docs: clarify KB rounding behavior in RWDB memory assertions

- Replace exact KB values with reasonable ranges
- RWDB: Check starts at 0, increases with data, maintains relationships
- SQLite: Check non-negative values and non-decreasing behavior
- Both: Focus on testing relationships rather than brittle exact values

Builds/CMake/RippledCore.cmake

@@ -548,7 +548,6 @@ target_sources (rippled PRIVATE
   src/ripple/nodestore/backend/CassandraFactory.cpp
   src/ripple/nodestore/backend/RWDBFactory.cpp
   src/ripple/nodestore/backend/MemoryFactory.cpp
-  src/ripple/nodestore/backend/FlatmapFactory.cpp
   src/ripple/nodestore/backend/NuDBFactory.cpp
   src/ripple/nodestore/backend/NullFactory.cpp
   src/ripple/nodestore/backend/RocksDBFactory.cpp
@@ -995,6 +994,11 @@ if (tests)
          subdir: resource
     #]===============================]
     src/test/resource/Logic_test.cpp
+    #[===============================[
+       test sources:
+         subdir: rdb
+    #]===============================]
+    src/test/rdb/RelationalDatabase_test.cpp
     #[===============================[
        test sources:
          subdir: rpc

Builds/levelization/results/ordering.txt

@@ -186,6 +186,10 @@ test.protocol > ripple.crypto
 test.protocol > ripple.json
 test.protocol > ripple.protocol
 test.protocol > test.toplevel
+test.rdb > ripple.app
+test.rdb > ripple.core
+test.rdb > test.jtx
+test.rdb > test.toplevel
 test.resource > ripple.basics
 test.resource > ripple.beast
 test.resource > ripple.resource

cfg/rippled-example.cfg

@@ -1063,14 +1063,16 @@
 #       RWDB is recommended for Validator and Peer nodes that are not required to 
 #       store history.
 #
-#       RWDB maintains its high speed regardless of the amount of history
-#       stored. Online delete should NOT be used instead RWDB will use the 
-#       ledger_history config value to determine how many ledgers to keep in memory.
-#
-#   Required keys for NuDB, RWDB and RocksDB:
+#   Required keys for NuDB and RocksDB:
 #
 #       path                Location to store the database
 #
+#   Required keys for RWDB:
+#
+#       online_delete       Required. RWDB stores data in memory and will
+#                           grow unbounded without online_delete. See the
+#                           online_delete section below.
+#
 #   Required keys for Cassandra:
 #
 #      contact_points       IP of a node in the Cassandra cluster
@@ -1110,7 +1112,17 @@
 #                           if sufficient IOPS capacity is available.
 #                           Default 0.
 #
-#   Optional keys for NuDB or RocksDB:
+#   online_delete for RWDB, NuDB and RocksDB:
+#
+#       online_delete       Minimum value of 256. Enable automatic purging
+#                           of older ledger information. Maintain at least this
+#                           number of ledger records online. Must be greater
+#                           than or equal to ledger_history.
+#
+#                           REQUIRED for RWDB to prevent out-of-memory errors.
+#                           Optional for NuDB and RocksDB.
+#
+#   Optional keys for NuDB and RocksDB:
 #
 #       earliest_seq        The default is 32570 to match the XRP ledger
 #                           network's earliest allowed sequence. Alternate
@@ -1120,12 +1132,7 @@
 #                           it must be defined with the same value in both
 #                           sections.
 #
-#       online_delete       Minimum value of 256. Enable automatic purging
-#                           of older ledger information. Maintain at least this
-#                           number of ledger records online. Must be greater
-#                           than or equal to ledger_history. If using RWDB 
-#                           this value is ignored.
-#
+
 #       These keys modify the behavior of online_delete, and thus are only
 #       relevant if online_delete is defined and non-zero:
 #

