InvalidParams);
+    if (currency.isZero())
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::InvalidParams);
+
+    auto const keylet = keylet::trustLine(account1, account2, currency);
+    return Bytes{keylet.key.begin(), keylet.key.end()};
+}
+
+std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+WasmHostFunctionsImpl::mptokenIssuanceKeylet(AccountID const& issuer, std::uint32_t seq) const
+{
+    if (!issuer)
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::InvalidAccount);
+
+    auto const keylet = keylet::mptokenIssuance(makeMptID(seq, issuer));
+    return Bytes{keylet.key.begin(), keylet.key.end()};
+}
+
+std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+WasmHostFunctionsImpl::mptokenKeylet(MPTID const& mptid, AccountID const& holder) const
+{
+    if (!mptid)
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::InvalidParams);
+    if (!holder)
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::InvalidAccount);
+
+    auto const keylet = keylet::mptoken(mptid, holder);
+    return Bytes{keylet.key.begin(), keylet.key.end()};
+}
+
+std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+WasmHostFunctionsImpl::nftokenOfferKeylet(AccountID const& account, std::uint32_t seq) const
+{
+    if (!account)
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::InvalidAccount);
+    auto const keylet = keylet::nftokenOffer(account, SeqProxy::rawSequence(seq));
+    return Bytes{keylet.key.begin(), keylet.key.end()};
+}
+
+std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+WasmHostFunctionsImpl::offerKeylet(AccountID const& account, std::uint32_t seq) const
+{
+    if (!account)
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::InvalidAccount);
+    auto const keylet = keylet::offer(account, SeqProxy::rawSequence(seq));
+    return Bytes{keylet.key.begin(), keylet.key.end()};
+}
+
+std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+WasmHostFunctionsImpl::oracleKeylet(AccountID const& account, std::uint32_t documentId) const
+{
+    if (!account)
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::InvalidAccount);
+    auto const keylet = keylet::oracle(account, documentId);
+    return Bytes{keylet.key.begin(), keylet.key.end()};
+}
+
+std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+WasmHostFunctionsImpl::paychannelKeylet(
+    AccountID const& account,
+    AccountID const& destination,
+    std::uint32_t seq) const
+{
+    if (!account || !destination)
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::InvalidAccount);
+    if (account == destination)
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::InvalidParams);
+    auto const keylet = keylet::payChannel(account, destination, SeqProxy::rawSequence(seq));
+    return Bytes{keylet.key.begin(), keylet.key.end()};
+}
+
+std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+WasmHostFunctionsImpl::permissionedDomainKeylet(AccountID const& account, std::uint32_t seq) const
+{
+    if (!account)
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::InvalidAccount);
+    auto const keylet = keylet::permissionedDomain(account, SeqProxy::rawSequence(seq));
+    return Bytes{keylet.key.begin(), keylet.key.end()};
+}
+
+std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+WasmHostFunctionsImpl::signerListKeylet(AccountID const& account) const
+{
+    if (!account)
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::InvalidAccount);
+    auto const keylet = keylet::signerList(account);
+    return Bytes{keylet.key.begin(), keylet.key.end()};
+}
+
+std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+WasmHostFunctionsImpl::ticketKeylet(AccountID const& account, std::uint32_t seq) const
+{
+    if (!account)
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::InvalidAccount);
+    auto const keylet = keylet::ticket(account, SeqProxy::rawTicket(seq));
+    return Bytes{keylet.key.begin(), keylet.key.end()};
+}
+
+std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+WasmHostFunctionsImpl::vaultKeylet(AccountID const& account, std::uint32_t seq) const
+{
+    if (!account)
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::InvalidAccount);
+    auto const keylet = keylet::vault(account, SeqProxy::rawSequence(seq));
+    return Bytes{keylet.key.begin(), keylet.key.end()};
+}
+
+}  // namespace xrpl

src/libxrpl/tx/wasm/HostFuncImplLedgerHeader.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+#include <xrpl/basics/base_uint.h>
+#include <xrpl/ledger/AmendmentTable.h>
+#include <xrpl/tx/wasm/HostFuncImpl.h>
+#include <xrpl/tx/wasm/WasmCommon.h>
+
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <expected>
+#include <string>
+#include <string_view>
+
+namespace xrpl {
+
+// =========================================================
+// SECTION: LEDGER HEADER FUNCTIONS
+// =========================================================
+
+std::expected<std::uint32_t, HostFunctionError>
+WasmHostFunctionsImpl::getLedgerSqn() const
+{
+    return ctx_.view().seq();
+}
+
+std::expected<std::uint32_t, HostFunctionError>
+WasmHostFunctionsImpl::getParentLedgerTime() const
+{
+    return ctx_.view().parentCloseTime().time_since_epoch().count();
+}
+
+std::expected<Hash, HostFunctionError>
+WasmHostFunctionsImpl::getParentLedgerHash() const
+{
+    return ctx_.view().header().parentHash;
+}
+
+std::expected<std::uint32_t, HostFunctionError>
+WasmHostFunctionsImpl::getBaseFee() const
+{
+    return ctx_.view().fees().base.drops();
+}
+
+std::expected<int32_t, HostFunctionError>
+WasmHostFunctionsImpl::isAmendmentEnabled(uint256 const& amendmentId) const
+{
+    return ctx_.view().rules().enabled(amendmentId);
+}
+
+std::expected<int32_t, HostFunctionError>
+WasmHostFunctionsImpl::isAmendmentEnabled(std::string_view const& amendmentName) const
+{
+    auto const& table = ctx_.registry.get().getAmendmentTable();
+    auto const amendment = table.find(std::string(amendmentName));
+    return ctx_.view().rules().enabled(amendment);
+}
+
+}  // namespace xrpl

src/libxrpl/tx/wasm/HostFuncImplNFT.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+#include <xrpl/basics/Slice.h>
+#include <xrpl/basics/base_uint.h>
+#include <xrpl/ledger/helpers/NFTokenHelpers.h>
+#include <xrpl/protocol/AccountID.h>
+#include <xrpl/protocol/SField.h>
+#include <xrpl/protocol/nft.h>
+#include <xrpl/tx/wasm/HostFuncImpl.h>
+#include <xrpl/tx/wasm/WasmCommon.h>
+
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <expected>
+
+namespace xrpl {
+
+// =========================================================
+// SECTION: NFT UTILS
+// =========================================================
+
+std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+WasmHostFunctionsImpl::getNFT(AccountID const& account, uint256 const& nftId) const
+{
+    if (!account)
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::InvalidAccount);
+
+    if (!nftId)
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::InvalidParams);
+
+    auto obj = nft::findToken(ctx_.view(), account, nftId);
+    if (!obj)
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::LedgerObjNotFound);
+
+    auto objUri = obj->at(~sfURI);
+    if (!objUri)
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::FieldNotFound);
+
+    Slice const s = objUri->value();
+    return Bytes(s.begin(), s.end());
+}
+
+std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+WasmHostFunctionsImpl::getNFTIssuer(uint256 const& nftId) const
+{
+    auto const issuer = nft::getIssuer(nftId);
+    if (!issuer)
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::InvalidParams);
+
+    return Bytes{issuer.begin(), issuer.end()};
+}
+
+std::expected<std::uint32_t, HostFunctionError>
+WasmHostFunctionsImpl::getNFTTaxon(uint256 const& nftId) const
+{
+    return nft::toUInt32(nft::getTaxon(nftId));
+}
+
+std::expected<int32_t, HostFunctionError>
+WasmHostFunctionsImpl::getNFTFlags(uint256 const& nftId) const
+{
+    return nft::getFlags(nftId);
+}
+
+std::expected<int32_t, HostFunctionError>
+WasmHostFunctionsImpl::getNFTTransferFee(uint256 const& nftId) const
+{
+    return nft::getTransferFee(nftId);
+}
+
+std::expected<std::uint32_t, HostFunctionError>
+WasmHostFunctionsImpl::getNFTSequence(uint256 const& nftId) const
+{
+    return nft::getSequence(nftId);
+}
+
+}  // namespace xrpl

src/libxrpl/tx/wasm/WasmVM.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+#include <xrpl/tx/wasm/WasmVM.h>
+
+#include <xrpl/basics/Log.h>
+#include <xrpl/beast/utility/Journal.h>
+#include <xrpl/beast/utility/instrumentation.h>
+#include <xrpl/protocol/TER.h>
+#include <xrpl/tx/wasm/HostContext.h>
+#include <xrpl/tx/wasm/HostFunc.h>
+#include <xrpl/tx/wasm/WasmCommon.h>
+
+#include <rust/cxx.h>
+#include <xrpl_wasm_vm_ffi_cxxbridge/lib.h>
+
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <expected>
+#include <optional>
+#include <string_view>
+
+namespace xrpl {
+
+namespace {
+
+using RunStatus = rs::wasm_vm::RunStatus;
+using CheckStatus = rs::wasm_vm::CheckStatus;
+
+// The engine's outcome as the caller's: a value with its cost, or a TER with the cost to
+// record beside it.
+//
+// A `tecINTERNAL` reports no cost. It says the fault is the node's, and charging a
+// transaction for a node's defect would write that defect into the ledger.
+//
+// Exhaustive over the status enum, with no `default`: the enum is generated from the
+// engine's `RunError`, so an outcome added there fails this switch under -Wswitch -Werror
+// rather than quietly picking up a neighbour's TER. The return past the switch is for the
+// compilers that will not call an exhaustive switch exhaustive; it sits after the switch,
+// not in a `default`, so the coverage check above still holds.
+std::expected<EscrowResult, WasmTER>
+outcome(rs::wasm_vm::RunResult const& run)
+{
+    auto const cost = static_cast<std::int64_t>(run.gas_used);
+
+    switch (run.status)
+    {
+        case RunStatus::Ok:
+            return EscrowResult{.result = run.result, .cost = cost};
+
+        // The cost is the whole limit: XLS-0102 halts the guest the instant the meter runs
+        // out, and the run is charged for all of it.
+        case RunStatus::OutOfGas:
+            return std::unexpected{WasmTER{.ter = tecOUT_OF_GAS, .cost = cost}};
+
+        // The contract's own fault - it trapped, or it never exported the linear memory
+        // its host calls need - so it is charged for what it burned reaching that point.
+        case RunStatus::Trap:
+        case RunStatus::NoMemory:
+        // A module that will not instantiate is the contract's fault too. Screening
+        // cannot see every way this happens - a linear memory the module keeps to itself
+        // is absent from its exports - so a module can pass preflight and still be
+        // refused here. It is a deterministic property of the code either way, and one
+        // this node's own conduct had no part in.
+        case RunStatus::Instantiate:
+            return std::unexpected{WasmTER{.ter = tecFAILED_PROCESSING, .cost = cost}};
+
+        // A module that will not compile, or does not expose the entry point, should have
+        // been refused at preflight with `temBAD_WASM`: screening decides both from the
+        // same bytes and the same engine, so agreeing here is not a matter of degree.
+        // Reaching apply means the screening did not happen, which is a node-side fault
+        // rather than the transaction's.
+        case RunStatus::Compile:
+        case RunStatus::EntryPoint:
+        // The host could not serve a call, or it threw and `HostContext` caught it.
+        case RunStatus::Internal:
+        // The engine panicked: a defect in the engine, reported rather than fatal to the
+        // node.
+        case RunStatus::Panic:
+            return std::unexpected{WasmTER{.ter = tecINTERNAL, .cost = std::nullopt}};
+    }
+    UNREACHABLE("xrpl::outcome : unknown RunStatus");
+    return std::unexpected{WasmTER{.ter = tecINTERNAL, .cost = std::nullopt}};
+}
+
+// A screening verdict as a TER.
+//
+// `temBAD_WASM` says the transaction carries something this engine cannot run: a
+// malformed transaction, refused before it can reach the ledger. A panic inside the
+// engine is different in kind - nothing was learned about the module - so the answer is
+// node-local rather than a claim about the transaction.
+//
+// Exhaustive over the status enum, with no `default`, for the same reason `outcome` is.
+NotTEC
+verdict(CheckStatus status)
+{
+    switch (status)
+    {
+        case CheckStatus::Ok:
+            return tesSUCCESS;
+
+        // The module will not compile, imports what no engine of this ABI serves, does
+        // not export the entry point as `() -> i32`, or asks for more linear memory than
+        // it may have.
+        case CheckStatus::Compile:
+        case CheckStatus::Import:
+        case CheckStatus::EntryPoint:
+        case CheckStatus::Memory:
+            return temBAD_WASM;
+
+        // The engine panicked: a defect in the engine, reported rather than fatal to
+        // the node, and not the transaction's fault.
+        case CheckStatus::Panic:
+            return telFAILED_PROCESSING;
+    }
+    UNREACHABLE("xrpl::verdict : unknown CheckStatus");
+    return telFAILED_PROCESSING;
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+std::expected<EscrowResult, WasmTER>
+runEscrowWasm(
+    Bytes const& wasmCode,
+    HostFunctions& hfs,
+    std::int64_t gasLimit,
+    std::string_view funcName) noexcept
+{
+    // A run needs a budget to spend. Refused here rather than in the engine because what a
+    // non-positive limit means is a transaction-validity rule; the engine's own budget is
+    // therefore an unsigned quantity with no invalid value to represent.
+    if (gasLimit <= 0)
+        return std::unexpected{WasmTER{.ter = temBAD_AMOUNT, .cost = std::nullopt}};
+
+    auto const nodeSideFault = std::unexpected{WasmTER{.ter = tecINTERNAL, .cost = std::nullopt}};
+
+    return guarded(hfs.getJournal(), nodeSideFault, [&]() -> std::expected<EscrowResult, WasmTER> {
+        // The host caches the current ledger object, the slot table and the
+        // contract's data for the length of one run, so a reused one would answer a
+        // later contract out of an earlier contract's state.
+        if (!hfs.checkSelf())
+        {
+            JLOG(hfs.getJournal().error()) << "wasm: host functions not clean before the run";
+            return nodeSideFault;
+        }
+
+        HostContext const ctx{hfs};
+        auto const run = rs::wasm_vm::run_escrow(
+            ctx,
+            rust::Slice<std::uint8_t const>{wasmCode.data(), wasmCode.size()},
+            static_cast<std::uint64_t>(gasLimit),
+            rust::Str{funcName.data(), funcName.size()});
+
+        auto const result = outcome(run);
+        if (!result)
+        {
+            JLOG(hfs.getJournal().warn())
+                << "wasm: " << std::string_view{run.detail.data(), run.detail.size()}
+                << ", ter: " << transToken(result.error().ter);
+        }
+        return result;
+    });
+}
+
+NotTEC
+preflightEscrowWasm(Bytes const& wasmCode, beast::Journal j, std::string_view funcName) noexcept
+{
+    return guarded(j, NotTEC{telFAILED_PROCESSING}, [&]() {
+        auto const checked = rs::wasm_vm::check_escrow(
+            rust::Slice<std::uint8_t const>{wasmCode.data(), wasmCode.size()},
+            rust::Str{funcName.data(), funcName.size()});
+
+        auto const ter = verdict(checked.status);
+        if (!isTesSuccess(ter))
+        {
+            JLOG(j.warn()) << "wasm: "
+                           << std::string_view{checked.detail.data(), checked.detail.size()}
+                           << ", ter: " << transToken(ter);
+        }
+        return ter;
+    });
+}
+
+}  // namespace xrpl

src/test/app/TestHostFunctions.h

@@ -0,0 +1,492 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <test/jtx/Env.h>
+#include <test/unit_test/SuiteJournal.h>
+
+#include <xrpl/basics/Slice.h>
+#include <xrpl/basics/base_uint.h>
+#include <xrpl/beast/utility/Journal.h>
+#include <xrpl/ledger/detail/ApplyViewBase.h>
+#include <xrpl/protocol/AccountID.h>
+#include <xrpl/protocol/Asset.h>
+#include <xrpl/protocol/Indexes.h>
+#include <xrpl/protocol/MPTIssue.h>
+#include <xrpl/protocol/Protocol.h>
+#include <xrpl/protocol/SField.h>
+#include <xrpl/protocol/STAmount.h>
+#include <xrpl/protocol/SeqProxy.h>
+#include <xrpl/tx/wasm/HostFunc.h>
+#include <xrpl/tx/wasm/WasmCommon.h>
+
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <expected>
+#include <string>
+#include <string_view>
+
+namespace xrpl::test {
+
+class TestLedgerDataProvider : public HostFunctions
+{
+    jtx::Env& env_;
+
+public:
+    TestLedgerDataProvider(jtx::Env& env) : HostFunctions(env.journal), env_(env)
+    {
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::expected<std::uint32_t, HostFunctionError>
+    getLedgerSqn() const override
+    {
+        return env_.current()->seq();
+    }
+};
+
+class TestHostFunctions : public HostFunctions
+{
+protected:
+    test::jtx::Env& env_;
+    AccountID accountID_;
+    Bytes data_;
+
+public:
+    TestHostFunctions(test::jtx::Env& env) : HostFunctions(env.journal), env_(env)
+    {
+        accountID_ = env.master.id();
+        std::string t = "10000";
+        data_ = Bytes{t.begin(), t.end()};
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::expected<std::uint32_t, HostFunctionError>
+    getLedgerSqn() const override
+    {
+        return 12345;
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::expected<std::uint32_t, HostFunctionError>
+    getParentLedgerTime() const override
+    {
+        return 67890;
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::expected<Hash, HostFunctionError>
+    getParentLedgerHash() const override
+    {
+        return env_.current()->header().parentHash;
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::expected<std::uint32_t, HostFunctionError>
+    getBaseFee() const override
+    {
+        return 10;
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::expected<int32_t, HostFunctionError>
+    isAmendmentEnabled(uint256 const& amendmentId) const override
+    {
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::expected<int32_t, HostFunctionError>
+    isAmendmentEnabled(std::string_view const& amendmentName) const override
+    {
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    std::expected<int32_t, HostFunctionError>
+    cacheLedgerObj(uint256 const& objId, int32_t cacheIdx) override
+    {
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    getTxField(SField const& fname) const override
+    {
+        if (fname == sfAccount)
+            return Bytes(accountID_.begin(), accountID_.end());
+
+        if (fname == sfFee)
+        {
+            int64_t x = 235;
+            auto const* p = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t const*>(&x);
+            return Bytes{p, p + sizeof(x)};
+        }
+
+        if (fname == sfSequence)
+        {
+            auto const x = getLedgerSqn();
+            if (!x)
+                return std::unexpected(x.error());
+            std::uint32_t const data = x.value();
+            auto const* b = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t const*>(&data);
+            auto const* e = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t const*>(&data + 1);
+            return Bytes{b, e};
+        }
+
+        return Bytes();
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    getCurrentLedgerObjField(SField const& fname) const override
+    {
+        auto const& sn = fname.getName();
+        if (sn == "Destination" || sn == "Account")
+            return Bytes(accountID_.begin(), accountID_.end());
+        if (sn == "Data")
+            return data_;
+        if (sn == "FinishAfter")
+        {
+            auto t = env_.current()->parentCloseTime().time_since_epoch().count();
+            std::string s = std::to_string(t);
+            return Bytes{s.begin(), s.end()};
+        }
+
+        return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::Unimplemented);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    getLedgerObjField(int32_t, SField const& fname) const override
+    {
+        if (fname == sfBalance)
+        {
+            int64_t x = 10'000;
+            auto const* p = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t const*>(&x);
+            return Bytes{p, p + sizeof(x)};
+        }
+
+        if (fname == sfAccount)
+            return Bytes(accountID_.begin(), accountID_.end());
+
+        return data_;
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    getTxNestedField(FieldLocator const& locator) const override
+    {
+        if (locator.size() == 1)
+        {
+            int32_t const* l = locator.data();
+            int32_t const sfield = l[0];
+            if (sfield == sfAccount.getCode())
+                return Bytes(accountID_.begin(), accountID_.end());
+        }
+
+        uint8_t const a[] = {0x2b, 0x6a, 0x23, 0x2a, 0xa4, 0xc4, 0xbe, 0x41, 0xbf, 0x49, 0xd2,
+                             0x45, 0x9f, 0xa4, 0xa0, 0x34, 0x7e, 0x1b, 0x54, 0x3a, 0x4c, 0x92,
+                             0xfc, 0xee, 0x08, 0x21, 0xc0, 0x20, 0x1e, 0x2e, 0x9a, 0x00};
+        return Bytes(&a[0], &a[sizeof(a)]);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    getCurrentLedgerObjNestedField(FieldLocator const& locator) const override
+    {
+        if (locator.size() == 1)
+        {
+            int32_t const* l = locator.data();
+            int32_t const sfield = l[0];
+            if (sfield == sfAccount.getCode())
+                return Bytes(accountID_.begin(), accountID_.end());
+        }
+
+        uint8_t const a[] = {0x2b, 0x6a, 0x23, 0x2a, 0xa4, 0xc4, 0xbe, 0x41, 0xbf, 0x49, 0xd2,
+                             0x45, 0x9f, 0xa4, 0xa0, 0x34, 0x7e, 0x1b, 0x54, 0x3a, 0x4c, 0x92,
+                             0xfc, 0xee, 0x08, 0x21, 0xc0, 0x20, 0x1e, 0x2e, 0x9a, 0x00};
+        return Bytes(&a[0], &a[sizeof(a)]);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    getLedgerObjNestedField(int32_t cacheIdx, FieldLocator const& locator) const override
+    {
+        if (locator.size() == 1)
+        {
+            int32_t const* l = locator.data();
+            int32_t const sfield = l[0];
+            if (sfield == sfAccount.getCode())
+                return Bytes(accountID_.begin(), accountID_.end());
+        }
+
+        uint8_t const a[] = {0x2b, 0x6a, 0x23, 0x2a, 0xa4, 0xc4, 0xbe, 0x41, 0xbf, 0x49, 0xd2,
+                             0x45, 0x9f, 0xa4, 0xa0, 0x34, 0x7e, 0x1b, 0x54, 0x3a, 0x4c, 0x92,
+                             0xfc, 0xee, 0x08, 0x21, 0xc0, 0x20, 0x1e, 0x2e, 0x9a, 0x00};
+        return Bytes(&a[0], &a[sizeof(a)]);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::expected<int32_t, HostFunctionError>
+    getTxArrayLen(SField const& fname) const override
+    {
+        return 32;
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::expected<int32_t, HostFunctionError>
+    getCurrentLedgerObjArrayLen(SField const& fname) const override
+    {
+        return 32;
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::expected<int32_t, HostFunctionError>
+    getLedgerObjArrayLen(int32_t cacheIdx, SField const& fname) const override
+    {
+        return 32;
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::expected<int32_t, HostFunctionError>
+    getTxNestedArrayLen(FieldLocator const& locator) const override
+    {
+        return 32;
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::expected<int32_t, HostFunctionError>
+    getCurrentLedgerObjNestedArrayLen(FieldLocator const& locator) const override
+    {
+        return 32;
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::expected<int32_t, HostFunctionError>
+    getLedgerObjNestedArrayLen(int32_t cacheIdx, FieldLocator const& locator) const override
+    {
+        return 32;
+    }
+
+    std::expected<int32_t, HostFunctionError>
+    updateData(Slice const& data) override
+    {
+        return data.size();
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::expected<int32_t, HostFunctionError>
+    checkSignature(Slice const& message, Slice const& signature, Slice const& pubkey) const override
+    {
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::expected<Hash, HostFunctionError>
+    computeSha512HalfHash(Slice const& data) const override
+    {
+        return env_.current()->header().parentHash;
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    accountKeylet(AccountID const& account) const override
+    {
+        if (!account)
+            return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::InvalidAccount);
+        auto const keylet = keylet::account(account);
+        return Bytes{keylet.key.begin(), keylet.key.end()};
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    ammKeylet(Asset const& issue1, Asset const& issue2) const override
+    {
+        if (issue1 == issue2)
+            return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::InvalidParams);
+        if (issue1.holds<MPTIssue>() || issue2.holds<MPTIssue>())
+            return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::InvalidParams);
+        auto const keylet = keylet::amm(issue1, issue2);
+        return Bytes{keylet.key.begin(), keylet.key.end()};
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    checkKeylet(AccountID const& account, std::uint32_t seq) const override
+    {
+        if (!account)
+            return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::InvalidAccount);
+        auto const keylet = keylet::check(account, SeqProxy::rawSequence(seq));
+        return Bytes{keylet.key.begin(), keylet.key.end()};
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    credentialKeylet(AccountID const& subject, AccountID const& issuer, Slice const& credentialType)
+        const override
+    {
+        if (!subject || !issuer || credentialType.empty() ||
+            credentialType.size() > kMaxCredentialTypeLength)
+            return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::InvalidAccount);
+        auto const keylet = keylet::credential(subject, issuer, credentialType);
+        return Bytes{keylet.key.begin(), keylet.key.end()};
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    escrowKeylet(AccountID const& account, std::uint32_t seq) const override
+    {
+        if (!account)
+            return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::InvalidAccount);
+        auto const keylet = keylet::escrow(account, SeqProxy::rawSequence(seq));
+        return Bytes{keylet.key.begin(), keylet.key.end()};
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    oracleKeylet(AccountID const& account, std::uint32_t documentId) const override
+    {
+        if (!account)
+            return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::InvalidAccount);
+        auto const keylet = keylet::oracle(account, documentId);
+        return Bytes{keylet.key.begin(), keylet.key.end()};
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    getNFT(AccountID const& account, uint256 const& nftId) const override
+    {
+        if (!account || !nftId)
+            return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::InvalidParams);
+
+        std::string s = "https://ripple.com";
+        return Bytes(s.begin(), s.end());
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    getNFTIssuer(uint256 const& nftId) const override
+    {
+        return Bytes(accountID_.begin(), accountID_.end());
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::expected<std::uint32_t, HostFunctionError>
+    getNFTTaxon(uint256 const& nftId) const override
+    {
+        return 4;
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::expected<int32_t, HostFunctionError>
+    getNFTFlags(uint256 const& nftId) const override
+    {
+        return 8;
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::expected<int32_t, HostFunctionError>
+    getNFTTransferFee(uint256 const& nftId) const override
+    {
+        return 10;
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::expected<std::uint32_t, HostFunctionError>
+    getNFTSequence(uint256 const& nftId) const override
+    {
+        return 4;
+    }
+
+    template <typename F>
+    void
+    log(std::string_view const& msg, F&& dataFn) const
+    {
+#ifdef DEBUG_OUTPUT
+        auto& j = std::cerr;
+#else
+        if (!getJournal().active(beast::Severity::Trace))
+            return;
+        auto j = getJournal().trace();
+#endif
+        j << "WasmTrace: " << msg << " " << dataFn();
+
+#ifdef DEBUG_OUTPUT
+        j << std::endl;
+#endif
+    }
+
+    void
+    trace(std::string_view const& msg, std::string_view const& data) const override
+    {
+        log(msg, [&data] { return data; });
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    floatFromInt(int64_t x, int32_t mode) const override
+    {
+        return wasm_float::floatFromIntImpl(x, mode);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    floatFromUint(uint64_t x, int32_t mode) const override
+    {
+        return wasm_float::floatFromUintImpl(x, mode);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    floatFromSTAmount(STAmount const& x, int32_t mode) const override
+    {
+        return wasm_float::floatFromSTAmountImpl(x, mode);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    floatFromSTNumber(STNumber const& x, int32_t mode) const override
+    {
+        return wasm_float::floatFromSTNumberImpl(x, mode);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::expected<int64_t, HostFunctionError>
+    floatToInt(Slice const& x, int32_t mode) const override
+    {
+        return wasm_float::floatToIntImpl(x, mode);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::expected<FloatPair, HostFunctionError>
+    floatToMantExp(Slice const& x) const override
+    {
+        return wasm_float::floatToMantExpImpl(x);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    floatFromMantExp(int64_t mantissa, int32_t exponent, int32_t mode) const override
+    {
+        return wasm_float::floatFromMantExpImpl(mantissa, exponent, mode);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::expected<int32_t, HostFunctionError>
+    floatCompare(Slice const& x, Slice const& y) const override
+    {
+        return wasm_float::floatCompareImpl(x, y);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    floatAdd(Slice const& x, Slice const& y, int32_t mode) const override
+    {
+        return wasm_float::floatAddImpl(x, y, mode);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    floatSubtract(Slice const& x, Slice const& y, int32_t mode) const override
+    {
+        return wasm_float::floatSubtractImpl(x, y, mode);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    floatMultiply(Slice const& x, Slice const& y, int32_t mode) const override
+    {
+        return wasm_float::floatMultiplyImpl(x, y, mode);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    floatDivide(Slice const& x, Slice const& y, int32_t mode) const override
+    {
+        return wasm_float::floatDivideImpl(x, y, mode);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    floatRoot(Slice const& x, int32_t n, int32_t mode) const override
+    {
+        return wasm_float::floatRootImpl(x, n, mode);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+    floatPower(Slice const& x, int32_t n, int32_t mode) const override
+    {
+        return wasm_float::floatPowerImpl(x, n, mode);
+    }
+};
+
+class TestHostFunctionsSink : public TestHostFunctions
+{
+    test::StreamSink sink_;
+
+public:
+    explicit TestHostFunctionsSink(test::jtx::Env& env)
+        : TestHostFunctions(env), sink_(beast::Severity::Debug)
+    {
+        j_ = beast::Journal(sink_);
+    }
+
+    test::StreamSink&
+    getSink()
+    {
+        return sink_;
+    }
+};
+
+}  // namespace xrpl::test

