Set version to 0.31.2

* Minimum factor 256*500, don't multiply by base fee
* Change autofill fee behavior to pay the open ledger fee.
** Experimental options: x-assume-tx - assume <int> more transactions in
   the open queue when computing escalated fee, x-queue-okay - if true
   and escalated fee is over limit, try with load fee.

.gitignore

@@ -24,6 +24,11 @@ bin/rippled
 Debug/*.*
 Release/*.*
 
+# Ignore coverage files.
+*.gcno
+*.gcda
+*.gcov
+
 # Ignore locally installed node_modules
 /node_modules
 
@@ -31,6 +36,7 @@ Release/*.*
 tmp
 
 # Ignore database directory.
+db/
 db/*.db
 db/*.db-*
 
@@ -75,4 +81,7 @@ My Amplifier XE Results - RippleD
 /out.txt
 
 # Build Log
-rippled-build.log
+rippled-build.log
+
+# Profiling data
+gmon.out

.travis.yml

@@ -1,70 +1,75 @@
+sudo: false
 language: cpp
-compiler:
+
-  - clang
+env:
-  - gcc
+  global:
+    # Maintenance note: to move to a new version
+    # of boost, update both BOOST_ROOT and BOOST_URL.
+    # Note that for simplicity, BOOST_ROOT's final
+    # namepart must match the folder name internal
+    # to boost's .tar.gz.
+    - BOOST_ROOT=$HOME/boost_1_59_0
+    - BOOST_URL='http://downloads.sourceforge.net/project/boost/boost/1.59.0/boost_1_59_0.tar.gz?r=http%3A%2F%2Fsourceforge.net%2Fprojects%2Fboost%2Ffiles%2Fboost%2F1.59.0%2Fboost_1_59_0.tar.gz%2Fdownload&ts=1441761349&use_mirror=skylineservers'
+
+
+packages: &gcc5_pkgs
+  - gcc-5
+  - g++-5
+  - python-software-properties
+  - protobuf-compiler
+  - libprotobuf-dev
+  - libssl-dev
+  - libstdc++6
+  - binutils-gold
+  # Provides a backtrace if the unittests crash
+  - gdb
+
+packages: &clang36_pkgs
+  - clang-3.6
+  - g++-5
+  - python-software-properties
+  - protobuf-compiler
+  - libprotobuf-dev
+  - libssl-dev
+  - libstdc++6
+  - binutils-gold
+  # Provides a backtrace if the unittests crash
+  - gdb
+
+matrix:
+  include:
+    - compiler: gcc
+      env: GCC_VER=5 TARGET=debug.nounity
+      addons: &ao_gcc5
+        apt:
+          sources: ['ubuntu-toolchain-r-test']
+          packages: *gcc5_pkgs
+
+    - compiler: gcc
+      env: GCC_VER=5 TARGET=coverage
+      addons: *ao_gcc5
+
+    - compiler: clang
+      env: GCC_VER=5 TARGET=debug CLANG_VER=3.6
+      addons: &ao_clang36
+        apt:
+          sources: ['ubuntu-toolchain-r-test', 'llvm-toolchain-precise-3.6']
+          packages: *clang36_pkgs
+
+    - compiler: clang
+      env: GCC_VER=5 TARGET=debug.nounity CLANG_VER=3.6
+      addons: *ao_clang36
+
+cache:
+  directories:
+  - $BOOST_ROOT
+
 before_install:
-  - sudo apt-get update -qq
+  - bin/ci/ubuntu/install-dependencies.sh
-  - sudo apt-get install -qq python-software-properties
-  - sudo add-apt-repository -y ppa:ubuntu-toolchain-r/test
-  - sudo add-apt-repository -y ppa:boost-latest/ppa
-  - sudo apt-get update -qq
-  - sudo apt-get install -qq g++-4.8
-  - sudo apt-get install -qq libboost1.55-all-dev 
-  # We want debug symbols for boost as we install gdb later
-  - sudo apt-get install -qq libboost1.55-dbg
-  - | # Setup the BOOST_ROOT
-      export BOOST_ROOT=$HOME/boost_root
-      mkdir -p $BOOST_ROOT/stage
-      ln -s /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu $BOOST_ROOT/stage/lib
-      ln -s /usr/include/boost $BOOST_ROOT/boost
-  - | # Try to patch boost
-      sudo patch /usr/include/boost/bimap/detail/debug/static_error.hpp Builds/travis/static_error.boost.patch
-      sudo patch /usr/include/boost/config/compiler/clang.hpp Builds/travis/clang.boost.patch
-  - sudo apt-get install -qq mlocate
-  - sudo updatedb
-  - sudo locate libboost | grep /lib | grep -e ".a$"
-  - sudo apt-get install -qq protobuf-compiler libprotobuf-dev libssl-dev exuberant-ctags
-  # We need gcc >= 4.8 for some c++11 features
-  - sudo apt-get install -qq gcc-4.8
-  - sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/gcc gcc /usr/bin/gcc-4.8 40 --slave /usr/bin/g++ g++ /usr/bin/g++-4.8
-  - sudo update-alternatives --set gcc /usr/bin/gcc-4.8
-  # Stuff is gold. Nuff said ;)
-  - sudo apt-get -y install binutils-gold
-  # We can get a backtrace if the guy crashes
-  - sudo apt-get -y install gdb
-  # What versions are we ACTUALLY running?
-  - g++ -v
-  - clang -v
-  # Avoid `spurious errors` caused by ~/.npm permission issues
-  # Does it already exist? Who owns? What permissions?
-  - ls -lah ~/.npm || mkdir ~/.npm
-  # Make sure we own it
-  - sudo chown -R $USER ~/.npm
 
 script:
-  # Set so any failing command will abort the build
+  - bin/ci/ubuntu/build-and-test.sh
-  - set -e
-  # $CC will be either `clang` or `gcc` (If only we could do -j12 ;)
-  - scons $CC.debug
-  # We can be sure we're using the build/$CC.debug variant (-f so never err)
-  - rm -f build/rippled 
-  - export RIPPLED_PATH="$PWD/build/$CC.debug/rippled"
-  # See what we've actually built
-  - ldd $RIPPLED_PATH
-  # Run unittests (under gdb)
-  - | # create gdb script
-    echo "set env MALLOC_CHECK_=3" > script.gdb 
-    echo "run" >> script.gdb
-    echo "backtrace full" >> script.gdb 
-    # gdb --help
-  - cat script.gdb | gdb --ex 'set print thread-events off' --return-child-result --args $RIPPLED_PATH --unittest
-  - npm install
-  # Use build/(gcc|clang).debug/rippled
-  - |
-    echo "exports.default_server_config = {\"rippled_path\" : \"$RIPPLED_PATH\"};" > test/config.js
 
-  # Run integration tests
-  - npm test
 notifications:
   email:
     false

Builds/ArchLinux/PKGBUILD

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# Maintainer: Roberto Catini <roberto.catini@gmail.com> 
+# Maintainer: Roberto Catini <roberto.catini@gmail.com>
 
 pkgname=rippled
 pkgrel=1
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ pkgver() {
 
 build() {
 	cd "$srcdir/$pkgname"
-	scons build/rippled
+	scons
 }
 
 check() {

Builds/Docker/Dockerfile-testnet

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+FROM ubuntu
+MAINTAINER Torrie Fischer <torrie@ripple.com>
+
+RUN apt-get update -qq &&\
+    apt-get install -qq software-properties-common &&\
+    apt-add-repository -y ppa:ubuntu-toolchain-r/test &&\
+    apt-add-repository -y ppa:afrank/boost &&\
+    apt-get update -qq
+
+RUN apt-get purge -qq libboost1.48-dev &&\
+    apt-get install -qq libprotobuf8 libboost1.57-all-dev
+
+RUN mkdir -p /srv/rippled/data
+
+VOLUME /srv/rippled/data/
+
+ENTRYPOINT ["/srv/rippled/bin/rippled"]
+CMD ["--conf", "/srv/rippled/data/rippled.cfg"]
+EXPOSE 51235/udp
+EXPOSE 5005/tcp
+
+ADD ./rippled.cfg /srv/rippled/data/rippled.cfg
+ADD ./rippled /srv/rippled/bin/

Builds/Docker/build-ci.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+set -e
+
+mkdir -p build/docker/
+cp doc/rippled-example.cfg build/clang.debug/rippled build/docker/
+cp Builds/Docker/Dockerfile-testnet build/docker/Dockerfile
+mv build/docker/rippled-example.cfg build/docker/rippled.cfg
+strip build/docker/rippled
+docker build -t ripple/rippled:$CIRCLE_SHA1 build/docker/
+docker tag ripple/rippled:$CIRCLE_SHA1 ripple/rippled:latest
+
+if [ -z "$CIRCLE_PR_NUMBER" ]; then
+  docker tag ripple/rippled:$CIRCLE_SHA1 ripple/rippled:$CIRCLE_BRANCH
+fi

Builds/Docker/push-to-hub.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+set -e
+
+if [ -z "$DOCKER_EMAIL" -o -z "$DOCKER_USERNAME" -o -z "$DOCKER_PASSWORD" ];then
+  echo "Docker credentials are not set. Can't login to docker, no containers will be pushed."
+  exit 0
+fi
+
+if [ -n "$CIRCLE_PR_NUMBER" ]; then
+  echo "Not pushing results of a pull request build."
+  exit 0
+fi
+
+docker login -e $DOCKER_EMAIL -u $DOCKER_USERNAME -p $DOCKER_PASSWORD
+docker push ripple/rippled:$CIRCLE_SHA1
+docker push ripple/rippled:$CIRCLE_BRANCH
+docker push ripple/rippled:latest

Builds/Eclipse/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+**Requirements**
+
+1. Java Runtime Environment (JRE)
+2. Eclipse with CDT (tested on Luna):
+http://www.eclipse.org/downloads/packages/eclipse-ide-cc-developers/lunasr2
+3. Eclipse SCons plugin: http://sconsolidator.com/  
+**WARNING**: by default the SCons plugin uses 16 threads. Go to
+*Window->Preferences->SCons->Build Settings* in Eclipse and make it
+use only 4-8 jobs(threads) or whatever you feel confortable with. It will
+positively freeze your system if you run with 16 threads/jobs.  
+
+![scons](scons.png) 
+
+**Getting Started**
+
+After setting up Eclipse just do a File->New->Other...
+Select: C/C++ / New SCons project from existing source
+Point the importer to the folder where the SConstruct resides (the root
+folder of your git workspace normally)  
+
+**Build**
+
+Just hit Project->Build All in Eclipse to get started. And remember to not
+let it run 16 threads! 
+
+**Debug**
+
+Start a new Eclipse debug configuration and set binary to run to build/rippled
+(assuming you have built it).  
+
+![debug](debug.png) 