src/ripple/app/rdb/backend/FlatmapDatabase.h

@@ -1,851 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef RIPPLE_APP_RDB_BACKEND_FLATMAPDATABASE_H_INCLUDED
-#define RIPPLE_APP_RDB_BACKEND_FLATMAPDATABASE_H_INCLUDED
-
-#include <ripple/app/ledger/AcceptedLedger.h>
-#include <ripple/app/ledger/LedgerMaster.h>
-#include <ripple/app/ledger/TransactionMaster.h>
-#include <ripple/app/rdb/backend/SQLiteDatabase.h>
-#include <algorithm>
-#include <map>
-#include <mutex>
-#include <optional>
-#include <shared_mutex>
-#include <vector>
-
-#include <boost/unordered/concurrent_flat_map.hpp>
-
-namespace ripple {
-
-struct base_uint_hasher
-{
-    using result_type = std::size_t;
-
-    result_type
-    operator()(base_uint<256> const& value) const
-    {
-        return hardened_hash<>{}(value);
-    }
-
-    result_type
-    operator()(AccountID const& value) const
-    {
-        return hardened_hash<>{}(value);
-    }
-};
-
-class FlatmapDatabase : public SQLiteDatabase
-{
-private:
-    struct LedgerData
-    {
-        LedgerInfo info;
-        boost::unordered::
-            concurrent_flat_map<uint256, AccountTx, base_uint_hasher>
-                transactions;
-    };
-
-    struct AccountTxData
-    {
-        boost::unordered::
-            concurrent_flat_map<std::pair<uint32_t, uint32_t>, AccountTx>
-                transactions;
-    };
-
-    Application& app_;
-
-    boost::unordered::concurrent_flat_map<LedgerIndex, LedgerData> ledgers_;
-    boost::unordered::
-        concurrent_flat_map<uint256, LedgerIndex, base_uint_hasher>
-            ledgerHashToSeq_;
-    boost::unordered::concurrent_flat_map<uint256, AccountTx, base_uint_hasher>
-        transactionMap_;
-    boost::unordered::
-        concurrent_flat_map<AccountID, AccountTxData, base_uint_hasher>
-            accountTxMap_;
-
-public:
-    FlatmapDatabase(Application& app, Config const& config, JobQueue& jobQueue)
-        : app_(app)
-    {
-    }
-
-    std::optional<LedgerIndex>
-    getMinLedgerSeq() override
-    {
-        std::optional<LedgerIndex> minSeq;
-        ledgers_.visit_all([&minSeq](auto const& pair) {
-            if (!minSeq || pair.first < *minSeq)
-            {
-                minSeq = pair.first;
-            }
-        });
-        return minSeq;
-    }
-
-    std::optional<LedgerIndex>
-    getTransactionsMinLedgerSeq() override
-    {
-        std::optional<LedgerIndex> minSeq;
-        transactionMap_.visit_all([&minSeq](auto const& pair) {
-            LedgerIndex seq = pair.second.second->getLgrSeq();
-            if (!minSeq || seq < *minSeq)
-            {
-                minSeq = seq;
-            }
-        });
-        return minSeq;
-    }
-
-    std::optional<LedgerIndex>
-    getAccountTransactionsMinLedgerSeq() override
-    {
-        std::optional<LedgerIndex> minSeq;
-        accountTxMap_.visit_all([&minSeq](auto const& pair) {
-            pair.second.transactions.visit_all([&minSeq](auto const& tx) {
-                if (!minSeq || tx.first.first < *minSeq)
-                {
-                    minSeq = tx.first.first;
-                }
-            });
-        });
-        return minSeq;
-    }
-
-    std::optional<LedgerIndex>
-    getMaxLedgerSeq() override
-    {
-        std::optional<LedgerIndex> maxSeq;
-        ledgers_.visit_all([&maxSeq](auto const& pair) {
-            if (!maxSeq || pair.first > *maxSeq)
-            {
-                maxSeq = pair.first;
-            }
-        });
-        return maxSeq;
-    }
-    void
-    deleteTransactionByLedgerSeq(LedgerIndex ledgerSeq) override
-    {
-        ledgers_.visit(ledgerSeq, [this](auto& item) {
-            item.second.transactions.visit_all([this](auto const& txPair) {
-                transactionMap_.erase(txPair.first);
-            });
-            item.second.transactions.clear();
-        });
-
-        accountTxMap_.visit_all([ledgerSeq](auto& item) {
-            item.second.transactions.erase_if([ledgerSeq](auto const& tx) {
-                return tx.first.first == ledgerSeq;
-            });
-        });
-    }
-
-    void
-    deleteBeforeLedgerSeq(LedgerIndex ledgerSeq) override
-    {
-        ledgers_.erase_if([this, ledgerSeq](auto const& item) {
-            if (item.first < ledgerSeq)
-            {
-                item.second.transactions.visit_all([this](auto const& txPair) {
-                    transactionMap_.erase(txPair.first);
-                });
-                ledgerHashToSeq_.erase(item.second.info.hash);
-                return true;
-            }
-            return false;
-        });
-
-        accountTxMap_.visit_all([ledgerSeq](auto& item) {
-            item.second.transactions.erase_if([ledgerSeq](auto const& tx) {
-                return tx.first.first < ledgerSeq;
-            });
-        });
-    }
-
-    void
-    deleteTransactionsBeforeLedgerSeq(LedgerIndex ledgerSeq) override
-    {
-        ledgers_.visit_all([this, ledgerSeq](auto& item) {
-            if (item.first < ledgerSeq)
-            {
-                item.second.transactions.visit_all([this](auto const& txPair) {
-                    transactionMap_.erase(txPair.first);
-                });
-                item.second.transactions.clear();
-            }
-        });
-
-        accountTxMap_.visit_all([ledgerSeq](auto& item) {
-            item.second.transactions.erase_if([ledgerSeq](auto const& tx) {
-                return tx.first.first < ledgerSeq;
-            });
-        });
-    }
-
-    void
-    deleteAccountTransactionsBeforeLedgerSeq(LedgerIndex ledgerSeq) override
-    {
-        accountTxMap_.visit_all([ledgerSeq](auto& item) {
-            item.second.transactions.erase_if([ledgerSeq](auto const& tx) {
-                return tx.first.first < ledgerSeq;
-            });
-        });
-    }
-    std::size_t
-    getTransactionCount() override
-    {
-        return transactionMap_.size();
-    }
-
-    std::size_t
-    getAccountTransactionCount() override
-    {
-        std::size_t count = 0;
-        accountTxMap_.visit_all([&count](auto const& item) {
-            count += item.second.transactions.size();
-        });
-        return count;
-    }
-
-    CountMinMax
-    getLedgerCountMinMax() override
-    {
-        CountMinMax result{0, 0, 0};
-        ledgers_.visit_all([&result](auto const& item) {
-            result.numberOfRows++;
-            if (result.minLedgerSequence == 0 ||
-                item.first < result.minLedgerSequence)
-            {
-                result.minLedgerSequence = item.first;
-            }
-            if (item.first > result.maxLedgerSequence)
-            {
-                result.maxLedgerSequence = item.first;
-            }
-        });
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    bool
-    saveValidatedLedger(
-        std::shared_ptr<Ledger const> const& ledger,
-        bool current) override
-    {
-        try
-        {
-            LedgerData ledgerData;
-            ledgerData.info = ledger->info();
-
-            auto aLedger = std::make_shared<AcceptedLedger>(ledger, app_);
-            for (auto const& acceptedLedgerTx : *aLedger)
-            {
-                auto const& txn = acceptedLedgerTx->getTxn();
-                auto const& meta = acceptedLedgerTx->getMeta();
-                auto const& id = txn->getTransactionID();
-
-                std::string reason;
-                auto accTx = std::make_pair(
-                    std::make_shared<ripple::Transaction>(txn, reason, app_),
-                    std::make_shared<ripple::TxMeta>(meta));
-
-                ledgerData.transactions.emplace(id, accTx);
-                transactionMap_.emplace(id, accTx);
-
-                for (auto const& account : meta.getAffectedAccounts())
-                {
-                    accountTxMap_.visit(account, [&](auto& data) {
-                        data.second.transactions.emplace(
-                            std::make_pair(
-                                ledger->info().seq,
-                                acceptedLedgerTx->getTxnSeq()),
-                            accTx);
-                    });
-                }
-            }
-
-            ledgers_.emplace(ledger->info().seq, std::move(ledgerData));
-            ledgerHashToSeq_.emplace(ledger->info().hash, ledger->info().seq);
-
-            if (current)
-            {
-                auto const cutoffSeq =
-                    ledger->info().seq > app_.config().LEDGER_HISTORY
-                    ? ledger->info().seq - app_.config().LEDGER_HISTORY
-                    : 0;
-
-                if (cutoffSeq > 0)
-                {
-                    const std::size_t BATCH_SIZE = 128;
-                    std::size_t deleted = 0;
-
-                    ledgers_.erase_if([&](auto const& item) {
-                        if (deleted >= BATCH_SIZE)
-                            return false;
-
-                        if (item.first < cutoffSeq)
-                        {
-                            item.second.transactions.visit_all(
-                                [this](auto const& txPair) {
-                                    transactionMap_.erase(txPair.first);
-                                });
-                            ledgerHashToSeq_.erase(item.second.info.hash);
-                            deleted++;
-                            return true;
-                        }
-                        return false;
-                    });
-
-                    if (deleted > 0)
-                    {
-                        accountTxMap_.visit_all([cutoffSeq](auto& item) {
-                            item.second.transactions.erase_if(
-                                [cutoffSeq](auto const& tx) {
-                                    return tx.first.first < cutoffSeq;
-                                });
-                        });
-                    }
-
-                    app_.getLedgerMaster().clearPriorLedgers(cutoffSeq);
-                }
-            }
-
-            return true;
-        }
-        catch (std::exception const&)
-        {
-            deleteTransactionByLedgerSeq(ledger->info().seq);
-            return false;
-        }
-    }
-
-    std::optional<LedgerInfo>
-    getLedgerInfoByIndex(LedgerIndex ledgerSeq) override
-    {
-        std::optional<LedgerInfo> result;
-        ledgers_.visit(ledgerSeq, [&result](auto const& item) {
-            result = item.second.info;
-        });
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    std::optional<LedgerInfo>
-    getNewestLedgerInfo() override
-    {
-        std::optional<LedgerInfo> result;
-        ledgers_.visit_all([&result](auto const& item) {
-            if (!result || item.second.info.seq > result->seq)
-            {
-                result = item.second.info;
-            }
-        });
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    std::optional<LedgerInfo>
-    getLimitedOldestLedgerInfo(LedgerIndex ledgerFirstIndex) override
-    {
-        std::optional<LedgerInfo> result;
-        ledgers_.visit_all([&](auto const& item) {
-            if (item.first >= ledgerFirstIndex &&
-                (!result || item.first < result->seq))
-            {
-                result = item.second.info;
-            }
-        });
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    std::optional<LedgerInfo>
-    getLimitedNewestLedgerInfo(LedgerIndex ledgerFirstIndex) override
-    {
-        std::optional<LedgerInfo> result;
-        ledgers_.visit_all([&](auto const& item) {
-            if (item.first >= ledgerFirstIndex &&
-                (!result || item.first > result->seq))
-            {
-                result = item.second.info;
-            }
-        });
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    std::optional<LedgerInfo>
-    getLedgerInfoByHash(uint256 const& ledgerHash) override
-    {
-        std::optional<LedgerInfo> result;
-        ledgerHashToSeq_.visit(ledgerHash, [this, &result](auto const& item) {
-            ledgers_.visit(item.second, [&result](auto const& item) {
-                result = item.second.info;
-            });
-        });
-        return result;
-    }
-    uint256
-    getHashByIndex(LedgerIndex ledgerIndex) override
-    {
-        uint256 result;
-        ledgers_.visit(ledgerIndex, [&result](auto const& item) {
-            result = item.second.info.hash;
-        });
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    std::optional<LedgerHashPair>
-    getHashesByIndex(LedgerIndex ledgerIndex) override
-    {
-        std::optional<LedgerHashPair> result;
-        ledgers_.visit(ledgerIndex, [&result](auto const& item) {
-            result = LedgerHashPair{
-                item.second.info.hash, item.second.info.parentHash};
-        });
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    std::map<LedgerIndex, LedgerHashPair>
-    getHashesByIndex(LedgerIndex minSeq, LedgerIndex maxSeq) override
-    {
-        std::map<LedgerIndex, LedgerHashPair> result;
-        ledgers_.visit_all([&](auto const& item) {
-            if (item.first >= minSeq && item.first <= maxSeq)
-            {
-                result[item.first] = LedgerHashPair{
-                    item.second.info.hash, item.second.info.parentHash};
-            }
-        });
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    std::variant<AccountTx, TxSearched>
-    getTransaction(
-        uint256 const& id,
-        std::optional<ClosedInterval<std::uint32_t>> const& range,
-        error_code_i& ec) override
-    {
-        std::variant<AccountTx, TxSearched> result = TxSearched::unknown;
-        transactionMap_.visit(id, [&](auto const& item) {
-            auto const& tx = item.second;
-            if (!range ||
-                (range->lower() <= tx.second->getLgrSeq() &&
-                 tx.second->getLgrSeq() <= range->upper()))
-            {
-                result = tx;
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                result = TxSearched::all;
-            }
-        });
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    bool
-    ledgerDbHasSpace(Config const& config) override
-    {