src/test/app/Wasm_test.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,477 @@
+// Not built. These suites drive a C++ wasm engine interface -- WasmVM over the wasm.h C API,
+// HostFuncWrapper, WasmImportsHelper -- that this tree does not provide; the VM lives in the
+// Rust crates. Kept as the coverage target for the port. The body is one comment block, and
+// the fixtures it reads (wasm_fixtures/fixtures.cpp) are disabled the same way; re-enabling
+// the suites means uncommenting both.
+
+/*
+#include <expected>
+#ifdef _DEBUG
+// #define DEBUG_OUTPUT 1
+#endif
+
+#include <test/app/TestHostFunctions.h>
+#include <test/app/wasm_fixtures/fixtures.h>
+#include <test/jtx/Env.h>
+
+#include <xrpl/beast/unit_test/suite.h>
+#include <xrpl/protocol/SField.h>
+#include <xrpl/protocol/TER.h>
+#include <xrpl/tx/wasm/HostFunc.h>
+#include <xrpl/tx/wasm/HostFuncWrapper.h>  // IWYU pragma: keep
+#include <xrpl/tx/wasm/WasmCommon.h>
+#include <xrpl/tx/wasm/WasmImportsHelper.h>
+#include <xrpl/tx/wasm/WasmVM.h>
+
+#include <boost/algorithm/hex.hpp>
+
+#include <wasm.h>
+
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <limits>
+#include <source_location>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace xrpl::test {
+
+bool
+testGetDataIncrement();
+
+using Add_proto = int32_t(int32_t, int32_t);
+static wasm_trap_t*
+add(HostFunctions&, wasm_val_vec_t const* params, wasm_val_vec_t* results)
+{
+    int32_t const val1 = params->data[0].of.i32;
+    int32_t const val2 = params->data[1].of.i32;
+    // printf("Host function \"Add\": %d + %d\n", Val1, Val2);
+    results->data[0] = WASM_I32_VAL(val1 + val2);
+    return nullptr;
+}
+
+std::vector<uint8_t>
+hexToBytes(std::string const& hex)
+{
+    auto const ws = boost::algorithm::unhex(hex);
+    return Bytes(ws.begin(), ws.end());
+}
+
+struct Wasm_test : public beast::unit_test::Suite
+{
+    void
+    checkResult(
+        std::expected<WasmResult<int32_t>, WasmTER> re,
+        int32_t expectedResult,
+        int64_t expectedCost,
+        std::source_location const location = std::source_location::current())
+    {
+        auto const lineStr = " (" + std::to_string(location.line()) + ")";
+        if (BEAST_EXPECTS(re.has_value(), transToken(re.error().ter) + lineStr))
+        {
+            BEAST_EXPECTS(re->result == expectedResult, std::to_string(re->result) + lineStr);
+            BEAST_EXPECTS(re->cost == expectedCost, std::to_string(re->cost) + lineStr);
+        }
+    }
+
+    void
+    testGetDataHelperFunctions()
+    {
+        testcase("getData helper functions");
+        BEAST_EXPECT(testGetDataIncrement());
+    }
+
+    void
+    testWasmLib()
+    {
+        testcase("wasm lib test");
+        // clang-format off
+        // The WASM module buffer. //
+        Bytes const wasm = {// WASM header //
+                          0x00, 0x61, 0x73, 0x6D, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+                          // Type section //
+                          0x01, 0x07, 0x01,
+                          // function type {i32, i32} -> {i32} //
+                          0x60, 0x02, 0x7F, 0x7F, 0x01, 0x7F,
+                          // Import section //
+                          0x02, 0x13, 0x01,
+                          // module name: "extern" //
+                          0x06, 0x65, 0x78, 0x74, 0x65, 0x72, 0x6E,
+                          // extern name: "func-add" //
+                          0x08, 0x66, 0x75, 0x6E, 0x63, 0x2D, 0x61, 0x64, 0x64,
+                          // import desc: func 0 //
+                          0x00, 0x00,
+                          // Function section //
+                          0x03, 0x02, 0x01, 0x00,
+                          // Export section //
+                          0x07, 0x0A, 0x01,
+                          // export name: "addTwo" //
+                          0x06, 0x61, 0x64, 0x64, 0x54, 0x77, 0x6F,
+                          // export desc: func 0 //
+                          0x00, 0x01,
+                          // Code section //
+                          0x0A, 0x0A, 0x01,
+                          // code body //
+                          0x08, 0x00, 0x20, 0x00, 0x20, 0x01, 0x10, 0x00, 0x0B};
+        // clang-format on
+        auto& vm = WasmEngine::instance();
+
+        HostFunctions hfs;
+        ImportVec imports;
+        WasmImpFunc<Add_proto>(imports, "func-add", add, hfs);
+
+        auto re = vm.run(wasm, hfs, 10'000'000, "addTwo", wasmParams(1234, 5678), imports);
+
+        // if (res) printf("invokeAdd get the result: %d\n", res.value());
+
+        checkResult(re, 6'912, 59);
+    }
+
+    void
+    testBadWasm()
+    {
+        testcase("bad wasm test");
+
+        using namespace test::jtx;
+
+        Env const env{*this};
+        HostFunctions hfs(env.journal);
+
+        {
+            auto wasm = hexToBytes("00000000");
+            std::string const funcName("mock_escrow");
+
+            auto re = runEscrowWasm(wasm, hfs, 15, funcName, {});
+            BEAST_EXPECT(!re);
+        }
+
+        {
+            auto wasm = hexToBytes("00112233445566778899AA");
+            std::string const funcName("mock_escrow");
+
+            auto const re = preflightEscrowWasm(wasm, hfs, funcName);
+            BEAST_EXPECT(!isTesSuccess(re));
+        }
+
+        {
+            // FinishFunction wrong function name
+            // pub fn bad() -> bool {
+            //     unsafe { host_lib::getLedgerSqn() >= 5 }
+            // }
+            auto const badWasm = hexToBytes(
+                "0061736d010000000105016000017f02190108686f73745f6c69620c6765"
+                "744c656467657253716e00000302010005030100100611027f00418080c0"
+                "000b7f00418080c0000b072b04066d656d6f727902000362616400010a5f"
+                "5f646174615f656e6403000b5f5f686561705f6261736503010a09010700"
+                "100041044a0b004d0970726f64756365727302086c616e67756167650104"
+                "52757374000c70726f6365737365642d6279010572757374631d312e3835"
+                "2e31202834656231363132353020323032352d30332d31352900490f7461"
+                "726765745f6665617475726573042b0f6d757461626c652d676c6f62616c"
+                "732b087369676e2d6578742b0f7265666572656e63652d74797065732b0a"
+                "6d756c746976616c7565");
+
+            auto const re = preflightEscrowWasm(badWasm, hfs, escrowFunctionName);
+            BEAST_EXPECT(!isTesSuccess(re));
+        }
+    }
+
+    void
+    testWasmLedgerSqn()
+    {
+        testcase("Wasm get ledger sequence");
+
+        auto ledgerSqnWasm = hexToBytes(kLedgerSqnWasmHex);
+
+        using namespace test::jtx;
+
+        Env env{*this};
+        TestLedgerDataProvider hfs(env);
+        ImportVec imports;
+        WASM_IMPORT_FUNC2(imports, getLedgerSqn, "ldgr_index", hfs, 33);
+        auto& engine = WasmEngine::instance();
+
+        auto re =
+            engine.run(ledgerSqnWasm, hfs, 1'000'000, escrowFunctionName, {}, imports, env.journal);
+
+        checkResult(re, 0, 440);
+
+        env.close();
+        env.close();
+
+        // empty module, throwing exception
+        re = engine.run({}, hfs, 1'000'000, escrowFunctionName, {}, imports, env.journal);
+        BEAST_EXPECT(!re);
+        env.close();
+    }
+
+    void
+    testHFCost()
+    {
+        testcase("wasm test host functions cost");
+
+        using namespace test::jtx;
+
+        Env env(*this);
+        {
+            auto const allHostFuncWasm = hexToBytes(kAllHostFunctionsWasmHex);
+
+            auto& engine = WasmEngine::instance();
+
+            TestHostFunctions hfs(env);
+            auto imp = createWasmImport(hfs);
+            for (auto& i : imp)
+                i.second.second.gas = 0;
+
+            auto re = engine.run(
+                allHostFuncWasm, hfs, 1'000'000, escrowFunctionName, {}, imp, env.journal);
+
+            checkResult(re, 1, 30'760);
+
+            env.close();
+        }
+
+        env.close();
+        env.close();
+        env.close();
+        env.close();
+        env.close();
+
+        {
+            auto const allHostFuncWasm = hexToBytes(kAllHostFunctionsWasmHex);
+
+            auto& engine = WasmEngine::instance();
+
+            TestHostFunctions hfs(env);
+            auto const imp = createWasmImport(hfs);
+
+            auto re = engine.run(
+                allHostFuncWasm, hfs, 1'000'000, escrowFunctionName, {}, imp, env.journal);
+
+            checkResult(re, 1, 48'580);
+
+            env.close();
+        }
+
+        // not enough gas
+        {
+            auto const allHostFuncWasm = hexToBytes(kAllHostFunctionsWasmHex);
+
+            auto& engine = WasmEngine::instance();
+
+            TestHostFunctions hfs(env);
+            auto const imp = createWasmImport(hfs);
+
+            auto re =
+                engine.run(allHostFuncWasm, hfs, 200, escrowFunctionName, {}, imp, env.journal);
+
+            if (BEAST_EXPECT(!re))
+            {
+                // Running out of gas now terminates with tecOUT_OF_GAS (was
+                // previously collapsed into tecFAILED_PROCESSING).
+                BEAST_EXPECTS(
+                    re.error().ter == tecOUT_OF_GAS, std::to_string(TERtoInt(re.error().ter)));
+            }
+
+            env.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    void
+    testEscrowWasmDN()
+    {
+        testcase("escrow wasm devnet test");
+
+        auto const allHFWasm = hexToBytes(kAllHostFunctionsWasmHex);
+
+        using namespace test::jtx;
+        Env env{*this};
+        {
+            TestHostFunctions hfs(env);
+            auto re = runEscrowWasm(allHFWasm, hfs, 100'000, escrowFunctionName, {});
+            checkResult(re, 1, 48'580);
+        }
+
+        {
+            // Invalid gas limit (0) should be rejected (boundary condition)
+            TestHostFunctions hfs(env);
+            auto re = runEscrowWasm(allHFWasm, hfs, -1, escrowFunctionName, {});
+            BEAST_EXPECT(!re.has_value());
+            BEAST_EXPECT(re.error().ter == temBAD_AMOUNT);
+        }
+
+        {
+            // Invalid gas limit (-1) should be rejected
+            TestHostFunctions hfs(env);
+            auto re = runEscrowWasm(allHFWasm, hfs, 0, escrowFunctionName, {});
+            BEAST_EXPECT(!re.has_value());
+            BEAST_EXPECT(re.error().ter == temBAD_AMOUNT);
+        }
+
+        {
+            // max<int64_t>() gas
+            TestHostFunctions hfs(env);
+            auto re = runEscrowWasm(
+                allHFWasm, hfs, std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max(), escrowFunctionName, {});
+            checkResult(re, 1, 48'580);
+        }
+
+        {  // fail because trying to access nonexistent field
+            struct FieldNotFoundHostFunctions : public TestHostFunctions
+            {
+                explicit FieldNotFoundHostFunctions(Env& env) : TestHostFunctions(env)
+                {
+                }
+                [[nodiscard]] std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+                getTxField(SField const& fname) const override
+                {
+                    return std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::FieldNotFound);
+                }
+            };
+
+            FieldNotFoundHostFunctions hfs(env);
+            auto re = runEscrowWasm(allHFWasm, hfs, 100'000, escrowFunctionName, {});
+            checkResult(re, -201, 28'329);
+        }
+
+        {  // fail because trying to allocate more than MAX_PAGES memory
+            struct OversizedFieldHostFunctions : public TestHostFunctions
+            {
+                explicit OversizedFieldHostFunctions(Env& env) : TestHostFunctions(env)
+                {
+                }
+                [[nodiscard]] std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>
+                getTxField(SField const& fname) const override
+                {
+                    return Bytes((128 + 1) * 64 * 1024, 1);
+                }
+            };
+
+            OversizedFieldHostFunctions hfs(env);
+            auto re = runEscrowWasm(allHFWasm, hfs, 100'000, escrowFunctionName, {});
+            checkResult(re, -201, 28'329);
+        }
+    }
+
+    void
+    testCodecovWasm()
+    {
+        testcase("Codecov wasm test");
+
+        using namespace test::jtx;
+
+        Env env{*this};
+
+        auto const codecovWasm = hexToBytes(kCodecovTestsWasmHex);
+        TestHostFunctions hfs(env);
+
+        auto const allowance = 125'667;
+        auto re = runEscrowWasm(codecovWasm, hfs, allowance, escrowFunctionName, {});
+
+        checkResult(re, 1, allowance);
+    }
+
+    void
+    testBadAlign()
+    {
+        testcase("Wasm Bad Align");
+
+        // bad_align.c
+        auto const badAlignWasm = hexToBytes(kBadAlignWasmHex);
+
+        using namespace test::jtx;
+
+        Env env{*this};
+        TestHostFunctions hfs(env);
+        auto imports = createWasmImport(hfs);
+
+        {  // Calls float_from_uint with bad alignment.
+           // Can be checked through codecov
+            auto& engine = WasmEngine::instance();
+
+            auto re = engine.run(badAlignWasm, hfs, 1'000'000, "test", {}, imports, env.journal);
+            if (BEAST_EXPECTS(re, transToken(re.error().ter)))
+            {
+                BEAST_EXPECTS(re->result == 0x47308594, std::to_string(re->result));
+            }
+        }
+
+        env.close();
+    }
+
+    void
+    testSwapBytes()
+    {
+        testcase("Wasm swap bytes");
+
+        uint64_t const swapDataU64 = 0x123456789abcdeffull;
+        uint64_t const reverseSwapDataU64 = 0xffdebc9a78563412ull;
+        int64_t const swapDataI64 = 0x123456789abcdeffll;
+        int64_t const reverseSwapDataI64 = 0xffdebc9a78563412ll;
+
+        uint32_t const swapDataU32 = 0x12789aff;
+        uint32_t const reverseSwapDataU32 = 0xff9a7812;
+        int32_t const swapDataI32 = 0x12789aff;
+        int32_t const reverseSwapDataI32 = 0xff9a7812;
+
+        uint16_t const swapDataU16 = 0x12ff;
+        uint16_t const reverseSwapDataU16 = 0xff12;
+        int16_t const swapDataI16 = 0x12ff;
+        int16_t const reverseSwapDataI16 = 0xff12;
+
+        uint64_t b1 = swapDataU64;
+        int64_t b2 = swapDataI64;
+        b1 = adjustWasmEndianessHlp(b1);
+        b2 = adjustWasmEndianessHlp(b2);
+        BEAST_EXPECT(b1 == reverseSwapDataU64);
+        BEAST_EXPECT(b2 == reverseSwapDataI64);
+        b1 = adjustWasmEndianessHlp(b1);
+        b2 = adjustWasmEndianessHlp(b2);
+        BEAST_EXPECT(b1 == swapDataU64);
+        BEAST_EXPECT(b2 == swapDataI64);
+
+        uint32_t b3 = swapDataU32;
+        int32_t b4 = swapDataI32;
+        b3 = adjustWasmEndianessHlp(b3);
+        b4 = adjustWasmEndianessHlp(b4);
+        BEAST_EXPECT(b3 == reverseSwapDataU32);
+        BEAST_EXPECT(b4 == reverseSwapDataI32);
+        b3 = adjustWasmEndianessHlp(b3);
+        b4 = adjustWasmEndianessHlp(b4);
+        BEAST_EXPECT(b3 == swapDataU32);
+        BEAST_EXPECT(b4 == swapDataI32);
+
+        uint16_t b5 = swapDataU16;
+        int16_t b6 = swapDataI16;
+        b5 = adjustWasmEndianessHlp(b5);
+        b6 = adjustWasmEndianessHlp(b6);
+        BEAST_EXPECT(b5 == reverseSwapDataU16);
+        BEAST_EXPECT(b6 == reverseSwapDataI16);
+        b5 = adjustWasmEndianessHlp(b5);
+        b6 = adjustWasmEndianessHlp(b6);
+        BEAST_EXPECT(b5 == swapDataU16);
+        BEAST_EXPECT(b6 == swapDataI16);
+    }
+
+    void
+    run() override
+    {
+        using namespace test::jtx;
+
+        testGetDataHelperFunctions();
+        testWasmLib();
+        testBadWasm();
+        testWasmLedgerSqn();
+
+        testHFCost();
+        testEscrowWasmDN();
+
+        testCodecovWasm();
+
+        testBadAlign();
+        testSwapBytes();
+    }
+};
+
+BEAST_DEFINE_TESTSUITE(Wasm, app, xrpl);
+
+}  // namespace xrpl::test
+*/

src/test/app/wasm_fixtures/.gitignore

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+**/target
+**/debug
+*.wasm

src/test/app/wasm_fixtures/all_host_functions/Cargo.lock

@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+# This file is automatically @generated by Cargo.
+# It is not intended for manual editing.
+version = 4
+
+[[package]]
+name = "all_host_functions"
+version = "0.1.0"
+dependencies = [
+ "xrpl-common-stdlib",
+ "xrpl-escrow-stdlib",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "block-buffer"
+version = "0.12.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d2f6c7dbe95a6ed67ad9f18e57daf93a2f034c524b99fd2b76d18fdfeb6660aa"
+dependencies = [
+ "hybrid-array",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "bs58"
+version = "0.5.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "bf88ba1141d185c399bee5288d850d63b8369520c1eafc32a0430b5b6c287bf4"
+dependencies = [
+ "tinyvec",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "cfg-if"
+version = "1.0.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "9330f8b2ff13f34540b44e946ef35111825727b38d33286ef986142615121801"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "const-oid"
+version = "0.10.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "a6ef517f0926dd24a1582492c791b6a4818a4d94e789a334894aa15b0d12f55c"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "cpufeatures"
+version = "0.3.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "8b2a41393f66f16b0823bb79094d54ac5fbd34ab292ddafb9a0456ac9f87d201"
+dependencies = [
+ "libc",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "crypto-common"
+version = "0.2.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "ce6e4c961d6cd6c9a86db418387425e8bdeaf05b3c8bc1411e6dca4c252f1453"
+dependencies = [
+ "hybrid-array",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "digest"
+version = "0.11.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f1dd6dbb5841937940781866fa1281a1ff7bd3bf827091440879f9994983d5c2"
+dependencies = [
+ "block-buffer",
+ "const-oid",
+ "crypto-common",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "hybrid-array"
+version = "0.4.14"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "707114b52a152fa7bdb290cd7cd5912d9467273b6d74e21b8d81aca1f8533f6b"
+dependencies = [
+ "typenum",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "libc"
+version = "0.2.186"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "68ab91017fe16c622486840e4c83c9a37afeff978bd239b5293d61ece587de66"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "proc-macro2"
+version = "1.0.106"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "8fd00f0bb2e90d81d1044c2b32617f68fcb9fa3bb7640c23e9c748e53fb30934"
+dependencies = [
+ "unicode-ident",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "quote"
+version = "1.0.45"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "41f2619966050689382d2b44f664f4bc593e129785a36d6ee376ddf37259b924"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "sha2"
+version = "0.11.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "446ba717509524cb3f22f17ecc096f10f4822d76ab5c0b9822c5f9c284e825f4"
+dependencies = [
+ "cfg-if",
+ "cpufeatures",
+ "digest",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "syn"
+version = "3.0.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "53e9bae58849f64dfa4f5d5ae372c8341f7305f82a3868709269343628b659a3"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "unicode-ident",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "tinyvec"
+version = "1.11.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "3e61e67053d25a4e82c844e8424039d9745781b3fc4f32b8d55ed50f5f667ef3"
+dependencies = [
+ "tinyvec_macros",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "tinyvec_macros"
+version = "0.1.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "1f3ccbac311fea05f86f61904b462b55fb3df8837a366dfc601a0161d0532f20"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "typenum"
+version = "1.20.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "40ce102ab67701b8526c123c1bab5cbe42d7040ccfd0f64af1a385808d2f43de"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "unicode-ident"
+version = "1.0.24"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "e6e4313cd5fcd3dad5cafa179702e2b244f760991f45397d14d4ebf38247da75"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "xrpl-common-stdlib"
+version = "0.8.0"
+source = "git+https://github.com/ripple/xrpl-wasm-stdlib.git?branch=error-and-trace#b008b097237ce0d1a2dffc72ba39dd9fc50020a9"
+dependencies = [
+ "xrpl-macros",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "xrpl-escrow-stdlib"
+version = "0.1.0"
+source = "git+https://github.com/ripple/xrpl-wasm-stdlib.git?branch=error-and-trace#b008b097237ce0d1a2dffc72ba39dd9fc50020a9"
+dependencies = [
+ "xrpl-common-stdlib",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "xrpl-macros"
+version = "0.1.0"
+source = "git+https://github.com/ripple/xrpl-wasm-stdlib.git?branch=error-and-trace#b008b097237ce0d1a2dffc72ba39dd9fc50020a9"
+dependencies = [
+ "bs58",
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "sha2",
+ "syn",
+]

src/test/app/wasm_fixtures/all_host_functions/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+[package]
+name = "all_host_functions"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2024"
+
+# This empty workspace definition keeps this project independent of the parent workspace
+[workspace]
+
+[lib]
+crate-type = ["cdylib"]
+
+[dependencies]
+xrpl-std = { git = "https://github.com/ripple/xrpl-wasm-stdlib.git", package = "xrpl-common-stdlib", branch = "error-and-trace" }
+xrpl-escrow = { git = "https://github.com/ripple/xrpl-wasm-stdlib.git", package = "xrpl-escrow-stdlib", branch = "error-and-trace" }
+
+[profile.dev]
+panic = "abort"
+
+[profile.release]
+panic = "abort"
+opt-level = "z"
+lto = true