Builds/Fedora/install_rippled_depends_fedora.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+
+#
+# This scripts installs the dependencies needed by rippled. It should be run
+# with sudo.
+#
+
+if [ ! -f /etc/fedora-release ]; then
+    echo "This script is meant to be run on fedora"
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+fedora_release=$(grep -o '[0-9]*' /etc/fedora-release)
+
+if (( $(bc <<< "${fedora_release} < 22") )); then
+    echo "This script is meant to run on fedora 22 or greater"
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+yum -y update
+yum -y group install "Development Tools"
+yum -y install gcc-c++ scons openssl-devel openssl-static protobuf-devel protobuf-static boost-devel boost-static libstdc++-static

Builds/Test.py

@@ -0,0 +1,191 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+#    This file is part of rippled: https://github.com/ripple/rippled
+#    Copyright (c) 2012 - 2015 Ripple Labs Inc.
+#
+#    Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for any
+#    purpose  with  or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
+#    copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
+#
+#    THE  SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
+#    WITH  REGARD  TO  THIS  SOFTWARE  INCLUDING  ALL  IMPLIED  WARRANTIES  OF
+#    MERCHANTABILITY  AND  FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR
+#    ANY  SPECIAL ,  DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
+#    WHATSOEVER  RESULTING  FROM  LOSS  OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
+#    ACTION  OF  CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF
+#    OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
+
+"""
+Invocation:
+
+    ./Builds/Test.py - builds and tests all configurations
+
+The build must succeed without shell aliases for this to work.
+
+To pass flags to scons, put them at the very end of the command line, after
+the -- flag - like this:
+
+    ./Builds/Test.py -- -j4   # Pass -j4 to scons.
+
+
+Common problems:
+
+1) Boost not found. Solution: export BOOST_ROOT=[path to boost folder]
+
+2) OpenSSL not found. Solution: export OPENSSL_ROOT=[path to OpenSSL folder]
+
+3) scons is an alias. Solution: Create a script named "scons" somewhere in
+   your $PATH (eg. ~/bin/scons will often work).
+
+      #!/bin/sh
+      python /C/Python27/Scripts/scons.py "${@}"
+
+"""
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, print_function, unicode_literals
+
+import argparse
+import itertools
+import os
+import platform
+import re
+import subprocess
+import sys
+
+IS_WINDOWS = platform.system().lower() == 'windows'
+
+if IS_WINDOWS:
+    BINARY_RE = re.compile(r'build\\([^\\]+)\\rippled.exe')
+
+else:
+    BINARY_RE = re.compile(r'build/([^/]+)/rippled')
+
+ALL_TARGETS = ['debug', 'release']
+
+parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
+    description='Test.py - run ripple tests'
+)
+
+parser.add_argument(
+    '--all', '-a',
+    action='store_true',
+    help='Build all configurations.',
+)
+
+parser.add_argument(
+    '--keep_going', '-k',
+    action='store_true',
+    help='Keep going after one configuration has failed.',
+ )
+
+parser.add_argument(
+    '--silent', '-s',
+    action='store_true',
+    help='Silence all messages except errors',
+ )
+
+parser.add_argument(
+    '--verbose', '-v',
+    action='store_true',
+    help=('Report more information about which commands are executed and the '
+          'results.'),
+ )
+
+parser.add_argument(
+    '--test', '-t',
+    default='',
+    help='Add a prefix for unit tests',
+ )
+
+parser.add_argument(
+    'scons_args',
+    default=(),
+    nargs='*'
+    )
+
+ARGS = parser.parse_args()
+
+def shell(*cmd, **kwds):
+    "Execute a shell command and return the output."
+    silent = kwds.pop('silent', ARGS.silent)
+    verbose = not silent and kwds.pop('verbose', ARGS.verbose)
+    if verbose:
+        print('$', ' '.join(cmd))
+    kwds['shell'] = IS_WINDOWS
+
+    process = subprocess.Popen(
+        cmd,
+        stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
+        stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+        stderr=subprocess.STDOUT,
+        **kwds)
+    lines = []
+    count = 0
+    for line in process.stdout:
+        lines.append(line)
+        if verbose:
+            print(line, end='')
+        elif not silent:
+            count += 1
+            if count >= 80:
+                print()
+                count = 0
+            else:
+                print('.', end='')
+
+    if not verbose and count:
+        print()
+    process.wait()
+    return process.returncode, lines
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    args = list(ARGS.scons_args)
+    if ARGS.all:
+        for a in ALL_TARGETS:
+            if a not in args:
+                args.append(a)
+    print('Building:', *(args or ['(default)']))
+
+    # Build everything.
+    resultcode, lines = shell('scons', *args)
+    if resultcode:
+        print('Build FAILED:')
+        if not ARGS.verbose:
+            print(*lines, sep='')
+        exit(1)
+
+    # Now extract the executable names and corresponding targets.
+    failed = []
+    _, lines = shell('scons', '-n', '--tree=derived', *args, silent=True)
+    for line in lines:
+        match = BINARY_RE.search(line)
+        if match:
+            executable, target = match.group(0, 1)
+
+            print('Unit tests for', target)
+            testflag = '--unittest'
+            if ARGS.test:
+                testflag += ('=' + ARGS.test)
+
+            resultcode, lines = shell(executable, testflag)
+            if resultcode:
+                print('ERROR:', *lines, sep='')
+                failed.append([target, 'unittest'])
+                if not ARGS.keep_going:
+                    break
+            ARGS.verbose and print(*lines, sep='')
+
+            print('npm tests for', target)
+            resultcode, lines = shell('npm', 'test', '--rippled=' + executable)
+            if resultcode:
+                print('ERROR:\n', *lines, sep='')
+                failed.append([target, 'npm'])
+                if not ARGS.keep_going:
+                    break
+            else:
+                ARGS.verbose and print(*lines, sep='')
+
+    if failed:
+        print('FAILED:', *(':'.join(f) for f in failed))
+        exit(1)
+    else:
+        print('Success')

Builds/Ubuntu/build_clang_libs.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+
+#
+# This scripts installs boost and protobuf built with clang. This is needed on
+# ubuntu 15.10 when building with clang
+# It will build these in a 'clang' subdirectory that it creates below the directory
+# this script is run from. If a clang directory already exists the script will refuse
+# to run.
+
+if hash lsb_release 2>/dev/null; then
+    if [ $(lsb_release -si) == "Ubuntu" ]; then
+        ubuntu_release=$(lsb_release -sr)
+    fi
+fi
+
+if [ -z "${ubuntu_release}" ]; then
+    echo "System not supported"
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+if ! hash clang 2>/dev/null; then
+    clang_version=3.7
+    sudo apt-get -y install clang-${clang_version}
+    update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/clang clang /usr/bin/clang-${clang_version} 99 clang++
+    hash -r
+    if ! hash clang 2>/dev/null; then
+        echo "Please install clang"
+        exit 1
+    fi
+fi
+
+if [ ${ubuntu_release} != "15.10" ]; then
+    echo "clang specific boost and protobuf not needed"
+    exit 0
+fi
+
+if [ -d clang ]; then
+    echo "clang directory already exists. Cowardly refusing to run"
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+if ! hash wget 2>/dev/null; then
+    sudo apt-get -y install wget
+    hash -r
+    if ! hash wget 2>/dev/null; then
+        echo "Please install wget"
+        exit 1
+    fi
+fi
+
+num_procs=$(lscpu -p | grep -v '^#' | sort -u -t, -k 2,4 | wc -l) # pysical cores
+
+mkdir clang
+pushd clang > /dev/null
+
+# Install protobuf
+pb=protobuf-2.6.1
+pb_tar=${pb}.tar.gz 
+wget -O ${pb_tar} https://github.com/google/protobuf/releases/download/v2.6.1/${pb_tar}
+tar xf ${pb_tar}
+rm ${pb_tar}
+pushd ${pb} > /dev/null
+./configure CC=clang CXX=clang++ CXXFLAGS='-std=c++14 -O3 -g'
+make -j${num_procs}
+popd > /dev/null
+
+# Install boost
+boost_ver=1.60.0
+bd=boost_${boost_ver//./_}
+bd_tar=${bd}.tar.gz
+wget -O ${bd_tar} http://sourceforge.net/projects/boost/files/boost/${boost_ver}/${bd_tar}
+tar xf ${bd_tar}
+rm ${bd_tar}
+pushd ${bd} > /dev/null
+./bootstrap.sh
+./b2 toolset=clang -j${num_procs}
+popd > /dev/null
+
+popd > /dev/null

Builds/Ubuntu/install_boost.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+
+#
+# This script builds boost with the correct ABI flags for ubuntu
+#
+
+version=59
+patch=0
+
+if hash lsb_release 2>/dev/null; then
+    if [ $(lsb_release -si) == "Ubuntu" ]; then
+        ubuntu_release=$(lsb_release -sr)
+    fi
+fi
+
+if [ -z "${ubuntu_release}" ]; then
+    echo "System not supported"
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+extra_defines=""
+if (( $(bc <<< "${ubuntu_release} < 15.1") )); then
+    extra_defines="define=_GLIBCXX_USE_CXX11_ABI=0"
+fi
+num_procs=$(lscpu -p | grep -v '^#' | sort -u -t, -k 2,4 | wc -l) # pysical cores
+printf "\nBuild command will be: ./b2 -j${num_procs} ${extra_defines}\n\n"
+
+boost_dir="boost_1_${version}_${patch}"
+boost_tag="boost-1.${version}.${patch}"
+git clone -b "${boost_tag}" --recursive https://github.com/boostorg/boost.git "${boost_dir}"
+
+cd ${boost_dir}
+git checkout --force ${boost_tag}
+git submodule foreach git checkout --force ${boost_tag}
+./bootstrap.sh
+./b2 headers
+./b2 -j${num_procs} ${extra_defines}
+echo "Build command was: ./b2 -j${num_procs} ${extra_defines}"
+echo "Don't forget to set BOOST_ROOT!"