-        return true;  // In-memory database always has space
-    }
-
-    bool
-    transactionDbHasSpace(Config const& config) override
-    {
-        return true;  // In-memory database always has space
-    }
-
-    std::uint32_t
-    getKBUsedAll() override
-    {
-        std::uint32_t size = sizeof(*this);
-        size += ledgers_.size() * (sizeof(LedgerIndex) + sizeof(LedgerData));
-        size +=
-            ledgerHashToSeq_.size() * (sizeof(uint256) + sizeof(LedgerIndex));
-        size += transactionMap_.size() * (sizeof(uint256) + sizeof(AccountTx));
-        accountTxMap_.visit_all([&size](auto const& item) {
-            size += sizeof(AccountID) + sizeof(AccountTxData);
-            size += item.second.transactions.size() * sizeof(AccountTx);
-        });
-        return size / 1024;  // Convert to KB
-    }
-
-    std::uint32_t
-    getKBUsedLedger() override
-    {
-        std::uint32_t size =
-            ledgers_.size() * (sizeof(LedgerIndex) + sizeof(LedgerData));
-        size +=
-            ledgerHashToSeq_.size() * (sizeof(uint256) + sizeof(LedgerIndex));
-        return size / 1024;
-    }
-
-    std::uint32_t
-    getKBUsedTransaction() override
-    {
-        std::uint32_t size =
-            transactionMap_.size() * (sizeof(uint256) + sizeof(AccountTx));
-        accountTxMap_.visit_all([&size](auto const& item) {
-            size += sizeof(AccountID) + sizeof(AccountTxData);
-            size += item.second.transactions.size() * sizeof(AccountTx);
-        });
-        return size / 1024;
-    }
-
-    void
-    closeLedgerDB() override
-    {
-        // No-op for in-memory database
-    }
-
-    void
-    closeTransactionDB() override
-    {
-        // No-op for in-memory database
-    }
-
-    ~FlatmapDatabase()
-    {
-        // Concurrent maps need visit_all
-        accountTxMap_.visit_all(
-            [](auto& pair) { pair.second.transactions.clear(); });
-        accountTxMap_.clear();
-
-        transactionMap_.clear();
-
-        ledgers_.visit_all(
-            [](auto& pair) { pair.second.transactions.clear(); });
-        ledgers_.clear();
-
-        ledgerHashToSeq_.clear();
-    }
-
-    std::vector<std::shared_ptr<Transaction>>
-    getTxHistory(LedgerIndex startIndex) override
-    {
-        std::vector<std::shared_ptr<Transaction>> result;
-        transactionMap_.visit_all([&](auto const& item) {
-            if (item.second.second->getLgrSeq() >= startIndex)
-            {
-                result.push_back(item.second.first);
-            }
-        });
-        std::sort(
-            result.begin(), result.end(), [](auto const& a, auto const& b) {
-                return a->getLedger() > b->getLedger();
-            });
-        if (result.size() > 20)
-        {
-            result.resize(20);
-        }
-        return result;
-    }
-    // Helper function to handle limits
-    template <typename Container>
-    void
-    applyLimit(Container& container, std::size_t limit, bool bUnlimited)
-    {
-        if (!bUnlimited && limit > 0 && container.size() > limit)
-        {
-            container.resize(limit);
-        }
-    }
-
-    AccountTxs
-    getOldestAccountTxs(AccountTxOptions const& options) override
-    {
-        AccountTxs result;
-        accountTxMap_.visit(options.account, [&](auto const& item) {
-            item.second.transactions.visit_all([&](auto const& tx) {
-                if (tx.first.first >= options.minLedger &&
-                    tx.first.first <= options.maxLedger)
-                {
-                    result.push_back(tx.second);
-                }
-            });
-        });
-        std::sort(
-            result.begin(), result.end(), [](auto const& a, auto const& b) {
-                return a.second->getLgrSeq() < b.second->getLgrSeq();
-            });
-        applyLimit(result, options.limit, options.bUnlimited);
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    AccountTxs
-    getNewestAccountTxs(AccountTxOptions const& options) override
-    {
-        AccountTxs result;
-        accountTxMap_.visit(options.account, [&](auto const& item) {
-            item.second.transactions.visit_all([&](auto const& tx) {
-                if (tx.first.first >= options.minLedger &&
-                    tx.first.first <= options.maxLedger)
-                {
-                    result.push_back(tx.second);
-                }
-            });
-        });
-        std::sort(
-            result.begin(), result.end(), [](auto const& a, auto const& b) {
-                return a.second->getLgrSeq() > b.second->getLgrSeq();
-            });
-        applyLimit(result, options.limit, options.bUnlimited);
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    MetaTxsList
-    getOldestAccountTxsB(AccountTxOptions const& options) override
-    {
-        MetaTxsList result;
-        accountTxMap_.visit(options.account, [&](auto const& item) {
-            item.second.transactions.visit_all([&](auto const& tx) {
-                if (tx.first.first >= options.minLedger &&
-                    tx.first.first <= options.maxLedger)
-                {
-                    result.emplace_back(
-                        tx.second.first->getSTransaction()
-                            ->getSerializer()
-                            .peekData(),
-                        tx.second.second->getAsObject()
-                            .getSerializer()
-                            .peekData(),
-                        tx.first.first);
-                }
-            });
-        });
-        std::sort(
-            result.begin(), result.end(), [](auto const& a, auto const& b) {
-                return std::get<2>(a) < std::get<2>(b);
-            });
-        applyLimit(result, options.limit, options.bUnlimited);
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    MetaTxsList
-    getNewestAccountTxsB(AccountTxOptions const& options) override
-    {
-        MetaTxsList result;
-        accountTxMap_.visit(options.account, [&](auto const& item) {
-            item.second.transactions.visit_all([&](auto const& tx) {
-                if (tx.first.first >= options.minLedger &&
-                    tx.first.first <= options.maxLedger)
-                {
-                    result.emplace_back(
-                        tx.second.first->getSTransaction()
-                            ->getSerializer()
-                            .peekData(),
-                        tx.second.second->getAsObject()
-                            .getSerializer()
-                            .peekData(),
-                        tx.first.first);
-                }
-            });
-        });
-        std::sort(
-            result.begin(), result.end(), [](auto const& a, auto const& b) {
-                return std::get<2>(a) > std::get<2>(b);
-            });
-        applyLimit(result, options.limit, options.bUnlimited);
-        return result;
-    }
-    std::pair<AccountTxs, std::optional<AccountTxMarker>>
-    oldestAccountTxPage(AccountTxPageOptions const& options) override
-    {
-        AccountTxs result;
-        std::optional<AccountTxMarker> marker;
-
-        accountTxMap_.visit(options.account, [&](auto const& item) {
-            std::vector<std::pair<std::pair<uint32_t, uint32_t>, AccountTx>>
-                txs;
-            item.second.transactions.visit_all([&](auto const& tx) {
-                if (tx.first.first >= options.minLedger &&
-                    tx.first.first <= options.maxLedger)
-                {
-                    txs.emplace_back(tx);
-                }
-            });
-
-            std::sort(txs.begin(), txs.end(), [](auto const& a, auto const& b) {
-                return a.first < b.first;
-            });
-
-            auto it = txs.begin();
-            if (options.marker)
-            {
-                it = std::find_if(txs.begin(), txs.end(), [&](auto const& tx) {
-                    return tx.first.first == options.marker->ledgerSeq &&
-                        tx.first.second == options.marker->txnSeq;
-                });
-                if (it != txs.end())
-                    ++it;
-            }
-
-            for (; it != txs.end() &&
-                 (options.limit == 0 || result.size() < options.limit);
-                 ++it)
-            {
-                result.push_back(it->second);
-            }
-
-            if (it != txs.end())
-            {
-                marker = AccountTxMarker{it->first.first, it->first.second};
-            }
-        });
-
-        return {result, marker};
-    }
-
-    std::pair<AccountTxs, std::optional<AccountTxMarker>>
-    newestAccountTxPage(AccountTxPageOptions const& options) override
-    {
-        AccountTxs result;
-        std::optional<AccountTxMarker> marker;
-
-        accountTxMap_.visit(options.account, [&](auto const& item) {
-            std::vector<std::pair<std::pair<uint32_t, uint32_t>, AccountTx>>
-                txs;
-            item.second.transactions.visit_all([&](auto const& tx) {
-                if (tx.first.first >= options.minLedger &&
-                    tx.first.first <= options.maxLedger)
-                {
-                    txs.emplace_back(tx);
-                }
-            });
-
-            std::sort(txs.begin(), txs.end(), [](auto const& a, auto const& b) {
-                return a.first > b.first;
-            });
-
-            auto it = txs.begin();
-            if (options.marker)
-            {
-                it = std::find_if(txs.begin(), txs.end(), [&](auto const& tx) {
-                    return tx.first.first == options.marker->ledgerSeq &&
-                        tx.first.second == options.marker->txnSeq;
-                });
-                if (it != txs.end())
-                    ++it;
-            }
-
-            for (; it != txs.end() &&
-                 (options.limit == 0 || result.size() < options.limit);
-                 ++it)
-            {
-                result.push_back(it->second);
-            }
-
-            if (it != txs.end())
-            {
-                marker = AccountTxMarker{it->first.first, it->first.second};
-            }
-        });
-
-        return {result, marker};
-    }
-
-    std::pair<MetaTxsList, std::optional<AccountTxMarker>>
-    oldestAccountTxPageB(AccountTxPageOptions const& options) override
-    {
-        MetaTxsList result;
-        std::optional<AccountTxMarker> marker;
-
-        accountTxMap_.visit(options.account, [&](auto const& item) {
-            std::vector<std::tuple<uint32_t, uint32_t, AccountTx>> txs;
-            item.second.transactions.visit_all([&](auto const& tx) {
-                if (tx.first.first >= options.minLedger &&
-                    tx.first.first <= options.maxLedger)
-                {
-                    txs.emplace_back(
-                        tx.first.first, tx.first.second, tx.second);
-                }
-            });
-
-            std::sort(txs.begin(), txs.end());
-
-            auto it = txs.begin();
-            if (options.marker)
-            {
-                it = std::find_if(txs.begin(), txs.end(), [&](auto const& tx) {
-                    return std::get<0>(tx) == options.marker->ledgerSeq &&
-                        std::get<1>(tx) == options.marker->txnSeq;
-                });
-                if (it != txs.end())
-                    ++it;
-            }
-
-            for (; it != txs.end() &&
-                 (options.limit == 0 || result.size() < options.limit);
-                 ++it)
-            {
-                const auto& [_, __, tx] = *it;
-                result.emplace_back(
-                    tx.first->getSTransaction()->getSerializer().peekData(),
-                    tx.second->getAsObject().getSerializer().peekData(),
-                    std::get<0>(*it));
-            }
-
-            if (it != txs.end())
-            {
-                marker = AccountTxMarker{std::get<0>(*it), std::get<1>(*it)};
-            }
-        });
-
-        return {result, marker};
-    }
-
-    std::pair<MetaTxsList, std::optional<AccountTxMarker>>
-    newestAccountTxPageB(AccountTxPageOptions const& options) override
-    {
-        MetaTxsList result;
-        std::optional<AccountTxMarker> marker;
-
-        accountTxMap_.visit(options.account, [&](auto const& item) {
-            std::vector<std::tuple<uint32_t, uint32_t, AccountTx>> txs;
-            item.second.transactions.visit_all([&](auto const& tx) {
-                if (tx.first.first >= options.minLedger &&
-                    tx.first.first <= options.maxLedger)
-                {
-                    txs.emplace_back(
-                        tx.first.first, tx.first.second, tx.second);
-                }
-            });
-
-            std::sort(txs.begin(), txs.end(), std::greater<>());
-
-            auto it = txs.begin();
-            if (options.marker)
-            {
-                it = std::find_if(txs.begin(), txs.end(), [&](auto const& tx) {
-                    return std::get<0>(tx) == options.marker->ledgerSeq &&
-                        std::get<1>(tx) == options.marker->txnSeq;
-                });
-                if (it != txs.end())
-                    ++it;
-            }
-
-            for (; it != txs.end() &&
-                 (options.limit == 0 || result.size() < options.limit);
-                 ++it)
-            {
-                const auto& [_, __, tx] = *it;
-                result.emplace_back(
-                    tx.first->getSTransaction()->getSerializer().peekData(),
-                    tx.second->getAsObject().getSerializer().peekData(),
-                    std::get<0>(*it));
-            }
-
-            if (it != txs.end())
-            {
-                marker = AccountTxMarker{std::get<0>(*it), std::get<1>(*it)};
-            }
-        });
-
-        return {result, marker};
-    }
-};
-
-// Factory function
-std::unique_ptr<SQLiteDatabase>
-getFlatmapDatabase(Application& app, Config const& config, JobQueue& jobQueue)
-{
-    return std::make_unique<FlatmapDatabase>(app, config, jobQueue);
-}
-
-}  // namespace ripple
-#endif  // RIPPLE_APP_RDB_BACKEND_FLATMAPDATABASE_H_INCLUDED