src/test/app/wasm_fixtures/all_host_functions/src/lib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,760 @@
+#![cfg_attr(target_arch = "wasm32", no_std)]
+
+#[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+extern crate std;
+
+//
+// Host Functions Test
+// Tests 26 host functions (across 7 categories)
+//
+// With craft you can run this test with:
+//   craft test --project host_functions_test --test-case host_functions_test
+//
+// Amount Format Update:
+// - XRP amounts now return as 8-byte serialized rippled objects
+// - IOU and MPT amounts return in variable-length serialized format
+// - Format details: https://xrpl.org/docs/references/protocol/binary-format#amount-fields
+//
+// Error Code Ranges:
+// -100 to -199: Ledger Header Functions (3 functions)
+// -200 to -299: Transaction Data Functions (5 functions)
+// -300 to -399: Current Ledger Object Functions (4 functions)
+// -400 to -499: Any Ledger Object Functions (5 functions)
+// -500 to -599: Keylet Generation Functions (4 functions)
+// -600 to -699: Utility Functions (4 functions)
+// -700 to -799: Data Update Functions (1 function)
+//
+
+use xrpl_escrow::current_tx::escrow_finish::EscrowFinish;
+use xrpl_std::current_tx::traits::TransactionCommonFields;
+use xrpl_std::host;
+use xrpl_std::host::trace::TraceDataType;
+use xrpl_std::host::trace::{trace, trace_acct_buf, trace_hex, trace_num};
+use xrpl_std::sfield;
+
+#[unsafe(no_mangle)]
+pub extern "C" fn escrow_finish() -> i32 {
+    let _ = trace("=== HOST FUNCTIONS TEST ===");
+    let _ = trace("Testing 26 host functions");
+
+    // Category 1: Ledger Header Data Functions (3 functions)
+    // Error range: -100 to -199
+    match test_ledger_header_functions() {
+        0 => (),
+        err => return err,
+    }
+
+    // Category 2: Transaction Data Functions (5 functions)
+    // Error range: -200 to -299
+    match test_transaction_data_functions() {
+        0 => (),
+        err => return err,
+    }
+
+    // Category 3: Current Ledger Object Functions (4 functions)
+    // Error range: -300 to -399
+    match test_current_ledger_object_functions() {
+        0 => (),
+        err => return err,
+    }
+
+    // Category 4: Any Ledger Object Functions (5 functions)
+    // Error range: -400 to -499
+    match test_any_ledger_object_functions() {
+        0 => (),
+        err => return err,
+    }
+
+    // Category 5: Keylet Generation Functions (4 functions)
+    // Error range: -500 to -599
+    match test_keylet_generation_functions() {
+        0 => (),
+        err => return err,
+    }
+
+    // Category 6: Utility Functions (4 functions)
+    // Error range: -600 to -699
+    match test_utility_functions() {
+        0 => (),
+        err => return err,
+    }
+
+    // Category 7: Data Update Functions (1 function)
+    // Error range: -700 to -799
+    match test_data_update_functions() {
+        0 => (),
+        err => return err,
+    }
+
+    let _ = trace("SUCCESS: All host function tests passed!");
+    1 // Success return code for WASM finish function
+}
+
+/// Test Category 1: Ledger Header Data Functions (3 functions)
+/// - get_ledger_sqn() - Get ledger sequence number
+/// - get_parent_ledger_time() - Get parent ledger timestamp
+/// - get_parent_ledger_hash() - Get parent ledger hash
+fn test_ledger_header_functions() -> i32 {
+    let _ = trace("--- Category 1: Ledger Header Functions ---");
+
+    // Test 1.1: get_ledger_sqn() - should return current ledger sequence number
+    let mut sqn_buffer = [0u8; 4];
+    let sqn_result = unsafe { host::ldgr_index(sqn_buffer.as_mut_ptr(), sqn_buffer.len()) };
+
+    if sqn_result <= 0 {
+        let _ = trace_num("ERROR: get_ledger_sqn failed:", sqn_result as i64);
+        return -101; // Ledger sequence number test failed
+    }
+    let ledger_sqn = u32::from_be_bytes(sqn_buffer);
+    let _ = trace_num("Ledger sequence number:", ledger_sqn as i64);
+
+    // Test 1.2: get_parent_ledger_time() - should return parent ledger timestamp
+    let mut time_buffer = [0u8; 4];
+    let time_result =
+        unsafe { host::parent_ldgr_time(time_buffer.as_mut_ptr(), time_buffer.len()) };
+
+    if time_result <= 0 {
+        let _ = trace_num("ERROR: get_parent_ledger_time failed:", time_result as i64);
+        return -102; // Parent ledger time test failed
+    }
+    let parent_ledger_time = u32::from_be_bytes(time_buffer);
+    let _ = trace_num("Parent ledger time:", parent_ledger_time as i64);
+
+    // Test 1.3: get_parent_ledger_hash() - should return parent ledger hash (32 bytes)
+    let mut hash_buffer = [0u8; 32];
+    let hash_result =
+        unsafe { host::parent_ldgr_hash(hash_buffer.as_mut_ptr(), hash_buffer.len()) };
+
+    if hash_result != 32 {
+        let _ = trace_num(
+            "ERROR: get_parent_ledger_hash wrong length:",
+            hash_result as i64,
+        );
+        return -103; // Parent ledger hash test failed - should be exactly 32 bytes
+    }
+    let _ = trace_hex("Parent ledger hash:", &hash_buffer);
+
+    let _ = trace("SUCCESS: Ledger header functions");
+    0
+}
+
+/// Test Category 2: Transaction Data Functions (5 functions)
+/// Tests all functions for accessing current transaction data
+fn test_transaction_data_functions() -> i32 {
+    let _ = trace("--- Category 2: Transaction Data Functions ---");
+
+    // Test 2.1: get_tx_field() - Basic transaction field access
+    // Test with Account field (required, 20 bytes)
+    let mut account_buffer = [0u8; 20];
+    let account_len = unsafe {
+        host::tx_field(
+            sfield::Account.into(),
+            account_buffer.as_mut_ptr(),
+            account_buffer.len(),
+        )
+    };
+
+    if account_len != 20 {
+        let _ = trace_num(
+            "ERROR: get_tx_field(Account) wrong length:",
+            account_len as i64,
+        );
+        return -201; // Basic transaction field test failed
+    }
+    let _ = trace_acct_buf("Transaction Account:", &account_buffer);
+
+    // Test with Fee field (XRP amount - 8 bytes in new serialized format)
+    // New format: XRP amounts are always 8 bytes (positive: value | cPositive flag, negative: just value)
+    let mut fee_buffer = [0u8; 8];
+    let fee_len = unsafe {
+        host::tx_field(
+            sfield::Fee.into(),
+            fee_buffer.as_mut_ptr(),
+            fee_buffer.len(),
+        )
+    };
+
+    if fee_len != 8 {
+        let _ = trace_num(
+            "ERROR: get_tx_field(Fee) wrong length (expected 8 bytes for XRP):",
+            fee_len as i64,
+        );
+        return -202; // Fee field test failed - XRP amounts should be exactly 8 bytes
+    }
+    let _ = trace_num("Transaction Fee length:", fee_len as i64);
+    let _ = trace_hex("Transaction Fee (serialized XRP amount):", &fee_buffer);
+
+    // Test with Sequence field (required, 4 bytes uint32)
+    let mut seq_buffer = [0u8; 4];
+    let seq_len = unsafe {
+        host::tx_field(
+            sfield::Sequence.into(),
+            seq_buffer.as_mut_ptr(),
+            seq_buffer.len(),
+        )
+    };
+
+    if seq_len != 4 {
+        let _ = trace_num(
+            "ERROR: get_tx_field(Sequence) wrong length:",
+            seq_len as i64,
+        );
+        return -203; // Sequence field test failed
+    }
+    let _ = trace_hex("Transaction Sequence:", &seq_buffer);
+
+    // NOTE: get_tx_field2() through get_tx_field6() have been deprecated.
+    // Use get_tx_field() with appropriate parameters for all transaction field access.
+
+    // Test 2.2: get_tx_nested_field() - Nested field access with locator
+    let locator = [
+        0x01_u8, 0x00_u8, 0x00_u8, 0x00_u8, 0x00_u8, 0x00_u8, 0x00_u8, 0x00_u8,
+    ]; // Two int32s in little-endian: [1, 0]
+    let mut nested_buffer = [0u8; 32];
+    let nested_result = unsafe {
+        host::tx_inner(
+            locator.as_ptr(),
+            locator.len(),
+            nested_buffer.as_mut_ptr(),
+            nested_buffer.len(),
+        )
+    };
+
+    if nested_result < 0 {
+        let _ = trace_num(
+            "INFO: get_tx_nested_field not applicable:",
+            nested_result as i64,
+        );
+        // Expected - locator may not match transaction structure
+    } else {
+        let _ = trace_num("Nested field length:", nested_result as i64);
+        let _ = trace_hex("Nested field:", &nested_buffer[..nested_result as usize]);
+    }
+
+    // Test 2.3: get_tx_array_len() - Get array length
+    let signers_len = unsafe { host::tx_arr_len(sfield::Signers.into()) };
+    let _ = trace_num("Signers array length:", signers_len as i64);
+
+    let memos_len = unsafe { host::tx_arr_len(sfield::Memos.into()) };
+    let _ = trace_num("Memos array length:", memos_len as i64);
+
+    // Test 2.4: get_tx_nested_array_len() - Get nested array length with locator
+    let nested_array_len = unsafe { host::tx_inner_arr_len(locator.as_ptr(), locator.len()) };
+
+    if nested_array_len < 0 {
+        let _ = trace_num(
+            "INFO: get_tx_nested_array_len not applicable:",
+            nested_array_len as i64,
+        );
+    } else {
+        let _ = trace_num("Nested array length:", nested_array_len as i64);
+    }
+
+    let _ = trace("SUCCESS: Transaction data functions");
+    0
+}
+
+/// Test Category 3: Current Ledger Object Functions (4 functions)
+/// Tests functions that access the current ledger object being processed
+fn test_current_ledger_object_functions() -> i32 {
+    let _ = trace("--- Category 3: Current Ledger Object Functions ---");
+
+    // Test 3.1: get_current_ledger_obj_field() - Access field from current ledger object
+    // Test with Balance field (XRP amount - 8 bytes in new serialized format)
+    let mut balance_buffer = [0u8; 8];
+    let balance_result = unsafe {
+        host::home_le_field(
+            sfield::Balance.into(),
+            balance_buffer.as_mut_ptr(),
+            balance_buffer.len(),
+        )
+    };
+
+    if balance_result <= 0 {
+        let _ = trace_num(
+            "INFO: get_current_ledger_obj_field(Balance) failed (may be expected):",
+            balance_result as i64,
+        );
+        // This might fail if current ledger object doesn't have balance field
+    } else if balance_result == 8 {
+        let _ = trace_num(
+            "Current object balance length (XRP amount):",
+            balance_result as i64,
+        );
+        let _ = trace_hex(
+            "Current object balance (serialized XRP amount):",
+            &balance_buffer,
+        );
+    } else {
+        let _ = trace_num(
+            "Current object balance length (non-XRP amount):",
+            balance_result as i64,
+        );
+        let _ = trace_hex(
+            "Current object balance:",
+            &balance_buffer[..balance_result as usize],
+        );
+    }
+
+    // Test with Account field
+    let mut current_account_buffer = [0u8; 20];
+    let current_account_result = unsafe {
+        host::home_le_field(
+            sfield::Account.into(),
+            current_account_buffer.as_mut_ptr(),
+            current_account_buffer.len(),
+        )
+    };
+
+    if current_account_result <= 0 {
+        let _ = trace_num(
+            "INFO: get_current_ledger_obj_field(Account) failed:",
+            current_account_result as i64,
+        );
+    } else {
+        let _ = trace_acct_buf("Current ledger object account:", &current_account_buffer);
+    }
+
+    // Test 3.2: get_current_ledger_obj_nested_field() - Nested field access
+    let locator = [
+        0x01_u8, 0x00_u8, 0x00_u8, 0x00_u8, 0x00_u8, 0x00_u8, 0x00_u8, 0x00_u8,
+    ]; // Two int32s in little-endian: [1, 0]
+    let mut current_nested_buffer = [0u8; 32];
+    let current_nested_result = unsafe {
+        host::home_le_inner(
+            locator.as_ptr(),
+            locator.len(),
+            current_nested_buffer.as_mut_ptr(),
+            current_nested_buffer.len(),
+        )
+    };
+
+    if current_nested_result < 0 {
+        let _ = trace_num(
+            "INFO: get_current_ledger_obj_nested_field not applicable:",
+            current_nested_result as i64,
+        );
+    } else {
+        let _ = trace_num("Current nested field length:", current_nested_result as i64);
+        let _ = trace_hex(
+            "Current nested field:",
+            &current_nested_buffer[..current_nested_result as usize],
+        );
+    }
+
+    // Test 3.3: get_current_ledger_obj_array_len() - Array length in current object
+    let current_array_len = unsafe { host::home_le_arr_len(sfield::Signers.into()) };
+    let _ = trace_num(
+        "Current object Signers array length:",
+        current_array_len as i64,
+    );
+
+    // Test 3.4: get_current_ledger_obj_nested_array_len() - Nested array length
+    let current_nested_array_len =
+        unsafe { host::home_le_inner_arr_len(locator.as_ptr(), locator.len()) };
+
+    if current_nested_array_len < 0 {
+        let _ = trace_num(
+            "INFO: get_current_ledger_obj_nested_array_len not applicable:",
+            current_nested_array_len as i64,
+        );
+    } else {
+        let _ = trace_num(
+            "Current nested array length:",
+            current_nested_array_len as i64,
+        );
+    }
+
+    let _ = trace("SUCCESS: Current ledger object functions");
+    0
+}
+
+/// Test Category 4: Any Ledger Object Functions (5 functions)
+/// Tests functions that work with cached ledger objects
+fn test_any_ledger_object_functions() -> i32 {
+    let _ = trace("--- Category 4: Any Ledger Object Functions ---");
+
+    // First we need to cache a ledger object to test the other functions
+    // Get the account from transaction and generate its keylet
+    let escrow_finish = EscrowFinish;
+    let account_id = escrow_finish.get_account().unwrap();
+
+    // Test 4.1: cache_ledger_obj() - Cache a ledger object
+    let mut keylet_buffer = [0u8; 32];
+    let keylet_result = unsafe {
+        host::accountroot_id(
+            account_id.0.as_ptr(),
+            account_id.0.len(),
+            keylet_buffer.as_mut_ptr(),
+            keylet_buffer.len(),
+        )
+    };
+
+    if keylet_result != 32 {
+        let _ = trace_num(
+            "ERROR: accountroot_id failed for caching test:",
+            keylet_result as i64,
+        );
+        return -401; // Keylet generation failed for caching test
+    }
+
+    let cache_result = unsafe { host::cache_le(keylet_buffer.as_ptr(), keylet_result as usize, 0) };
+
+    if cache_result <= 0 {
+        let _ = trace_num(
+            "INFO: cache_ledger_obj failed (expected with test fixtures):",
+            cache_result as i64,
+        );
+        // Test fixtures may not contain the account object - this is expected
+        // We'll test the interface but expect failures
+
+        // Test 4.2-4.5 with invalid slot (should fail gracefully)
+        let mut test_buffer = [0u8; 32];
+
+        // Test get_ledger_obj_field with invalid slot
+        let field_result = unsafe {
+            host::le_field(
+                1,
+                sfield::Balance.into(),
+                test_buffer.as_mut_ptr(),
+                test_buffer.len(),
+            )
+        };
+        if field_result < 0 {
+            let _ = trace_num(
+                "INFO: get_ledger_obj_field failed as expected (no cached object):",
+                field_result as i64,
+            );
+        }
+
+        // Test get_ledger_obj_nested_field with invalid slot
+        let locator = [
+            0x01_u8, 0x00_u8, 0x00_u8, 0x00_u8, 0x00_u8, 0x00_u8, 0x00_u8, 0x00_u8,
+        ]; // Two int32s in little-endian: [1, 0]
+        let nested_result = unsafe {
+            host::le_inner(
+                1,
+                locator.as_ptr(),
+                locator.len(),
+                test_buffer.as_mut_ptr(),
+                test_buffer.len(),
+            )
+        };
+        if nested_result < 0 {
+            let _ = trace_num(
+                "INFO: get_ledger_obj_nested_field failed as expected:",
+                nested_result as i64,
+            );
+        }
+
+        // Test get_ledger_obj_array_len with invalid slot
+        let array_result = unsafe { host::le_arr_len(1, sfield::Signers.into()) };
+        if array_result < 0 {
+            let _ = trace_num(
+                "INFO: get_ledger_obj_array_len failed as expected:",
+                array_result as i64,
+            );
+        }
+
+        // Test get_ledger_obj_nested_array_len with invalid slot
+        let nested_array_result =
+            unsafe { host::le_inner_arr_len(1, locator.as_ptr(), locator.len()) };
+        if nested_array_result < 0 {
+            let _ = trace_num(
+                "INFO: get_ledger_obj_nested_array_len failed as expected:",
+                nested_array_result as i64,
+            );
+        }
+
+        let _ = trace("SUCCESS: Any ledger object functions (interface tested)");
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    // If we successfully cached an object, test the access functions
+    let slot = cache_result;
+    let _ = trace_num("Successfully cached object in slot:", slot as i64);
+
+    // Test 4.2: get_ledger_obj_field() - Access field from cached object
+    let mut cached_balance_buffer = [0u8; 8];
+    let cached_balance_result = unsafe {
+        host::le_field(
+            slot,
+            sfield::Balance.into(),
+            cached_balance_buffer.as_mut_ptr(),
+            cached_balance_buffer.len(),
+        )
+    };
+
+    if cached_balance_result <= 0 {
+        let _ = trace_num(
+            "INFO: get_ledger_obj_field(Balance) failed:",
+            cached_balance_result as i64,
+        );
+    } else if cached_balance_result == 8 {
+        let _ = trace_num(
+            "Cached object balance length (XRP amount):",
+            cached_balance_result as i64,
+        );
+        let _ = trace_hex(
+            "Cached object balance (serialized XRP amount):",
+            &cached_balance_buffer,
+        );
+    } else {
+        let _ = trace_num(
+            "Cached object balance length (non-XRP amount):",
+            cached_balance_result as i64,
+        );
+        let _ = trace_hex(
+            "Cached object balance:",
+            &cached_balance_buffer[..cached_balance_result as usize],
+        );
+    }
+
+    // Test 4.3: get_ledger_obj_nested_field() - Nested field from cached object
+    let locator = [
+        0x01_u8, 0x00_u8, 0x00_u8, 0x00_u8, 0x00_u8, 0x00_u8, 0x00_u8, 0x00_u8,
+    ]; // Two int32s in little-endian: [1, 0]
+    let mut cached_nested_buffer = [0u8; 32];
+    let cached_nested_result = unsafe {
+        host::le_inner(
+            slot,
+            locator.as_ptr(),
+            locator.len(),
+            cached_nested_buffer.as_mut_ptr(),
+            cached_nested_buffer.len(),
+        )
+    };
+
+    if cached_nested_result < 0 {
+        let _ = trace_num(
+            "INFO: get_ledger_obj_nested_field not applicable:",
+            cached_nested_result as i64,
+        );
+    } else {
+        let _ = trace_num("Cached nested field length:", cached_nested_result as i64);
+        let _ = trace_hex(
+            "Cached nested field:",
+            &cached_nested_buffer[..cached_nested_result as usize],
+        );
+    }
+
+    // Test 4.4: get_ledger_obj_array_len() - Array length from cached object
+    let cached_array_len = unsafe { host::le_arr_len(slot, sfield::Signers.into()) };
+    let _ = trace_num(
+        "Cached object Signers array length:",
+        cached_array_len as i64,
+    );
+
+    // Test 4.5: get_ledger_obj_nested_array_len() - Nested array length from cached object
+    let cached_nested_array_len =
+        unsafe { host::le_inner_arr_len(slot, locator.as_ptr(), locator.len()) };
+
+    if cached_nested_array_len < 0 {
+        let _ = trace_num(
+            "INFO: get_ledger_obj_nested_array_len not applicable:",
+            cached_nested_array_len as i64,
+        );
+    } else {
+        let _ = trace_num(
+            "Cached nested array length:",
+            cached_nested_array_len as i64,
+        );
+    }
+
+    let _ = trace("SUCCESS: Any ledger object functions");
+    0
+}
+
+/// Test Category 5: Keylet Generation Functions (4 functions)
+/// Tests keylet generation functions for different ledger entry types
+fn test_keylet_generation_functions() -> i32 {
+    let _ = trace("--- Category 5: Keylet Generation Functions ---");
+
+    let escrow_finish = EscrowFinish;
+    let account_id = escrow_finish.get_account().unwrap();
+
+    // Test 5.1: accountroot_id() - Generate keylet for account
+    let mut accountroot_id_buffer = [0u8; 32];
+    let accountroot_id_result = unsafe {
+        host::accountroot_id(
+            account_id.0.as_ptr(),
+            account_id.0.len(),
+            accountroot_id_buffer.as_mut_ptr(),
+            accountroot_id_buffer.len(),
+        )
+    };
+
+    if accountroot_id_result != 32 {
+        let _ = trace_num(
+            "ERROR: accountroot_id failed:",
+            accountroot_id_result as i64,
+        );
+        return -501; // Account keylet generation failed
+    }
+    let _ = trace_hex("Account keylet:", &accountroot_id_buffer);
+
+    // Test 5.2: credential_keylet() - Generate keylet for credential
+    let mut credential_keylet_buffer = [0u8; 32];
+    let credential_keylet_result = unsafe {
+        host::credential_id(
+            account_id.0.as_ptr(), // Subject
+            account_id.0.len(),
+            account_id.0.as_ptr(), // Issuer - same account for test
+            account_id.0.len(),
+            b"TestType".as_ptr(), // Credential type
+            9usize,               // Length of "TestType"
+            credential_keylet_buffer.as_mut_ptr(),
+            credential_keylet_buffer.len(),
+        )
+    };
+
+    if credential_keylet_result <= 0 {
+        let _ = trace_num(
+            "INFO: credential_keylet failed (expected - interface issue):",
+            credential_keylet_result as i64,
+        );
+        // This is expected to fail due to unusual parameter types
+    } else {
+        let _ = trace_hex(
+            "Credential keylet:",
+            &credential_keylet_buffer[..credential_keylet_result as usize],
+        );
+    }
+
+    // Test 5.3: escrow_keylet() - Generate keylet for escrow
+    let mut escrow_keylet_buffer = [0u8; 32];
+    let sequence_number: i32 = 1000;
+    let sequence_number_bytes = sequence_number.to_be_bytes();
+    let escrow_keylet_result = unsafe {
+        host::escrow_id(
+            account_id.0.as_ptr(),
+            account_id.0.len(),
+            sequence_number_bytes.as_ptr(),
+            sequence_number_bytes.len(),
+            escrow_keylet_buffer.as_mut_ptr(),
+            escrow_keylet_buffer.len(),
+        )
+    };
+
+    if escrow_keylet_result != 32 {
+        let _ = trace_num("ERROR: escrow_keylet failed:", escrow_keylet_result as i64);
+        return -503; // Escrow keylet generation failed
+    }
+    let _ = trace_hex("Escrow keylet:", &escrow_keylet_buffer);
+
+    // Test 5.4: oracle_keylet() - Generate keylet for oracle
+    let mut oracle_keylet_buffer = [0u8; 32];
+    let document_id: i32 = 42;
+    let document_id_bytes = document_id.to_be_bytes();
+    let oracle_keylet_result = unsafe {
+        host::oracle_id(
+            account_id.0.as_ptr(),
+            account_id.0.len(),
+            document_id_bytes.as_ptr(),
+            document_id_bytes.len(),
+            oracle_keylet_buffer.as_mut_ptr(),
+            oracle_keylet_buffer.len(),
+        )
+    };
+
+    if oracle_keylet_result != 32 {
+        let _ = trace_num("ERROR: oracle_keylet failed:", oracle_keylet_result as i64);
+        return -504; // Oracle keylet generation failed
+    }
+    let _ = trace_hex("Oracle keylet:", &oracle_keylet_buffer);
+
+    let _ = trace("SUCCESS: Keylet generation functions");
+    0
+}
+
+/// Test Category 6: Utility Functions (4 functions)
+/// Tests utility functions for hashing, NFT access, and tracing
+fn test_utility_functions() -> i32 {
+    let _ = trace("--- Category 6: Utility Functions ---");
+
+    // Test 6.1: compute_sha512_half() - SHA512 hash computation (first 32 bytes)
+    let test_data = b"Hello, XRPL WASM world!";
+    let mut hash_output = [0u8; 32];
+    let hash_result = unsafe {
+        host::sha512_half(
+            test_data.as_ptr(),
+            test_data.len(),
+            hash_output.as_mut_ptr(),
+            hash_output.len(),
+        )
+    };
+
+    if hash_result != 32 {
+        let _ = trace_num("ERROR: compute_sha512_half failed:", hash_result as i64);
+        return -601; // SHA512 half computation failed
+    }
+    let _ = trace_hex("Input data:", test_data);
+    let _ = trace_hex("SHA512 half hash:", &hash_output);
+
+    // Test 6.2: get_nft() - NFT data retrieval
+    let escrow_finish = EscrowFinish;
+    let account_id = escrow_finish.get_account().unwrap();
+    let nft_id = [0u8; 32]; // Dummy NFT ID for testing
+    let mut nft_buffer = [0u8; 256];
+    let nft_result = unsafe {
+        host::nft_uri(
+            account_id.0.as_ptr(),
+            account_id.0.len(),
+            nft_id.as_ptr(),
+            nft_id.len(),
+            nft_buffer.as_mut_ptr(),
+            nft_buffer.len(),
+        )
+    };
+
+    if nft_result <= 0 {
+        let _ = trace_num(
+            "INFO: get_nft failed (expected - no such NFT):",
+            nft_result as i64,
+        );
+        // This is expected - test account likely doesn't own the dummy NFT
+    } else {
+        let _ = trace_num("NFT data length:", nft_result as i64);
+        let _ = trace_hex("NFT data:", &nft_buffer[..nft_result as usize]);
+    }
+
+    // Test 6.3: trace() - Debug logging with data
+    let trace_message = b"Test trace message";
+    let trace_data_payload = b"payload";
+    unsafe {
+        host::trace(
+            trace_message.as_ptr(),
+            trace_message.len(),
+            TraceDataType::AsHex as i32,
+            trace_data_payload.as_ptr(),
+            trace_data_payload.len(),
+        )
+    };
+
+    // Test 6.4: trace_num() - Debug logging with number
+    let test_number = 42i64;
+    trace_num("Test number trace", test_number);
+
+    let _ = trace("SUCCESS: Utility functions");
+    0
+}
+
+/// Test Category 7: Data Update Functions (1 function)
+/// Tests the function for modifying the current ledger entry
+fn test_data_update_functions() -> i32 {
+    let _ = trace("--- Category 7: Data Update Functions ---");
+
+    // Test 7.1: update_data() - Update current ledger entry data
+    let update_payload = b"Updated ledger entry data from WASM test";
+
+    let update_result = unsafe { host::set_data(update_payload.as_ptr(), update_payload.len()) };
+
+    if update_result != update_payload.len() as i32 {
+        let _ = trace_num("ERROR: update_data failed:", update_result as i64);
+        return -701; // Data update failed
+    }
+
+    let _ = trace_hex("Successfully updated ledger entry with:", update_payload);
+    let _ = trace("SUCCESS: Data update functions");
+    0
+}