Builds/Ubuntu/install_rippled_depends_ubuntu.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+
+#
+# This scripts installs the dependencies needed by rippled. It should be run
+# with sudo. For ubuntu < 15.10, it installs gcc 5 as the default compiler. gcc
+# 5 is ABI incompatable with gcc 4. If needed, the following will switch back to
+# gcc-4: `sudo update-alternatives --config gcc` and choosing the gcc-4
+# option.
+#
+
+if hash lsb_release 2>/dev/null; then
+    if [ $(lsb_release -si) == "Ubuntu" ]; then
+        ubuntu_release=$(lsb_release -sr)
+    fi
+fi
+
+if [ -z "${ubuntu_release}" ]; then
+    echo "System not supported"
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+if [ ${ubuntu_release} == "12.04" ]; then
+    apt-get install python-software-properties
+    add-apt-repository ppa:afrank/boost
+    add-apt-repository ppa:ubuntu-toolchain-r/test
+    apt-get update
+    apt-get -y upgrade
+    apt-get -y install curl git scons ctags pkg-config protobuf-compiler libprotobuf-dev libssl-dev python-software-properties boost1.57-all-dev nodejs g++-5 g++-4.9
+    update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/gcc gcc /usr/bin/gcc-5 99 --slave /usr/bin/g++ g++ /usr/bin/g++-5
+    update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/gcc gcc /usr/bin/gcc-4.9 99 --slave /usr/bin/g++ g++ /usr/bin/g++-4.9
+    exit 0
+fi
+
+if [ ${ubuntu_release} == "14.04" ] || [ ${ubuntu_release} == "15.04" ]; then
+    apt-get install python-software-properties
+    echo "deb [arch=amd64] https://mirrors.ripple.com/ubuntu/ trusty stable contrib" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/ripple.list 
+    wget -O- -q https://mirrors.ripple.com/mirrors.ripple.com.gpg.key | sudo apt-key add -
+    add-apt-repository ppa:ubuntu-toolchain-r/test
+    apt-get update
+    apt-get -y upgrade
+    apt-get -y install curl git scons ctags pkg-config protobuf-compiler libprotobuf-dev libssl-dev python-software-properties boost-all-dev nodejs g++-5 g++-4.9
+    update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/gcc gcc /usr/bin/gcc-5 99 --slave /usr/bin/g++ g++ /usr/bin/g++-5
+    update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/gcc gcc /usr/bin/gcc-4.9 99 --slave /usr/bin/g++ g++ /usr/bin/g++-4.9
+    exit 0
+fi
+
+if [ ${ubuntu_release} == "15.10" ]; then
+    apt-get update
+    apt-get -y upgrade
+    apt-get -y install python-software-properties curl git scons ctags pkg-config protobuf-compiler libprotobuf-dev libssl-dev python-software-properties libboost-all-dev nodejs 
+    exit 0
+fi
+
+echo "System not supported"
+exit 1

Builds/VisualStudio2013/ripple.sln

@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-
-Microsoft Visual Studio Solution File, Format Version 12.00
-# Visual Studio Express 2013 for Windows Desktop
-VisualStudioVersion = 12.0.30110.0
-MinimumVisualStudioVersion = 10.0.40219.1
-Project("{8BC9CEB8-8B4A-11D0-8D11-00A0C91BC942}") = "RippleD", "RippleD.vcxproj", "{26B7D9AC-1A80-8EF8-6703-D061F1BECB75}"
-EndProject
-Global
-	GlobalSection(SolutionConfigurationPlatforms) = preSolution
-		Debug|Win32 = Debug|Win32
-		Debug|x64 = Debug|x64
-		Release|Win32 = Release|Win32
-		Release|x64 = Release|x64
-	EndGlobalSection
-	GlobalSection(ProjectConfigurationPlatforms) = postSolution
-		{26B7D9AC-1A80-8EF8-6703-D061F1BECB75}.Debug|Win32.ActiveCfg = debug|x64
-		{26B7D9AC-1A80-8EF8-6703-D061F1BECB75}.Debug|x64.ActiveCfg = debug|x64
-		{26B7D9AC-1A80-8EF8-6703-D061F1BECB75}.Debug|x64.Build.0 = debug|x64
-		{26B7D9AC-1A80-8EF8-6703-D061F1BECB75}.Release|Win32.ActiveCfg = release|x64
-		{26B7D9AC-1A80-8EF8-6703-D061F1BECB75}.Release|x64.ActiveCfg = release|x64
-		{26B7D9AC-1A80-8EF8-6703-D061F1BECB75}.Release|x64.Build.0 = release|x64
-	EndGlobalSection
-	GlobalSection(SolutionProperties) = preSolution
-		HideSolutionNode = FALSE
-	EndGlobalSection
-EndGlobal