src/ripple/app/rdb/backend/RWDBDatabase.h

@@ -28,9 +28,8 @@ private:
 
     struct AccountTxData
     {
-        AccountTxs transactions;
-        std::map<uint32_t, std::map<uint32_t, size_t>>
-            ledgerTxMap;  // ledgerSeq -> txSeq -> index in transactions
+        std::map<uint32_t, std::vector<AccountTx>>
+            ledgerTxMap;  // ledgerSeq -> vector of transactions
     };
 
     Application& app_;
@@ -65,9 +64,12 @@ public:
             return {};
 
         std::shared_lock<std::shared_mutex> lock(mutex_);
-        if (transactionMap_.empty())
-            return std::nullopt;
-        return transactionMap_.begin()->second.second->getLgrSeq();
+        for (const auto& [ledgerSeq, ledgerData] : ledgers_)
+        {
+            if (!ledgerData.transactions.empty())
+                return ledgerSeq;
+        }
+        return std::nullopt;
     }
 
     std::optional<LedgerIndex>
@@ -163,14 +165,6 @@ public:
             {
                 txIt = accountData.ledgerTxMap.erase(txIt);
             }
-            accountData.transactions.erase(
-                std::remove_if(
-                    accountData.transactions.begin(),
-                    accountData.transactions.end(),
-                    [ledgerSeq](const AccountTx& tx) {
-                        return tx.second->getLgrSeq() < ledgerSeq;
-                    }),
-                accountData.transactions.end());
         }
     }
     std::size_t
@@ -193,7 +187,10 @@ public:
         std::size_t count = 0;
         for (const auto& [_, accountData] : accountTxMap_)
         {
-            count += accountData.transactions.size();
+            for (const auto& [_, txVector] : accountData.ledgerTxMap)
+            {
+                count += txVector.size();
+            }
         }
         return count;
     }
@@ -293,10 +290,7 @@ public:
                         accountTxMap_[account] = AccountTxData();
 
                     auto& accountData = accountTxMap_[account];
-                    accountData.transactions.push_back(accTx);
-                    accountData
-                        .ledgerTxMap[seq][acceptedLedgerTx->getTxnSeq()] =
-                        accountData.transactions.size() - 1;
+                    accountData.ledgerTxMap[seq].push_back(accTx);
                 }
 
                 app_.getMasterTransaction().inLedger(
@@ -451,59 +445,108 @@ public:
         return true;  // In-memory database always has space
     }
 
+    // Red-black tree node overhead per map entry
+    static constexpr size_t MAP_NODE_OVERHEAD = 40;
+
+private:
+    std::uint64_t
+    getBytesUsedLedger_unlocked() const
+    {
+        std::uint64_t size = 0;
+
+        // Count structural overhead of ledger storage including map node
+        // overhead Note: sizeof(LedgerData) includes the map container for
+        // transactions, but not the actual transaction data
+        size += ledgers_.size() *
+            (sizeof(LedgerIndex) + sizeof(LedgerData) + MAP_NODE_OVERHEAD);
+
+        // Add the transaction map nodes inside each ledger (ledger's view of
+        // its transactions)
+        for (const auto& [_, ledgerData] : ledgers_)
+        {
+            size += ledgerData.transactions.size() *
+                (sizeof(uint256) + sizeof(AccountTx) + MAP_NODE_OVERHEAD);
+        }
+
+        // Count the ledger hash to sequence lookup map
+        size += ledgerHashToSeq_.size() *
+            (sizeof(uint256) + sizeof(LedgerIndex) + MAP_NODE_OVERHEAD);
+
+        return size;
+    }
+
+    std::uint64_t
+    getBytesUsedTransaction_unlocked() const
+    {
+        if (!useTxTables_)
+            return 0;
+
+        std::uint64_t size = 0;
+
+        // Count structural overhead of transaction map
+        // sizeof(AccountTx) is just the size of two shared_ptrs (~32 bytes)
+        size += transactionMap_.size() *
+            (sizeof(uint256) + sizeof(AccountTx) + MAP_NODE_OVERHEAD);
+
+        // Add actual transaction and metadata data sizes
+        for (const auto& [_, accountTx] : transactionMap_)
+        {
+            if (accountTx.first)
+                size += accountTx.first->getSTransaction()
+                            ->getSerializer()
+                            .peekData()
+                            .size();
+            if (accountTx.second)
+                size += accountTx.second->getAsObject()
+                            .getSerializer()
+                            .peekData()
+                            .size();
+        }
+
+        // Count structural overhead of account transaction index
+        // The actual transaction data is already counted above from
+        // transactionMap_
+        for (const auto& [accountId, accountData] : accountTxMap_)
+        {
+            size +=
+                sizeof(accountId) + sizeof(AccountTxData) + MAP_NODE_OVERHEAD;
+            for (const auto& [ledgerSeq, txVector] : accountData.ledgerTxMap)
+            {
+                // Use capacity() to account for actual allocated memory
+                size += sizeof(ledgerSeq) + MAP_NODE_OVERHEAD;
+                size += txVector.capacity() * sizeof(AccountTx);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return size;
+    }
+
+public:
     std::uint32_t
     getKBUsedAll() override
     {
         std::shared_lock<std::shared_mutex> lock(mutex_);
-        std::uint32_t size = sizeof(*this);
-        size += ledgers_.size() * (sizeof(LedgerIndex) + sizeof(LedgerData));
-        size +=
-            ledgerHashToSeq_.size() * (sizeof(uint256) + sizeof(LedgerIndex));
-        size += transactionMap_.size() * (sizeof(uint256) + sizeof(AccountTx));
-        for (const auto& [_, accountData] : accountTxMap_)
-        {
-            size += sizeof(AccountID) + sizeof(AccountTxData);
-            size += accountData.transactions.size() * sizeof(AccountTx);
-            for (const auto& [_, innerMap] : accountData.ledgerTxMap)
-            {
-                size += sizeof(uint32_t) +
-                    innerMap.size() * (sizeof(uint32_t) + sizeof(size_t));
-            }
-        }
-        return size / 1024;
+
+        // Total = base object + ledger infrastructure + transaction data
+        std::uint64_t size = sizeof(*this) + getBytesUsedLedger_unlocked() +
+            getBytesUsedTransaction_unlocked();
+
+        return static_cast<std::uint32_t>(size / 1024);
     }
 
     std::uint32_t
     getKBUsedLedger() override
     {
         std::shared_lock<std::shared_mutex> lock(mutex_);
-        std::uint32_t size = 0;
-        size += ledgers_.size() * (sizeof(LedgerIndex) + sizeof(LedgerData));
-        size +=
-            ledgerHashToSeq_.size() * (sizeof(uint256) + sizeof(LedgerIndex));
-        return size / 1024;
+        return static_cast<std::uint32_t>(getBytesUsedLedger_unlocked() / 1024);
     }
 
     std::uint32_t
     getKBUsedTransaction() override
     {
-        if (!useTxTables_)
-            return 0;
-
         std::shared_lock<std::shared_mutex> lock(mutex_);
-        std::uint32_t size = 0;
-        size += transactionMap_.size() * (sizeof(uint256) + sizeof(AccountTx));
-        for (const auto& [_, accountData] : accountTxMap_)
-        {
-            size += sizeof(AccountID) + sizeof(AccountTxData);
-            size += accountData.transactions.size() * sizeof(AccountTx);
-            for (const auto& [_, innerMap] : accountData.ledgerTxMap)
-            {
-                size += sizeof(uint32_t) +
-                    innerMap.size() * (sizeof(uint32_t) + sizeof(size_t));
-            }
-        }
-        return size / 1024;
+        return static_cast<std::uint32_t>(
+            getBytesUsedTransaction_unlocked() / 1024);
     }
 
     void
@@ -605,14 +648,13 @@ public:
              (options.bUnlimited || result.size() < options.limit);
              ++txIt)
         {
-            for (const auto& [txSeq, txIndex] : txIt->second)
+            for (const auto& accountTx : txIt->second)
             {
                 if (skipped < options.offset)
                 {
                     ++skipped;
                     continue;
                 }
-                AccountTx const accountTx = accountData.transactions[txIndex];
                 std::uint32_t const inLedger = rangeCheckedCast<std::uint32_t>(
                     accountTx.second->getLgrSeq());
                 accountTx.first->setStatus(COMMITTED);
@@ -657,8 +699,7 @@ public:
                     ++skipped;
                     continue;
                 }
-                AccountTx const accountTx =
-                    accountData.transactions[innerRIt->second];
+                AccountTx const accountTx = *innerRIt;
                 std::uint32_t const inLedger = rangeCheckedCast<std::uint32_t>(
                     accountTx.second->getLgrSeq());
                 accountTx.first->setLedger(inLedger);
@@ -692,14 +733,14 @@ public:
              (options.bUnlimited || result.size() < options.limit);
              ++txIt)
         {
-            for (const auto& [txSeq, txIndex] : txIt->second)
+            for (const auto& accountTx : txIt->second)
             {
                 if (skipped < options.offset)
                 {
                     ++skipped;
                     continue;
                 }
-                const auto& [txn, txMeta] = accountData.transactions[txIndex];
+                const auto& [txn, txMeta] = accountTx;
                 result.emplace_back(
                     txn->getSTransaction()->getSerializer().peekData(),
                     txMeta->getAsObject().getSerializer().peekData(),
@@ -743,8 +784,7 @@ public:
                     ++skipped;
                     continue;
                 }
-                const auto& [txn, txMeta] =
-                    accountData.transactions[innerRIt->second];
+                const auto& [txn, txMeta] = *innerRIt;
                 result.emplace_back(
                     txn->getSTransaction()->getSerializer().peekData(),
                     txMeta->getAsObject().getSerializer().peekData(),
@@ -816,11 +856,9 @@ public:
             for (; txIt != txEnd; ++txIt)
             {
                 std::uint32_t const ledgerSeq = txIt->first;
-                for (auto seqIt = txIt->second.begin();
-                     seqIt != txIt->second.end();
-                     ++seqIt)
+                std::uint32_t txnSeq = 0;
+                for (const auto& accountTx : txIt->second)
                 {
-                    const auto& [txnSeq, index] = *seqIt;
                     if (lookingForMarker)
                     {
                         if (findLedger == ledgerSeq && findSeq == txnSeq)
@@ -828,7 +866,10 @@ public:
                             lookingForMarker = false;
                         }
                         else
+                        {
+                            ++txnSeq;
                             continue;
+                        }
                     }
                     else if (numberOfResults == 0)
                     {
@@ -837,12 +878,10 @@ public:
                         return {newmarker, total};
                     }
 
-                    Blob rawTxn = accountData.transactions[index]
-                                      .first->getSTransaction()
+                    Blob rawTxn = accountTx.first->getSTransaction()
                                       ->getSerializer()
                                       .peekData();
-                    Blob rawMeta = accountData.transactions[index]
-                                       .second->getAsObject()
+                    Blob rawMeta = accountTx.second->getAsObject()
                                        .getSerializer()
                                        .peekData();
 
@@ -856,6 +895,7 @@ public:
                         std::move(rawMeta));
                     --numberOfResults;
                     ++total;
+                    ++txnSeq;
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -871,11 +911,11 @@ public:
             for (; rtxIt != rtxEnd; ++rtxIt)
             {
                 std::uint32_t const ledgerSeq = rtxIt->first;
+                std::uint32_t txnSeq = rtxIt->second.size() - 1;
                 for (auto innerRIt = rtxIt->second.rbegin();
                      innerRIt != rtxIt->second.rend();
                      ++innerRIt)
                 {
-                    const auto& [txnSeq, index] = *innerRIt;
                     if (lookingForMarker)
                     {
                         if (findLedger == ledgerSeq && findSeq == txnSeq)
@@ -883,7 +923,10 @@ public:
                             lookingForMarker = false;
                         }
                         else
+                        {
+                            --txnSeq;
                             continue;
+                        }
                     }
                     else if (numberOfResults == 0)
                     {
@@ -892,12 +935,11 @@ public:
                         return {newmarker, total};
                     }
 