src/test/app/wasm_fixtures/all_keylets/Cargo.lock

@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+# This file is automatically @generated by Cargo.
+# It is not intended for manual editing.
+version = 4
+
+[[package]]
+name = "all_keylets"
+version = "0.0.1"
+dependencies = [
+ "xrpl-wasm-stdlib",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "block-buffer"
+version = "0.10.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "3078c7629b62d3f0439517fa394996acacc5cbc91c5a20d8c658e77abd503a71"
+dependencies = [
+ "generic-array",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "bs58"
+version = "0.5.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "bf88ba1141d185c399bee5288d850d63b8369520c1eafc32a0430b5b6c287bf4"
+dependencies = [
+ "tinyvec",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "cfg-if"
+version = "1.0.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "9330f8b2ff13f34540b44e946ef35111825727b38d33286ef986142615121801"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "cpufeatures"
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+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "59ed5838eebb26a2bb2e58f6d5b5316989ae9d08bab10e0e6d103e656d1b0280"
+dependencies = [
+ "libc",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "crypto-common"
+version = "0.1.7"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "78c8292055d1c1df0cce5d180393dc8cce0abec0a7102adb6c7b1eef6016d60a"
+dependencies = [
+ "generic-array",
+ "typenum",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "digest"
+version = "0.10.7"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "9ed9a281f7bc9b7576e61468ba615a66a5c8cfdff42420a70aa82701a3b1e292"
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+ "block-buffer",
+ "crypto-common",
+]
+
+[[package]]
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+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "85649ca51fd72272d7821adaf274ad91c288277713d9c18820d8499a7ff69e9a"
+dependencies = [
+ "typenum",
+ "version_check",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "libc"
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+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "68ab91017fe16c622486840e4c83c9a37afeff978bd239b5293d61ece587de66"
+
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+dependencies = [
+ "unicode-ident",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "quote"
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+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "41f2619966050689382d2b44f664f4bc593e129785a36d6ee376ddf37259b924"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "sha2"
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+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "a7507d819769d01a365ab707794a4084392c824f54a7a6a7862f8c3d0892b283"
+dependencies = [
+ "cfg-if",
+ "cpufeatures",
+ "digest",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "syn"
+version = "2.0.117"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "e665b8803e7b1d2a727f4023456bbbbe74da67099c585258af0ad9c5013b9b99"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "unicode-ident",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "tinyvec"
+version = "1.11.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "3e61e67053d25a4e82c844e8424039d9745781b3fc4f32b8d55ed50f5f667ef3"
+dependencies = [
+ "tinyvec_macros",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "tinyvec_macros"
+version = "0.1.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "1f3ccbac311fea05f86f61904b462b55fb3df8837a366dfc601a0161d0532f20"
+
+[[package]]
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+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "40ce102ab67701b8526c123c1bab5cbe42d7040ccfd0f64af1a385808d2f43de"
+
+[[package]]
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+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "e6e4313cd5fcd3dad5cafa179702e2b244f760991f45397d14d4ebf38247da75"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "version_check"
+version = "0.9.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "0b928f33d975fc6ad9f86c8f283853ad26bdd5b10b7f1542aa2fa15e2289105a"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "xrpl-macros"
+version = "0.1.0"
+source = "git+https://github.com/ripple/xrpl-wasm-stdlib.git?branch=renames#21c522f34a24b460297ebb6be1822680459bf37e"
+dependencies = [
+ "bs58",
+ "quote",
+ "sha2",
+ "syn",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "xrpl-wasm-stdlib"
+version = "0.8.0"
+source = "git+https://github.com/ripple/xrpl-wasm-stdlib.git?branch=renames#21c522f34a24b460297ebb6be1822680459bf37e"
+dependencies = [
+ "xrpl-macros",
+]

src/test/app/wasm_fixtures/all_keylets/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+[package]
+edition = "2024"
+name = "all_keylets"
+version = "0.0.1"
+
+# This empty workspace definition keeps this project independent of the parent workspace
+[workspace]
+
+[lib]
+crate-type = ["cdylib"]
+
+[profile.release]
+lto = true
+opt-level = 's'
+panic = "abort"
+
+[dependencies]
+xrpl-std = { git = "https://github.com/ripple/xrpl-wasm-stdlib.git", package = "xrpl-wasm-stdlib", branch = "renames" }
+
+[profile.dev]
+panic = "abort"

src/test/app/wasm_fixtures/all_keylets/src/lib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+#![cfg_attr(target_arch = "wasm32", no_std)]
+
+#[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+extern crate std;
+
+use crate::host::{Error, Result, Result::Err, Result::Ok};
+use xrpl_std::core::keylets;
+use xrpl_std::core::ledger_objects::current_escrow::get_current_escrow;
+use xrpl_std::core::ledger_objects::current_escrow::CurrentEscrow;
+use xrpl_std::core::ledger_objects::ledger_object;
+use xrpl_std::core::ledger_objects::traits::CurrentEscrowFields;
+use xrpl_std::core::ledger_objects::LedgerObjectFieldGetter;
+use xrpl_std::core::types::currency::Currency;
+use xrpl_std::core::types::issue::{IouIssue, Issue, XrpIssue};
+use xrpl_std::core::types::mpt_id::MptId;
+use xrpl_std::host;
+use xrpl_std::host::trace::{trace, trace_acct, trace_data, trace_num, DataRepr};
+use xrpl_std::sfield;
+
+pub fn object_exists<T: LedgerObjectFieldGetter, const CODE: i32>(
+    keylet_result: Result<keylets::KeyletBytes>,
+    keylet_type: &str,
+    sfield: sfield::SField<T, CODE>,
+) -> Result<bool> {
+    let field = CODE;
+    match keylet_result {
+        Ok(keylet) => {
+            let _ = trace_data(keylet_type, &keylet, DataRepr::AsHex);
+
+            let slot = unsafe { host::cache_le(keylet.as_ptr(), keylet.len(), 0) };
+            if slot <= 0 {
+                let _ = trace_num("Error: ", slot.into());
+                return Err(Error::from_code(slot));
+            }
+            if field == 0 {
+                let new_field = sfield::PreviousTxnID;
+                let _ = trace_num("Getting field: ", new_field.clone().into());
+                match ledger_object::get_field(slot, new_field) {
+                    Ok(data) => {
+                        let _ = trace_data("Field data: ", &data.0, DataRepr::AsHex);
+                    }
+                    Err(result_code) => {
+                        let _ = trace_num("Error getting field: ", result_code.into());
+                        return Err(result_code);
+                    }
+                }
+            } else {
+                let _ = trace_num("Getting field: ", field.into());
+                match ledger_object::get_field(slot, sfield) {
+                    Ok(_data) => {
+                        let _ = trace("Field data: retrieved");
+                    }
+                    Err(result_code) => {
+                        let _ = trace_num("Error getting field: ", result_code.into());
+                        return Err(result_code);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            Ok(true)
+        }
+        Err(error) => {
+            let _ = trace_num("Error getting keylet: ", error.into());
+            Err(error)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[unsafe(no_mangle)]
+pub extern "C" fn escrow_finish() -> i32 {
+    let _ = trace("$$$$$ STARTING WASM EXECUTION $$$$$");
+
+    let escrow: CurrentEscrow = get_current_escrow();
+
+    let account = escrow.get_account().unwrap_or_panic();
+    let _ = trace_acct("Account:", &account);
+
+    let destination = escrow.get_destination().unwrap_or_panic();
+    let _ = trace_acct("Destination:", &destination);
+
+    let mut seq = 5;
+
+    macro_rules! check_object_exists {
+        ($keylet:expr, $type:expr, $field:expr) => {
+            match object_exists($keylet, $type, $field) {
+                Ok(_exists) => {
+                    // false isn't returned
+                    let _ = trace(concat!(
+                        $type,
+                        " object exists, proceeding with escrow finish."
+                    ));
+                }
+                Err(error) => {
+                    let _ = trace_num("Current seq value:", seq.try_into().unwrap());
+                    return error.code();
+                }
+            }
+        };
+    }
+
+    let accountroot_id = keylets::accountroot_id(&account);
+    check_object_exists!(accountroot_id, "Account", sfield::Account);
+
+    let currency_code: &[u8; 3] = b"USD";
+    let currency: Currency = Currency::from(*currency_code);
+    let trustline_id = keylets::trustline_id(&account, &destination, &currency);
+    check_object_exists!(trustline_id, "Trustline", sfield::Generic);
+    seq += 1;
+
+    let asset1 = Issue::XRP(XrpIssue {});
+    let asset2 = Issue::IOU(IouIssue::new(destination, currency));
+    check_object_exists!(keylets::amm_id(&asset1, &asset2), "AMM", sfield::Account);
+
+    let check_id = keylets::check_id(&account, seq);
+    check_object_exists!(check_id, "Check", sfield::Account);
+    seq += 1;
+
+    let cred_type: &[u8] = b"termsandconditions";
+    let credential_id = keylets::credential_id(&account, &account, cred_type);
+    check_object_exists!(credential_id, "Credential", sfield::Subject);
+    seq += 1;
+
+    let delegate_id = keylets::delegate_id(&account, &destination);
+    check_object_exists!(delegate_id, "Delegate", sfield::Account);
+    seq += 1;
+
+    let deposit_preauth_id = keylets::deposit_preauth_id(&account, &destination);
+    check_object_exists!(deposit_preauth_id, "DepositPreauth", sfield::Account);
+    seq += 1;
+
+    let did_id = keylets::did_id(&account);
+    check_object_exists!(did_id, "DID", sfield::Account);
+    seq += 1;
+
+    let escrow_id = keylets::escrow_id(&account, seq);
+    check_object_exists!(escrow_id, "Escrow", sfield::Account);
+    seq += 1;
+
+    let mpt_issuance_id = keylets::mpt_issuance_id(&account, seq);
+    let mpt_id = MptId::new(seq.try_into().unwrap(), account);
+    check_object_exists!(mpt_issuance_id, "MPTIssuance", sfield::Issuer);
+    seq += 1;
+
+    let mptoken_id = keylets::mptoken_id(&mpt_id, &destination);
+    check_object_exists!(mptoken_id, "MPToken", sfield::Account);
+
+    let nft_offer_id = keylets::nft_offer_id(&destination, 6);
+    check_object_exists!(nft_offer_id, "NFTokenOffer", sfield::Owner);
+
+    let offer_id = keylets::offer_id(&account, seq);
+    check_object_exists!(offer_id, "Offer", sfield::Account);
+    seq += 1;
+
+    let paychan_id = keylets::paychan_id(&account, &destination, seq);
+    check_object_exists!(paychan_id, "PayChannel", sfield::Account);
+    seq += 1;
+
+    let pd_id = keylets::permissioned_domain_id(&account, seq);
+    check_object_exists!(pd_id, "PermissionedDomain", sfield::Owner);
+    seq += 1;
+
+    let signers_id = keylets::signers_id(&account);
+    check_object_exists!(signers_id, "SignerList", sfield::Generic);
+    seq += 1;
+
+    seq += 1; // ticket sequence number is one greater
+    let ticket_id = keylets::ticket_id(&account, seq);
+    check_object_exists!(ticket_id, "Ticket", sfield::Account);
+    seq += 1;
+
+    let vault_id = keylets::vault_id(&account, seq);
+    check_object_exists!(vault_id, "Vault", sfield::Account);
+    // seq += 1;
+
+    1 // All keylets exist, finish the escrow.
+}

src/test/app/wasm_fixtures/bad_align.c

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+int32_t float_from_uint(uint8_t const *, int32_t, uint8_t *, int32_t, int32_t);
+int32_t check_id(uint8_t const *, int32_t, uint8_t const *, int32_t, uint8_t *,
+                 int32_t);
+
+uint8_t e_data1[32 * 1024];
+uint8_t e_data2[32 * 1024];
+
+int32_t test1()
+{
+  e_data1[1] = 0xFF;
+  e_data1[2] = 0xFF;
+  e_data1[3] = 0xFF;
+  e_data1[4] = 0xFF;
+  e_data1[5] = 0xFF;
+  e_data1[6] = 0xFF;
+  e_data1[7] = 0xFF;
+  e_data1[8] = 0xFF;
+  int32_t result = float_from_uint(&e_data1[1], 8, &e_data1[35], 12, 0);
+  return result >= 0 ? *((int32_t *)(&e_data1[36])) : result;
+}
+
+int32_t test2()
+{
+  // Set up misaligned uint32 (seq) at offset 1
+  e_data2[1] = 0xFF;
+  e_data2[2] = 0xFF;
+  e_data2[3] = 0xFF;
+  e_data2[4] = 0xFF;
+  // Set up valid non-zero AccountID (20 bytes) at offset 10
+  for (int i = 0; i < 20; i++)
+    e_data2[10 + i] = i + 1;
+  // Call check_id with misaligned uint32 at &e_data2[1] to hit line 72 in
+  // HostFuncWrapper.cpp
+  int32_t result = check_id(&e_data2[10], 20, &e_data2[1], 4, &e_data2[35], 32);
+  // Return the misaligned value directly to validate it was read correctly (-1
+  // if all 0xFF)
+  return result >= 0 ? *((int32_t *)(&e_data2[36])) : result;
+}
+
+int32_t test() { return test1() + test2(); }

src/test/app/wasm_fixtures/codecov_tests/Cargo.lock

@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+# This file is automatically @generated by Cargo.
+# It is not intended for manual editing.
+version = 4
+
+[[package]]
+name = "block-buffer"
+version = "0.12.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d2f6c7dbe95a6ed67ad9f18e57daf93a2f034c524b99fd2b76d18fdfeb6660aa"
+dependencies = [
+ "hybrid-array",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "bs58"
+version = "0.5.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "bf88ba1141d185c399bee5288d850d63b8369520c1eafc32a0430b5b6c287bf4"
+dependencies = [
+ "tinyvec",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "cfg-if"
+version = "1.0.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "9330f8b2ff13f34540b44e946ef35111825727b38d33286ef986142615121801"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "codecov_tests"
+version = "0.0.1"
+dependencies = [
+ "xrpl-common-stdlib",
+ "xrpl-escrow-stdlib",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "const-oid"
+version = "0.10.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "a6ef517f0926dd24a1582492c791b6a4818a4d94e789a334894aa15b0d12f55c"
+
+[[package]]
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+version = "0.3.0"
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+checksum = "8b2a41393f66f16b0823bb79094d54ac5fbd34ab292ddafb9a0456ac9f87d201"
+dependencies = [
+ "libc",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "crypto-common"
+version = "0.2.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "ce6e4c961d6cd6c9a86db418387425e8bdeaf05b3c8bc1411e6dca4c252f1453"
+dependencies = [
+ "hybrid-array",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "digest"
+version = "0.11.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f1dd6dbb5841937940781866fa1281a1ff7bd3bf827091440879f9994983d5c2"
+dependencies = [
+ "block-buffer",
+ "const-oid",
+ "crypto-common",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "hybrid-array"
+version = "0.4.14"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
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+ "typenum",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "libc"
+version = "0.2.186"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
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+dependencies = [
+ "unicode-ident",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "quote"
+version = "1.0.45"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "41f2619966050689382d2b44f664f4bc593e129785a36d6ee376ddf37259b924"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "sha2"
+version = "0.11.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "446ba717509524cb3f22f17ecc096f10f4822d76ab5c0b9822c5f9c284e825f4"
+dependencies = [
+ "cfg-if",
+ "cpufeatures",
+ "digest",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "syn"
+version = "3.0.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "53e9bae58849f64dfa4f5d5ae372c8341f7305f82a3868709269343628b659a3"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "unicode-ident",
+]
+
+[[package]]
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+version = "1.11.0"
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+dependencies = [
+ "tinyvec_macros",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "tinyvec_macros"
+version = "0.1.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "1f3ccbac311fea05f86f61904b462b55fb3df8837a366dfc601a0161d0532f20"
+
+[[package]]
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+
+[[package]]
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+
+[[package]]
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+version = "0.8.0"
+source = "git+https://github.com/ripple/xrpl-wasm-stdlib.git?branch=error-and-trace#b008b097237ce0d1a2dffc72ba39dd9fc50020a9"
+dependencies = [
+ "xrpl-macros",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "xrpl-escrow-stdlib"
+version = "0.1.0"
+source = "git+https://github.com/ripple/xrpl-wasm-stdlib.git?branch=error-and-trace#b008b097237ce0d1a2dffc72ba39dd9fc50020a9"
+dependencies = [
+ "xrpl-common-stdlib",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "xrpl-macros"
+version = "0.1.0"
+source = "git+https://github.com/ripple/xrpl-wasm-stdlib.git?branch=error-and-trace#b008b097237ce0d1a2dffc72ba39dd9fc50020a9"
+dependencies = [
+ "bs58",
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "sha2",
+ "syn",
+]

src/test/app/wasm_fixtures/codecov_tests/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+[package]
+edition = "2024"
+name = "codecov_tests"
+version = "0.0.1"
+
+# This empty workspace definition keeps this project independent of the parent workspace
+[workspace]
+
+[lib]
+crate-type = ["cdylib"]
+
+[profile.release]
+lto = true
+opt-level = 's'
+panic = "abort"
+
+[dependencies]
+xrpl-std = { git = "https://github.com/ripple/xrpl-wasm-stdlib.git", package = "xrpl-common-stdlib", branch = "error-and-trace" }
+xrpl-escrow = { git = "https://github.com/ripple/xrpl-wasm-stdlib.git", package = "xrpl-escrow-stdlib", branch = "error-and-trace" }

src/test/app/wasm_fixtures/codecov_tests/src/host_bindings_loose.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+//TODO add docs after discussing the interface
+//Note that Craft currently does not honor the rounding modes
+#[allow(unused)]
+pub const FLOAT_ROUNDING_MODES_TO_NEAREST: i32 = 0;
+#[allow(unused)]
+pub const FLOAT_ROUNDING_MODES_TOWARDS_ZERO: i32 = 1;
+#[allow(unused)]
+pub const FLOAT_ROUNDING_MODES_DOWNWARD: i32 = 2;
+#[allow(unused)]
+pub const FLOAT_ROUNDING_MODES_UPWARD: i32 = 3;
+
+// pub enum RippledRoundingModes{
+//     ToNearest = 0,
+//     TowardsZero = 1,
+//     DOWNWARD = 2,
+//     UPWARD = 3
+// }
+
+#[allow(unused)]
+#[link(wasm_import_module = "host_lib")]
+unsafe extern "C" {
+    pub fn parent_ldgr_hash(out_buff_ptr: i32, out_buff_len: i32) -> i32;
+
+    pub fn cache_le(keylet_ptr: i32, keylet_len: i32, cache_num: i32) -> i32;
+
+    pub fn tx_inner_arr_len(locator_ptr: i32, locator_len: i32) -> i32;
+
+    pub fn accountroot_id(
+        account_ptr: i32,
+        account_len: i32,
+        out_buff_ptr: *mut u8,
+        out_buff_len: usize,
+    ) -> i32;
+
+    pub fn trustline_id(
+        account1_ptr: *const u8,
+        account1_len: usize,
+        account2_ptr: *const u8,
+        account2_len: usize,
+        currency_ptr: i32,
+        currency_len: i32,
+        out_buff_ptr: *mut u8,
+        out_buff_len: usize,
+    ) -> i32;
+
+    // Same wasm functype as the real binding, so this is not a second import of
+    // host_lib.trace. Loose i32 pointers exercise the out-of-bounds path.
+    #[link_name = "trace"]
+    pub fn trace_loose(
+        msg_read_ptr: i32,
+        msg_read_len: i32,
+        data_type: i32,
+        data_read_ptr: i32,
+        data_read_len: i32,
+    );
+}

src/test/app/wasm_fixtures/copyFixtures.py

@@ -0,0 +1,287 @@
+# cspell: disable
+import os
+import re
+import shlex
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import tempfile
+import zipfile
+from difflib import get_close_matches
+
+OPT = "-Oz"
+BASE_PATH = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__))
+
+
+def pascal_case(name):
+    return "".join(word[:1].upper() + word[1:] for word in re.split(r"[_\W]+", name))
+
+
+def normalize_name(name):
+    name = re.sub(r"([a-z0-9])([A-Z])", r"\1_\2", name)
+    return re.sub(r"[^a-z0-9]", "", name.lower())
+
+
+def fixture_key(name):
+    name = normalize_name(name).removeprefix("k")
+    return name.removesuffix("wasmhex").removesuffix("hex")
+
+
+def declared_fixtures():
+    h_path = os.path.join(BASE_PATH, "fixtures.h")
+    with open(h_path, "r", encoding="utf8") as f:
+        return re.findall(
+            r"extern std::string const ([A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*);", f.read()
+        )
+
+
+def find_fixture_name(project_name, suffix):
+    default = re.sub(r"_([a-z])", lambda m: m.group(1).upper(), project_name) + suffix
+    k_default = f"k{pascal_case(project_name)}{suffix}"
+    declarations = declared_fixtures()
+    normalized = {normalize_name(name): name for name in declarations}
+    fixture_keys = {fixture_key(name): name for name in declarations}
+
+    for name in (default, k_default):
+        if normalize_name(name) in normalized:
+            return normalized[normalize_name(name)]
+
+    project_key = normalize_name(project_name)
+    matches = [
+        name
+        for key, name in fixture_keys.items()
+        if key.endswith(project_key)
+        or key.startswith(project_key)
+        or project_key.endswith(key)
+        or project_key.startswith(key)
+    ]
+    if len(matches) == 1:
+        return matches[0]
+
+    close = get_close_matches(project_key, fixture_keys.keys(), n=1, cutoff=0.82)
+    if close:
+        return fixture_keys[close[0]]
+
+    return k_default
+
+
+def fixture_cpp_path(fixture_name):
+    pattern = rf"extern std::string const {fixture_name} ="
+    for file_name in os.listdir(BASE_PATH):
+        if not file_name.endswith(".cpp"):
+            continue
+        cpp_path = os.path.join(BASE_PATH, file_name)
+        with open(cpp_path, "r", encoding="utf8") as f:
+            if re.search(pattern, f.read()):
+                return cpp_path
+    return os.path.join(BASE_PATH, "fixtures.cpp")
+
+
+def update_fixture(project_name, wasm, suffix="WasmHex"):
+    fixture_name = find_fixture_name(project_name, suffix)
+    print(f"Updating fixture: {fixture_name}")
+
+    cpp_path = fixture_cpp_path(fixture_name)
+    h_path = os.path.join(BASE_PATH, "fixtures.h")
+    with open(cpp_path, "r", encoding="utf8") as f:
+        cpp_content = f.read()
+
+    pattern = rf'extern std::string const {fixture_name} =[ \n]+"[^;]*;'
+    if re.search(pattern, cpp_content, flags=re.MULTILINE):
+        updated_cpp_content = re.sub(
+            pattern,
+            f'extern std::string const {fixture_name} = "{wasm}";',
+            cpp_content,
+            flags=re.MULTILINE,
+        )
+    else:
+        with open(h_path, "r", encoding="utf8") as f:
+            h_content = f.read()
+        updated_h_content = (
+            h_content.rstrip() + f"\n\nextern std::string const {fixture_name};\n"
+        )
+        with open(h_path, "w", encoding="utf8") as f:
+            f.write(updated_h_content)
+        updated_cpp_content = (
+            cpp_content.rstrip()
+            + f'\n\nextern std::string const {fixture_name} = "{wasm}";\n'
+        )
+
+    with open(cpp_path, "w", encoding="utf8") as f:
+        f.write(updated_cpp_content)
+
+
+def read_wasm_hex(path):
+    with open(path, "rb") as f:
+        return f.read().hex()
+
+
+def process_rust(project_name):
+    project_path = os.path.join(BASE_PATH, project_name)
+    wasm_location = os.path.join(
+        project_path, "target", "wasm32v1-none", "release", f"{project_name}.wasm"
+    )
+    try:
+        subprocess.run(
+            ["cargo", "build", "--target", "wasm32v1-none", "--release"],
+            cwd=project_path,
+            check=True,
+        )
+        subprocess.run(
+            ["wasm-opt", wasm_location, OPT, "-o", wasm_location], check=True
+        )
+        print(f"WASM file for {project_name} has been built and optimized.")
+    except FileNotFoundError as e:
+        print(f"exec error: {e.filename} is required to build Rust fixtures")
+        sys.exit(1)
+    except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
+        print(f"exec error: {e}")
+        sys.exit(1)
+
+    update_fixture(project_name, read_wasm_hex(wasm_location))
+
+
+def process_c(project_name):
+    project_path = os.path.join(BASE_PATH, f"{project_name}.c")
+    wasm_path = os.path.join(BASE_PATH, f"{project_name}.wasm")
+    cc = os.environ.get("CC")
+    sysroot = os.environ.get("SYSROOT")
+    if not cc or not sysroot:
+        print("exec error: CC and SYSROOT are required to build C fixtures")
+        sys.exit(1)
+
+    build_cmd = [
+        *shlex.split(cc),
+        f"--sysroot={sysroot}",
+        "-O3",
+        "-ffast-math",
+        "--target=wasm32",
+        "-fno-exceptions",
+        "-fno-threadsafe-statics",
+        "-fvisibility=default",
+        "-Wl,--export-all",
+        "-Wl,--no-entry",
+        "-Wl,--allow-undefined",
+        "-DNDEBUG",
+        "--no-standard-libraries",
+        "-fno-builtin-memset",
+        "-o",
+        wasm_path,
+        project_path,
+    ]
+    try:
+        subprocess.run(build_cmd, check=True)
+        subprocess.run(["wasm-opt", wasm_path, OPT, "-o", wasm_path], check=True)
+        print(
+            f"WASM file for {project_name} has been built with WASI support using clang."
+        )
+    except FileNotFoundError as e:
+        print(f"exec error: {e.filename} is required to build C fixtures")
+        sys.exit(1)
+    except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
+        print(f"exec error: {e}")
+        sys.exit(1)
+
+    update_fixture(project_name, read_wasm_hex(wasm_path))
+
+
+def wat_to_wasm(wat_path, wasm_path):
+    build_cmd = ["wat2wasm", wat_path, "-o", wasm_path]
+    try:
+        subprocess.run(build_cmd, check=True)
+        print(f"WASM file for {os.path.basename(wat_path)} has been built.")
+    except FileNotFoundError:
+        print("exec error: wat2wasm is required to build WAT fixtures")
+        sys.exit(1)
+    except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
+        print(f"exec error: {e}")
+        sys.exit(1)
+
+
+def process_wat_file(wat_path):
+    project_name = os.path.splitext(os.path.basename(wat_path))[0]
+    with open(wat_path, "r", encoding="utf8") as f:
+        if "(module" not in f.read():
+            print(f"Skipping WAT fixture without a module: {project_name}")
+            return
+
+    with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmpdir:
+        wasm_path = os.path.join(tmpdir, f"{project_name}.wasm")
+        wat_to_wasm(wat_path, wasm_path)
+        update_fixture(project_name, read_wasm_hex(wasm_path), "Hex")
+
+
+def process_wat_zip(zip_path):
+    project_name = os.path.splitext(os.path.basename(zip_path))[0]
+    with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmpdir:
+        with zipfile.ZipFile(zip_path) as archive:
+            wat_names = [name for name in archive.namelist() if name.endswith(".wat")]
+            if len(wat_names) != 1:
+                print(f"exec error: expected one .wat file in {zip_path}")
+                sys.exit(1)
+            archive.extract(wat_names[0], tmpdir)
+
+        wasm_path = os.path.join(tmpdir, f"{project_name}.wasm")
+        wat_to_wasm(os.path.join(tmpdir, wat_names[0]), wasm_path)
+        update_fixture(project_name, read_wasm_hex(wasm_path), "Hex")
+
+
+def process_wat(project_name):
+    candidates = [
+        os.path.join(BASE_PATH, f"{project_name}.wat"),
+        os.path.join(BASE_PATH, "wat", f"{project_name}.wat"),
+        os.path.join(BASE_PATH, "wat", f"{project_name}.zip"),
+    ]
+    for path in candidates:
+        if os.path.isfile(path):
+            if path.endswith(".zip"):
+                process_wat_zip(path)
+            else:
+                process_wat_file(path)
+            return
+
+    print(f"exec error: fixture {project_name} not found")
+    sys.exit(1)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    if len(sys.argv) > 2:
+        print("Usage: python copyFixtures.py [<project_name>]")
+        sys.exit(1)
+
+    if len(sys.argv) == 2:
+        project_name = os.path.splitext(os.path.basename(sys.argv[1]))[0]
+        if os.path.isfile(os.path.join(BASE_PATH, project_name, "Cargo.toml")):
+            process_rust(project_name)
+        elif os.path.isfile(os.path.join(BASE_PATH, f"{project_name}.c")):
+            process_c(project_name)
+        else:
+            process_wat(project_name)
+        print("Fixture has been processed.")
+    else:
+        dirs = [
+            d
+            for d in os.listdir(BASE_PATH)
+            if os.path.isfile(os.path.join(BASE_PATH, d, "Cargo.toml"))
+        ]
+        c_files = [f for f in os.listdir(BASE_PATH) if f.endswith(".c")]
+        wat_files = [f for f in os.listdir(BASE_PATH) if f.endswith(".wat")]
+        wat_path = os.path.join(BASE_PATH, "wat")
+        wat_fixture_files = [
+            f
+            for f in (os.listdir(wat_path) if os.path.isdir(wat_path) else [])
+            if f.endswith((".wat", ".zip"))
+        ]
+
+        for d in sorted(dirs):
+            process_rust(d)
+        for c in sorted(c_files):
+            process_c(c[:-2])
+        for wat in sorted(wat_files):
+            process_wat_file(os.path.join(BASE_PATH, wat))
+        for wat_fixture in sorted(wat_fixture_files):
+            path = os.path.join(wat_path, wat_fixture)
+            if wat_fixture.endswith(".zip"):
+                process_wat_zip(path)
+            else:
+                process_wat_file(path)
+        print("All fixtures have been processed.")