Builds/VisualStudio2015/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,357 @@
+# Visual Studio 2015 Build Instructions
+
+## Important
+
+We do not recommend Windows for rippled production use at this time. Currently, the Ubuntu
+platform has received the highest level of quality assurance, testing, and support.
+Additionally, 32-bit Windows versions are not supported.
+
+## Prerequisites
+
+To clone the source code repository, create branches for inspection or modification,
+build rippled under Visual Studio, and run the unit tests you will need these
+software components:
+
+* [Visual Studio 2015](README.md#install-visual-studio-2015)
+* [Git for Windows](README.md#install-git-for-windows)
+* [Google Protocol Buffers Compiler](README.md#install-google-protocol-buffers-compiler)
+* (Optional) [Python and Scons](README.md#optional-install-python-and-scons)
+* [OpenSSL Library](README.md#install-openssl)
+* [Boost 1.59 library](README.md#build-boost)
+* [Node.js](README.md#install-nodejs)
+
+## Install Software
+
+### Install Visual Studio 2015
+
+If not already installed on your system, download your choice of installer from the
+[Visual Studio 2015 Download](https://www.visualstudio.com/downloads/download-visual-studio-vs)
+page, run the installer, and follow the directions. You may need to choose a "Custom"
+installation and ensure that "Visual C++" is selected under "Programming Languages".
+
+Any version of Visual Studio 2015 may be used to build rippled.
+The **Visual Studio 2015 Community** edition is available free of charge (see
+[the product page](https://www.visualstudio.com/products/visual-studio-community-vs)
+for licensing details), while paid editions may be used for an free initial trial period.
+
+### Install Git for Windows
+
+Git is a distributed revision control system. The Windows version also provides the
+bash shell and many Windows versions of Unix commands. While there are other
+varieties of Git (such as TortoiseGit, which has a native Windows interface and
+integrates with the Explorer shell), we recommend installing
+[Git for Windows](https://git-scm.com/) since
+it provides a Unix-like command line environment useful for running shell scripts.
+Use of the bash shell under Windows is mandatory for running the unit tests.
+
+* NOTE: To gain full featured access to the
+  [git-subtree](https://blogs.atlassian.com/2013/05/alternatives-to-git-submodule-git-subtree/)
+  functionality used in the rippled repository we suggest Git version 2.6.2 or later.
+
+### Install Google Protocol Buffers Compiler
+
+Building rippled requires **protoc.exe** version 2.5.1 or later. At your option you
+may build it yourself from the sources in the
+[Google Protocol Buffers](https://github.com/google/protobuf) repository,
+or you may download a
+[protoc.exe](https://ripple.github.io/Downloads/protoc/2.5.1/protoc.exe)
+([alternate link](https://github.com/ripple/Downloads/raw/gh-pages/protoc/2.5.1/protoc.exe))
+precompiled Windows executable from the
+[Ripple Organization](https://github.com/ripple).
+
+Either way, once you have the required version of **protoc.exe**, copy it into
+a folder in your command line `%PATH%`.
+
+* **NOTE:** If you use an older version of the compiler, the build will
+  fail with errors related to a mismatch of the version of protocol
+  buffer headers versus the compiler.
+
+### (Optional) Install Python and Scons
+
+[Python](https://www.python.org/downloads/) and
+[Scons](http://scons.org/download.php) are not required to build
+rippled with Visual Studio, but can be used to build from the
+command line and in scripts, and are required to properly update
+the `RippleD.vcxproj` file.
+
+If you wish to build with scons, a version after 2.3.5 is required
+for Visual Studio 2015 support.
+
+## Configure Dependencies
+
+### Install OpenSSL
+
+[Download OpenSSL.](http://slproweb.com/products/Win32OpenSSL.html)
+There will be four variants available:
+
+1. 64-bit. Use this if you are running 64-bit windows. As of this writing, the link is called: "Win64 OpenSSL v1.0.2d".
+2. 64-bit light - Don't use this. It is missing files needed to build rippled. As of this writing, the link is called: "Win64 OpenSSL v1.0.2d Light"
+
+Run the installer, and choose an appropriate location for your OpenSSL
+installation. In this guide we use **C:\lib\OpenSSL-Win64** as the
+destination location.
+
+You may be informed on running the installer that "Visual C++ 2008
+Redistributables" must first be installed first. If so, download it
+from the [same page](http://slproweb.com/products/Win32OpenSSL.html),
+again making sure to get the correct 32-/64-bit variant.
+
+* NOTE: Since rippled links statically to OpenSSL, it does not matter
+  where the OpenSSL .DLL files are placed, or what version they are.
+  rippled does not use or require any external .DLL files to run
+  other than the standard operating system ones.
+
+### Build Boost
+
+After [downloading boost](http://www.boost.org/users/download/) and
+unpacking it, open a **Developer Command Prompt** for
+Visual Studio, change to the directory containing boost, then
+bootstrap the build tools:
+
+```powershell
+cd C:\lib\boost_1_59_0
+bootstrap
+```
+
+The rippled application is linked statically to the standard runtimes and external
+dependencies on Windows, to ensure that the behavior of the executable is not
+affected by changes in outside files. Therefore, it is necessary to build the
+required boost static libraries using this command:
+
+```powershell
+bjam --toolset=msvc-14.0 --build-type=complete variant=debug,release link=static runtime-link=static address-model=64
+```
+
+Building the boost libraries may take considerable time. When the build process
+is completed, take note of both the reported compiler include paths and linker
+library paths as they will be required later.
+
+* NOTE: If older versions of Visual Studio are also installed, the build may fail.
+  If this happens, make sure that only Visual Studio 2015 is installed. Due to
+  defects in the uninstallation procedures of these Microsoft products, it may
+  be necessary to start with a fresh install of the operating system with only
+  the necessary development environment components installed to have a successful build.
+
+### Clone the rippled repository
+
+If you are familiar with cloning github repositories, just follow your normal process
+and clone `git@github.com:ripple/rippled.git`. Otherwise follow this section for instructions.
+
+1. If you don't have a github account, sign up for one at
+  [github.com](https://github.com/).
+2. Make sure you have Github ssh keys. For help see
+  [generating-ssh-keys](https://help.github.com/articles/generating-ssh-keys).
+
+Open the "Git Bash" shell that was installed with "Git for Windows" in the
+step above. Navigate to the directory where you want to clone rippled (git
+bash uses `/c` for windows's `C:` and forward slash where windows uses
+backslash, so `C:\Users\joe\projs` would be `/c/Users/joe/projs` in git bash).
+Now clone the repository and optionally switch to the *master* branch.
+Type the following at the bash prompt:
+
+```powershell
+git clone git@github.com:ripple/rippled.git
+cd rippled
+git checkout master
+```
+
+* If you receive an error about not having the "correct access rights"
+  make sure you have Github ssh keys, as described above.
+
+### Configure Library Paths
+
+Open the solution file located at **Builds/Visual Studio 2015/ripple.sln**
+and select the "View->Other Windows->Property Manager" to bring up the Property Manager.
+Expand the *debug | x64* section and
+double click the *Microsoft.Cpp.x64.user* property sheet to bring up the
+*Property Pages* dialog. These are global properties applied to all
+64-bit build targets:
+
+![Visual Studio 2015 Global Properties](images/VS2015x64Properties.png)
+
+Go to *C/C++, General, Additional Include Directories* and add the
+location of the boost installation:
+
+![Visual Studio 2015 Include Directories](images/VS2015x64IncludeDirs.png)
+
+Then, go to *Linker, General, Additional Library Directories* and add
+the location of the compiled boost libraries reported at the completion
+of building the boost libraries:
+
+![Visual Studio 2015 Library Directories](images/VS2015x64LibraryDirs.png)
+
+Follow the same procedure for adding the `Additional Include Directories`
+and `Additional Library Directories` required for OpenSSL. In our example
+these directories are **C:\lib\OpenSSL-Win64\include** and
+**C:\lib\OpenSSL-Win64\lib** respectively.
+
+# Setup Environment
+
+## Create a working directory for rippled.cfg
+
+The rippled server uses the [Rippled.cfg](https://wiki.ripple.com/Rippled.cfg)
+file to read its configuration parameters. This section describes setting up
+a directory to hold the config file. The next sections describe how to tell
+the rippled server where that file is.
+
+1. Create a directory to hold the configuration file. In this example, the
+  ripple config directory was created in `C:\Users\joe\ripple\config`.
+2. Copy the example config file located in `doc\rippled-example.cfg` to the
+  new directory and rename it "rippled.cfg".
+3. Read the rippled.cfg file and edit as appropriate.
+
+## Change the Visual Studio Projects Debugging Properties
+
+1. If not already open, open the solution file located at **Builds/Visual Studio 2015/Ripple.sln**
+2. Select the correct solution platform in the solution platform dropdown (either *x64*
+  or *Win32* depending on machine type).
+3. Select the "Project->Properties" menu item to bring up RippleD's Properties Pages
+4. In "Configuration Properties" select "Debugging".
+5. In the upper-left Configurations drop down, select "All Configurations".
+6. In "Debugger to Launch" select "Local Windows Debugger".
+
+### Tell rippled where to find the configuration file.
+
+The `--conf` command-line switch to tell rippled where to find this file.
+In the "Command Arguments" field in the properties dialog (that you opened
+in the above section), add: `--conf="C:/Users/joe/ripple/config/rippled.cfg"`
+(of course replacing that path with the path you set up above).
+
+![Visual Studio 2013 Command Args Prop Page](images/VSCommandArgsPropPage.png)
+
+### Set the _NO_DEBUG_HEAP Environment Variable
+
+Rippled can run very slowly in the debugger when using the Windows Debug Heap.
+Set the `_NO_DEBUG_HEAP` environment variable to one to disable the debug heap.
+In the "Environment" field (that you opened in the above section), add:
+`_NO_DEBUG_HEAP=1`
+
+![Visual Studio 2013 No Debug Heap Prop Page](images/NoDebugHeapPropPage.png)
+
+# Build
+
+After these steps are complete, rippled should be ready to build. Simply
+set rippled as the startup project by right clicking on it in the
+Visual Studio Solution Explorer, choose **Set as Startup Project**,
+and then choose the **Build->Build Solution** menu item.
+
+# Unit Tests (Recommended)
+
+## Internal
+
+The internal rippled unit tests are written in C++ and are part
+of the rippled executable.
+
+From a Windows console, run the unit tests:
+
+```
+./build/msvc.debug/rippled.exe --unittest
+```
+
+Substitute the correct path to the executable to test different builds.
+
+## External
+
+The external rippled unit tests are written in Javascript using Node.js,
+and utilize the mocha unit test framework. To run the unit tests, it
+will be necessary to perform the following steps:
+
+### Install Node.js
+
+[Install Node.js](http://nodejs.org/download/). We recommend the Windows
+installer (**.msi** file) as it takes care of updating the *PATH* environment
+variable so that scripts can find the command. On Windows systems,
+**Node.js** comes with **npm**. A separate installation of **npm**
+is not necessary.
+
+### Create node_modules
+
+Open a windows console. From the root of your local rippled repository
+directory, invoke **npm** to bring in the necessary components:
+
+```
+npm install
+```
+
+If you get an error that looks like
+
+```
+Error: ENOENT, stat 'C:\Users\username\AppData\Roaming\npm'
+```
+
+simply create the indicated folder and try again.
+
+### Create a test config.js
+
+From a *bash* shell (installed with Git for Windows), copy the
+example configuration file into the appropriate location:
+
+```
+cp test/config-example.js test/config.js
+```
+
+Edit your version of test/config.js to reflect the correct path to the rippled executable:
+
+```
+exports.default_server_config = {
+  // Where to find the binary.
+  rippled_path: path.resolve(__dirname, "../build/msvc.debug/rippled.exe")
+};
+```
+
+Also in **test/config.js**, change any occurrences of the
+IP address *0.0.0.0* to *127.0.0.1*.
+
+### Run Tests
+
+From a windows console, run the unit tests:
+
+```
+npm test
+```
+
+Alternatively, run an individual test using mocha:
+
+```
+sh
+node_modules/mocha/bin/mocha test/account_tx-test.js
+```
+
+* NOTE: The version of ripple-lib provided by the npm install
+  facility is usually slightly behind the develop branch of the
+  authoritative ripple-lib repository. Therefore, some tests might fail.
+
+### Development ripple-lib
+
+To use the latest branch of **ripple-lib** during the unit tests,
+first clone the repository in a new location outside of your rippled
+repository. Then update the submodules. After, run **npm install**
+to set up the **node_modules** directory. Finally, install the
+**grunt** command line tools required to run **grunt** and
+build **ripple-lib**.
+
+```
+git clone git@github.com:ripple/ripple-lib.git
+cd ripple-lib
+git submodule update --init
+npm install
+npm install -g grunt-cli
+grunt
+```
+
+Now link this version of **ripple-lib** into the global packages:
+
+```
+sudo npm link
+```
+
+To make rippled use the newly linked global **ripple-lib** package
+instead of the one installed under **node_modules**, change
+directories to the local rippled repository and delete the old
+**ripple-lib** then link to the new one:
+
+```
+sh
+rm -rf node_modules/ripple-lib
+npm link ripple-lib
+```

Builds/VisualStudio2015/ripple.sln

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+
+Microsoft Visual Studio Solution File, Format Version 12.00
+# Visual Studio 14
+VisualStudioVersion = 14.0.23107.0
+MinimumVisualStudioVersion = 10.0.40219.1
+Project("{8BC9CEB8-8B4A-11D0-8D11-00A0C91BC942}") = "RippleD", "RippleD.vcxproj", "{26B7D9AC-1A80-8EF8-6703-D061F1BECB75}"
+EndProject
+Global
+	GlobalSection(SolutionConfigurationPlatforms) = preSolution
+		debug.classic|x64 = debug.classic|x64
+		debug|x64 = debug|x64
+		release.classic|x64 = release.classic|x64
+		release|x64 = release|x64
+	EndGlobalSection
+	GlobalSection(ProjectConfigurationPlatforms) = postSolution
+		{26B7D9AC-1A80-8EF8-6703-D061F1BECB75}.debug.classic|x64.ActiveCfg = debug.classic|x64
+		{26B7D9AC-1A80-8EF8-6703-D061F1BECB75}.debug.classic|x64.Build.0 = debug.classic|x64
+		{26B7D9AC-1A80-8EF8-6703-D061F1BECB75}.debug|x64.ActiveCfg = debug|x64
+		{26B7D9AC-1A80-8EF8-6703-D061F1BECB75}.debug|x64.Build.0 = debug|x64
+		{26B7D9AC-1A80-8EF8-6703-D061F1BECB75}.release.classic|x64.ActiveCfg = release.classic|x64
+		{26B7D9AC-1A80-8EF8-6703-D061F1BECB75}.release.classic|x64.Build.0 = release.classic|x64
+		{26B7D9AC-1A80-8EF8-6703-D061F1BECB75}.release|x64.ActiveCfg = release|x64
+		{26B7D9AC-1A80-8EF8-6703-D061F1BECB75}.release|x64.Build.0 = release|x64
+	EndGlobalSection
+	GlobalSection(SolutionProperties) = preSolution
+		HideSolutionNode = FALSE
+	EndGlobalSection
+EndGlobal