-                    Blob rawTxn = accountData.transactions[index]
-                                      .first->getSTransaction()
+                    const auto& accountTx = *innerRIt;
+                    Blob rawTxn = accountTx.first->getSTransaction()
                                       ->getSerializer()
                                       .peekData();
-                    Blob rawMeta = accountData.transactions[index]
-                                       .second->getAsObject()
+                    Blob rawMeta = accountTx.second->getAsObject()
                                        .getSerializer()
                                        .peekData();
 
@@ -911,6 +953,7 @@ public:
                         std::move(rawMeta));
                     --numberOfResults;
                     ++total;
+                    --txnSeq;
                 }
             }
         }

src/ripple/app/rdb/impl/RelationalDatabase.cpp

@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@
 
 #include <ripple/app/main/Application.h>
 #include <ripple/app/rdb/RelationalDatabase.h>
-#include <ripple/app/rdb/backend/FlatmapDatabase.h>
 #include <ripple/app/rdb/backend/RWDBDatabase.h>
 #include <ripple/core/ConfigSections.h>
 #include <ripple/nodestore/DatabaseShard.h>
@@ -41,7 +40,6 @@ RelationalDatabase::init(
     bool use_sqlite = false;
     bool use_postgres = false;
     bool use_rwdb = false;
-    bool use_flatmap = false;
 
     if (config.reporting())
     {
@@ -60,10 +58,6 @@ RelationalDatabase::init(
             {
                 use_rwdb = true;
             }
-            else if (boost::iequals(get(rdb_section, "backend"), "flatmap"))
-            {
-                use_flatmap = true;
-            }
             else
             {
                 Throw<std::runtime_error>(
@@ -89,10 +83,6 @@ RelationalDatabase::init(
     {
         return getRWDBDatabase(app, config, jobQueue);
     }
-    else if (use_flatmap)
-    {
-        return getFlatmapDatabase(app, config, jobQueue);
-    }
 
     return std::unique_ptr<RelationalDatabase>();
 }

src/ripple/core/Config.h

@@ -361,9 +361,7 @@ public:
              boost::beast::iequals(
                  get(section(SECTION_RELATIONAL_DB), "backend"), "rwdb")) ||
             (!section("node_db").empty() &&
-             (boost::beast::iequals(get(section("node_db"), "type"), "rwdb") ||
-              boost::beast::iequals(
-                  get(section("node_db"), "type"), "flatmap")));
+             boost::beast::iequals(get(section("node_db"), "type"), "rwdb"));
         // RHNOTE: memory type is not selected for here because it breaks
         // tests
         return isMem;

src/ripple/core/impl/Config.cpp

@@ -45,7 +45,6 @@
 
 namespace ripple {
 namespace detail {
-
 [[nodiscard]] std::uint64_t
 getMemorySize()
 {
@@ -54,7 +53,6 @@ getMemorySize()
 
     return 0;
 }
-
 }  // namespace detail
 }  // namespace ripple
 #endif
@@ -64,7 +62,6 @@ getMemorySize()
 
 namespace ripple {
 namespace detail {
-
 [[nodiscard]] std::uint64_t
 getMemorySize()
 {
@@ -73,7 +70,6 @@ getMemorySize()
 
     return 0;
 }
-
 }  // namespace detail
 }  // namespace ripple
 
@@ -85,7 +81,6 @@ getMemorySize()
 
 namespace ripple {
 namespace detail {
-
 [[nodiscard]] std::uint64_t
 getMemorySize()
 {
@@ -98,13 +93,11 @@ getMemorySize()
 
     return 0;
 }
-
 }  // namespace detail
 }  // namespace ripple
 #endif
 
 namespace ripple {
-
 // clang-format off
 // The configurable node sizes are "tiny", "small", "medium", "large", "huge"
 inline constexpr std::array<std::pair<SizedItem, std::array<int, 5>>, 13>
@@ -1007,6 +1000,23 @@ Config::loadFromString(std::string const& fileContents)
                 "the maximum number of allowed peers (peers_max)");
         }
     }
+
+    if (!RUN_STANDALONE)
+    {
+        auto db_section = section(ConfigSection::nodeDatabase());
+        if (auto type = get(db_section, "type", ""); type == "rwdb")
+        {
+            if (auto delete_interval = get(db_section, "online_delete", 0);
+                delete_interval == 0)
+            {
+                Throw<std::runtime_error>(
+                    "RWDB (in-memory backend) requires online_delete to "
+                    "prevent OOM "
+                    "Exception: standalone mode (used by tests) doesn't need "
+                    "online_delete");
+            }
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 boost::filesystem::path
@@ -1071,5 +1081,4 @@ setup_FeeVote(Section const& section)
     }
     return setup;
 }
-
 }  // namespace ripple

src/ripple/nodestore/backend/FlatmapFactory.cpp

@@ -1,235 +0,0 @@
-#include <ripple/basics/contract.h>
-#include <ripple/nodestore/Factory.h>
-#include <ripple/nodestore/Manager.h>
-#include <ripple/nodestore/impl/DecodedBlob.h>
-#include <ripple/nodestore/impl/EncodedBlob.h>
-#include <ripple/nodestore/impl/codec.h>
-#include <boost/beast/core/string.hpp>
-#include <boost/core/ignore_unused.hpp>
-#include <boost/unordered/concurrent_flat_map.hpp>
-#include <memory>
-#include <mutex>
-
-namespace ripple {
-namespace NodeStore {
-
-class FlatmapBackend : public Backend
-{
-private:
-    std::string name_;
-    beast::Journal journal_;
-    bool isOpen_{false};
-
-    struct base_uint_hasher
-    {
-        using result_type = std::size_t;
-
-        result_type
-        operator()(base_uint<256> const& value) const
-        {
-            return hardened_hash<>{}(value);
-        }
-    };
-
-    using DataStore = boost::unordered::concurrent_flat_map<
-        uint256,
-        std::vector<std::uint8_t>,  // Store compressed blob data
-        base_uint_hasher>;
-
-    DataStore table_;
-
-public:
-    FlatmapBackend(
-        size_t keyBytes,
-        Section const& keyValues,
-        beast::Journal journal)
-        : name_(get(keyValues, "path")), journal_(journal)
-    {
-        boost::ignore_unused(journal_);
-        if (name_.empty())
-            name_ = "node_db";
-    }
-
-    ~FlatmapBackend() override
-    {
-        close();
-    }
-
-    std::string
-    getName() override
-    {
-        return name_;
-    }
-
-    void
-    open(bool createIfMissing) override
-    {
-        if (isOpen_)
-            Throw<std::runtime_error>("already open");
-        isOpen_ = true;
-    }
-
-    bool
-    isOpen() override
-    {
-        return isOpen_;
-    }
-
-    void
-    close() override
-    {
-        table_.clear();
-        isOpen_ = false;
-    }
-
-    Status
-    fetch(void const* key, std::shared_ptr<NodeObject>* pObject) override
-    {
-        if (!isOpen_)
-            return notFound;
-
-        uint256 const hash(uint256::fromVoid(key));
-
-        bool found = table_.visit(hash, [&](const auto& key_value_pair) {
-            nudb::detail::buffer bf;
-            auto const result = nodeobject_decompress(
-                key_value_pair.second.data(), key_value_pair.second.size(), bf);
-            DecodedBlob decoded(hash.data(), result.first, result.second);
-            if (!decoded.wasOk())
-            {
-                *pObject = nullptr;
-                return;
-            }
-            *pObject = decoded.createObject();
-        });
-        return found ? (*pObject ? ok : dataCorrupt) : notFound;
-    }
-
-    std::pair<std::vector<std::shared_ptr<NodeObject>>, Status>
-    fetchBatch(std::vector<uint256 const*> const& hashes) override
-    {
-        std::vector<std::shared_ptr<NodeObject>> results;
-        results.reserve(hashes.size());
-        for (auto const& h : hashes)
-        {
-            std::shared_ptr<NodeObject> nObj;
-            Status status = fetch(h->begin(), &nObj);
-            if (status != ok)
-                results.push_back({});
-            else
-                results.push_back(nObj);
-        }
-        return {results, ok};
-    }
-
-    void
-    store(std::shared_ptr<NodeObject> const& object) override
-    {
-        if (!isOpen_)
-            return;
-
-        if (!object)
-            return;
-
-        EncodedBlob encoded(object);
-        nudb::detail::buffer bf;
-        auto const result =
-            nodeobject_compress(encoded.getData(), encoded.getSize(), bf);
-
-        std::vector<std::uint8_t> compressed(
-            static_cast<const std::uint8_t*>(result.first),
-            static_cast<const std::uint8_t*>(result.first) + result.second);
-
-        table_.insert_or_assign(object->getHash(), std::move(compressed));
-    }
-
-    void
-    storeBatch(Batch const& batch) override
-    {
-        for (auto const& e : batch)
-            store(e);
-    }
-
-    void
-    sync() override
-    {
-    }
-
-    void
-    for_each(std::function<void(std::shared_ptr<NodeObject>)> f) override
-    {
-        if (!isOpen_)
-            return;
-
-        table_.visit_all([&f](const auto& entry) {
-            nudb::detail::buffer bf;
-            auto const result = nodeobject_decompress(
-                entry.second.data(), entry.second.size(), bf);
-            DecodedBlob decoded(
-                entry.first.data(), result.first, result.second);
-            if (decoded.wasOk())
-                f(decoded.createObject());
-        });
-    }
-
-    int
-    getWriteLoad() override
-    {
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    void
-    setDeletePath() override
-    {
-        close();
-    }
-
-    int
-    fdRequired() const override
-    {
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-private:
-    size_t
-    size() const
-    {
-        return table_.size();
-    }
-};
-
-class FlatmapFactory : public Factory
-{
-public:
-    FlatmapFactory()
-    {
-        Manager::instance().insert(*this);
-    }
-
-    ~FlatmapFactory() override
-    {
-        Manager::instance().erase(*this);
-    }
-
-    std::string
-    getName() const override
-    {
-        return "Flatmap";
-    }
-
-    std::unique_ptr<Backend>
-    createInstance(
-        size_t keyBytes,
-        Section const& keyValues,
-        std::size_t burstSize,
-        Scheduler& scheduler,
-        beast::Journal journal) override
-    {
-        return std::make_unique<FlatmapBackend>(keyBytes, keyValues, journal);
-    }
-};
-
-static FlatmapFactory flatmapFactory;
-
-}  // namespace NodeStore
-}  // namespace ripple

src/test/app/SHAMapStore_test.cpp

@@ -216,6 +216,10 @@ public:
         }
         BEAST_EXPECT(store.getLastRotated() == lastRotated);
 