src/test/app/wasm_fixtures/fixtures.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,657 @@
+// Not built. The only reader of these blobs is the disabled suite in Wasm_test.cpp, so they
+// are left out of the build and cost neither a translation unit nor static-init time.
+// Regenerate the hex with copyFixtures.py.
+//
+// TODO: consider moving these to separate files (and figure out the build)
+
+/*
+#include <test/app/wasm_fixtures/fixtures.h>
+
+#include <string>
+
+extern std::string const kLedgerSqnWasmHex =
+    "0061736d01000000010e0360027f7f017f6000006000017f02120103656e760a6c6467725f696e6465780000030302"
+    "01020503010002063f0a7f01418088040b7f004180080b7f004180080b7f004180080b7f00418088040b7f00418008"
+    "0b7f00418088040b7f00418080080b7f0041000b7f0041010b07b1010c066d656d6f72790200115f5f7761736d5f63"
+    "616c6c5f63746f727300010d657363726f775f66696e69736800020c5f5f64736f5f68616e646c6503010a5f5f6461"
+    "74615f656e6403020b5f5f737461636b5f6c6f7703030c5f5f737461636b5f6869676803040d5f5f676c6f62616c5f"
+    "6261736503050b5f5f686561705f6261736503060a5f5f686561705f656e6403070d5f5f6d656d6f72795f62617365"
+    "03080c5f5f7461626c655f6261736503090a3d0202000b3801037f230041106b220024002000410c6a410410002101"
+    "200028020c2102200041106a2400200141054100200241054f1b20014100481b0b007f0970726f647563657273010c"
+    "70726f6365737365642d62790105636c616e675f31392e312e352d776173692d73646b202868747470733a2f2f6769"
+    "746875622e636f6d2f6c6c766d2f6c6c766d2d70726f6a656374206162346235613264623538323935386166316565"
+    "33303861373930636664623432626432343732302900490f7461726765745f6665617475726573042b0f6d75746162"
+    "6c652d676c6f62616c732b087369676e2d6578742b0f7265666572656e63652d74797065732b0a6d756c746976616c"
+    "7565";
+
+extern std::string const kAllHostFunctionsWasmHex =
+    "0061736d0100000001550c60027f7f017f60037f7f7f017f60047f7f7f7f017f60017f017f60067f7f7f7f7f7f017f"
+    "60037f7f7f0060057f7f7f7f7f0060087f7f7f7f7f7f7f7f017f60057f7f7f7f7f017f60017f0060027f7f00600001"
+    "7f02b1041808686f73745f6c69620874785f6669656c64000108686f73745f6c6962057472616365000608686f7374"
+    "5f6c69620a6c6467725f696e646578000008686f73745f6c696210706172656e745f6c6467725f74696d6500000868"
+    "6f73745f6c696210706172656e745f6c6467725f68617368000008686f73745f6c69620874785f696e6e6572000208"
+    "686f73745f6c69620a74785f6172725f6c656e000308686f73745f6c69621074785f696e6e65725f6172725f6c656e"
+    "000008686f73745f6c69620d686f6d655f6c655f6669656c64000108686f73745f6c69620d686f6d655f6c655f696e"
+    "6e6572000208686f73745f6c69620f686f6d655f6c655f6172725f6c656e000308686f73745f6c696215686f6d655f"
+    "6c655f696e6e65725f6172725f6c656e000008686f73745f6c69620863616368655f6c65000108686f73745f6c6962"
+    "0d63726564656e7469616c5f6964000708686f73745f6c696209657363726f775f6964000408686f73745f6c696209"
+    "6f7261636c655f6964000408686f73745f6c69620b7368613531325f68616c66000208686f73745f6c6962076e6674"
+    "5f757269000408686f73745f6c6962087365745f64617461000008686f73745f6c69620a6c655f6172725f6c656e00"
+    "0008686f73745f6c69620e6163636f756e74726f6f745f6964000208686f73745f6c6962106c655f696e6e65725f61"
+    "72725f6c656e000108686f73745f6c6962086c655f6669656c64000208686f73745f6c6962086c655f696e6e657200"
+    "08030b0a090a05050b000101030005030100110619037f01418080c0000b7f0041c698c0000b7f0041d098c0000b07"
+    "3504066d656d6f727902000d657363726f775f66696e697368001c0a5f5f646174615f656e6403010b5f5f68656170"
+    "5f6261736503020acf210a9d0101027f230041206b2201240020014200370310200142003703082001410036021820"
+    "00027f024041818020200141086a41141000220241004e0440200241144b0d01200241144704402000418180808078"
+    "36020441010c030b20002001280218360011200020012903103700092000200129030837000141000c020b20002002"
+    "36020441010c010b2000417336020441010b3a0000200141206a24000b5a01017f230041106b2202240020012d0000"
+    "41014604402002200134020437030841df97c000410b4101200241086a41081001000b200020012800113600102000"
+    "200129000937000820002001290001370000200241106a24000b1900200241214f0440000b20002002360204200020"
+    "013602000b1900200241094f0440000b20002002360204200020013602000bdd1e01077f230041c0036b2200240041"
+    "ea97c000411b4107410141001001418598c0004119410741014100100141b583c000412b4107410141001001200041"
+    "003602500240024002400240024002400240200041d0006a41041002220141004a044020002000280250220141ff81"
+    "fc0771410878200141187841ff81fc077172ad3703c00141e083c00041174101200041c0016a220241081001200041"
+    "003602800120004180016a41041003220141004c0d012000200028028001220141ff81fc0771410878200141187841"
+    "ff81fc077172ad3703c00141f783c00041134101200241081001200042003703d801200042003703d0012000420037"
+    "03c801200042003703c0012002412010042201412047044020002001ac3703a00141bd84c000412b4101200041a001"
+    "6a4108100141997f21030c080b418a84c00041134106200041c0016a220441201001419d84c0004120410741014100"
+    "100141aa85c000412e4107410141001001200041003602b001200042003703a801200042003703a001418180202000"
+    "41a0016a22024114100022014114470d0241d885c00041144104200241141001200042003703384188801820004138"
+    "6a22024108100022014108470d03200042083703c00141ec85c00041174101200441081001418386c0004128410620"
+    "02410810012000410036027841848008200041f8006a22024104100022014104470d0441ab86c00041154106200241"
+    "04100120004100360051200041013a005020004100360054200042003703d801200042003703d001200042003703c8"
+    "01200042003703c0010240200041d0006a4108200441201005220141004e044020002001ad3703800141c086c00041"
+    "14410120004180016a41081001200041306a20042001101a41d486c000410d41062000280230200028023410010c01"
+    "0b20002001ac3703800141e186c0004129410120004180016a410810010b20004183803c1006ac37038001418a87c0"
+    "004115410120004180016a22024108100120004189803c1006ac37038001419f87c000411341012002410810010240"
+    "200041d0006a41081007220141004e044020002001ad3703800141b287c000411441012002410810010c010b200020"
+    "01ac3703800141c687c000412d410120004180016a410810010b41f387c0004123410741014100100141e792c00041"
+    "3341074101410010012000420037033841828018200041386a220141081008220241004c0d05200241084604402000"
+    "42083703c001419a93c000412b4101200041c0016a4108100141c593c000412f41062001410810010c070b20002002"
+    "ad3703c00141f493c000412f4101200041c0016a41081001200041286a200041386a2002101b41a394c00041174106"
+    "2000280228200028022c10010c060b20002001ac3703c001418d85c000411d4101200041c0016a41081001419b7f21"
+    "030c060b20002001ac3703c00141e884c00041254101200041c0016a41081001419a7f21030c050b20002001ac3703"
+    "c001418289c000412a4101200041c0016a4108100141b77e21030c040b20002001ac3703c00141c188c00041c10041"
+    "01200041c0016a4108100141b67e21030c030b20002001ac3703c001419688c000412b4101200041c0016a41081001"
+    "41b57e21030c020b20002002ac3703c00141ba94c00041c5004101200041c0016a410810010b200041003602b00120"
+    "0042003703a801200042003703a001024041818020200041a0016a220241141008220141004a044041ff94c000411e"
+    "41042002411410010c010b20002001ac3703c001419d95c00041334101200041c0016a410810010b20004100360051"
+    "200041013a005020004100360054200042003703d801200042003703d001200042003703c801200042003703c00102"
+    "40200041d0006a4108200041c0016a220141201009220241004e044020002002ad3703800141d095c000411c410120"
+    "004180016a41081001200041206a20012002101a41ec95c000411541062000280220200028022410010c010b200020"
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+    "016a2202101d22014120460440200241204100100c220541004a044020002005ad3703c00141db89c0004123410120"
+    "0441081001200042003703782005200041f8006a22014108101e220241004c0d0220024108460440200042083703c0"
+    "0141fe89c000412a410120044108100141a88ac000412e41062001410810010c060b20002002ad3703c00141d68ac0"
+    "00412e4101200041c0016a41081001200041186a200041f8006a2002101b41848bc000411641062000280218200028"
+    "021c10010c050b20002005ac3703c00141bc8dc000413c4101200041c0016a220141081001200042003703d8012000"
+    "42003703d001200042003703c801200042003703c001410120014120101e22014100480d020c030b20002001ac3703"
+    "c001419090c000412e4101200041c0016a4108100141ef7c21030c050b20002002ac3703c001419a8bc000412b4101"
+    "200041c0016a410810010c020b20002001ac37035041f88dc00041c1004101200041d0006a410810010b2000410036"
+    "0039200041013a00382000410036003c4101200041386a200041c0016a101f2201410048044020002001ac37035041"
+    "b98ec00041354101200041d0006a410810010b410110202201410048044020002001ac37035041ee8ec00041324101"
+    "200041d0006a410810010b4101200041386a10212201410048044020002001ac37035041a08fc00041394101200041"
+    "d0006a410810010b41d98fc000413741074101410010010c010b20004100360039200041013a00382000410036003c"
+    "200042003703d801200042003703d001200042003703c801200042003703c00102402005200041386a200041c0016a"
+    "2201101f220241004e044020002002ad37035041c58bc000411b4101200041d0006a41081001200041106a20012002"
+    "101a41e08bc000411441062000280210200028021410010c010b20002002ac37035041f48bc00041314101200041d0"
+    "006a410810010b200020051020ac37035041a58cc00041234101200041d0006a22014108100102402005200041386a"
+    "1021220241004e044020002002ad37035041c88cc000411b41012001410810010c010b20002002ac37035041e38cc0"
+    "0041354101200041d0006a410810010b41988dc000412441074101410010010b41be90c000412f4107410141001001"
+    "200041c0016a22011018200041386a2204200110192000420037036820004200370360200042003703582000420037"
+    "0350024002402004200041d0006a2202101d2201412046044041ed90c000410f410620024120100120004200370398"
+    "012000420037039001200042003703880120004200370380010240200441142004411441fc90c00041092000418001"
+    "6a22014120100d220241004a0440200041086a20012002101a418491c000411241062000280208200028020c10010c"
+    "010b20002002ac3703c001419691c000413c4101200041c0016a410810010b200042003703b801200042003703b001"
+    "200042003703a801200042003703a00120004180808cc07e360270200041386a22044114200041f0006a4104200041"
+    "a0016a22024120100e22014120470d0141d291c000410e4106200241201001200042003703d801200042003703d001"
+    "200042003703c801200042003703c001200041808080d00236027420044114200041f4006a4104200041c0016a4120"
+    "100f2201412047044020002001ac370378419292c000411c4101200041f8006a4108100141887c21030c040b41e091"
+    "c000410e4106200041c0016a22044120100141ee91c00041244107410141001001418080c000412541074101410010"
+    "0120004200370398012000420037039001200042003703880120004200370380010240024041a580c0004117200041"
+    "80016a2202412010102201412046044041bc80c000410b410641a580c0004117100141c780c0004111410620024120"
+    "100120041018200041d0006a220620041019200042003703b801200042003703b001200042003703a8012000420037"
+    "03a00102404100200422036b410371220220036a220520034d0d0020020440200221010340200341003a0000200341"
+    "016a2103200141016b22010d000b0b200241016b4107490d000340200341003a0000200341076a41003a0000200341"
+    "066a41003a0000200341056a41003a0000200341046a41003a0000200341036a41003a0000200341026a41003a0000"
+    "200341016a41003a0000200341086a22032005470d000b0b200541800220026b2201417c716a220320054b04400340"
+    "20054100360200200541046a22052003490d000b0b024020032001410371220120036a22024f0d0020012205044003"
+    "40200341003a0000200341016a2103200541016b22050d000b0b200141016b4107490d000340200341003a00002003"
+    "41076a41003a0000200341066a41003a0000200341056a41003a0000200341046a41003a0000200341036a41003a00"
+    "00200341026a41003a0000200341016a41003a0000200341086a22032002470d000b0b20064114200041a0016a4120"
+    "20044180021011220141004c0d0120002001ad37033841d880c00041104101200041386a4108100120014181024f0d"
+    "0541e880c000410941062004200110010c020b20002001ac3703c00141e381c00041224101200041c0016a41081001"
+    "41a77b21030c050b20002001ac37033841f180c000412e4101200041386a410810010b419f81c0004112410641b181"
+    "c000410710012000422a3703384101210341b881c00041114101200041386a4108100141c981c000411a4107410141"
+    "001001418582c0004129410741014100100141ae82c000412810122201412847044020002001ac3703c001419b83c0"
+    "00411a4101200041c0016a4108100141c37a21030c040b41d682c0004127410641ae82c0004128100141fd82c00041"
+    "1e4107410141001001419e98c000412841074101410010010c030b20002001ac3703c00141ca92c000411d41012000"
+    "41c0016a41081001418b7c21030c020b20002001ac3703c00141ae92c000411c4101200041c0016a4108100141897c"
+    "21030c010b000b200041c0036a240020030b0c00200041142001412010140b0e002000418280182001200210160b0e"
+    "002000200141082002412010170b0a0020004183803c10130b0a0020002001410810150b0bd0180100418080c0000b"
+    "c6182d2d2d2043617465676f727920363a205574696c6974792046756e6374696f6e73202d2d2d48656c6c6f2c2058"
+    "52504c205741534d20776f726c6421496e70757420646174613a5348413531322068616c6620686173683a4e465420"
+    "64617461206c656e6774683a4e465420646174613a494e464f3a206765745f6e6674206661696c6564202865787065"
+    "63746564202d206e6f2073756368204e4654293a54657374207472616365206d6573736167657061796c6f61645465"
+    "7374206e756d626572207472616365535543434553533a205574696c6974792066756e6374696f6e734552524f523a"
+    "20636f6d707574655f7368613531325f68616c66206661696c65643a2d2d2d2043617465676f727920373a20446174"
+    "61205570646174652046756e6374696f6e73202d2d2d55706461746564206c656467657220656e7472792064617461"
+    "2066726f6d205741534d20746573745375636365737366756c6c792075706461746564206c656467657220656e7472"
+    "7920776974683a535543434553533a2044617461207570646174652066756e6374696f6e734552524f523a20757064"
+    "6174655f64617461206661696c65643a2d2d2d2043617465676f727920313a204c6564676572204865616465722046"
+    "756e6374696f6e73202d2d2d4c65646765722073657175656e6365206e756d6265723a506172656e74206c65646765"
+    "722074696d653a506172656e74206c656467657220686173683a535543434553533a204c6564676572206865616465"
+    "722066756e6374696f6e734552524f523a206765745f706172656e745f6c65646765725f686173682077726f6e6720"
+    "6c656e6774683a4552524f523a206765745f706172656e745f6c65646765725f74696d65206661696c65643a455252"
+    "4f523a206765745f6c65646765725f73716e206661696c65643a2d2d2d2043617465676f727920323a205472616e73"
+    "616374696f6e20446174612046756e6374696f6e73202d2d2d5472616e73616374696f6e204163636f756e743a5472"
+    "616e73616374696f6e20466565206c656e6774683a5472616e73616374696f6e20466565202873657269616c697a65"
+    "642058525020616d6f756e74293a5472616e73616374696f6e2053657175656e63653a4e6573746564206669656c64"
+    "206c656e6774683a4e6573746564206669656c643a494e464f3a206765745f74785f6e65737465645f6669656c6420"
+    "6e6f74206170706c696361626c653a5369676e657273206172726179206c656e6774683a4d656d6f73206172726179"
+    "206c656e6774683a4e6573746564206172726179206c656e6774683a494e464f3a206765745f74785f6e6573746564"
+    "5f61727261795f6c656e206e6f74206170706c696361626c653a535543434553533a205472616e73616374696f6e20"
+    "646174612066756e6374696f6e734552524f523a206765745f74785f6669656c642853657175656e6365292077726f"
+    "6e67206c656e6774683a4552524f523a206765745f74785f6669656c6428466565292077726f6e67206c656e677468"
+    "20286578706563746564203820627974657320666f7220585250293a4552524f523a206765745f74785f6669656c64"
+    "284163636f756e74292077726f6e67206c656e6774683a2d2d2d2043617465676f727920343a20416e79204c656467"
+    "6572204f626a6563742046756e6374696f6e73202d2d2d5375636365737366756c6c7920636163686564206f626a65"
+    "637420696e20736c6f743a436163686564206f626a6563742062616c616e6365206c656e677468202858525020616d"
+    "6f756e74293a436163686564206f626a6563742062616c616e6365202873657269616c697a65642058525020616d6f"
+    "756e74293a436163686564206f626a6563742062616c616e6365206c656e67746820286e6f6e2d58525020616d6f75"
+    "6e74293a436163686564206f626a6563742062616c616e63653a494e464f3a206765745f6c65646765725f6f626a5f"
+    "6669656c642842616c616e636529206661696c65643a436163686564206e6573746564206669656c64206c656e6774"
+    "683a436163686564206e6573746564206669656c643a494e464f3a206765745f6c65646765725f6f626a5f6e657374"
+    "65645f6669656c64206e6f74206170706c696361626c653a436163686564206f626a656374205369676e6572732061"
+    "72726179206c656e6774683a436163686564206e6573746564206172726179206c656e6774683a494e464f3a206765"
+    "745f6c65646765725f6f626a5f6e65737465645f61727261795f6c656e206e6f74206170706c696361626c653a5355"
+    "43434553533a20416e79206c6564676572206f626a6563742066756e6374696f6e73494e464f3a2063616368655f6c"
+    "65646765725f6f626a206661696c65642028657870656374656420776974682074657374206669787475726573293a"
+    "494e464f3a206765745f6c65646765725f6f626a5f6669656c64206661696c65642061732065787065637465642028"
+    "6e6f20636163686564206f626a656374293a494e464f3a206765745f6c65646765725f6f626a5f6e65737465645f66"
+    "69656c64206661696c65642061732065787065637465643a494e464f3a206765745f6c65646765725f6f626a5f6172"
+    "7261795f6c656e206661696c65642061732065787065637465643a494e464f3a206765745f6c65646765725f6f626a"
+    "5f6e65737465645f61727261795f6c656e206661696c65642061732065787065637465643a535543434553533a2041"
+    "6e79206c6564676572206f626a6563742066756e6374696f6e732028696e7465726661636520746573746564294552"
+    "524f523a206163636f756e74726f6f745f6964206661696c656420666f722063616368696e6720746573743a2d2d2d"
+    "2043617465676f727920353a204b65796c65742047656e65726174696f6e2046756e6374696f6e73202d2d2d416363"
+    "6f756e74206b65796c65743a546573745479706543726564656e7469616c206b65796c65743a494e464f3a20637265"
+    "64656e7469616c5f6b65796c6574206661696c656420286578706563746564202d20696e7465726661636520697373"
+    "7565293a457363726f77206b65796c65743a4f7261636c65206b65796c65743a535543434553533a204b65796c6574"
+    "2067656e65726174696f6e2066756e6374696f6e734552524f523a206f7261636c655f6b65796c6574206661696c65"
+    "643a4552524f523a20657363726f775f6b65796c6574206661696c65643a4552524f523a206163636f756e74726f6f"
+    "745f6964206661696c65643a2d2d2d2043617465676f727920333a2043757272656e74204c6564676572204f626a65"
+    "63742046756e6374696f6e73202d2d2d43757272656e74206f626a6563742062616c616e6365206c656e6774682028"
+    "58525020616d6f756e74293a43757272656e74206f626a6563742062616c616e6365202873657269616c697a656420"
+    "58525020616d6f756e74293a43757272656e74206f626a6563742062616c616e6365206c656e67746820286e6f6e2d"
+    "58525020616d6f756e74293a43757272656e74206f626a6563742062616c616e63653a494e464f3a206765745f6375"
+    "7272656e745f6c65646765725f6f626a5f6669656c642842616c616e636529206661696c656420286d617920626520"
+    "6578706563746564293a43757272656e74206c6564676572206f626a656374206163636f756e743a494e464f3a2067"
+    "65745f63757272656e745f6c65646765725f6f626a5f6669656c64284163636f756e7429206661696c65643a437572"
+    "72656e74206e6573746564206669656c64206c656e6774683a43757272656e74206e6573746564206669656c643a49"
+    "4e464f3a206765745f63757272656e745f6c65646765725f6f626a5f6e65737465645f6669656c64206e6f74206170"
+    "706c696361626c653a43757272656e74206f626a656374205369676e657273206172726179206c656e6774683a4375"
+    "7272656e74206e6573746564206172726179206c656e6774683a494e464f3a206765745f63757272656e745f6c6564"
+    "6765725f6f626a5f6e65737465645f61727261795f6c656e206e6f74206170706c696361626c653a53554343455353"
+    "3a2043757272656e74206c6564676572206f626a6563742066756e6374696f6e736572726f725f636f64653d3d3d3d"
+    "20484f53542046554e4354494f4e532054455354203d3d3d54657374696e6720323620686f73742066756e6374696f"
+    "6e73535543434553533a20416c6c20686f73742066756e6374696f6e2074657374732070617373656421004d097072"
+    "6f64756365727302086c616e6775616765010452757374000c70726f6365737365642d6279010572757374631d312e"
+    "39352e30202835393830373631366520323032362d30342d313429002c0f7461726765745f6665617475726573022b"
+    "0f6d757461626c652d676c6f62616c732b087369676e2d657874";
+
+extern std::string const kAllKeyletsWasmHex =
+    "0061736d0100000001500a60067f7f7f7f7f7f017f60047f7f7f7f017f60087f7f7f7f7f7f7f7f017f60047f7f7f7f"
+    "0060037f7f7f017f60037f7f7e017f60057f7f7f7f7f017f6000017f60037f7f7f0060067f7f7f7f7f7e00029f0418"
+    "08686f73745f6c69620974726163655f6e756d000508686f73745f6c6962057472616365000608686f73745f6c6962"
+    "0863616368655f6c65000408686f73745f6c6962086c655f6669656c64000108686f73745f6c69620d686f6d655f6c"
+    "655f6669656c64000408686f73745f6c69620a74726163655f61636374000108686f73745f6c69620e6163636f756e"
+    "74726f6f745f6964000108686f73745f6c69620c74727573746c696e655f6964000208686f73745f6c696206616d6d"
+    "5f6964000008686f73745f6c696208636865636b5f6964000008686f73745f6c69620d63726564656e7469616c5f69"
+    "64000208686f73745f6c69620b64656c65676174655f6964000008686f73745f6c6962126465706f7369745f707265"
+    "617574685f6964000008686f73745f6c6962066469645f6964000108686f73745f6c696209657363726f775f696400"
+    "0008686f73745f6c69620f6d70745f69737375616e63655f6964000008686f73745f6c69620a6d70746f6b656e5f69"
+    "64000008686f73745f6c69620c6e66745f6f666665725f6964000008686f73745f6c6962086f666665725f69640000"
+    "08686f73745f6c69620a7061796368616e5f6964000208686f73745f6c6962167065726d697373696f6e65645f646f"
+    "6d61696e5f6964000008686f73745f6c69620a7369676e6572735f6964000108686f73745f6c6962097469636b6574"
+    "5f6964000008686f73745f6c6962087661756c745f6964000003070603030307080905030100110619037f01418080"
+    "c0000b7f0041c28ac0000b7f0041d08ac0000b073504066d656d6f727902000d657363726f775f66696e697368001b"
+    "0a5f5f646174615f656e6403010b5f5f686561705f6261736503020ae8370614002000200120022003418280204282"
+    "8020101d0b140020002001200220034181802042818020101d0bd10302017f017e230041a0016b2204240002402001"
+    "2d0000410146044041d780c000411620012802042201ac10001a200041013a0000200020013602040c010b20044118"
+    "6a200141196a290000370300200441106a200141116a290000370300200441086a200141096a290000370300200420"
+    "012900013703002002200320044120410110011a2004412041001002220141004c044041d080c00041072001ac1000"
+    "1a200041013a0000200020013602040c010b418b80c000410f4285801410001a20014185801420044180016a412010"
+    "032201412047044041af80c0004115417f20012001417f4e1b2201ac10001a200041013a0000200020013602040c01"
+    "0b200441c2006a20044182016a2d00003a0000200441f0006a20044197016a2900002205370300200441286a220120"
+    "04418f016a290000370300200441306a22022005370300200441386a22032004419f016a2d00003a0000200420042f"
+    "0080013b014020042004290087013703202004200428008301360043200441df006a20032d00003a0000200441d700"
+    "6a2002290300370000200441cf006a20012903003700002004200429032037004741c480c000410c200441406b4120"
+    "410110011a20004180023b01000b200441a0016a24000bd32c02097f027e23004180076b2200240041ed80c0004123"
+    "41014100410010011a02402000027f02404181802020004190016a220741141004220641144604402000410e6a2000"
+    "4192016a22032d00003a000020002000290097013703e80120002000419c016a22012900003700ed01200020002f00"
+    "90013b010c200020002903e8013703d806200020002900ed013700dd06200020002800930136000f200041186a2000"
+    "2900dd06370000200020002903d806370013419081c00041082000410c6a2204411410051a41838020200741141004"
+    "22064114470d03200041226a20032d00003a000020002000290097013703e801200020012900003700ed0120002000"
+    "2f0090013b0120200020002903e8013703d806200020002900ed013700dd0620002000280093013600232000412c6a"
+    "20002900dd06370000200020002903d806370027419881c000410c200041206a411410051a200041a8016a22034200"
+    "370300200041a0016a2201420037030020004198016a42003703002000420037039001200441142007412010062204"
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+    "2c2070726f63656564696e67207769746820657363726f772066696e6973682e54727573746c696e6554727573746c"
+    "696e65206f626a656374206578697374732c2070726f63656564696e67207769746820657363726f772066696e6973"
+    "682e414d4d414d4d206f626a656374206578697374732c2070726f63656564696e67207769746820657363726f7720"
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+    "64656e7469616c206f626a656374206578697374732c2070726f63656564696e67207769746820657363726f772066"
+    "696e6973682e44656c656761746544656c6567617465206f626a656374206578697374732c2070726f63656564696e"
+    "67207769746820657363726f772066696e6973682e4465706f736974507265617574684465706f7369745072656175"
+    "7468206f626a656374206578697374732c2070726f63656564696e67207769746820657363726f772066696e697368"
+    "2e444944444944206f626a656374206578697374732c2070726f63656564696e67207769746820657363726f772066"
+    "696e6973682e457363726f77457363726f77206f626a656374206578697374732c2070726f63656564696e67207769"
+    "746820657363726f772066696e6973682e4d505449737375616e63654d505449737375616e6365206f626a65637420"
+    "6578697374732c2070726f63656564696e67207769746820657363726f772066696e6973682e4d50546f6b656e4d50"
+    "546f6b656e206f626a656374206578697374732c2070726f63656564696e67207769746820657363726f772066696e"
+    "6973682e4e46546f6b656e4f666665724e46546f6b656e4f66666572206f626a656374206578697374732c2070726f"
+    "63656564696e67207769746820657363726f772066696e6973682e4f666665724f66666572206f626a656374206578"
+    "697374732c2070726f63656564696e67207769746820657363726f772066696e6973682e5061794368616e6e656c50"
+    "61794368616e6e656c206f626a656374206578697374732c2070726f63656564696e67207769746820657363726f77"
+    "2066696e6973682e5065726d697373696f6e6564446f6d61696e5065726d697373696f6e6564446f6d61696e206f62"
+    "6a656374206578697374732c2070726f63656564696e67207769746820657363726f772066696e6973682e5369676e"
+    "65724c6973745369676e65724c697374206f626a656374206578697374732c2070726f63656564696e672077697468"
+    "20657363726f772066696e6973682e5469636b65745469636b6574206f626a656374206578697374732c2070726f63"
+    "656564696e67207769746820657363726f772066696e6973682e5661756c745661756c74206f626a65637420657869"
+    "7374732c2070726f63656564696e67207769746820657363726f772066696e6973682e43757272656e742073657120"