Builds/rpm/rippled.spec

@@ -1,53 +0,0 @@
-Name:           rippled
-Version:        0.26.4
-Release:        1%{?dist}
-Summary:        Ripple peer-to-peer network daemon
-
-Group:          Applications/Internet
-License:        ISC
-URL:            https://github.com/ripple/rippled
-
-# curl -L -o SOURCES/rippled-release.zip https://github.com/ripple/rippled/archive/release.zip
-Source0:        rippled-release.zip
-BuildRoot:      %(mktemp -ud %{_tmppath}/%{name}-%{version}-%{release}-XXXXXX)
-
-BuildRequires:  gcc-c++ scons openssl-devel protobuf-devel
-Requires:       protobuf openssl
-
-
-%description
-Rippled is the server component of the Ripple network.
-
-
-%prep
-%setup -n rippled-release
-
-
-%build
-# Assume boost is manually installed
-export RIPPLED_BOOST_HOME=/usr/local/boost_1_55_0
-scons -j `grep -c processor /proc/cpuinfo` build/rippled
-
-
-%install
-rm -rf %{buildroot}
-mkdir -p %{buildroot}/usr/share/%{name}
-cp LICENSE %{buildroot}/usr/share/%{name}/
-mkdir -p %{buildroot}/usr/bin
-cp build/rippled %{buildroot}/usr/bin/rippled
-mkdir -p %{buildroot}/etc/%{name}
-cp doc/rippled-example.cfg %{buildroot}/etc/%{name}/rippled.cfg
-mkdir -p %{buildroot}/var/lib/%{name}/db
-mkdir -p %{buildroot}/var/log/%{name}
-
-
-%clean
-rm -rf %{buildroot}
-
-
-%files
-%defattr(-,root,root,-)
-/usr/bin/rippled
-/usr/share/rippled/LICENSE
-/etc/rippled/rippled-example.cfg
-

README.md

@@ -1,3 +1,77 @@
+![Ripple](/images/ripple.png)
+
+#The World’s Fastest and Most Secure Payment System
+
+**What is Ripple?**
+
+Ripple is the open-source, distributed payment protocol that enables instant
+payments with low fees, no chargebacks, and currency flexibility (for example
+dollars, yen, euros, bitcoins, or even loyalty points). Businesses of any size
+can easily build payment solutions such as banking or remittance apps, and
+accelerate the movement of money. Ripple enables the world to move value the
+way it moves information on the Internet.
+
+![Ripple Network](images/network.png)
+
+**What is a Gateway?**
+
+Ripple works with gateways: independent businesses which hold customer
+deposits in various currencies such as U.S. dollars (USD) or Euros (EUR),
+in exchange for providing cryptographically-signed issuances that users can
+send and trade with one another in seconds on the Ripple network. Within the
+protocol, exchanges between multiple currencies can occur atomically without
+any central authority to monitor them. Later, customers can withdraw their
+Ripple balances from the gateways that created those issuances.
+
+**How do Ripple payments work?**
+
+A sender specifies the amount and currency the recipient should receive and
+Ripple automatically converts the sender’s available currencies using the
+distributed order books integrated into the Ripple protocol. Independent third
+parties acting as  market makers provide liquidity in these order books.
+
+Ripple uses a pathfinding algorithm that considers currency pairs when
+converting from the source to the destination currency. This algorithm searches
+for a series of currency swaps that gives the user the lowest cost. Since
+anyone can participate as a market maker, market forces drive fees to the
+lowest practical level.
+
+**What can you do with Ripple?**
+
+The protocol is entirely open-source and the network’s shared ledger is public
+information, so no central authority prevents anyone from participating. Anyone
+can become a market maker, create a wallet or a gateway, or monitor network
+behavior. Competition drives down spreads and fees, making the network useful
+to everyone.
+
+
+###Key Protocol Features
+1. XRP is Ripple’s native [cryptocurrency]
+(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptocurrency) with a fixed supply that
+decreases slowly over time, with no mining. XRP acts as a bridge currency, and
+pays for transaction fees that protect the network against spam.
+![XRP as a bridge currency](/images/vehicle_currency.png)
+
+2. Pathfinding discovers cheap and efficient payment paths through multiple
+[order books](https://www.ripplecharts.com) allowing anyone to [trade](https://www.rippletrade.com) anything. When two accounts aren’t linked by relationships of trust, the Ripple pathfinding engine considers intermediate links and order books to produce a set of possible paths the transaction can take. When the payment is processed, the liquidity along these paths is iteratively consumed in best-first order.
+![Pathfinding from Dollars to Euro](/images/pathfinding.png)
+
+3. [Consensus](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pj1QVb1vlC0) confirms
+transactions in an atomic fashion, without mining, ensuring efficient use of
+resources.
+
+[transact]: https://ripple.com/files/ripple-FIs.pdf
+[build]:    https://ripple.com/build/
+
+[transact.png]:   /images/transact.png
+[build.png]:      /images/build.png
+[contribute.png]: /images/contribute.png
+
+###Join The Ripple Community
+|![Transact][transact.png]|![Build][build.png]|![Contribute][contribute.png]|
+|:-----------------------:|:-----------------:|:---------------------------:|
+|[Transact on the fastest payment infrastructure][transact]|[Build Imaginative Apps][build]|Contribute to the Ripple Protocol Implementation|
+
 #rippled - Ripple P2P server
 
 ##[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/ripple/rippled.png?branch=develop)](https://travis-ci.org/ripple/rippled)
@@ -10,6 +84,9 @@ This is the repository for Ripple's `rippled`, reference P2P server.
 ###Setup instructions:
 * https://ripple.com/wiki/Rippled_setup_instructions
 
+###Issues
+* https://ripplelabs.atlassian.net/browse/RIPD
+
 ### Repository Contents
 
 #### ./bin
@@ -37,5 +114,16 @@ Ripple is open source and permissively licensed under the ISC license. See the
 LICENSE file for more details.
 
 ###For more information:
-* https://ripple.com
+* Ripple Wiki - https://ripple.com/wiki/
-* https://ripple.com/wiki
+* Ripple Primer - https://ripple.com/ripple_primer.pdf
+* Ripple Primer (Market Making) - https://ripple.com/ripple-mm.pdf
+* Ripple Gateway Primer - https://ripple.com/ripple-gateways.pdf
+* Consensus - https://wiki.ripple.com/Consensus
+
+- - -
+
+Copyright © 2015, Ripple Labs. All rights reserved.
+
+Portions of this document, including but not limited to the Ripple logo, images
+and image templates are the property of Ripple Labs and cannot be copied or
+used without permission.

appveyor.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+# Set environment variables.
+environment:
+  PYTHON: C:/Python27-x64
+
+  # We bundle up protoc.exe and only the parts of boost and openssl we need so
+  # that it's a small download. We also use appveyor's free cache, avoiding fees
+  # downloading from S3 each time. 
+  # TODO: script to create this package.
+  RIPPLED_DEPS_URL: https://ripple.github.io/Downloads/appveyor/rippled_deps15.01.zip
+
+  # Other dependencies we just download each time.
+  PIP_URL: https://bootstrap.pypa.io/get-pip.py
+  PYWIN32_URL: https://downloads.sourceforge.net/project/pywin32/pywin32/Build%20219/pywin32-219.win-amd64-py2.7.exe
+
+  # Scons honours these environment variables, setting the include/lib paths.
+  BOOST_ROOT: C:/rippled_deps15.01/boost
+  OPENSSL_ROOT: C:/rippled_deps15.01/openssl
+
+os: Visual Studio 2015
+
+# At the end of each successful build we cache this directory. It must be less
+# than 100MB total compressed.
+cache:
+  - "C:\\rippled_deps15.01"
+
+# This means we'll download a zip of the branch we want, rather than the full
+# history.
+shallow_clone: true
+
+install:
+  # We want easy_install, python and protoc.exe on PATH.
+  - SET PATH=%PYTHON%;%PYTHON%/Scripts;C:/rippled_deps15.01;%PATH%
+
+  # `ps` prefix means the command is executed by powershell.
+  - ps: Start-FileDownload $env:PIP_URL
+  - ps: Start-FileDownload $env:PYWIN32_URL
+
+  # Installing pip will install setuptools/easy_install.
+  - python get-pip.py
+
+  # Pip has some problems installing scons on windows so we use easy install.
+  - easy_install scons
+
+  # Scons has problems with parallel builds on windows without pywin32.
+  - easy_install pywin32-219.win-amd64-py2.7.exe
+  # (easy_install can do headless installs of .exe wizards)
+
+  # Download dependencies if appveyor didn't restore them from the cache.
+  # Use 7zip to unzip.
+  - ps: |
+        if (-not(Test-Path 'C:/rippled_deps15.01')) {
+            echo "Download from $env:RIPPLED_DEPS_URL"
+            Start-FileDownload "$env:RIPPLED_DEPS_URL"
+            7z x rippled_deps15.01.zip -oC:\ -y > $null
+        }
+
+  # Newer DEPS include a versions file.
+  # Dump it so we can verify correct behavior.
+  - ps: |
+        if (Test-Path 'C:/rippled_deps15.01/versions.txt') {
+          cat 'C:/rippled_deps15.01/versions.txt'
+        }
+
+# TODO: This is giving me grief
+# artifacts:
+#   # Save rippled.exe in the cloud after each build.
+#   - path: "build\\rippled.exe"
+
+build_script:
+  # We set the environment variables needed to put compilers on the PATH.
+  - '"%VS140COMNTOOLS%../../VC/vcvarsall.bat" x86_amd64'
+  # Show which version of the compiler we are using.
+  - cl
+  - scons msvc.debug -j%NUMBER_OF_PROCESSORS%
+
+after_build:
+  # Put our executable in a place where npm test can find it.
+  - ps: cp build/msvc.debug/rippled.exe build
+  - ps: ls build
+
+test_script:
+  # Run the unit tests
+  - build\\rippled --unittest
+
+  # Run the integration tests
+  - npm install --progress=false
+  - npm test