+        SQLiteDatabase* const db =
+            dynamic_cast<SQLiteDatabase*>(&env.app().getRelationalDatabase());
+        BEAST_EXPECT(*db->getTransactionsMinLedgerSeq() == 3);
+
         for (auto i = 3; i < deleteInterval + lastRotated; ++i)
         {
             ledgers.emplace(

src/test/core/Config_test.cpp

@@ -1206,6 +1206,97 @@ r.ripple.com:51235
         }
     }
 
+    void
+    testRWDBOnlineDelete()
+    {
+        testcase("RWDB online_delete validation");
+
+        // Test 1: RWDB without online_delete in standalone mode (should
+        // succeed)
+        {
+            Config c;
+            std::string toLoad =
+                "[node_db]\n"
+                "type=rwdb\n"
+                "path=main\n";
+            c.setupControl(true, true, true);  // standalone = true
+            try
+            {
+                c.loadFromString(toLoad);
+                pass();  // Should succeed
+            }
+            catch (std::runtime_error const& e)
+            {
+                fail("Should not throw in standalone mode");
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Test 2: RWDB without online_delete NOT in standalone mode (should
+        // throw)
+        {
+            Config c;
+            std::string toLoad =
+                "[node_db]\n"
+                "type=rwdb\n"
+                "path=main\n";
+            c.setupControl(true, true, false);  // standalone = false
+            try
+            {
+                c.loadFromString(toLoad);
+                fail("Expected exception for RWDB without online_delete");
+            }
+            catch (std::runtime_error const& e)
+            {
+                BEAST_EXPECT(
+                    std::string(e.what()).find(
+                        "RWDB (in-memory backend) requires online_delete") !=
+                    std::string::npos);
+                pass();
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Test 3: RWDB with online_delete NOT in standalone mode (should
+        // succeed)
+        {
+            Config c;
+            std::string toLoad =
+                "[node_db]\n"
+                "type=rwdb\n"
+                "path=main\n"
+                "online_delete=256\n";
+            c.setupControl(true, true, false);  // standalone = false
+            try
+            {
+                c.loadFromString(toLoad);
+                pass();  // Should succeed
+            }
+            catch (std::runtime_error const& e)
+            {
+                fail("Should not throw when online_delete is configured");
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Test 4: Non-RWDB without online_delete NOT in standalone mode (should
+        // succeed)
+        {
+            Config c;
+            std::string toLoad =
+                "[node_db]\n"
+                "type=NuDB\n"
+                "path=main\n";
+            c.setupControl(true, true, false);  // standalone = false
+            try
+            {
+                c.loadFromString(toLoad);
+                pass();  // Should succeed
+            }
+            catch (std::runtime_error const& e)
+            {
+                fail("Should not throw for non-RWDB backends");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     void
     testOverlay()
     {
@@ -1295,6 +1386,7 @@ r.ripple.com:51235
         testComments();
         testGetters();
         testAmendment();
+        testRWDBOnlineDelete();
         testOverlay();
         testNetworkID();
     }