+    "76616c75653a004d0970726f64756365727302086c616e6775616765010452757374000c70726f6365737365642d62"
+    "79010572757374631d312e38372e30202831373036376539616320323032352d30352d303929002c0f746172676574"
+    "5f6665617475726573022b0f6d757461626c652d676c6f62616c732b087369676e2d657874";
+
+extern std::string const kCodecovTestsWasmHex =
+    "0061736d01000000015c0c60067f7f7f7f7f7f017f60027f7f017f60047f7f7f7f017f60037f7f7f017f60077f7f7f"
+    "7f7f7f7f017f60087f7f7f7f7f7f7f7f017f60057f7f7f7f7f017f60017f017f60057f7f7f7f7f0060047f7f7f7f00"
+    "60017f006000017f02ee093708686f73745f6c6962057472616365000808686f73745f6c69620a6c6467725f696e64"
+    "6578000108686f73745f6c696210706172656e745f6c6467725f74696d65000108686f73745f6c696210706172656e"
+    "745f6c6467725f68617368000108686f73745f6c696208626173655f666565000108686f73745f6c696211616d656e"
+    "646d656e745f656e61626c6564000108686f73745f6c69620874785f6669656c64000308686f73745f6c69620e6163"
+    "636f756e74726f6f745f6964000208686f73745f6c69620863616368655f6c65000308686f73745f6c69620d686f6d"
+    "655f6c655f6669656c64000308686f73745f6c6962086c655f6669656c64000208686f73745f6c69620874785f696e"
+    "6e6572000208686f73745f6c69620d686f6d655f6c655f696e6e6572000208686f73745f6c6962086c655f696e6e65"
+    "72000608686f73745f6c69620a74785f6172725f6c656e000708686f73745f6c69620f686f6d655f6c655f6172725f"
+    "6c656e000708686f73745f6c69620a6c655f6172725f6c656e000108686f73745f6c69621074785f696e6e65725f61"
+    "72725f6c656e000108686f73745f6c696215686f6d655f6c655f696e6e65725f6172725f6c656e000108686f73745f"
+    "6c6962106c655f696e6e65725f6172725f6c656e000308686f73745f6c6962087365745f64617461000108686f7374"
+    "5f6c69620b7368613531325f68616c66000208686f73745f6c696209636865636b5f736967000008686f73745f6c69"
+    "62076e66745f757269000008686f73745f6c69620a6e66745f697373756572000208686f73745f6c6962096e66745f"
+    "7461786f6e000208686f73745f6c6962096e66745f666c616773000108686f73745f6c69620c6e66745f786665725f"
+    "666565000108686f73745f6c69620a6e66745f73657269616c000208686f73745f6c696208636865636b5f69640000"
+    "08686f73745f6c69620f666c6f61745f66726f6d5f75696e74000608686f73745f6c69620c74727573746c696e655f"
+    "6964000508686f73745f6c696206616d6d5f6964000008686f73745f6c69620d63726564656e7469616c5f69640005"
+    "08686f73745f6c69620a6d70746f6b656e5f6964000008686f73745f6c696209666c6f61745f636d70000208686f73"
+    "745f6c696209666c6f61745f616464000408686f73745f6c696209666c6f61745f737562000408686f73745f6c6962"
+    "0a666c6f61745f6d756c74000408686f73745f6c696209666c6f61745f646976000408686f73745f6c69620a666c6f"
+    "61745f726f6f74000008686f73745f6c696209666c6f61745f706f77000008686f73745f6c696209657363726f775f"
+    "6964000008686f73745f6c69620f6d70745f69737375616e63655f6964000008686f73745f6c69620c6e66745f6f66"
+    "6665725f6964000008686f73745f6c6962086f666665725f6964000008686f73745f6c6962096f7261636c655f6964"
+    "000008686f73745f6c69620a7061796368616e5f6964000508686f73745f6c6962167065726d697373696f6e65645f"
+    "646f6d61696e5f6964000008686f73745f6c6962097469636b65745f6964000008686f73745f6c6962087661756c74"
+    "5f6964000008686f73745f6c69620b64656c65676174655f6964000008686f73745f6c6962126465706f7369745f70"
+    "7265617574685f6964000008686f73745f6c6962066469645f6964000208686f73745f6c69620a7369676e6572735f"
+    "69640002030403090a0b05030100110619037f01418080c0000b7f0041da98c0000b7f0041e098c0000b073504066d"
+    "656d6f727902000d657363726f775f66696e69736800390a5f5f646174615f656e6403010b5f5f686561705f626173"
+    "6503020ac32e037201017f230041106b22042400024002402000200147044020022003410741014100100020004100"
+    "480d0120042000ad3703080c020b20042000ac370308200220034101200441086a41081000200441106a24000f0b20"
+    "042000ac3703080b418080c000410b4101200441086a41081000000b2801017f230041106b2201240020012000ac37"
+    "030841be91c000410b4101200141086a41081000000ba42d02087f017e230041a0026b2200240041c991c000412341"
+    "0741014100100020004100360260200041e0006a220141041001410441a090c000410a103720004100360260200141"
+    "041002410441908bc00041101037200042003703782000420037037020004200370368200042003703602001412010"
+    "03412041f180c0004110103720004100360260200141041004410441ff83c000410810372000428182848890a0c080"
+    "013703202000428182848890a0c080013703182000428182848890a0c080013703102000428182848890a0c0800137"
+    "030841ec91c000410e1005410141fa91c00041111037200041086a41201005410141fa91c000411110372000410036"
+    "02702000420037036820004200370360024002404181802020014114100622014100480d00200141144b0440417321"
+    "010c010b20014114460d0141818080807821010b20011038000b2000200029006c3700fd01200020002900673703f8"
+    "01200020002d00623a002e200020002f01603b012c2000200028006336002f200020002903f8013700332000200029"
+    "00fd013700382000420037037820004200370370200042003703682000420037036002402000412c6a4114200041e0"
+    "006a4120100722014120470440200141004e0d0120011038000b200020002d00623a0042200020002f01603b014020"
+    "00200029006f22083703800220002000280063360043200020002900673700472000200837004f2000200029007737"
+    "0057200020002d007f3a005f200041406b4120410010084101418b92c0004108103720004100360270200042003703"
+    "682000420037036041818020200041e0006a220241141009411441d38dc000410d1037200041003602702000420037"
+    "03682000420037036041014181802020024114100a4114418784c0004108103702404100200041e4006a22046b4103"
+    "71220320046a220120044d0d0020030440200321050340200441003a0000200441016a2104200541016b22050d000b"
+    "0b200341016b4107490d000340200441003a0000200441076a41003a0000200441066a41003a0000200441056a4100"
+    "3a0000200441046a41003a0000200441036a41003a0000200441026a41003a0000200441016a41003a000020044108"
+    "6a22042001470d000b0b2001413c20036b2203417c716a220420014b0440034020014100360200200141046a220120"
+    "04490d000b0b024020042003410371220320046a22054f0d002003220104400340200441003a0000200441016a2104"
+    "200141016b22010d000b0b200341016b4107490d000340200441003a0000200441076a41003a0000200441066a4100"
+    "3a0000200441056a41003a0000200441046a41003a0000200441036a41003a0000200441026a41003a000020044101"
+    "6a41003a0000200441086a22042005470d000b0b200041043602a00120004181802036026020004100360288022000"
+    "420037038002200042003703f80120024104200041f8016a22014114100b411441a280c00041081037200041003602"
+    "88022000420037038002200042003703f801200220002802a00120014114100c411441d084c000410d103720004100"
+    "360288022000420037038002200042003703f8014101200220002802a00120014114100d411441b08dc00041081037"
+    "4189803c100e4120419392c000410a10374189803c100f4120419d92c000410f103741014189803c1010412041ac92"
+    "c000410a1037200220002802a0011011412041b692c00041101037200220002802a0011012412041c692c000411510"
+    "374101200220002802a0011013412041db92c000411010372000412c6a220341141014411441eb92c0004108103720"
+    "0042003703900220004200370388022000420037038002200042003703f801200220002802a0012001412010154120"
+    "418f84c000410b103741f392c000410c41ff92c000410b418a93c000410e10164101419893c0004109103720002000"
+    "2903203703c001200020002903183703b801200020002903103703b001200020002903083703a801200041003b0188"
+    "022000420037038002200042003703f80120034114200041a8016a22054120200141121017411241d18fc000410710"
+    "3720004100360288022000420037038002200042003703f80120054120200141141018411441ac8fc000410a103720"
+    "0041003602f801200541202001410410194104419790c0004109103720054120101a410841a193c000410910372005"
+    "4120101b410a41aa93c000410c1037200041003602f8012005412020014104101c410441ba83c000410a103741b693"
+    "c000410d410420034114100041b693c000410d410541c393c0004108100041b693c000410d410541cb93c000410810"
+    "00417f41041003417141d393c00041181037200041003602f8012001417f1003417141a888c0004118103720004100"
+    "3a00fa01200041003b01f801200141031003417d41e790c000411e1037200041003602f8012001418094ebdc031003"
+    "417341bd8ec000411d10374102100e416f41eb93c00041191037417f20002802a00110114171418494c00041181037"
+    "2002417f10114171419c94c0004118103720024181081011417441b494c00041191037200041e094ebdc036a220420"
+    "002802a0011011417341cd94c000411810372000420037039002200042003703880220004200370380022000420037"
+    "03f801200341142004410820014120101d417341cc8cc0004114103720004200370390022000420037038802200042"
+    "0037038002200042003703f801200341142003411420014120101d417141918ec00041161037200042003703900220"
+    "004200370388022000420037038002200042003703f80120044108200141204100101e4173418b80c0004117103720"
+    "0042003703900220004200370388022000420037038002200042003703f801200220002802a001200141204100101e"
+    "417141a485c00041201037200420002802a00141011008417341e594c00041101037200220002802a0014101100841"
+    "7141f594c00041121037200042003703900220004200370388022000420037038002200042003703f8012004200028"
+    "02a001200141201007417341a78ec00041161037200042003703900220004200370388022000420037038002200042"
+    "003703f801200220002802a0012001412010074171418e83c000411810372000420037039002200042003703880220"
+    "00420037038002200042003703f8012003411420034114200420002802a00120014120101f4173418591c000411d10"
+    "37200042003703900220004200370388022000420037038002200042003703f8012003411420034114200220002802"
+    "a00120014120101f4171419581c000411f103720004200370390022000420037038802200042003703800220004200"
+    "3703f80141c698c0004114200420002802a001200141201020417341dc8ac000411510372000420037039002200042"
+    "00370388022000420037038002200042003703f80141c698c0004114200220002802a0012001412010204171418e89"
+    "c000411b1037200042003703900220004200370388022000420037038002200042003703f80141c698c00041144187"
+    "95c0004114200141201020417141a38ac0004125103720004200370390022000420037038802200042003703800220"
+    "0042003703f801419b95c000412841c698c00041142001412010204171418887c000412110372000200028013c3602"
+    "dc01200020002901343702d4012000200029012c3702cc01200041808080083602c801200041003b01f801200041c8"
+    "016a2207411841c698c0004114200141021020417141be80c000410a10372000422a3703e001200420002802a00141"
+    "01200041e0016a41081000200041003b01f8014102200141021006416f41b481c00041171037200041003b01f80141"
+    "02200141021009416f41f68ec000411c1037200041003b01f8014101410220014102100a416f41b586c00041171037"
+    "4102100e416f41eb93c000411910374102100f416f41c395c000411e1037410141021010416f41e195c00041191037"
+    "41ec91c0004181081005417441fa95c000411f103741ec91c00041c10010054174419996c000411a1037200041003b"
+    "01f801200241810820014102100b417441a987c00041161037200041003b01f801200241810820014102100c417441"
+    "aa90c000411b1037200041003b01f8014101200241810820014102100d417441db88c0004116103720024181081011"
+    "417441b396c000411e103720024181081012417441d196c00041231037410120024181081013417441f496c000411e"
+    "1037200241810810144174419297c0004116103741b693c00041810841ff92c000410b418a93c000410e1016417441"
+    "9893c0004109103741b693c000410d41ff92c000418108418a93c000410e10164174419893c0004109103741b693c0"
+    "00410d41ff92c000410b418a93c00041810810164174419893c00041091037200041003b01f8012002418108200141"
+    "021015417441c483c00041191037200041003b01f80141c698c00041810841c698c0004114200141021020417441dd"
+    "82c00041141037200041003b01f80120034114200341142002418108200141021021417441cc86c000411b10372000"
+    "41003b01f801200741810820034114200141021022417441c389c000411e103741b693c000410d4107200420002802"
+    "a0011000200042d487b6f4c7d4b1c0003700ec0141b693c000410d4103200041ec95ebdc036a22054108100041b693"
+    "c000410d4105200420002802a001100020054108200041ec016a220441081023417341a897c0004114103720044108"
+    "200541081023417341bc97c00041141037200041003b01f80120054108200441082001410241001024417341e08dc0"
+    "0041141037200041003b01f801200441082005410820014102410010244173418181c00041141037200041003b01f8"
+    "0120054108200441082001410241001025417341aa80c00041141037200041003b01f8012004410820054108200141"
+    "0241001025417341e08cc00041141037200041003b01f80120054108200441082001410241001026417341bb84c000"
+    "41151037200041003b01f80120044108200541082001410241001026417341c98bc00041151037200041003b01f801"
+    "20054108200441082001410241001027417341a683c00041141037200041003b01f801200441082005410820014102"
+    "41001027417341c88ac00041141037200041003b01f80120054108410320014102410010284173419488c000411410"
+    "37200041003b01f8012005410841032001410241001029417341ff85c0004113103720004200370390022000420037"
+    "0388022000420037038002200042003703f801200341142003411420014120102a417141c088c000411b1037200042"
+    "003703900220004200370388022000420037038002200042003703f801200341142003411420014120102b417141bc"
+    "82c00041211037200042003703900220004200370388022000420037038002200042003703f8012003411420034114"
+    "20014120102c417141928dc000411e1037200042003703900220004200370388022000420037038002200042003703"
+    "f801200341142003411420014120102d417141928fc000411a10372000420037039002200042003703880220004200"
+    "37038002200042003703f801200341142003411420014120102e417141b88dc000411b103720004200370390022000"
+    "4200370388022000420037038002200042003703f80120034114200341142003411420014120102f417141a291c000"
+    "411c1037200042003703900220004200370388022000420037038002200042003703f8012003411420034114200141"
+    "201030417141ef81c00041281037200042003703900220004200370388022000420037038002200042003703f80120"
+    "03411420034114200141201031417141b68fc000411b10372000420037039002200042003703880220004200370380"
+    "02200042003703f8012003411420034114200141201032417141a989c000411a1037200220002802a0014100100841"
+    "7141d097c000411b1037200041003b01f80120034114200220002802a001200141021017417141de87c000411a1037"
+    "200041003b01f801200220002802a001200141021018417141e285c000411d1037200041003b01f801200220002802"
+    "a001200141021019417141da8ec000411c1037200220002802a001101a417141eb97c000411c1037200220002802a0"
+    "01101b4171418798c000411f1037200041003602f801200220002802a00120014104101c417141f48dc000411d1037"
+    "200041003b01f801200220002802a001200141021007417141ff89c00041241037200041808080083602f401200041"
+    "003b01f801200220002802a001200041f4016a2205410420014102101d417141f48cc000411e1037200041003b01f8"
+    "01200220002802a00122062003411420022006200141021021417141dd84c00041241037200041003b01f801200341"
+    "14200220002802a001220620022006200141021021417141cb81c00041241037200041003b01f801200220002802a0"
+    "0120034114200141021033417141dd83c00041221037200041003b01f80120034114200220002802a0012001410210"
+    "33417141de8bc00041221037200041003b01f801200220002802a00120034114200141021034417141c880c0004129"
+    "1037200041003b01f80120034114200220002802a001200141021034417141a08bc00041291037200041003b01f801"
+    "200220002802a001200141021035417141f887c000411c1037200041003b01f801200220002802a001200541042001"
+    "4102102a417141f18ac000411f1037200041003b01f801200220002802a00120034114418795c00041142001410210"
+    "1f4171419286c00041231037200041003b01f80120034114200220002802a001418795c000411420014102101f4171"
+    "418185c00041231037200041003b01f801200220002802a0012005410420014102102b4171419782c0004125103720"
+    "0041003b01f80120074118200220002802a001200141021022417141ac8cc00041201037200041003b01f801200220"
+    "002802a0012005410420014102102c417141c590c00041221037200041003b01f801200220002802a0012005410420"
+    "014102102d417141e189c000411e1037200041003b01f801200220002802a0012005410420014102102e417141bf87"
+    "c000411f1037200041003b01f801200220002802a001200341142005410420014102102f417141e786c00041211037"
+    "200041003b01f80120034114200220002802a0012005410420014102102f4171419a84c00041211037200041003b01"
+    "f801200220002802a00120054104200141021030417141808cc000412c1037200041003b01f801200220002802a001"
+    "200141021036417141f78fc00041201037200041003b01f801200220002802a00120054104200141021031417141d8"
+    "8fc000411f1037200041003b01f801200220002802a00120054104200141021032417141c485c000411e1037200041"
+    "003b01f801200220002802a00141a698c0004120200141021017417141f182c000411d103741b693c000410d410420"
+    "0220002802a001100041b6a7abdd03410d410741a698c0004120100041b6a7abdd03410d410320044108100041b6a7"
+    "abdd03410d410420034114100041b6a7abdd03410d410541cb93c00041081000200220002802a00141072002418108"
+    "1000200042013703f8012002418108410120014108100041b693c000418108410320044108100041b693c000418108"
+    "410420034114100041b693c000418108410541cb93c0004108100041b693c000410d4105200220002802a001100020"
+    "0041003b019e02200220002802a001200341142000419e026a41021022417141f188c000411d103741b693c000410d"
+    "41e300200220002802a0011000410141004104200341141000200041a0026a240041010f0b000b0bb1180200418080"
+    "c0000b9b1554455354204641494c4544666c6f61745f66726f6d5f75696e745f6c656e5f6f6f6274785f696e6e6572"
+    "666c6f61745f7375625f6f6f625f736c69636531616d6d5f69645f6d70746465706f7369745f707265617574685f69"
+    "645f77726f6e675f73697a655f6163636f756e745f696431706172656e745f6c6467725f68617368666c6f61745f61"
+    "64645f6f6f625f736c6963653274727573746c696e655f69645f77726f6e675f6c656e5f63757272656e637974785f"
+    "6669656c645f696e76616c69645f736669656c6463726564656e7469616c5f69645f77726f6e675f73697a655f6163"
+    "636f756e745f6964327065726d697373696f6e65645f646f6d61696e5f69645f77726f6e675f73697a655f75696e74"
+    "33326d70745f69737375616e63655f69645f77726f6e675f73697a655f6163636f756e745f69646d70745f69737375"
+    "616e63655f69645f77726f6e675f73697a655f75696e743332616d6d5f69645f746f6f5f6269675f736c6963656e66"
+    "745f7572695f77726f6e675f73697a655f6163636f756e745f69646163636f756e74726f6f745f69645f77726f6e67"
+    "5f6c656e666c6f61745f6469765f6f6f625f736c696365316e66745f73657269616c7368613531325f68616c665f74"
+    "6f6f5f6269675f736c69636564656c65676174655f69645f77726f6e675f73697a655f6163636f756e745f69643162"
+    "6173655f6665656c655f6669656c647368613531325f68616c667061796368616e5f69645f77726f6e675f73697a65"
+    "5f6163636f756e745f696432666c6f61745f6d756c745f6f6f625f736c69636531686f6d655f6c655f696e6e657263"
+    "726564656e7469616c5f69645f77726f6e675f73697a655f6163636f756e745f69643174727573746c696e655f6964"
+    "5f77726f6e675f73697a655f6163636f756e745f696432666c6f61745f66726f6d5f75696e745f77726f6e675f6c65"
+    "6e5f75696e7436347661756c745f69645f77726f6e675f73697a655f6163636f756e745f69646e66745f6973737565"
+    "725f77726f6e675f73697a655f75696e74323536666c6f61745f706f775f6f6f625f736c69636574727573746c696e"
+    "655f69645f77726f6e675f73697a655f6163636f756e745f6964316c655f6669656c645f696e76616c69645f736669"
+    "656c6463726564656e7469616c5f69645f746f6f5f6269675f736c6963657061796368616e5f69645f77726f6e675f"
+    "73697a655f6163636f756e745f696431616d6d5f69645f6c656e5f77726f6e675f7872705f63757272656e63795f6c"
+    "656e74785f696e6e65725f746f6f5f6269675f736c6963656f7261636c655f69645f77726f6e675f73697a655f6163"
+    "636f756e745f69646e66745f7572695f77726f6e675f73697a655f75696e743235366469645f69645f77726f6e675f"
+    "73697a655f6163636f756e745f6964666c6f61745f726f6f745f6f6f625f736c696365706172656e745f6c6467725f"
+    "686173685f6e65675f6c656e657363726f775f69645f77726f6e675f73697a655f75696e7433326c655f696e6e6572"
+    "5f746f6f5f6269675f736c6963656d70746f6b656e5f69645f6d707469645f77726f6e675f6c656e677468616d6d5f"
+    "69645f6c656e5f77726f6e675f6c656e5f6173736574327661756c745f69645f77726f6e675f73697a655f75696e74"
+    "33326d70746f6b656e5f69645f746f6f5f6269675f736c6963655f6d707469646f666665725f69645f77726f6e675f"
+    "73697a655f6163636f756e745f69646163636f756e74726f6f745f69645f77726f6e675f73697a655f6163636f756e"
+    "745f6964616d6d5f69645f6c656e5f77726f6e675f6e6f6e5f7872705f63757272656e63795f6c656e666c6f61745f"
+    "6469765f6f6f625f736c69636532616d6d5f69645f6c656e5f6f6f625f617373657432657363726f775f69645f7772"
+    "6f6e675f73697a655f6163636f756e745f6964706172656e745f6c6467725f74696d656465706f7369745f70726561"
+    "7574685f69645f77726f6e675f73697a655f6163636f756e745f696432666c6f61745f6d756c745f6f6f625f736c69"
+    "63653264656c65676174655f69645f77726f6e675f73697a655f6163636f756e745f6964327065726d697373696f6e"
+    "65645f646f6d61696e5f69645f77726f6e675f73697a655f6163636f756e745f69646d70746f6b656e5f69645f7772"
+    "6f6e675f73697a655f6163636f756e745f6964636865636b5f69645f6f6f625f6c656e5f753332666c6f61745f7375"
+    "625f6f6f625f736c69636532636865636b5f69645f77726f6e675f73697a655f6163636f756e745f69646e66745f6f"
+    "666665725f69645f77726f6e675f73697a655f75696e7433326c655f696e6e65726f7261636c655f69645f77726f6e"
+    "675f73697a655f75696e743332686f6d655f6c655f6669656c64666c6f61745f6164645f6f6f625f736c696365316e"
+    "66745f73657269616c5f77726f6e675f73697a655f75696e74323536636865636b5f69645f77726f6e675f6c656e5f"
+    "7533326163636f756e74726f6f745f69645f6c656e5f6f6f62706172656e745f6c6467725f686173685f6c656e5f74"
+    "6f6f5f6c6f6e676e66745f7461786f6e5f77726f6e675f73697a655f75696e74323536686f6d655f6c655f6669656c"
+    "645f696e76616c69645f736669656c646f666665725f69645f77726f6e675f73697a655f75696e7433326e66745f69"
+    "73737565727469636b65745f69645f77726f6e675f73697a655f75696e7433326e66745f7572697469636b65745f69"
+    "645f77726f6e675f73697a655f6163636f756e745f69647369676e6572735f69645f77726f6e675f73697a655f6163"
+    "636f756e745f69646e66745f7461786f6e6c6467725f696e646578686f6d655f6c655f696e6e65725f746f6f5f6269"
+    "675f736c6963656e66745f6f666665725f69645f77726f6e675f73697a655f6163636f756e745f6964706172656e74"
+    "5f6c6467725f686173685f6275665f746f6f5f736d616c6c74727573746c696e655f69645f6c656e5f6f6f625f6375"
+    "7272656e63797061796368616e5f69645f77726f6e675f73697a655f75696e7433326572726f725f636f64653d2424"
+    "242424205354415254494e47205741534d20455845435554494f4e202424242424746573745f616d656e646d656e74"
+    "616d656e646d656e745f656e61626c656463616368655f6c6574785f6172725f6c656e686f6d655f6c655f6172725f"
+    "6c656e6c655f6172725f6c656e74785f696e6e65725f6172725f6c656e686f6d655f6c655f696e6e65725f6172725f"
+    "6c656e6c655f696e6e65725f6172725f6c656e7365745f6461746174657374206d6573736167657465737420707562"
+    "6b657974657374207369676e6174757265636865636b5f7369676e66745f666c6167736e66745f786665725f666565"
+    "74657374696e67207472616365400000000000005f4000000000000000706172656e745f6c6467725f686173685f6e"
+    "65675f70747274785f6172725f6c656e5f696e76616c69645f736669656c6474785f696e6e65725f6172725f6c656e"
+    "5f6e65675f70747274785f696e6e65725f6172725f6c656e5f6e65675f6c656e74785f696e6e65725f6172725f6c65"
+    "6e5f746f6f5f6c6f6e6774785f696e6e65725f6172725f6c656e5f7074725f6f6f6263616368655f6c655f7074725f"
+    "6f6f6263616368655f6c655f77726f6e675f6c656e55534430303030303030303030303030303030300041c395c000"
+    "0b8303686f6d655f6c655f6172725f6c656e5f696e76616c69645f736669656c646c655f6172725f6c656e5f696e76"
+    "616c69645f736669656c64616d656e646d656e745f656e61626c65645f746f6f5f6269675f736c696365616d656e64"
+    "6d656e745f656e61626c65645f746f6f5f6c6f6e6774785f696e6e65725f6172725f6c656e5f746f6f5f6269675f73"
+    "6c696365686f6d655f6c655f696e6e65725f6172725f6c656e5f746f6f5f6269675f736c6963656c655f696e6e6572"
+    "5f6172725f6c656e5f746f6f5f6269675f736c6963657365745f646174615f746f6f5f6269675f736c696365666c6f"
+    "61745f636d705f6f6f625f736c69636531666c6f61745f636d705f6f6f625f736c6963653263616368655f6c655f77"
+    "726f6e675f73697a655f75696e743235366e66745f666c6167735f77726f6e675f73697a655f75696e743235366e66"
+    "745f786665725f6665655f77726f6e675f73697a655f75696e74323536303030303030303030303030303030303030"
+    "3030303030303030303030303031004d0970726f64756365727302086c616e6775616765010452757374000c70726f"
+    "6365737365642d6279010572757374631d312e39352e30202835393830373631366520323032362d30342d31342900"
+    "2c0f7461726765745f6665617475726573022b0f6d757461626c652d676c6f62616c732b087369676e2d657874";
+
+extern std::string const kBadAlignWasmHex =
+    "0061736d01000000011b046000017f60057f7f7f7f7f017f60067f7f7f7f7f7f017f60000002260203656e760f666c"
+    "6f61745f66726f6d5f75696e74000103656e7608636865636b5f6964000203050403000000050301000306470b7f00"
+    "4180080b7f00418088020b7f004180080b7f00418088040b7f00418088040b7f00418088080b7f004180080b7f0041"
+    "8088080b7f004180800c0b7f0041000b7f0041010b07cc0110066d656d6f72790200115f5f7761736d5f63616c6c5f"
+    "63746f72730002057465737431000307655f64617461310300057465737432000407655f6461746132030104746573"
+    "7400050c5f5f64736f5f68616e646c6503020a5f5f646174615f656e6403030b5f5f737461636b5f6c6f7703040c5f"
+    "5f737461636b5f6869676803050d5f5f676c6f62616c5f6261736503060b5f5f686561705f6261736503070a5f5f68"
+    "6561705f656e6403080d5f5f6d656d6f72795f6261736503090c5f5f7461626c655f62617365030a0a99020402000b"
+    "2801017f418108427f370000418108410841a308410c41001000220041a40828020020004100481b0b5f01017f419a"
+    "88024191a4cca00136010041928802428994ace0d0c1c38710370100418a88024281848ca0d0c0c183083701004181"
+    "8802417f360000418a8802411441818802410441a3880241201001220041a4880228020020004100481b0b8a010103"
+    "7f418108427f370000418108410841a308410c410010002100419a88024191a4cca00136010041928802428994ace0"
+    "d0c1c38710370100418a88024281848ca0d0c0c1830837010041818802417f36000041a4082802002101418a880241"
+    "1441818802410441a3880241201001220241a4880228020020024100481b2000200120004100481b6a0b007f097072"
+    "6f647563657273010c70726f6365737365642d62790105636c616e675f31392e312e352d776173692d73646b202868"
+    "747470733a2f2f6769746875622e636f6d2f6c6c766d2f6c6c766d2d70726f6a656374206162346235613264623538"
+    "32393538616631656533303861373930636664623432626432343732302900490f7461726765745f66656174757265"
+    "73042b0f6d757461626c652d676c6f62616c732b087369676e2d6578742b0f7265666572656e63652d74797065732b"
+    "0a6d756c746976616c7565";
+*/