bin/LT

@@ -1 +1 @@
-LedgerTool.py
+python/LedgerTool.py

bin/ci/ubuntu/build-and-test.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+#!/bin/bash -u
+# We use set -e and bash with -u to bail on first non zero exit code of any
+# processes launched or upon any unbound variable
+set -e
+__dirname=$( cd "$( dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}" )" && pwd )
+echo "using CC: $CC"
+echo "using TARGET: $TARGET"
+export RIPPLED_PATH="$PWD/build/$CC.$TARGET/rippled"
+echo "using RIPPLED_PATH: $RIPPLED_PATH"
+# Make sure vcxproj is up to date
+scons vcxproj
+git diff --exit-code
+# $CC will be either `clang` or `gcc`
+# http://docs.travis-ci.com/user/migrating-from-legacy/?utm_source=legacy-notice&utm_medium=banner&utm_campaign=legacy-upgrade
+#   indicates that 2 cores are available to containers.
+scons -j${NUM_PROCESSORS:-2} $CC.$TARGET
+# We can be sure we're using the build/$CC.$TARGET variant
+# (-f so never err)
+rm -f build/rippled
+
+# See what we've actually built
+ldd $RIPPLED_PATH
+if [[ $TARGET == "coverage" ]]; then
+  $RIPPLED_PATH --unittest
+  # We pass along -p to keep path segments so as to avoid collisions
+  codecov --gcov-args=-p --gcov-source-match='^src/(ripple|beast)'
+else
+  if [[ $CC == "clang" ]]; then
+    # gdb segfaults with a clang build
+    $RIPPLED_PATH --unittest
+  else
+    # Run unittests (under gdb)
+    cat $__dirname/unittests.gdb | gdb \
+        --return-child-result \
+        --args $RIPPLED_PATH --unittest
+  fi
+fi
+
+# Run NPM tests
+npm install --progress=false
+npm test --rippled=$RIPPLED_PATH

bin/ci/ubuntu/install-dependencies.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+#!/bin/bash -u
+# Exit if anything fails.
+set -e
+# Override gcc version to $GCC_VER.
+# Put an appropriate symlink at the front of the path.
+mkdir -v $HOME/bin
+for g in gcc g++ gcov gcc-ar gcc-nm gcc-ranlib
+do
+  test -x $( type -p ${g}-$GCC_VER )
+  ln -sv $(type -p ${g}-$GCC_VER) $HOME/bin/${g}
+done
+for c in clang clang++
+do
+    test -x $( type -p ${c}-$CLANG_VER )
+    ln -sv $(type -p ${c}-$CLANG_VER) $HOME/bin/${c}
+done
+export PATH=$PWD/bin:$PATH
+
+# What versions are we ACTUALLY running?
+if [ -x $HOME/bin/g++ ]; then
+    $HOME/bin/g++ -v
+fi
+if [ -x $HOME/bin/clang ]; then
+    $HOME/bin/clang -v
+fi
+# Avoid `spurious errors` caused by ~/.npm permission issues
+# Does it already exist? Who owns? What permissions?
+ls -lah ~/.npm || mkdir ~/.npm
+# Make sure we own it
+chown -Rc $USER ~/.npm
+# We use this so we can filter the subtrees from our coverage report
+pip install --user https://github.com/sublimator/codecov-python/zipball/source-match
+
+bash bin/sh/install-boost.sh

bin/ci/ubuntu/unittests.gdb

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+set env MALLOC_CHECK_=3
+set print thread-events off
+run
+backtrace full

bin/manifest

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+python/Manifest.py

bin/python/Manifest.py

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+import sys
+from ripple.util import Sign
+
+result = Sign.run_command(sys.argv[1:])
+exit(0 if result else -1)

bin/python/ecdsa/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+__all__ = ["curves", "der", "ecdsa", "ellipticcurve", "keys", "numbertheory",
+           "test_pyecdsa", "util", "six"]
+from .keys import SigningKey, VerifyingKey, BadSignatureError, BadDigestError
+from .curves import NIST192p, NIST224p, NIST256p, NIST384p, NIST521p, SECP256k1
+
+_hush_pyflakes = [SigningKey, VerifyingKey, BadSignatureError, BadDigestError,
+                  NIST192p, NIST224p, NIST256p, NIST384p, NIST521p, SECP256k1]
+del _hush_pyflakes
+
+# This code comes from http://github.com/warner/python-ecdsa
+
+from ._version import get_versions
+__version__ = get_versions()['version']
+del get_versions

bin/python/ecdsa/_version.py

@@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
+
+# This file helps to compute a version number in source trees obtained from
+# git-archive tarball (such as those provided by githubs download-from-tag
+# feature). Distribution tarballs (built by setup.py sdist) and build
+# directories (produced by setup.py build) will contain a much shorter file
+# that just contains the computed version number.
+
+# This file is released into the public domain. Generated by
+# versioneer-0.12 (https://github.com/warner/python-versioneer)
+
+# these strings will be replaced by git during git-archive
+git_refnames = " (HEAD, master)"
+git_full = "e7a6daff51221b8edd888cff404596ef90432869"
+
+# these strings are filled in when 'setup.py versioneer' creates _version.py
+tag_prefix = "python-ecdsa-"
+parentdir_prefix = "ecdsa-"
+versionfile_source = "ecdsa/_version.py"
+
+import os, sys, re, subprocess, errno
+
+def run_command(commands, args, cwd=None, verbose=False, hide_stderr=False):
+    assert isinstance(commands, list)
+    p = None
+    for c in commands:
+        try:
+            # remember shell=False, so use git.cmd on windows, not just git
+            p = subprocess.Popen([c] + args, cwd=cwd, stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+                                 stderr=(subprocess.PIPE if hide_stderr
+                                         else None))
+            break
+        except EnvironmentError:
+            e = sys.exc_info()[1]
+            if e.errno == errno.ENOENT:
+                continue
+            if verbose:
+                print("unable to run %s" % args[0])
+                print(e)
+            return None
+    else:
+        if verbose:
+            print("unable to find command, tried %s" % (commands,))
+        return None
+    stdout = p.communicate()[0].strip()
+    if sys.version >= '3':
+        stdout = stdout.decode()
+    if p.returncode != 0:
+        if verbose:
+            print("unable to run %s (error)" % args[0])
+        return None
+    return stdout
+
+
+def versions_from_parentdir(parentdir_prefix, root, verbose=False):
+    # Source tarballs conventionally unpack into a directory that includes
+    # both the project name and a version string.
+    dirname = os.path.basename(root)
+    if not dirname.startswith(parentdir_prefix):
+        if verbose:
+            print("guessing rootdir is '%s', but '%s' doesn't start with prefix '%s'" %
+                  (root, dirname, parentdir_prefix))
+        return None
+    return {"version": dirname[len(parentdir_prefix):], "full": ""}
+
+def git_get_keywords(versionfile_abs):
+    # the code embedded in _version.py can just fetch the value of these
+    # keywords. When used from setup.py, we don't want to import _version.py,
+    # so we do it with a regexp instead. This function is not used from
+    # _version.py.
+    keywords = {}
+    try:
+        f = open(versionfile_abs,"r")
+        for line in f.readlines():
+            if line.strip().startswith("git_refnames ="):
+                mo = re.search(r'=\s*"(.*)"', line)
+                if mo:
+                    keywords["refnames"] = mo.group(1)
+            if line.strip().startswith("git_full ="):
+                mo = re.search(r'=\s*"(.*)"', line)
+                if mo:
+                    keywords["full"] = mo.group(1)
+        f.close()
+    except EnvironmentError:
+        pass
+    return keywords
+
+def git_versions_from_keywords(keywords, tag_prefix, verbose=False):
+    if not keywords:
+        return {} # keyword-finding function failed to find keywords
+    refnames = keywords["refnames"].strip()
+    if refnames.startswith("$Format"):
+        if verbose:
+            print("keywords are unexpanded, not using")
+        return {} # unexpanded, so not in an unpacked git-archive tarball
+    refs = set([r.strip() for r in refnames.strip("()").split(",")])
+    # starting in git-1.8.3, tags are listed as "tag: foo-1.0" instead of
+    # just "foo-1.0". If we see a "tag: " prefix, prefer those.
+    TAG = "tag: "
+    tags = set([r[len(TAG):] for r in refs if r.startswith(TAG)])
+    if not tags:
+        # Either we're using git < 1.8.3, or there really are no tags. We use
+        # a heuristic: assume all version tags have a digit. The old git %d
+        # expansion behaves like git log --decorate=short and strips out the
+        # refs/heads/ and refs/tags/ prefixes that would let us distinguish
+        # between branches and tags. By ignoring refnames without digits, we
+        # filter out many common branch names like "release" and
+        # "stabilization", as well as "HEAD" and "master".
+        tags = set([r for r in refs if re.search(r'\d', r)])
+        if verbose:
+            print("discarding '%s', no digits" % ",".join(refs-tags))
+    if verbose:
+        print("likely tags: %s" % ",".join(sorted(tags)))
+    for ref in sorted(tags):
+        # sorting will prefer e.g. "2.0" over "2.0rc1"
+        if ref.startswith(tag_prefix):
+            r = ref[len(tag_prefix):]
+            if verbose:
+                print("picking %s" % r)
+            return { "version": r,
+                     "full": keywords["full"].strip() }
+    # no suitable tags, so we use the full revision id
+    if verbose:
+        print("no suitable tags, using full revision id")
+    return { "version": keywords["full"].strip(),
+             "full": keywords["full"].strip() }
+
+
+def git_versions_from_vcs(tag_prefix, root, verbose=False):
+    # this runs 'git' from the root of the source tree. This only gets called
+    # if the git-archive 'subst' keywords were *not* expanded, and
+    # _version.py hasn't already been rewritten with a short version string,
+    # meaning we're inside a checked out source tree.
+
+    if not os.path.exists(os.path.join(root, ".git")):
+        if verbose:
+            print("no .git in %s" % root)
+        return {}
+
+    GITS = ["git"]
+    if sys.platform == "win32":
+        GITS = ["git.cmd", "git.exe"]
+    stdout = run_command(GITS, ["describe", "--tags", "--dirty", "--always"],
+                         cwd=root)
+    if stdout is None:
+        return {}
+    if not stdout.startswith(tag_prefix):
+        if verbose:
+            print("tag '%s' doesn't start with prefix '%s'" % (stdout, tag_prefix))
+        return {}
+    tag = stdout[len(tag_prefix):]
+    stdout = run_command(GITS, ["rev-parse", "HEAD"], cwd=root)
+    if stdout is None:
+        return {}
+    full = stdout.strip()
+    if tag.endswith("-dirty"):
+        full += "-dirty"
+    return {"version": tag, "full": full}
+
+
+def get_versions(default={"version": "unknown", "full": ""}, verbose=False):
+    # I am in _version.py, which lives at ROOT/VERSIONFILE_SOURCE. If we have
+    # __file__, we can work backwards from there to the root. Some
+    # py2exe/bbfreeze/non-CPython implementations don't do __file__, in which
+    # case we can only use expanded keywords.
+
+    keywords = { "refnames": git_refnames, "full": git_full }
+    ver = git_versions_from_keywords(keywords, tag_prefix, verbose)
+    if ver:
+        return ver
+
+    try:
+        root = os.path.abspath(__file__)
+        # versionfile_source is the relative path from the top of the source
+        # tree (where the .git directory might live) to this file. Invert
+        # this to find the root from __file__.
+        for i in range(len(versionfile_source.split(os.sep))):
+            root = os.path.dirname(root)
+    except NameError:
+        return default
+
+    return (git_versions_from_vcs(tag_prefix, root, verbose)
+            or versions_from_parentdir(parentdir_prefix, root, verbose)
+            or default)