src/test/rdb/RelationalDatabase_test.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,756 @@
+//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+/*
+    This file is part of rippled: https://github.com/ripple/rippled
+    Copyright (c) 2025 Ripple Labs Inc.
+
+    Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for any
+    purpose  with  or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
+    copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
+
+    THE  SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
+    WITH  REGARD  TO  THIS  SOFTWARE  INCLUDING  ALL  IMPLIED  WARRANTIES  OF
+    MERCHANTABILITY  AND  FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR
+    ANY  SPECIAL ,  DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
+    WHATSOEVER  RESULTING  FROM  LOSS  OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
+    ACTION  OF  CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF
+    OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
+*/
+//==============================================================================
+
+#include <ripple/app/rdb/RelationalDatabase.h>
+#include <ripple/app/rdb/backend/SQLiteDatabase.h>
+#include <ripple/core/ConfigSections.h>
+#include <boost/filesystem.hpp>
+#include <chrono>
+#include <test/jtx.h>
+#include <test/jtx/envconfig.h>
+
+namespace ripple {
+namespace test {
+
+class RelationalDatabase_test : public beast::unit_test::suite
+{
+private:
+    // Helper to get SQLiteDatabase* (works for both SQLite and RWDB since RWDB
+    // inherits from SQLiteDatabase)
+    static SQLiteDatabase*
+    getInterface(Application& app)
+    {
+        return dynamic_cast<SQLiteDatabase*>(&app.getRelationalDatabase());
+    }
+
+    static SQLiteDatabase*
+    getInterface(RelationalDatabase& db)
+    {
+        return dynamic_cast<SQLiteDatabase*>(&db);
+    }
+
+    static std::unique_ptr<Config>
+    makeConfig(std::string const& backend)
+    {
+        auto config = test::jtx::envconfig();
+        // Sqlite backend doesn't need a database_path as it will just use
+        // in-memory databases when in standalone mode anyway.
+        config->overwrite(SECTION_RELATIONAL_DB, "backend", backend);
+        return config;
+    }
+
+public:
+    RelationalDatabase_test() = default;
+
+    void
+    testBasicInitialization(
+        std::string const& backend,
+        std::unique_ptr<Config> config)
+    {
+        testcase("Basic initialization and empty database - " + backend);
+
+        using namespace test::jtx;
+        Env env(*this, std::move(config));
+        auto& db = env.app().getRelationalDatabase();
+
+        // Test empty database state
+        BEAST_EXPECT(db.getMinLedgerSeq() == 2);
+        BEAST_EXPECT(db.getMaxLedgerSeq() == 2);
+        BEAST_EXPECT(db.getNewestLedgerInfo()->seq == 2);
+
+        auto* sqliteDb = getInterface(db);
+        BEAST_EXPECT(sqliteDb != nullptr);
+
+        if (sqliteDb)
+        {
+            BEAST_EXPECT(!sqliteDb->getTransactionsMinLedgerSeq().has_value());
+            BEAST_EXPECT(
+                !sqliteDb->getAccountTransactionsMinLedgerSeq().has_value());
+
+            auto ledgerCount = sqliteDb->getLedgerCountMinMax();
+            BEAST_EXPECT(ledgerCount.numberOfRows == 1);
+            BEAST_EXPECT(ledgerCount.minLedgerSequence == 2);
+            BEAST_EXPECT(ledgerCount.maxLedgerSequence == 2);
+        }
+    }
+
+    void
+    testLedgerSequenceOperations(
+        std::string const& backend,
+        std::unique_ptr<Config> config)
+    {
+        testcase("Ledger sequence operations - " + backend);
+
+        using namespace test::jtx;
+        config->LEDGER_HISTORY = 1000;
+
+        Env env(*this, std::move(config));
+        auto& db = env.app().getRelationalDatabase();
+
+        // Create initial ledger
+        Account alice("alice");
+        env.fund(XRP(10000), alice);
+        env.close();
+
+        // Test basic sequence operations
+        auto minSeq = db.getMinLedgerSeq();
+        auto maxSeq = db.getMaxLedgerSeq();
+
+        BEAST_EXPECT(minSeq.has_value());
+        BEAST_EXPECT(maxSeq.has_value());
+        BEAST_EXPECT(*minSeq == 2);
+        BEAST_EXPECT(*maxSeq == 3);
+
+        // Create more ledgers
+        env(pay(alice, Account("bob"), XRP(1000)));
+        env.close();
+
+        env(pay(alice, Account("carol"), XRP(500)));
+        env.close();
+
+        // Verify sequence updates
+        minSeq = db.getMinLedgerSeq();
+        maxSeq = db.getMaxLedgerSeq();
+
+        BEAST_EXPECT(*minSeq == 2);
+        BEAST_EXPECT(*maxSeq == 5);
+
+        auto* sqliteDb = getInterface(db);
+        if (sqliteDb)
+        {
+            auto ledgerCount = sqliteDb->getLedgerCountMinMax();
+            BEAST_EXPECT(ledgerCount.numberOfRows == 4);
+            BEAST_EXPECT(ledgerCount.minLedgerSequence == 2);
+            BEAST_EXPECT(ledgerCount.maxLedgerSequence == 5);
+        }
+    }
+
+    void
+    testLedgerInfoOperations(
+        std::string const& backend,
+        std::unique_ptr<Config> config)
+    {
+        testcase("Ledger info retrieval operations - " + backend);
+
+        using namespace test::jtx;
+        config->LEDGER_HISTORY = 1000;
+
+        Env env(*this, std::move(config));
+        auto* db = getInterface(env.app());
+
+        Account alice("alice");
+        env.fund(XRP(10000), alice);
+        env.close();
+
+        // Test getNewestLedgerInfo
+        auto newestLedger = db->getNewestLedgerInfo();
+        BEAST_EXPECT(newestLedger.has_value());
+        BEAST_EXPECT(newestLedger->seq == 3);
+
+        // Test getLedgerInfoByIndex
+        auto ledgerByIndex = db->getLedgerInfoByIndex(3);
+        BEAST_EXPECT(ledgerByIndex.has_value());
+        BEAST_EXPECT(ledgerByIndex->seq == 3);
+        BEAST_EXPECT(ledgerByIndex->hash == newestLedger->hash);
+
+        // Test getLedgerInfoByHash
+        auto ledgerByHash = db->getLedgerInfoByHash(newestLedger->hash);
+        BEAST_EXPECT(ledgerByHash.has_value());
+        BEAST_EXPECT(ledgerByHash->seq == 3);
+        BEAST_EXPECT(ledgerByHash->hash == newestLedger->hash);
+
+        // Test getLimitedOldestLedgerInfo
+        auto oldestLedger = db->getLimitedOldestLedgerInfo(2);
+        BEAST_EXPECT(oldestLedger.has_value());
+        BEAST_EXPECT(oldestLedger->seq == 2);
+
+        // Test getLimitedNewestLedgerInfo
+        auto limitedNewest = db->getLimitedNewestLedgerInfo(2);
+        BEAST_EXPECT(limitedNewest.has_value());
+        BEAST_EXPECT(limitedNewest->seq == 3);
+
+        // Test invalid queries
+        auto invalidLedger = db->getLedgerInfoByIndex(999);
+        BEAST_EXPECT(!invalidLedger.has_value());
+
+        uint256 invalidHash;
+        auto invalidHashLedger = db->getLedgerInfoByHash(invalidHash);
+        BEAST_EXPECT(!invalidHashLedger.has_value());
+    }
+
+    void
+    testHashOperations(
+        std::string const& backend,
+        std::unique_ptr<Config> config)
+    {
+        testcase("Hash retrieval operations - " + backend);
+
+        using namespace test::jtx;
+        config->LEDGER_HISTORY = 1000;
+
+        Env env(*this, std::move(config));
+        auto& db = env.app().getRelationalDatabase();
+
+        Account alice("alice");
+        env.fund(XRP(10000), alice);
+        env.close();
+
+        env(pay(alice, Account("bob"), XRP(1000)));
+        env.close();
+
+        // Test getHashByIndex
+        auto hash1 = db.getHashByIndex(3);
+        auto hash2 = db.getHashByIndex(4);
+
+        BEAST_EXPECT(hash1 != uint256());
+        BEAST_EXPECT(hash2 != uint256());
+        BEAST_EXPECT(hash1 != hash2);
+
+        // Test getHashesByIndex (single)
+        auto hashPair = db.getHashesByIndex(4);
+        BEAST_EXPECT(hashPair.has_value());
+        BEAST_EXPECT(hashPair->ledgerHash == hash2);
+        BEAST_EXPECT(hashPair->parentHash == hash1);
+
+        // Test getHashesByIndex (range)
+        auto hashRange = db.getHashesByIndex(3, 4);
+        BEAST_EXPECT(hashRange.size() == 2);
+        BEAST_EXPECT(hashRange[3].ledgerHash == hash1);
+        BEAST_EXPECT(hashRange[4].ledgerHash == hash2);
+        BEAST_EXPECT(hashRange[4].parentHash == hash1);
+
+        // Test invalid hash queries
+        auto invalidHash = db.getHashByIndex(999);
+        BEAST_EXPECT(invalidHash == uint256());
+
+        auto invalidHashPair = db.getHashesByIndex(999);
+        BEAST_EXPECT(!invalidHashPair.has_value());
+
+        auto emptyRange = db.getHashesByIndex(10, 5);  // max < min
+        BEAST_EXPECT(emptyRange.empty());
+    }
+
+    void
+    testTransactionOperations(
+        std::string const& backend,
+        std::unique_ptr<Config> config)
+    {
+        testcase("Transaction storage and retrieval - " + backend);
+
+        using namespace test::jtx;
+        config->LEDGER_HISTORY = 1000;
+
+        Env env(*this, std::move(config));
+        auto& db = env.app().getRelationalDatabase();
+
+        Account alice("alice");
+        Account bob("bob");
+
+        env.fund(XRP(10000), alice, bob);
+        env.close();
+
+        auto* sqliteDb = getInterface(db);
+        BEAST_EXPECT(sqliteDb != nullptr);
+
+        if (!sqliteDb)
+            return;
+
+        // Test initial transaction counts after funding
+        auto initialTxCount = sqliteDb->getTransactionCount();
+        auto initialAcctTxCount = sqliteDb->getAccountTransactionCount();
+
+        BEAST_EXPECT(initialTxCount == 4);
+        BEAST_EXPECT(initialAcctTxCount == 6);
+
+        // Create transactions
+        env(pay(alice, bob, XRP(1000)));
+        env.close();
+
+        env(pay(bob, alice, XRP(500)));
+        env.close();
+
+        // Test transaction counts after creation
+        auto txCount = sqliteDb->getTransactionCount();
+        auto acctTxCount = sqliteDb->getAccountTransactionCount();
+
+        BEAST_EXPECT(txCount == 6);
+        BEAST_EXPECT(acctTxCount == 10);
+
+        // Test transaction retrieval
+        uint256 invalidTxId;
+        error_code_i ec;
+        auto invalidTxResult =
+            sqliteDb->getTransaction(invalidTxId, std::nullopt, ec);
+        BEAST_EXPECT(std::holds_alternative<TxSearched>(invalidTxResult));
+
+        // Test transaction history
+        auto txHistory = db.getTxHistory(0);
+
+        BEAST_EXPECT(!txHistory.empty());
+        BEAST_EXPECT(txHistory.size() == 6);
+
+        // Test with valid transaction range
+        auto minSeq = sqliteDb->getTransactionsMinLedgerSeq();
+        auto maxSeq = db.getMaxLedgerSeq();
+
+        if (minSeq && maxSeq)
+        {
+            ClosedInterval<std::uint32_t> range(*minSeq, *maxSeq);
+            auto rangeResult = sqliteDb->getTransaction(invalidTxId, range, ec);
+            auto searched = std::get<TxSearched>(rangeResult);
+            BEAST_EXPECT(
+                searched == TxSearched::all || searched == TxSearched::some);
+        }
+    }
+
+    void
+    testAccountTransactionOperations(
+        std::string const& backend,
+        std::unique_ptr<Config> config)
+    {
+        testcase("Account transaction operations - " + backend);
+
+        using namespace test::jtx;
+        config->LEDGER_HISTORY = 1000;
+
+        Env env(*this, std::move(config));
+        auto& db = env.app().getRelationalDatabase();
+
+        Account alice("alice");
+        Account bob("bob");
+        Account carol("carol");
+
+        env.fund(XRP(10000), alice, bob, carol);
+        env.close();
+
+        auto* sqliteDb = getInterface(db);
+        BEAST_EXPECT(sqliteDb != nullptr);
+
+        if (!sqliteDb)
+            return;
+
+        // Create multiple transactions involving alice
+        env(pay(alice, bob, XRP(1000)));
+        env.close();
+
+        env(pay(bob, alice, XRP(500)));
+        env.close();
+
+        env(pay(alice, carol, XRP(250)));
+        env.close();
+
+        auto minSeq = db.getMinLedgerSeq();
+        auto maxSeq = db.getMaxLedgerSeq();
+
+        if (!minSeq || !maxSeq)
+            return;
+
+        // Test getOldestAccountTxs
+        RelationalDatabase::AccountTxOptions options{
+            alice.id(), *minSeq, *maxSeq, 0, 10, false};
+
+        auto oldestTxs = sqliteDb->getOldestAccountTxs(options);
+        BEAST_EXPECT(oldestTxs.size() == 5);
+
+        // Test getNewestAccountTxs
+        auto newestTxs = sqliteDb->getNewestAccountTxs(options);
+        BEAST_EXPECT(newestTxs.size() == 5);
+
+        // Test binary format versions
+        auto oldestTxsB = sqliteDb->getOldestAccountTxsB(options);
+        BEAST_EXPECT(oldestTxsB.size() == 5);
+
+        auto newestTxsB = sqliteDb->getNewestAccountTxsB(options);
+        BEAST_EXPECT(newestTxsB.size() == 5);
+
+        // Test with limit
+        options.limit = 1;
+        auto limitedTxs = sqliteDb->getOldestAccountTxs(options);
+        BEAST_EXPECT(limitedTxs.size() == 1);