src/test/app/wasm_fixtures/fixtures.h

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+#pragma once
+
+// TODO: consider moving these to separate files (and figure out the build)
+
+#include <string>
+
+extern std::string const kLedgerSqnWasmHex;
+extern std::string const kAllHostFunctionsWasmHex;
+extern std::string const kAllKeyletsWasmHex;
+extern std::string const kCodecovTestsWasmHex;
+
+extern std::string const kBadAlignWasmHex;

src/test/app/wasm_fixtures/ledgerSqn.c

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+int32_t ldgr_index(uint8_t *, int32_t);
+
+int escrow_finish()
+{
+  uint32_t sqn;
+  int32_t result = ldgr_index((uint8_t *)&sqn, sizeof(sqn));
+
+  if (result < 0)
+    return result;
+
+  return sqn >= 5 ? 5 : 0;
+}

src/tests/libxrpl/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -23,6 +23,11 @@ set_target_properties(
 target_include_directories(xrpl_tests PRIVATE ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR})
 target_link_libraries(xrpl_tests PRIVATE GTest::gtest GTest::gmock xrpl.libxrpl)
 
+# Lets the wasm tests write their modules as WebAssembly text. Test-only by construction:
+# the assembler lives in a crate nothing in libxrpl or xrpld links (see crates/CMakeLists).
+target_link_libraries(xrpl_tests PRIVATE xrpl_wasm_testkit_cxxbridge)
+add_dependencies(xrpl_tests xrpl_crates)
+
 # One source subdirectory per module. Network unit tests are currently not
 # supported on Windows.
 set(test_modules

src/tests/libxrpl/tx/wasm/MockHostFunctions.h

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <xrpl/basics/Slice.h>
+#include <xrpl/beast/utility/Journal.h>
+#include <xrpl/protocol/SField.h>
+#include <xrpl/tx/wasm/HostFunc.h>
+#include <xrpl/tx/wasm/WasmCommon.h>
+
+#include <gmock/gmock.h>
+
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <expected>
+#include <string_view>
+
+namespace xrpl::test {
+
+// A mock of the host the wasm engine calls back into.
+//
+// Only the methods the ABI currently declares are mocked, and that is deliberate: the ~60
+// others keep `HostFunctions`' own `std::unexpected(Unimplemented)`, so a contract reaching
+// for something the ABI has not declared yet fails the way production would. Add a
+// `MOCK_METHOD` here when the matching entry is added to `host_functions!`.
+struct MockHostFunctions : HostFunctions
+{
+    explicit MockHostFunctions(beast::Journal journal) : HostFunctions(journal)
+    {
+    }
+
+    MOCK_METHOD(bool, checkSelf, (), (const, override));
+
+    MOCK_METHOD(
+        (std::expected<std::uint32_t, HostFunctionError>),
+        getLedgerSqn,
+        (),
+        (const, override));
+
+    MOCK_METHOD(
+        (std::expected<Bytes, HostFunctionError>),
+        getCurrentLedgerObjField,
+        (SField const& fname),
+        (const, override));
+
+    MOCK_METHOD(
+        (std::expected<Hash, HostFunctionError>),
+        computeSha512HalfHash,
+        (Slice const& data),
+        (const, override));
+
+    // Takes the rendered text, not the guest's buffer: rendering is `HostContext`'s, so what
+    // a test asserts here is the log line a node would write.
+    MOCK_METHOD(
+        void,
+        trace,
+        (std::string_view const& msg, std::string_view const& data),
+        (const, override));
+};
+
+// Matches a `Slice` (or anything with `data()`/`size()`) against the bytes of a string, so
+// an expectation can say *what* the guest asked the host to work on.
+MATCHER_P(BytesAre, expected, "")
+{
+    return std::string_view{reinterpret_cast<char const*>(arg.data()), arg.size()} ==
+        std::string_view{expected};
+}
+
+}  // namespace xrpl::test

src/tests/libxrpl/tx/wasm/Preflight.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,223 @@
+#include <xrpl/beast/utility/Journal.h>
+#include <xrpl/protocol/TER.h>
+#include <xrpl/tx/wasm/WasmCommon.h>
+#include <xrpl/tx/wasm/WasmVM.h>
+
+#include <gmock/gmock.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <helpers/CaptureSink.h>
+#include <tx/wasm/MockHostFunctions.h>
+#include <tx/wasm/WasmFixture.h>
+
+#include <string>
+#include <string_view>
+
+namespace xrpl::test {
+
+namespace {
+
+// A contract the engine can run: it compiles, imports only a declared host function, and
+// exports the entry point as `() -> i32`.
+constexpr std::string_view kRunnableWat = R"wat(
+(module
+  (import "host_lib" "ldgr_index" (func $ldgr_index (param i32 i32) (result i32)))
+  (memory (export "memory") 1)
+  (func (export "escrow_finish") (result i32)
+    (call $ldgr_index (i32.const 0) (i32.const 4))))
+)wat";
+
+}  // namespace
+
+// `preflightEscrowWasm` takes no host, so this fixture holds none - which is the point of
+// the signature, and what deriving from `WasmTest` would hide. Only a journal, to read the
+// refusal out of.
+struct PreflightTest : testing::Test
+{
+    CaptureSink sink{beast::Severity::Warning};
+
+    NotTEC
+    preflight(std::string_view wat, std::string_view funcName = escrowFunctionName)
+    {
+        return preflightEscrowWasm(assembleWat(wat), beast::Journal{sink}, funcName);
+    }
+
+    NotTEC
+    preflightBytes(Bytes const& wasm, std::string_view funcName = escrowFunctionName)
+    {
+        return preflightEscrowWasm(wasm, beast::Journal{sink}, funcName);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::string
+    logged() const
+    {
+        return sink.messages();
+    }
+};
+
+TEST_F(PreflightTest, RunnableContractPasses)
+{
+    EXPECT_EQ(preflight(kRunnableWat), tesSUCCESS);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(logged().empty()) << logged();
+}
+
+TEST_F(PreflightTest, GarbageIsRefused)
+{
+    EXPECT_EQ(preflightBytes(Bytes{}), temBAD_WASM);
+    EXPECT_EQ(preflightBytes(Bytes{0x00, 0x61, 0x73, 0x6d}), temBAD_WASM);
+}
+
+// The engine takes wasm binaries, and text is not one. The suite writes its modules as text
+// and assembles them, so this feeds the engine the very text the other tests assemble: a
+// transaction's validity must not depend on whether an assembler was linked in.
+TEST_F(PreflightTest, TextFormatModuleIsRefused)
+{
+    Bytes const text{kRunnableWat.begin(), kRunnableWat.end()};
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(preflightBytes(text), temBAD_WASM);
+    EXPECT_EQ(preflight(kRunnableWat), tesSUCCESS) << "the same module, assembled first";
+}
+
+TEST_F(PreflightTest, ImportOfAnUnknownHostFunctionIsRefused)
+{
+    constexpr std::string_view wat = R"wat(
+    (module
+      (import "host_lib" "no_such_function" (func $f (param i32) (result i32)))
+      (memory (export "memory") 1)
+      (func (export "escrow_finish") (result i32) (call $f (i32.const 0))))
+    )wat";
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(preflight(wat), temBAD_WASM);
+    EXPECT_THAT(logged(), testing::HasSubstr("no host function 'no_such_function'"));
+}
+
+// Host functions are registered under one module name. `env` is what plain clang emits, so a
+// contract built without the SDK's import attributes lands here.
+TEST_F(PreflightTest, ImportFromAnotherModuleIsRefused)
+{
+    constexpr std::string_view wat = R"wat(
+    (module
+      (import "env" "ldgr_index" (func $f (param i32 i32) (result i32)))
+      (memory (export "memory") 1)
+      (func (export "escrow_finish") (result i32) (i32.const 0)))
+    )wat";
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(preflight(wat), temBAD_WASM);
+    EXPECT_THAT(logged(), testing::HasSubstr("is not from 'host_lib'"));
+}
+
+// A contract asking for more linear memory than the engine grants can never run, so it is
+// refused before it can be escrowed. The cap itself is granted.
+TEST_F(PreflightTest, MemoryPastTheCapIsRefused)
+{
+    constexpr std::string_view tooMuch = R"wat(
+    (module
+      (memory (export "memory") 129)
+      (func (export "escrow_finish") (result i32) (i32.const 0)))
+    )wat";
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(preflight(tooMuch), temBAD_WASM);
+    EXPECT_THAT(logged(), testing::HasSubstr("memory: initial memory of 129 pages"));
+
+    constexpr std::string_view atTheCap = R"wat(
+    (module
+      (memory (export "memory") 128)
+      (func (export "escrow_finish") (result i32) (i32.const 0)))
+    )wat";
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(preflight(atTheCap), tesSUCCESS);
+}
+
+TEST_F(PreflightTest, MissingEntryPointIsRefused)
+{
+    constexpr std::string_view wat = R"wat(
+    (module
+      (memory (export "memory") 1)
+      (func (export "other") (result i32) (i32.const 0)))
+    )wat";
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(preflight(wat), temBAD_WASM);
+    EXPECT_THAT(logged(), testing::HasSubstr("no entry point 'escrow_finish'"));
+}
+
+TEST_F(PreflightTest, EntryPointOfTheWrongTypeIsRefused)
+{
+    constexpr std::string_view wat = R"wat(
+    (module
+      (memory (export "memory") 1)
+      (func (export "escrow_finish") (result i64) (i64.const 0)))
+    )wat";
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(preflight(wat), temBAD_WASM);
+    EXPECT_THAT(logged(), testing::HasSubstr("has the wrong signature"));
+}
+
+// Screening is for the entry point the caller names, as a run is: a contract screened for one
+// export says nothing about another.
+TEST_F(PreflightTest, EntryPointIsTheNameTheCallerGives)
+{
+    constexpr std::string_view wat = R"wat(
+    (module
+      (memory (export "memory") 1)
+      (func (export "other") (result i32) (i32.const 0)))
+    )wat";
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(preflight(wat, "other"), tesSUCCESS);
+    EXPECT_EQ(preflight(wat), temBAD_WASM);
+}
+
+// Every refusal is logged with the engine's own description and the TER: without it a node
+// operator has a `temBAD_WASM` and no way to tell a contract author which of the three
+// stages refused the module.
+TEST_F(PreflightTest, RefusalNamesTheReasonAndTheTer)
+{
+    EXPECT_EQ(preflightBytes(Bytes{0x00, 0x61, 0x73, 0x6d}), temBAD_WASM);
+
+    EXPECT_THAT(logged(), testing::HasSubstr("compile: "));
+    EXPECT_THAT(logged(), testing::HasSubstr(transToken(temBAD_WASM)));
+}
+
+// A module that passes screening still has to pass the run's own stages, and one that fails
+// screening would have failed the run. Same modules through both entry points, so the two do
+// not have to be trusted to agree.
+TEST_F(PreflightTest, ScreeningAgreesWithARun)
+{
+    struct Case
+    {
+        std::string_view label;
+        std::string_view wat;
+        bool passes;
+    };
+
+    // clang-format off
+    constexpr Case cases[]{
+        {.label = "a runnable contract", .wat = kRunnableWat, .passes = true},
+        {.label = "an unknown host function",
+         .wat = R"wat((module (import "host_lib" "nope" (func $f (result i32)))
+                        (memory (export "memory") 1)
+                        (func (export "escrow_finish") (result i32) (call $f))))wat",
+         .passes = false},
+        {.label = "no entry point",
+         .wat = R"wat((module (memory (export "memory") 1)
+                        (func (export "other") (result i32) (i32.const 0))))wat",
+         .passes = false},
+    };
+    // clang-format on
+
+    for (auto const& [label, wat, passes] : cases)
+    {
+        auto const screened = preflight(wat);
+        EXPECT_EQ(isTesSuccess(screened), passes) << label;
+
+        // The run's own verdict on the same bytes. A refused module must not reach the
+        // contract's first instruction; an accepted one must get past the entry-point
+        // lookup, whatever it then does.
+        testing::StrictMock<MockHostFunctions> host{beast::Journal{sink}};
+        EXPECT_CALL(host, checkSelf()).WillRepeatedly(testing::Return(true));
+        EXPECT_CALL(host, getLedgerSqn()).WillRepeatedly(testing::Return(7u));
+
+        auto const ran = runEscrowWasm(assembleWat(wat), host, 100'000);
+        EXPECT_EQ(ran.has_value(), passes) << label;
+    }
+}
+
+}  // namespace xrpl::test

src/tests/libxrpl/tx/wasm/WasmFixture.h

@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <xrpl/beast/utility/Journal.h>
+#include <xrpl/protocol/TER.h>
+#include <xrpl/tx/wasm/WasmCommon.h>
+#include <xrpl/tx/wasm/WasmVM.h>
+
+#include <gmock/gmock.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <helpers/CaptureSink.h>
+#include <tx/wasm/MockHostFunctions.h>
+#include <xrpl_wasm_testkit_cxxbridge/lib.h>
+
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <expected>
+#include <string>
+#include <string_view>
+
+namespace xrpl::test {
+
+// Assemble `wat`. Throws `rust::Error` on a typo, which gtest reports against the test that
+// holds it.
+//
+// A free function because not every wasm test needs a host: `preflightEscrowWasm` takes none,
+// so its fixture derives from `testing::Test` rather than from `WasmTest`.
+inline Bytes
+assembleWat(std::string_view wat)
+{
+    auto const wasm = rs::wasm_testkit::compile_wat(rust::Str{wat.data(), wat.size()});
+    return Bytes{wasm.begin(), wasm.end()};
+}
+
+// Base for every wasm test that runs a contract: a mocked host whose log is captured, and one
+// way into the engine.
+//
+// Modules are written as WebAssembly text and assembled by `assembleWat`. The assembler is in
+// a test-only crate: the engine itself refuses text
+// (`the_vm_refuses_a_text_format_module`), because a text assembler on the consensus path
+// would make a transaction's validity a build flag.
+struct WasmTest : testing::Test
+{
+    // Enough for every module here to run to completion; a test about budgets passes its own.
+    static constexpr std::int64_t kAmpleGas = 100'000;
+
+    // Keeps what a run logged. The host's default journal is a null sink, which would let a
+    // swallowed condition pass a test that only checks the TER.
+    CaptureSink sink{beast::Severity::Warning};
+
+    // Strict: a host call no test asked for is a failure, not a warning. These modules import
+    // exactly what they mean to exercise, so an unplanned call means the engine reached for
+    // something on its own — which is the kind of surprise a test suite exists to catch.
+    testing::StrictMock<MockHostFunctions> host{beast::Journal{sink}};
+
+    WasmTest()
+    {
+        // `runEscrowWasm` asks every run whether the host is clean, so under a strict mock
+        // every test would have to say so. Declared once here, and any number of times
+        // (including none, for the runs refused before the engine is reached). A test that
+        // cares says otherwise and its own expectation wins.
+        EXPECT_CALL(host, checkSelf()).WillRepeatedly(testing::Return(true));
+    }
+
+    static Bytes
+    assemble(std::string_view wat)
+    {
+        return assembleWat(wat);
+    }
+
+    std::expected<EscrowResult, WasmTER>
+    run(std::string_view wat,
+        std::int64_t gas = kAmpleGas,
+        std::string_view entryPoint = escrowFunctionName)
+    {
+        return runEscrowWasm(assemble(wat), host, gas, entryPoint);
+    }
+
+    std::expected<EscrowResult, WasmTER>
+    runBytes(
+        Bytes const& wasm,
+        std::int64_t gas = kAmpleGas,
+        std::string_view entryPoint = escrowFunctionName)
+    {
+        return runEscrowWasm(wasm, host, gas, entryPoint);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::string
+    logged() const
+    {
+        return sink.messages();
+    }
+};
+
+// Base for the per-host-function fixtures. Each derives, supplies the module that exercises
+// its own import, and runs it through `callHost()` — so a test says only what the host was
+// asked and what came back.
+struct HostCallTest : WasmTest
+{
+    // The module under test. One import, one `escrow_finish` that calls it.
+    [[nodiscard]] virtual std::string
+    wat() const = 0;
+
+    std::expected<EscrowResult, WasmTER>
+    callHost(std::string_view entryPoint = escrowFunctionName)
+    {
+        return run(wat(), kAmpleGas, entryPoint);
+    }
+
+    // The contract's return value, which for these modules is what the host answered — or
+    // its negative error code. Fails the test if the run did not complete.
+    std::int32_t
+    hostAnswer(std::string_view entryPoint = escrowFunctionName)
+    {
+        auto const outcome = callHost(entryPoint);
+        if (!outcome)
+        {
+            ADD_FAILURE() << "the run did not complete: " << transToken(outcome.error().ter)
+                          << "; logged: " << logged();
+            return 0;
+        }
+        return outcome->result;
+    }
+};
+
+}  // namespace xrpl::test