bin/python/ecdsa/curves.py

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+from __future__ import division
+
+from . import der, ecdsa
+
+class UnknownCurveError(Exception):
+    pass
+
+def orderlen(order):
+    return (1+len("%x"%order))//2 # bytes
+
+# the NIST curves
+class Curve:
+    def __init__(self, name, openssl_name,
+                 curve, generator, oid):
+        self.name = name
+        self.openssl_name = openssl_name # maybe None
+        self.curve = curve
+        self.generator = generator
+        self.order = generator.order()
+        self.baselen = orderlen(self.order)
+        self.verifying_key_length = 2*self.baselen
+        self.signature_length = 2*self.baselen
+        self.oid = oid
+        self.encoded_oid = der.encode_oid(*oid)
+
+NIST192p = Curve("NIST192p", "prime192v1",
+                 ecdsa.curve_192, ecdsa.generator_192,
+                 (1, 2, 840, 10045, 3, 1, 1))
+NIST224p = Curve("NIST224p", "secp224r1",
+                 ecdsa.curve_224, ecdsa.generator_224,
+                 (1, 3, 132, 0, 33))
+NIST256p = Curve("NIST256p", "prime256v1",
+                 ecdsa.curve_256, ecdsa.generator_256,
+                 (1, 2, 840, 10045, 3, 1, 7))
+NIST384p = Curve("NIST384p", "secp384r1",
+                 ecdsa.curve_384, ecdsa.generator_384,
+                 (1, 3, 132, 0, 34))
+NIST521p = Curve("NIST521p", "secp521r1",
+                 ecdsa.curve_521, ecdsa.generator_521,
+                 (1, 3, 132, 0, 35))
+SECP256k1 = Curve("SECP256k1", "secp256k1",
+                  ecdsa.curve_secp256k1, ecdsa.generator_secp256k1,
+                  (1, 3, 132, 0, 10))
+
+curves = [NIST192p, NIST224p, NIST256p, NIST384p, NIST521p, SECP256k1]
+
+def find_curve(oid_curve):
+    for c in curves:
+        if c.oid == oid_curve:
+            return c
+    raise UnknownCurveError("I don't know about the curve with oid %s."
+                            "I only know about these: %s" %
+                            (oid_curve, [c.name for c in curves]))

bin/python/ecdsa/der.py

@@ -0,0 +1,199 @@
+from __future__ import division
+
+import binascii
+import base64
+from .six import int2byte, b, integer_types, text_type
+
+class UnexpectedDER(Exception):
+    pass
+
+def encode_constructed(tag, value):
+    return int2byte(0xa0+tag) + encode_length(len(value)) + value
+def encode_integer(r):
+    assert r >= 0 # can't support negative numbers yet
+    h = ("%x" % r).encode()
+    if len(h) % 2:
+        h = b("0") + h
+    s = binascii.unhexlify(h)
+    num = s[0] if isinstance(s[0], integer_types) else ord(s[0])
+    if num <= 0x7f:
+        return b("\x02") + int2byte(len(s)) + s
+    else:
+        # DER integers are two's complement, so if the first byte is
+        # 0x80-0xff then we need an extra 0x00 byte to prevent it from
+        # looking negative.
+        return b("\x02") + int2byte(len(s)+1) + b("\x00") + s
+
+def encode_bitstring(s):
+    return b("\x03") + encode_length(len(s)) + s
+def encode_octet_string(s):
+    return b("\x04") + encode_length(len(s)) + s
+def encode_oid(first, second, *pieces):
+    assert first <= 2
+    assert second <= 39
+    encoded_pieces = [int2byte(40*first+second)] + [encode_number(p)
+                                                    for p in pieces]
+    body = b('').join(encoded_pieces)
+    return b('\x06') + encode_length(len(body)) + body
+def encode_sequence(*encoded_pieces):
+    total_len = sum([len(p) for p in encoded_pieces])
+    return b('\x30') + encode_length(total_len) + b('').join(encoded_pieces)
+def encode_number(n):
+    b128_digits = []
+    while n:
+        b128_digits.insert(0, (n & 0x7f) | 0x80)
+        n = n >> 7
+    if not b128_digits:
+        b128_digits.append(0)
+    b128_digits[-1] &= 0x7f
+    return b('').join([int2byte(d) for d in b128_digits])
+
+def remove_constructed(string):
+    s0 = string[0] if isinstance(string[0], integer_types) else ord(string[0])
+    if (s0 & 0xe0) != 0xa0:
+        raise UnexpectedDER("wanted constructed tag (0xa0-0xbf), got 0x%02x"
+                            % s0)
+    tag = s0 & 0x1f
+    length, llen = read_length(string[1:])
+    body = string[1+llen:1+llen+length]
+    rest = string[1+llen+length:]
+    return tag, body, rest
+
+def remove_sequence(string):
+    if not string.startswith(b("\x30")):
+        n = string[0] if isinstance(string[0], integer_types) else ord(string[0])
+        raise UnexpectedDER("wanted sequence (0x30), got 0x%02x" % n)
+    length, lengthlength = read_length(string[1:])
+    endseq = 1+lengthlength+length
+    return string[1+lengthlength:endseq], string[endseq:]
+
+def remove_octet_string(string):
+    if not string.startswith(b("\x04")):
+        n = string[0] if isinstance(string[0], integer_types) else ord(string[0])
+        raise UnexpectedDER("wanted octetstring (0x04), got 0x%02x" % n)
+    length, llen = read_length(string[1:])
+    body = string[1+llen:1+llen+length]
+    rest = string[1+llen+length:]
+    return body, rest
+
+def remove_object(string):
+    if not string.startswith(b("\x06")):
+        n = string[0] if isinstance(string[0], integer_types) else ord(string[0])
+        raise UnexpectedDER("wanted object (0x06), got 0x%02x" % n)
+    length, lengthlength = read_length(string[1:])
+    body = string[1+lengthlength:1+lengthlength+length]
+    rest = string[1+lengthlength+length:]
+    numbers = []
+    while body:
+        n, ll = read_number(body)
+        numbers.append(n)
+        body = body[ll:]
+    n0 = numbers.pop(0)
+    first = n0//40
+    second = n0-(40*first)
+    numbers.insert(0, first)
+    numbers.insert(1, second)
+    return tuple(numbers), rest
+
+def remove_integer(string):
+    if not string.startswith(b("\x02")):
+        n = string[0] if isinstance(string[0], integer_types) else ord(string[0])
+        raise UnexpectedDER("wanted integer (0x02), got 0x%02x" % n)
+    length, llen = read_length(string[1:])
+    numberbytes = string[1+llen:1+llen+length]
+    rest = string[1+llen+length:]
+    nbytes = numberbytes[0] if isinstance(numberbytes[0], integer_types) else ord(numberbytes[0])
+    assert nbytes < 0x80 # can't support negative numbers yet
+    return int(binascii.hexlify(numberbytes), 16), rest
+
+def read_number(string):
+    number = 0
+    llen = 0
+    # base-128 big endian, with b7 set in all but the last byte
+    while True:
+        if llen > len(string):
+            raise UnexpectedDER("ran out of length bytes")
+        number = number << 7
+        d = string[llen] if isinstance(string[llen], integer_types) else ord(string[llen])
+        number += (d & 0x7f)
+        llen += 1
+        if not d & 0x80:
+            break
+    return number, llen
+
+def encode_length(l):
+    assert l >= 0
+    if l < 0x80:
+        return int2byte(l)
+    s = ("%x" % l).encode()
+    if len(s)%2:
+        s = b("0")+s
+    s = binascii.unhexlify(s)
+    llen = len(s)
+    return int2byte(0x80|llen) + s
+
+def read_length(string):
+    num = string[0] if isinstance(string[0], integer_types) else ord(string[0])
+    if not (num & 0x80):
+        # short form
+        return (num & 0x7f), 1
+    # else long-form: b0&0x7f is number of additional base256 length bytes,
+    # big-endian
+    llen = num & 0x7f
+    if llen > len(string)-1:
+        raise UnexpectedDER("ran out of length bytes")
+    return int(binascii.hexlify(string[1:1+llen]), 16), 1+llen
+
+def remove_bitstring(string):
+    num = string[0] if isinstance(string[0], integer_types) else ord(string[0])
+    if not string.startswith(b("\x03")):
+        raise UnexpectedDER("wanted bitstring (0x03), got 0x%02x" % num)
+    length, llen = read_length(string[1:])
+    body = string[1+llen:1+llen+length]
+    rest = string[1+llen+length:]
+    return body, rest
+
+# SEQUENCE([1, STRING(secexp), cont[0], OBJECT(curvename), cont[1], BINTSTRING)
+
+
+# signatures: (from RFC3279)
+#  ansi-X9-62  OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
+#       iso(1) member-body(2) us(840) 10045 }
+#
+#  id-ecSigType OBJECT IDENTIFIER  ::=  {
+#       ansi-X9-62 signatures(4) }
+#  ecdsa-with-SHA1  OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
+#       id-ecSigType 1 }
+## so 1,2,840,10045,4,1
+## so 0x42, .. ..
+
+#  Ecdsa-Sig-Value  ::=  SEQUENCE  {
+#       r     INTEGER,
+#       s     INTEGER  }
+
+# id-public-key-type OBJECT IDENTIFIER  ::= { ansi-X9.62 2 }
+#
+# id-ecPublicKey OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { id-publicKeyType 1 }
+
+# I think the secp224r1 identifier is (t=06,l=05,v=2b81040021)
+#  secp224r1 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
+#  iso(1) identified-organization(3) certicom(132) curve(0) 33 }
+# and the secp384r1 is (t=06,l=05,v=2b81040022)
+#  secp384r1 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
+#  iso(1) identified-organization(3) certicom(132) curve(0) 34 }
+
+def unpem(pem):
+    if isinstance(pem, text_type):
+        pem = pem.encode()
+
+    d = b("").join([l.strip() for l in pem.split(b("\n"))
+                    if l and not l.startswith(b("-----"))])
+    return base64.b64decode(d)
+def topem(der, name):
+    b64 = base64.b64encode(der)
+    lines = [("-----BEGIN %s-----\n" % name).encode()]
+    lines.extend([b64[start:start+64]+b("\n")
+                  for start in range(0, len(b64), 64)])
+    lines.append(("-----END %s-----\n" % name).encode())
+    return b("").join(lines)
+