+
+        // Test with offset
+        options.limit = 10;
+        options.offset = 1;
+        auto offsetTxs = sqliteDb->getOldestAccountTxs(options);
+        BEAST_EXPECT(offsetTxs.size() == 4);
+
+        // Test with invalid account
+        {
+            Account invalidAccount("invalid");
+            RelationalDatabase::AccountTxOptions invalidOptions{
+                invalidAccount.id(), *minSeq, *maxSeq, 0, 10, false};
+            auto invalidAccountTxs =
+                sqliteDb->getOldestAccountTxs(invalidOptions);
+            BEAST_EXPECT(invalidAccountTxs.empty());
+        }
+    }
+
+    void
+    testAccountTransactionPaging(
+        std::string const& backend,
+        std::unique_ptr<Config> config)
+    {
+        testcase("Account transaction paging operations - " + backend);
+
+        using namespace test::jtx;
+        config->LEDGER_HISTORY = 1000;
+
+        Env env(*this, std::move(config));
+        auto& db = env.app().getRelationalDatabase();
+
+        Account alice("alice");
+        Account bob("bob");
+
+        env.fund(XRP(10000), alice, bob);
+        env.close();
+
+        auto* sqliteDb = getInterface(db);
+        BEAST_EXPECT(sqliteDb != nullptr);
+        if (!sqliteDb)
+            return;
+
+        // Create multiple transactions for paging
+        for (int i = 0; i < 5; ++i)
+        {
+            env(pay(alice, bob, XRP(100 + i)));
+            env.close();
+        }
+
+        auto minSeq = db.getMinLedgerSeq();
+        auto maxSeq = db.getMaxLedgerSeq();
+
+        if (!minSeq || !maxSeq)
+            return;
+
+        RelationalDatabase::AccountTxPageOptions pageOptions{
+            alice.id(), *minSeq, *maxSeq, std::nullopt, 2, false};
+
+        // Test oldestAccountTxPage
+        auto [oldestPage, oldestMarker] =
+            sqliteDb->oldestAccountTxPage(pageOptions);
+
+        BEAST_EXPECT(oldestPage.size() == 2);
+        BEAST_EXPECT(oldestMarker.has_value() == true);
+
+        // Test newestAccountTxPage
+        auto [newestPage, newestMarker] =
+            sqliteDb->newestAccountTxPage(pageOptions);
+
+        BEAST_EXPECT(newestPage.size() == 2);
+        BEAST_EXPECT(newestMarker.has_value() == true);
+
+        // Test binary versions
+        auto [oldestPageB, oldestMarkerB] =
+            sqliteDb->oldestAccountTxPageB(pageOptions);
+        BEAST_EXPECT(oldestPageB.size() == 2);
+
+        auto [newestPageB, newestMarkerB] =
+            sqliteDb->newestAccountTxPageB(pageOptions);
+        BEAST_EXPECT(newestPageB.size() == 2);
+
+        // Test with marker continuation
+        if (oldestMarker.has_value())
+        {
+            pageOptions.marker = oldestMarker;
+            auto [continuedPage, continuedMarker] =
+                sqliteDb->oldestAccountTxPage(pageOptions);
+            BEAST_EXPECT(continuedPage.size() == 2);
+        }
+    }
+
+    void
+    testDeletionOperations(
+        std::string const& backend,
+        std::unique_ptr<Config> config)
+    {
+        testcase("Deletion operations - " + backend);
+
+        using namespace test::jtx;
+        config->LEDGER_HISTORY = 1000;
+
+        Env env(*this, std::move(config));
+        auto& db = env.app().getRelationalDatabase();
+
+        Account alice("alice");
+        Account bob("bob");
+
+        env.fund(XRP(10000), alice, bob);
+        env.close();
+
+        auto* sqliteDb = getInterface(db);
+        BEAST_EXPECT(sqliteDb != nullptr);
+        if (!sqliteDb)
+            return;
+
+        // Create multiple ledgers and transactions
+        for (int i = 0; i < 3; ++i)
+        {
+            env(pay(alice, bob, XRP(100 + i)));
+            env.close();
+        }
+
+        auto initialTxCount = sqliteDb->getTransactionCount();
+        BEAST_EXPECT(initialTxCount == 7);
+        auto initialAcctTxCount = sqliteDb->getAccountTransactionCount();
+        BEAST_EXPECT(initialAcctTxCount == 12);
+        auto initialLedgerCount = sqliteDb->getLedgerCountMinMax();
+        BEAST_EXPECT(initialLedgerCount.numberOfRows == 5);
+
+        auto maxSeq = db.getMaxLedgerSeq();
+        if (!maxSeq || *maxSeq <= 2)
+            return;
+
+        // Test deleteTransactionByLedgerSeq
+        sqliteDb->deleteTransactionByLedgerSeq(*maxSeq);
+        auto txCountAfterDelete = sqliteDb->getTransactionCount();
+        BEAST_EXPECT(txCountAfterDelete == 6);
+
+        // Test deleteTransactionsBeforeLedgerSeq
+        sqliteDb->deleteTransactionsBeforeLedgerSeq(*maxSeq - 1);
+        auto txCountAfterBulkDelete = sqliteDb->getTransactionCount();
+        BEAST_EXPECT(txCountAfterBulkDelete == 1);
+
+        // Test deleteAccountTransactionsBeforeLedgerSeq
+        sqliteDb->deleteAccountTransactionsBeforeLedgerSeq(*maxSeq - 1);
+        auto acctTxCountAfterDelete = sqliteDb->getAccountTransactionCount();
+        BEAST_EXPECT(acctTxCountAfterDelete == 4);
+
+        // Test deleteBeforeLedgerSeq
+        auto minSeq = db.getMinLedgerSeq();
+        if (minSeq)
+        {
+            sqliteDb->deleteBeforeLedgerSeq(*minSeq + 1);
+            auto ledgerCountAfterDelete = sqliteDb->getLedgerCountMinMax();
+            BEAST_EXPECT(ledgerCountAfterDelete.numberOfRows == 4);
+        }
+    }
+
+    void
+    testDatabaseSpaceOperations(
+        std::string const& backend,
+        std::unique_ptr<Config> config)
+    {
+        testcase("Database space and size operations - " + backend);
+
+        using namespace test::jtx;
+        Env env(*this, std::move(config));
+        auto& db = env.app().getRelationalDatabase();
+
+        auto* sqliteDb = getInterface(db);
+        BEAST_EXPECT(sqliteDb != nullptr);
+        if (!sqliteDb)
+            return;
+
+        // Test size queries
+        auto allKB = sqliteDb->getKBUsedAll();
+        auto ledgerKB = sqliteDb->getKBUsedLedger();
+        auto txKB = sqliteDb->getKBUsedTransaction();
+
+        if (backend == "rwdb")
+        {
+            // RWDB reports actual data memory (rounded down to KB)
+            // Initially should be < 1KB, so rounds down to 0
+            // Note: These are 0 due to rounding, not because there's literally
+            // no data
+            BEAST_EXPECT(allKB == 0);     // < 1024 bytes rounds to 0 KB
+            BEAST_EXPECT(ledgerKB == 0);  // < 1024 bytes rounds to 0 KB
+            BEAST_EXPECT(txKB == 0);      // < 1024 bytes rounds to 0 KB
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            // SQLite reports cache/engine memory which has overhead even when
+            // empty Just verify the functions return reasonable values
+            BEAST_EXPECT(allKB >= 0);
+            BEAST_EXPECT(ledgerKB >= 0);
+            BEAST_EXPECT(txKB >= 0);
+        }
+
+        // Create some data and verify size increases
+        Account alice("alice");
+        env.fund(XRP(10000), alice);
+        env.close();
+
+        auto newAllKB = sqliteDb->getKBUsedAll();
+        auto newLedgerKB = sqliteDb->getKBUsedLedger();
+        auto newTxKB = sqliteDb->getKBUsedTransaction();
+
+        if (backend == "rwdb")
+        {
+            // RWDB reports actual data memory
+            // After adding data, should see some increase
+            BEAST_EXPECT(newAllKB >= 1);  // Should have at least 1KB total
+            BEAST_EXPECT(
+                newTxKB >= 0);  // Transactions added (might still be < 1KB)
+            BEAST_EXPECT(
+                newLedgerKB >= 0);  // Ledger data (might still be < 1KB)
+
+            // Key relationships
+            BEAST_EXPECT(newAllKB >= newLedgerKB + newTxKB);  // Total >= parts
+            BEAST_EXPECT(newAllKB >= allKB);  // Should increase or stay same
+            BEAST_EXPECT(newTxKB >= txKB);    // Should increase or stay same
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            // SQLite: Memory usage should not decrease after adding data
+            // Values might increase due to cache growth
+            BEAST_EXPECT(newAllKB >= allKB);
+            BEAST_EXPECT(newLedgerKB >= ledgerKB);
+            BEAST_EXPECT(newTxKB >= txKB);
+
+            // SQLite's getKBUsedAll is global memory, should be >= parts
+            BEAST_EXPECT(newAllKB >= newLedgerKB);
+            BEAST_EXPECT(newAllKB >= newTxKB);
+        }
+
+        // Test space availability
+        // Both SQLite and RWDB use in-memory databases in standalone mode,
+        // so file-based space checks don't apply to either backend.
+        // Skip these checks for both.
+
+        // if (backend == "rwdb")
+        // {
+        //     BEAST_EXPECT(db.ledgerDbHasSpace(env.app().config()));
+        //     BEAST_EXPECT(db.transactionDbHasSpace(env.app().config()));
+        // }
+
+        // Test database closure operations (should not throw)
+        try
+        {
+            sqliteDb->closeLedgerDB();
+            sqliteDb->closeTransactionDB();
+        }
+        catch (std::exception const& e)
+        {
+            BEAST_EXPECT(false);  // Should not throw
+        }
+    }
+
+    void
+    testTransactionMinLedgerSeq(
+        std::string const& backend,
+        std::unique_ptr<Config> config)
+    {
+        testcase("Transaction minimum ledger sequence tracking - " + backend);
+
+        using namespace test::jtx;
+        config->LEDGER_HISTORY = 1000;
+
+        Env env(*this, std::move(config));
+        auto& db = env.app().getRelationalDatabase();
+
+        auto* sqliteDb = getInterface(db);
+        BEAST_EXPECT(sqliteDb != nullptr);
+        if (!sqliteDb)
+            return;
+
+        // Initially should have no transactions
+        BEAST_EXPECT(!sqliteDb->getTransactionsMinLedgerSeq().has_value());
+        BEAST_EXPECT(
+            !sqliteDb->getAccountTransactionsMinLedgerSeq().has_value());
+
+        Account alice("alice");
+        Account bob("bob");
+
+        env.fund(XRP(10000), alice, bob);
+        env.close();
+
+        // Create first transaction
+        env(pay(alice, bob, XRP(1000)));
+        env.close();
+
+        auto txMinSeq = sqliteDb->getTransactionsMinLedgerSeq();
+        auto acctTxMinSeq = sqliteDb->getAccountTransactionsMinLedgerSeq();
+        BEAST_EXPECT(txMinSeq.has_value());
+        BEAST_EXPECT(acctTxMinSeq.has_value());
+        BEAST_EXPECT(*txMinSeq == 3);
+        BEAST_EXPECT(*acctTxMinSeq == 3);
+
+        // Create more transactions
+        env(pay(bob, alice, XRP(500)));
+        env.close();
+
+        env(pay(alice, bob, XRP(250)));
+        env.close();
+
+        // Min sequences should remain the same (first transaction ledger)
+        auto newTxMinSeq = sqliteDb->getTransactionsMinLedgerSeq();
+        auto newAcctTxMinSeq = sqliteDb->getAccountTransactionsMinLedgerSeq();
+        BEAST_EXPECT(newTxMinSeq == txMinSeq);
+        BEAST_EXPECT(newAcctTxMinSeq == acctTxMinSeq);
+    }
+
+    std::vector<std::string> static getBackends(std::string const& unittest_arg)
+    {
+        // Valid backends
+        static const std::set<std::string> validBackends = {"sqlite", "rwdb"};
+
+        // Default to all valid backends if no arg specified
+        if (unittest_arg.empty())
+            return {validBackends.begin(), validBackends.end()};
+
+        std::set<std::string> backends;  // Use set to avoid duplicates
+        std::stringstream ss(unittest_arg);
+        std::string backend;
+
+        while (std::getline(ss, backend, ','))
+        {
+            if (!backend.empty())
+            {
+                // Validate backend
+                if (validBackends.contains(backend))
+                {
+                    backends.insert(backend);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Return as vector (sorted due to set)
+        return {backends.begin(), backends.end()};
+    }
+
+    void
+    run() override
+    {
+        auto backends = getBackends(arg());
+
+        if (backends.empty())
+        {
+            fail("no valid backend specified: '" + arg() + "'");
+        }
+
+        for (auto const& backend : backends)
+        {
+            testBasicInitialization(backend, makeConfig(backend));
+            testLedgerSequenceOperations(backend, makeConfig(backend));
+            testLedgerInfoOperations(backend, makeConfig(backend));
+            testHashOperations(backend, makeConfig(backend));
+            testTransactionOperations(backend, makeConfig(backend));
+            testAccountTransactionOperations(backend, makeConfig(backend));
+            testAccountTransactionPaging(backend, makeConfig(backend));
+            testDeletionOperations(backend, makeConfig(backend));
+            testDatabaseSpaceOperations(backend, makeConfig(backend));
+            testTransactionMinLedgerSeq(backend, makeConfig(backend));
+        }
+    }
+};
+
+BEAST_DEFINE_TESTSUITE(RelationalDatabase, rdb, ripple);
+
+}  // namespace test
+}  // namespace ripple