src/tests/libxrpl/tx/wasm/WasmVM.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,328 @@
+#include <xrpl/tx/wasm/WasmVM.h>
+
+#include <xrpl/basics/contract.h>
+#include <xrpl/protocol/TER.h>
+#include <xrpl/tx/wasm/WasmCommon.h>
+
+#include <gmock/gmock.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <tx/wasm/WasmFixture.h>
+
+#include <array>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <expected>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <string>
+#include <string_view>
+
+namespace xrpl::test {
+
+namespace {
+
+// One module with an export per way a run can end. Kept together because these are properties
+// of the engine rather than of any host function: the only import is there so the
+// out-of-gas and no-memory cases have a host call to fail in.
+constexpr std::string_view kEngineWat = R"wat(
+(module
+  (import "host_lib" "ldgr_index" (func $ldgr_index (param i32 i32) (result i32)))
+  (memory (export "memory") 1)
+
+  (func (export "escrow_finish") (result i32) (i32.const 5))
+
+  (func (export "calls_the_host") (result i32)
+    (call $ldgr_index (i32.const 0) (i32.const 4)))
+
+  (func (export "traps") (result i32) unreachable)
+
+  (func (export "never_returns") (result i32) (loop (br 0)) (i32.const 0))
+
+  (func (export "wrong_signature") (param i32) (result i32) (local.get 0))
+
+  (global (export "not_a_function") i32 (i32.const 0)))
+)wat";
+
+// The same host call with no memory exported, so the engine has nothing to resolve a byte
+// region against.
+constexpr std::string_view kNoMemoryWat = R"wat(
+(module
+  (import "host_lib" "ldgr_index" (func $ldgr_index (param i32 i32) (result i32)))
+  (func (export "escrow_finish") (result i32)
+    (call $ldgr_index (i32.const 0) (i32.const 4))))
+)wat";
+
+}  // namespace
+
+class WasmVMTest : public WasmTest
+{
+};
+
+TEST_F(WasmVMTest, ContractReturnValueReachesCaller)
+{
+    auto const outcome = run(kEngineWat);
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(outcome.has_value()) << transToken(outcome.error().ter);
+    EXPECT_EQ(outcome->result, 5);
+    EXPECT_GT(outcome->cost, 0) << "running any instruction costs gas";
+    EXPECT_LT(outcome->cost, kAmpleGas);
+}
+
+TEST_F(WasmVMTest, GuestTrapIsChargedAsContractFault)
+{
+    auto const outcome = run(kEngineWat, kAmpleGas, "traps");
+
+    ASSERT_FALSE(outcome.has_value());
+    EXPECT_EQ(outcome.error().ter, tecFAILED_PROCESSING);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(outcome.error().cost.has_value());
+    EXPECT_GT(*outcome.error().cost, 0);  // NOLINT(bugprone-unchecked-optional-access)
+}
+
+TEST_F(WasmVMTest, NonTerminatingContractSpendsWholeBudget)
+{
+    auto const outcome = run(kEngineWat, kAmpleGas, "never_returns");
+
+    ASSERT_FALSE(outcome.has_value());
+    EXPECT_EQ(outcome.error().ter, tecOUT_OF_GAS);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(outcome.error().cost.has_value());
+    EXPECT_EQ(*outcome.error().cost, kAmpleGas);  // NOLINT(bugprone-unchecked-optional-access)
+}
+
+// A budget too small to reach the first host charge is still out of gas, whatever the engine
+// can account for by then.
+TEST_F(WasmVMTest, BudgetTooSmallToRunIsOutOfGas)
+{
+    auto const outcome = run(kEngineWat, 1, "calls_the_host");
+
+    ASSERT_FALSE(outcome.has_value());
+    EXPECT_EQ(outcome.error().ter, tecOUT_OF_GAS);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(outcome.error().cost.has_value());
+}
+
+// No gas is not a small budget, it is a malformed transaction — refused before the engine is
+// asked to run anything.
+TEST_F(WasmVMTest, NoGasIsRefusedAsMalformedRatherThanRun)
+{
+    for (auto const gas : {std::int64_t{0}, std::int64_t{-1}})
+    {
+        auto const outcome = run(kEngineWat, gas);
+
+        ASSERT_FALSE(outcome.has_value()) << "gas: " << gas;
+        EXPECT_EQ(outcome.error().ter, temBAD_AMOUNT) << "gas: " << gas;
+        EXPECT_FALSE(outcome.error().cost.has_value()) << "gas: " << gas;
+    }
+}
+
+// A host call needs a memory to resolve its byte regions against, and the export is not
+// optional for a contract that makes one.
+TEST_F(WasmVMTest, HostCallWithNoExportedMemoryFails)
+{
+    auto const outcome = run(kNoMemoryWat);
+
+    ASSERT_FALSE(outcome.has_value());
+    EXPECT_EQ(outcome.error().ter, tecFAILED_PROCESSING);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(outcome.error().cost.has_value());
+}
+
+// A module that will not instantiate is the contract's fault and is charged, not the node's.
+// Screening does not see every way this happens - a linear memory the module keeps to itself
+// is absent from its exports - so such a module can pass preflight and still be refused here.
+TEST_F(WasmVMTest, ModuleThatWillNotInstantiateIsChargedToTheContract)
+{
+    // 129 pages, not exported, so nothing outside the module declares it.
+    static constexpr std::string_view wat = R"wat(
+    (module
+      (memory 129)
+      (func (export "escrow_finish") (result i32) (i32.const 0)))
+    )wat";
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(preflightEscrowWasm(assembleWat(wat), beast::Journal{sink}), tesSUCCESS)
+        << "screening cannot see an unexported memory";
+
+    auto const outcome = run(wat);
+
+    ASSERT_FALSE(outcome.has_value());
+    EXPECT_EQ(outcome.error().ter, tecFAILED_PROCESSING);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(outcome.error().cost.has_value());
+}
+
+// A start section is guest code, so a trap in one is the contract's fault wherever it
+// happens - charged for what it burned, rather than reported as a module the node should
+// have screened.
+TEST_F(WasmVMTest, TrappingStartSectionIsChargedToTheContract)
+{
+    static constexpr std::string_view wat = R"wat(
+    (module
+      (memory (export "memory") 1)
+      (func $init (unreachable))
+      (start $init)
+      (func (export "escrow_finish") (result i32) (i32.const 0)))
+    )wat";
+
+    auto const outcome = run(wat);
+
+    ASSERT_FALSE(outcome.has_value());
+    EXPECT_EQ(outcome.error().ter, tecFAILED_PROCESSING);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(outcome.error().cost.has_value());
+    // NOLINTNEXTLINE(bugprone-unchecked-optional-access)
+    EXPECT_GT(*outcome.error().cost, 0) << "the start section's instructions are metered";
+}
+
+// Preflight is meant to refuse these with `temBAD_WASM`; reaching apply means the screening
+// did not happen, which is the node's fault and not the transaction's.
+TEST_F(WasmVMTest, UnrunnableModuleIsNodeSideFault)
+{
+    struct Case
+    {
+        char const* what;
+        Bytes code;
+        std::string_view entryPoint;
+    };
+    std::array const cases = {
+        Case{
+            .what = "not wasm at all", .code = Bytes{0, 1, 2, 3}, .entryPoint = escrowFunctionName},
+        Case{.what = "empty", .code = Bytes{}, .entryPoint = escrowFunctionName},
+        Case{
+            .what = "no such export", .code = assemble(kEngineWat), .entryPoint = "no_such_export"},
+        Case{
+            .what = "export is not a function",
+            .code = assemble(kEngineWat),
+            .entryPoint = "not_a_function"},
+        Case{
+            .what = "export takes a parameter",
+            .code = assemble(kEngineWat),
+            .entryPoint = "wrong_signature"},
+    };
+
+    for (auto const& c : cases)
+    {
+        auto const outcome = runBytes(c.code, kAmpleGas, c.entryPoint);
+
+        ASSERT_FALSE(outcome.has_value()) << c.what;
+        EXPECT_EQ(outcome.error().ter, tecINTERNAL) << c.what;
+        EXPECT_FALSE(outcome.error().cost.has_value()) << c.what;
+    }
+}
+
+// wasmi's `wat` feature would make `Module::new` accept text as readily as binary, which would
+// put an assembler on the consensus path and make a module's validity a build flag. The
+// engine turns that feature off; this is the guest-side proof, using the very text the rest
+// of this file assembles.
+TEST_F(WasmVMTest, TextFormatModuleIsRejected)
+{
+    Bytes const text{kEngineWat.begin(), kEngineWat.end()};
+
+    auto const outcome = runBytes(text);
+
+    ASSERT_FALSE(outcome.has_value());
+    EXPECT_EQ(outcome.error().ter, tecINTERNAL);
+}
+
+// The host caches the current ledger object, the slot table and the contract's data for the
+// length of one run, so a reused one would answer a later contract out of an earlier
+// contract's state.
+TEST_F(WasmVMTest, DirtyHostIsRefusedBeforeContractRuns)
+{
+    EXPECT_CALL(host, checkSelf()).WillOnce(testing::Return(false));
+
+    auto const outcome = run(kEngineWat);
+
+    ASSERT_FALSE(outcome.has_value());
+    EXPECT_EQ(outcome.error().ter, tecINTERNAL);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(outcome.error().cost.has_value());
+    EXPECT_THAT(logged(), testing::HasSubstr("not clean"));
+}
+
+// A soft host error is the contract's to interpret, so its code has to cross the boundary
+// unchanged: the engine must not renumber it, clamp it, or turn it into a failure of its own.
+//
+// Over the whole of `HostFunctionError` rather than a sample, because `HostFunctionError` and
+// the Rust ABI's `HostError` are two hand-maintained lists of the same wire numbers: -1
+// through -20 have to mean the same thing on both sides, and this is the test that notices if
+// either side renumbers.
+//
+// The two exclusions are the codes the Rust engine converts into a fault, which stops the run
+// instead of reaching the guest: -1 `Unimplemented` and -14 `NoMemExported`. Both say the call
+// was not served at all.
+TEST_F(WasmVMTest, SoftHostErrorCodesCrossUnchanged)
+{
+    static constexpr HostFunctionError kSoftErrors[] = {
+        HostFunctionError::FieldNotFound,
+        HostFunctionError::BufferTooSmall,
+        HostFunctionError::NoArray,
+        HostFunctionError::NotLeafField,
+        HostFunctionError::LocatorMalformed,
+        HostFunctionError::SlotOutRange,
+        HostFunctionError::SlotsFull,
+        HostFunctionError::EmptySlot,
+        HostFunctionError::LedgerObjNotFound,
+        HostFunctionError::OutOfTransferLimit,
+        HostFunctionError::DataFieldTooLarge,
+        HostFunctionError::PointerOutOfBounds,
+        HostFunctionError::InvalidParams,
+        HostFunctionError::InvalidAccount,
+        HostFunctionError::InvalidField,
+        HostFunctionError::IndexOutOfBounds,
+        HostFunctionError::FloatInputMalformed,
+        HostFunctionError::FloatComputationError,
+    };
+
+    auto refused = HostFunctionError::FieldNotFound;
+    EXPECT_CALL(host, getLedgerSqn())
+        .WillRepeatedly([&refused]() -> std::expected<std::uint32_t, HostFunctionError> {
+            return std::unexpected(refused);
+        });
+
+    for (auto const error : kSoftErrors)
+    {
+        refused = error;
+
+        auto const outcome = run(kEngineWat, kAmpleGas, "calls_the_host");
+
+        ASSERT_TRUE(outcome.has_value()) << hfErrorToInt(error) << " stopped the run";
+        EXPECT_EQ(outcome->result, hfErrorToInt(error));
+    }
+}
+
+// The counterpart: a fatal code stops the run rather than reaching the contract, so a host
+// that cannot serve a call cannot be second-guessed by the contract.
+TEST_F(WasmVMTest, FatalHostErrorStopsRun)
+{
+    auto refused = HostFunctionError::Unimplemented;
+    EXPECT_CALL(host, getLedgerSqn())
+        .WillRepeatedly([&refused]() -> std::expected<std::uint32_t, HostFunctionError> {
+            return std::unexpected(refused);
+        });
+
+    for (auto const error :
+         {HostFunctionError::InternalFatal,
+          HostFunctionError::Unimplemented,
+          HostFunctionError::NoMemExported})
+    {
+        refused = error;
+
+        auto const outcome = run(kEngineWat, kAmpleGas, "calls_the_host");
+
+        ASSERT_FALSE(outcome.has_value()) << hfErrorToInt(error) << " reached the contract";
+    }
+}
+
+// The point of the bridge's C++ half: an exception must not reach the Rust frames that called
+// the host, and must not take the node with it.
+TEST_F(WasmVMTest, ThrowingHostFunctionBecomesInternal)
+{
+    EXPECT_CALL(host, getLedgerSqn())
+        .WillOnce([]() -> std::expected<std::uint32_t, HostFunctionError> {
+            Throw<std::runtime_error>("the ledger came apart");
+        });
+
+    auto const outcome = run(kEngineWat, kAmpleGas, "calls_the_host");
+
+    ASSERT_FALSE(outcome.has_value());
+    EXPECT_EQ(outcome.error().ter, tecINTERNAL);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(outcome.error().cost.has_value()) << "a node-side fault charges nothing";
+    // Caught is not swallowed: the condition has to be recorded, and the line has to name the
+    // call it came out of.
+    EXPECT_THAT(logged(), testing::HasSubstr("the ledger came apart"));
+    EXPECT_THAT(logged(), testing::HasSubstr("getLedgerSqn"));
+}
+
+}  // namespace xrpl::test

src/tests/libxrpl/tx/wasm/host_calls/CurrentLedgerObjField.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+#include <xrpl/protocol/Protocol.h>
+#include <xrpl/protocol/SField.h>
+#include <xrpl/tx/wasm/WasmCommon.h>
+
+#include <gmock/gmock.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <tx/wasm/WasmFixture.h>
+
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <expected>
+#include <string>
+
+namespace xrpl::test {
+
+using testing::Return;
+
+// home_le_field — a scalar field code in, bytes out.
+struct CurrentLedgerObjFieldCall : HostCallTest
+{
+    // The field code the guest asks for. A real one, so the shim's `SField` lookup has
+    // something to find.
+    std::int32_t fieldCode = sfBalance.getCode();
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::string
+    wat() const override
+    {
+        return std::string{R"wat(
+(module
+  (import "host_lib" "home_le_field" (func $home_le_field (param i32 i32 i32) (result i32)))
+  (memory (export "memory") 1)
+  (func (export "escrow_finish") (result i32)
+    (call $home_le_field (i32.const )wat"} +
+            std::to_string(fieldCode) + R"wat() (i32.const 0) (i32.const 32))))
+)wat";
+    }
+};
+
+// The shim turns the guest's `i32` into the `SField` the C++ interface takes; asserting on
+// the argument is what pins that translation rather than assuming it.
+TEST_F(CurrentLedgerObjFieldCall, FieldCodeBecomesSFieldHostIsAskedFor)
+{
+    EXPECT_CALL(host, getCurrentLedgerObjField(testing::Ref(sfBalance)))
+        .WillOnce(Return(Bytes{1, 2, 3}));
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(hostAnswer(), 3) << "the length the host reported";
+}
+
+TEST_F(CurrentLedgerObjFieldCall, UnknownFieldCodeIsRefusedWithoutAskingHost)
+{
+    fieldCode = 0x7fff'0000;  // a type nothing is registered under
+    EXPECT_CALL(host, getCurrentLedgerObjField).Times(0);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(hostAnswer(), hfErrorToInt(HostFunctionError::InvalidField));
+}
+
+TEST_F(CurrentLedgerObjFieldCall, HostErrorBecomesContractReturnValue)
+{
+    EXPECT_CALL(host, getCurrentLedgerObjField)
+        .WillOnce(Return(std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::FieldNotFound)));
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(hostAnswer(), hfErrorToInt(HostFunctionError::FieldNotFound));
+}
+
+// The field cap bounds the status, not just the bytes: a host reporting a length past
+// `kMaxWasmDataLength` is too large whatever the guest's buffer was.
+TEST_F(CurrentLedgerObjFieldCall, FieldPastProtocolCapIsTooLarge)
+{
+    EXPECT_CALL(host, getCurrentLedgerObjField)
+        .WillOnce(Return(Bytes(kMaxWasmDataLength + 1, 0xab)));
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(hostAnswer(), hfErrorToInt(HostFunctionError::DataFieldTooLarge));
+}
+
+}  // namespace xrpl::test

src/tests/libxrpl/tx/wasm/host_calls/LedgerSqn.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+#include <xrpl/tx/wasm/WasmCommon.h>
+
+#include <gmock/gmock.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <tx/wasm/WasmFixture.h>
+
+#include <expected>
+#include <string>
+
+namespace xrpl::test {
+
+using testing::Return;
+
+// ldgr_index — no input, one scalar output.
+struct LedgerSqnCall : HostCallTest
+{
+    [[nodiscard]] std::string
+    wat() const override
+    {
+        return std::string{R"wat(
+(module
+  (import "host_lib" "ldgr_index" (func $ldgr_index (param i32 i32) (result i32)))
+  (memory (export "memory") 1)
+
+  ;; Four bytes is what the value needs. Returns what the host wrote, or its error code.
+  (func (export "escrow_finish") (result i32)
+    (local $n i32)
+    (local.set $n (call $ldgr_index (i32.const 0) (i32.const 4)))
+    (select (local.get $n) (i32.load (i32.const 0)) (i32.lt_s (local.get $n) (i32.const 0))))
+
+  ;; Two bytes is not enough for the value. Returns the host's code when memory is still
+  ;; zero, or 1 if anything was written into it - so a refused write is visibly a refusal
+  ;; and not a truncation.
+  (func (export "into_two_bytes") (result i32)
+    (local $n i32)
+    (local.set $n (call $ldgr_index (i32.const 0) (i32.const 2)))
+    (select (local.get $n) (i32.const 1) (i32.eqz (i32.load (i32.const 0))))))
+)wat"};
+    }
+};
+
+TEST_F(LedgerSqnCall, SequenceReachesGuestAsFourLittleEndianBytes)
+{
+    EXPECT_CALL(host, getLedgerSqn()).WillOnce(Return(0x01020304u));
+
+    // Read back with `i32.load`, which is little-endian by the wasm spec — so the value
+    // arriving intact is the byte order being right.
+    EXPECT_EQ(hostAnswer(), 0x01020304);
+}
+
+TEST_F(LedgerSqnCall, HostErrorBecomesContractReturnValue)
+{
+    EXPECT_CALL(host, getLedgerSqn())
+        .WillOnce(Return(std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::LedgerObjNotFound)));
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(hostAnswer(), hfErrorToInt(HostFunctionError::LedgerObjNotFound));
+}
+
+// The engine decides the fit, not the host: the host is never told the guest's capacity, it
+// reports the value's true length and the engine turns a length past the buffer into
+// `BufferTooSmall` — with nothing written.
+TEST_F(LedgerSqnCall, BufferTooSmallIsRefusedWholeNotTruncated)
+{
+    EXPECT_CALL(host, getLedgerSqn()).WillOnce(Return(0x01020304u));
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(hostAnswer("into_two_bytes"), hfErrorToInt(HostFunctionError::BufferTooSmall));
+}
+
+}  // namespace xrpl::test

src/tests/libxrpl/tx/wasm/host_calls/Sha512Half.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+#include <xrpl/tx/wasm/WasmCommon.h>
+
+#include <gmock/gmock.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <tx/wasm/MockHostFunctions.h>
+#include <tx/wasm/WasmFixture.h>
+
+#include <expected>
+#include <string>
+
+namespace xrpl::test {
+
+using testing::Return;
+
+// sha512_half — bytes in and bytes out, the shape that needs the engine's output buffer.
+struct Sha512HalfCall : HostCallTest
+{
+    [[nodiscard]] std::string
+    wat() const override
+    {
+        return std::string{R"wat(
+(module
+  (import "host_lib" "sha512_half" (func $sha512_half (param i32 i32 i32 i32) (result i32)))
+  (memory (export "memory") 1)
+  (data (i32.const 64) "abc")
+
+  ;; Hashes the three bytes at 64 into the 32 at 0, then returns the first four bytes of the
+  ;; digest so the answer is shown to have arrived, not just been counted.
+  (func (export "escrow_finish") (result i32)
+    (local $n i32)
+    (local.set $n (call $sha512_half (i32.const 64) (i32.const 3) (i32.const 0) (i32.const 32)))
+    (select (local.get $n) (i32.load (i32.const 0)) (i32.lt_s (local.get $n) (i32.const 0))))
+
+  ;; Reports the length the host gave, for the cases where the digest itself is not the point.
+  (func (export "digest_length") (result i32)
+    (call $sha512_half (i32.const 64) (i32.const 3) (i32.const 0) (i32.const 32))))
+)wat"};
+    }
+
+    // A digest whose first four bytes are distinctive, so the load below cannot pass by
+    // accident.
+    static Hash
+    digest()
+    {
+        Hash value;
+        value.begin()[0] = 0x0d;
+        value.begin()[1] = 0x0c;
+        value.begin()[2] = 0x0b;
+        value.begin()[3] = 0x0a;
+        return value;
+    }
+};
+
+// Both directions in one call: the guest's bytes reach the host borrowed from its memory, and
+// the answer comes back into the same memory through the engine's buffer.
+TEST_F(Sha512HalfCall, GuestBytesReachHostAndDigestComesBack)
+{
+    EXPECT_CALL(host, computeSha512HalfHash(BytesAre("abc"))).WillOnce(Return(digest()));
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(hostAnswer(), 0x0a0b0c0d) << "the digest's first four bytes, little-endian";
+}
+
+TEST_F(Sha512HalfCall, DigestIsThirtyTwoBytes)
+{
+    EXPECT_CALL(host, computeSha512HalfHash).WillOnce(Return(digest()));
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(hostAnswer("digest_length"), 32);
+}
+
+TEST_F(Sha512HalfCall, HostErrorBecomesContractReturnValue)
+{
+    EXPECT_CALL(host, computeSha512HalfHash)
+        .WillOnce(Return(std::unexpected(HostFunctionError::InvalidParams)));
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(hostAnswer(), hfErrorToInt(HostFunctionError::InvalidParams));
+}
+
+}  // namespace xrpl::test

src/tests/libxrpl/tx/wasm/host_calls/Trace.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,220 @@
+#include <xrpl/basics/Number.h>
+#include <xrpl/protocol/AccountID.h>
+#include <xrpl/protocol/Protocol.h>
+#include <xrpl/protocol/STAmount.h>
+#include <xrpl/protocol/Serializer.h>
+#include <xrpl/tx/wasm/HostContext.h>
+#include <xrpl/tx/wasm/HostFunc.h>
+#include <xrpl/tx/wasm/WasmCommon.h>
+
+#include <gmock/gmock.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <tx/wasm/WasmFixture.h>
+// For `TraceDataType`, which the bridge declares and this header defines.
+#include <xrpl_wasm_vm_ffi_cxxbridge/lib.h>
+
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <format>
+#include <string>
+#include <string_view>
+#include <utility>
+
+namespace xrpl::test {
+
+namespace {
+
+// Bytes as a WAT data segment's contents. Hex-escaped throughout, so a buffer needs no
+// thought about which of its bytes the text format would otherwise read.
+std::string
+watBytes(Bytes const& bytes)
+{
+    std::string escaped;
+    escaped.reserve(bytes.size() * 4);
+    for (auto const byte : bytes)
+        escaped += std::format("\\{:02x}", byte);
+    return escaped;
+}
+
+Bytes
+serialized(STAmount const& amount)
+{
+    Serializer s;
+    amount.add(s);
+    return s.getData();
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+// trace — a message, a data type, and a buffer holding what that type says. One import for
+// what were five, so what a test varies is the type rather than the function.
+//
+// The buffer arrives as bytes and leaves as text: `HostContext` renders it, and the host is
+// handed the finished line. So a test says which renderer the type selected.
+struct TraceCall : HostCallTest
+{
+    static constexpr std::int32_t kDataAt = 64;
+
+    // What the guest passes. `typeCode` rather than a `TraceDataType` so a test can send a
+    // code that names no type, which is the guest's to get wrong.
+    std::int32_t typeCode{static_cast<std::int32_t>(TraceDataType::AsText)};
+    Bytes data;
+
+    void
+    traces(TraceDataType type, Bytes bytes)
+    {
+        typeCode = static_cast<std::int32_t>(type);
+        data = std::move(bytes);
+    }
+
+    void
+    traces(TraceDataType type, std::string_view text)
+    {
+        traces(type, Bytes{text.begin(), text.end()});
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::string
+    wat() const override
+    {
+        // {0} data offset, {1} the data itself, {2} the type under test, {3} its length,
+        // {4} a type the constant modules can name, {5} the data cap.
+        return std::format(
+            R"wat(
+(module
+  (import "host_lib" "trace" (func $trace (param i32 i32 i32 i32 i32)))
+  (memory (export "memory") 1)
+  (data (i32.const 0) "note")
+  (data (i32.const {0}) "{1}")
+
+  (func (export "escrow_finish") (result i32)
+    (call $trace (i32.const 0) (i32.const 4) (i32.const {2}) (i32.const {0}) (i32.const {3}))
+    (i32.const 1))
+
+  (func (export "unnamed_type") (result i32)
+    (call $trace (i32.const 0) (i32.const 4) (i32.const 0) (i32.const {0}) (i32.const 0))
+    (i32.const 1))
+
+  (func (export "past_memory") (result i32)
+    (call $trace (i32.const 0) (i32.const 4) (i32.const {4}) (i32.const 65536) (i32.const 1))
+    (i32.const 1))
+
+  (func (export "too_long") (result i32)
+    (call $trace (i32.const 0) (i32.const 4) (i32.const {4}) (i32.const {0}) (i32.const {5}))
+    (i32.const 1)))
+)wat",
+            kDataAt,
+            watBytes(data),
+            typeCode,
+            data.size(),
+            static_cast<std::int32_t>(TraceDataType::AsHex),
+            kMaxWasmDataLength);
+    }
+
+    // The line the host was handed, for a run that is expected to reach it.
+    void
+    expectTraced(std::string_view text)
+    {
+        EXPECT_CALL(host, trace(std::string_view("note"), text));
+
+        EXPECT_EQ(hostAnswer(), 1) << "the contract runs on past its trace";
+    }
+};
+
+// The eight-byte types are the pair worth naming: the same bytes, and the type is the whole
+// difference between the two readings.
+TEST_F(TraceCall, Int64ReadsTheBufferSigned)
+{
+    traces(TraceDataType::Int64, Bytes(8, 0xff));
+
+    expectTraced("-1");
+}
+
+TEST_F(TraceCall, Uint64ReadsTheSameBufferUnsigned)
+{
+    traces(TraceDataType::Uint64, Bytes(8, 0xff));
+
+    expectTraced("18446744073709551615");
+}
+
+TEST_F(TraceCall, AsTextTakesTheBufferVerbatim)
+{
+    traces(TraceDataType::AsText, "hello");
+
+    expectTraced("hello");
+}
+
+TEST_F(TraceCall, AsHexEncodesTheBuffer)
+{
+    traces(TraceDataType::AsHex, Bytes{0x07, 0x08, 0xff});
+
+    expectTraced("0708FF");
+}
+
+// The zero account, so the expectation is the well-known base58 rather than a rendering of
+// whatever the renderer happened to do.
+TEST_F(TraceCall, AccountIsBase58)
+{
+    traces(TraceDataType::Account, Bytes(AccountID::size(), 0));
+
+    expectTraced("rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrhoLvTp");
+}
+
+TEST_F(TraceCall, AmountCarriesItsAssetIntoTheText)
+{
+    traces(TraceDataType::Amount, serialized(STAmount{XRPAmount{1000}}));
+
+    expectTraced("1000/XRP");
+}
+
+TEST_F(TraceCall, XfloatIsDecodedToItsValue)
+{
+    auto const encoded = wasm_float::floatFromIntImpl(
+        42, static_cast<std::int32_t>(Number::RoundingMode::ToNearest));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(encoded.has_value());
+    traces(TraceDataType::Xfloat, *encoded);
+
+    expectTraced("42");
+}
+
+// The width is part of the type, and a buffer that is not it holds no value to print. The
+// contract is not told: a trace answers nothing at all.
+TEST_F(TraceCall, ABufferOfTheWrongWidthIsDropped)
+{
+    traces(TraceDataType::Int64, Bytes(4, 0xff));
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(host, trace).Times(0);
+    EXPECT_EQ(hostAnswer(), 1);
+}
+
+// `STAmount`'s deserializer rejects this by throwing, which must not escape into the run.
+TEST_F(TraceCall, AMalformedAmountIsDroppedRatherThanThrown)
+{
+    traces(TraceDataType::Amount, Bytes(3, 0xff));
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(host, trace).Times(0);
+    EXPECT_EQ(hostAnswer(), 1);
+}
+
+// Zero is the code a guest sends by omission, which is why no type carries it.
+TEST_F(TraceCall, ACodeThatNamesNoTypeIsDropped)
+{
+    EXPECT_CALL(host, trace).Times(0);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(hostAnswer("unnamed_type"), 1);
+}
+
+// The memory policy every input region is held to, on the one call that cannot report it.
+TEST_F(TraceCall, ARegionPastMemoryIsDropped)
+{
+    EXPECT_CALL(host, trace).Times(0);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(hostAnswer("past_memory"), 1);
+}
+
+TEST_F(TraceCall, AMessageAndBufferPastTheDataCapAreDropped)
+{
+    EXPECT_CALL(host, trace).Times(0);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(hostAnswer("too_long"), 1);
+}
+
+}  // namespace xrpl::test