bin/python/ecdsa/ecdsa.py

@@ -0,0 +1,576 @@
+#! /usr/bin/env python
+
+"""
+Implementation of Elliptic-Curve Digital Signatures.
+
+Classes and methods for elliptic-curve signatures:
+private keys, public keys, signatures,
+NIST prime-modulus curves with modulus lengths of
+192, 224, 256, 384, and 521 bits.
+
+Example:
+
+  # (In real-life applications, you would probably want to
+  # protect against defects in SystemRandom.)
+  from random import SystemRandom
+  randrange = SystemRandom().randrange
+
+  # Generate a public/private key pair using the NIST Curve P-192:
+
+  g = generator_192
+  n = g.order()
+  secret = randrange( 1, n )
+  pubkey = Public_key( g, g * secret )
+  privkey = Private_key( pubkey, secret )
+
+  # Signing a hash value:
+
+  hash = randrange( 1, n )
+  signature = privkey.sign( hash, randrange( 1, n ) )
+
+  # Verifying a signature for a hash value:
+
+  if pubkey.verifies( hash, signature ):
+    print_("Demo verification succeeded.")
+  else:
+    print_("*** Demo verification failed.")
+
+  # Verification fails if the hash value is modified:
+
+  if pubkey.verifies( hash-1, signature ):
+    print_("**** Demo verification failed to reject tampered hash.")
+  else:
+    print_("Demo verification correctly rejected tampered hash.")
+
+Version of 2009.05.16.
+
+Revision history:
+      2005.12.31 - Initial version.
+      2008.11.25 - Substantial revisions introducing new classes.
+      2009.05.16 - Warn against using random.randrange in real applications.
+      2009.05.17 - Use random.SystemRandom by default.
+
+Written in 2005 by Peter Pearson and placed in the public domain.
+"""
+
+from .six import int2byte, b, print_
+from . import ellipticcurve
+from . import numbertheory
+import random
+
+
+
+class Signature( object ):
+  """ECDSA signature.
+  """
+  def __init__( self, r, s ):
+    self.r = r
+    self.s = s
+
+
+
+class Public_key( object ):
+  """Public key for ECDSA.
+  """
+
+  def __init__( self, generator, point ):
+    """generator is the Point that generates the group,
+    point is the Point that defines the public key.
+    """
+
+    self.curve = generator.curve()
+    self.generator = generator
+    self.point = point
+    n = generator.order()
+    if not n:
+      raise RuntimeError("Generator point must have order.")
+    if not n * point == ellipticcurve.INFINITY:
+      raise RuntimeError("Generator point order is bad.")
+    if point.x() < 0 or n <= point.x() or point.y() < 0 or n <= point.y():
+      raise RuntimeError("Generator point has x or y out of range.")
+
+
+  def verifies( self, hash, signature ):
+    """Verify that signature is a valid signature of hash.
+    Return True if the signature is valid.
+    """
+
+    # From X9.62 J.3.1.
+
+    G = self.generator
+    n = G.order()
+    r = signature.r
+    s = signature.s
+    if r < 1 or r > n-1: return False
+    if s < 1 or s > n-1: return False
+    c = numbertheory.inverse_mod( s, n )
+    u1 = ( hash * c ) % n
+    u2 = ( r * c ) % n
+    xy = u1 * G + u2 * self.point
+    v = xy.x() % n
+    return v == r
+
+
+
+class Private_key( object ):
+  """Private key for ECDSA.
+  """
+
+  def __init__( self, public_key, secret_multiplier ):
+    """public_key is of class Public_key;
+    secret_multiplier is a large integer.
+    """
+
+    self.public_key = public_key
+    self.secret_multiplier = secret_multiplier
+
+  def sign( self, hash, random_k ):
+    """Return a signature for the provided hash, using the provided
+    random nonce.  It is absolutely vital that random_k be an unpredictable
+    number in the range [1, self.public_key.point.order()-1].  If
+    an attacker can guess random_k, he can compute our private key from a
+    single signature.  Also, if an attacker knows a few high-order
+    bits (or a few low-order bits) of random_k, he can compute our private
+    key from many signatures.  The generation of nonces with adequate
+    cryptographic strength is very difficult and far beyond the scope
+    of this comment.
+
+    May raise RuntimeError, in which case retrying with a new
+    random value k is in order.
+    """
+
+    G = self.public_key.generator
+    n = G.order()
+    k = random_k % n
+    p1 = k * G
+    r = p1.x()
+    if r == 0: raise RuntimeError("amazingly unlucky random number r")
+    s = ( numbertheory.inverse_mod( k, n ) * \
+          ( hash + ( self.secret_multiplier * r ) % n ) ) % n
+    if s == 0: raise RuntimeError("amazingly unlucky random number s")
+    return Signature( r, s )
+
+
+
+def int_to_string( x ):
+  """Convert integer x into a string of bytes, as per X9.62."""
+  assert x >= 0
+  if x == 0: return b('\0')
+  result = []
+  while x:
+    ordinal = x & 0xFF
+    result.append(int2byte(ordinal))
+    x >>= 8
+
+  result.reverse()
+  return b('').join(result)
+
+
+def string_to_int( s ):
+  """Convert a string of bytes into an integer, as per X9.62."""
+  result = 0
+  for c in s:
+    if not isinstance(c, int): c = ord( c )
+    result = 256 * result + c
+  return result
+
+
+def digest_integer( m ):
+  """Convert an integer into a string of bytes, compute
+     its SHA-1 hash, and convert the result to an integer."""
+  #
+  # I don't expect this function to be used much. I wrote
+  # it in order to be able to duplicate the examples
+  # in ECDSAVS.
+  #
+  from hashlib import sha1
+  return string_to_int( sha1( int_to_string( m ) ).digest() )
+
+
+def point_is_valid( generator, x, y ):
+  """Is (x,y) a valid public key based on the specified generator?"""
+
+  # These are the tests specified in X9.62.
+
+  n = generator.order()
+  curve = generator.curve()
+  if x < 0 or n <= x or y < 0 or n <= y:
+    return False
+  if not curve.contains_point( x, y ):
+    return False
+  if not n*ellipticcurve.Point( curve, x, y ) == \
+     ellipticcurve.INFINITY:
+    return False
+  return True
+
+
+
+# NIST Curve P-192:
+_p = 6277101735386680763835789423207666416083908700390324961279
+_r = 6277101735386680763835789423176059013767194773182842284081
+# s = 0x3045ae6fc8422f64ed579528d38120eae12196d5L
+# c = 0x3099d2bbbfcb2538542dcd5fb078b6ef5f3d6fe2c745de65L
+_b = 0x64210519e59c80e70fa7e9ab72243049feb8deecc146b9b1
+_Gx = 0x188da80eb03090f67cbf20eb43a18800f4ff0afd82ff1012
+_Gy = 0x07192b95ffc8da78631011ed6b24cdd573f977a11e794811
+
+curve_192 = ellipticcurve.CurveFp( _p, -3, _b )
+generator_192 = ellipticcurve.Point( curve_192, _Gx, _Gy, _r )
+
+
+# NIST Curve P-224:
+_p = 26959946667150639794667015087019630673557916260026308143510066298881
+_r = 26959946667150639794667015087019625940457807714424391721682722368061
+# s = 0xbd71344799d5c7fcdc45b59fa3b9ab8f6a948bc5L
+# c = 0x5b056c7e11dd68f40469ee7f3c7a7d74f7d121116506d031218291fbL
+_b = 0xb4050a850c04b3abf54132565044b0b7d7bfd8ba270b39432355ffb4
+_Gx =0xb70e0cbd6bb4bf7f321390b94a03c1d356c21122343280d6115c1d21
+_Gy = 0xbd376388b5f723fb4c22dfe6cd4375a05a07476444d5819985007e34
+
+curve_224 = ellipticcurve.CurveFp( _p, -3, _b )
+generator_224 = ellipticcurve.Point( curve_224, _Gx, _Gy, _r )
+
+# NIST Curve P-256:
+_p = 115792089210356248762697446949407573530086143415290314195533631308867097853951
+_r = 115792089210356248762697446949407573529996955224135760342422259061068512044369
+# s = 0xc49d360886e704936a6678e1139d26b7819f7e90L
+# c = 0x7efba1662985be9403cb055c75d4f7e0ce8d84a9c5114abcaf3177680104fa0dL
+_b = 0x5ac635d8aa3a93e7b3ebbd55769886bc651d06b0cc53b0f63bce3c3e27d2604b
+_Gx = 0x6b17d1f2e12c4247f8bce6e563a440f277037d812deb33a0f4a13945d898c296
+_Gy = 0x4fe342e2fe1a7f9b8ee7eb4a7c0f9e162bce33576b315ececbb6406837bf51f5
+
+curve_256 = ellipticcurve.CurveFp( _p, -3, _b )
+generator_256 = ellipticcurve.Point( curve_256, _Gx, _Gy, _r )
+
+# NIST Curve P-384:
+_p = 39402006196394479212279040100143613805079739270465446667948293404245721771496870329047266088258938001861606973112319
+_r = 39402006196394479212279040100143613805079739270465446667946905279627659399113263569398956308152294913554433653942643
+# s = 0xa335926aa319a27a1d00896a6773a4827acdac73L
+# c = 0x79d1e655f868f02fff48dcdee14151ddb80643c1406d0ca10dfe6fc52009540a495e8042ea5f744f6e184667cc722483L
+_b = 0xb3312fa7e23ee7e4988e056be3f82d19181d9c6efe8141120314088f5013875ac656398d8a2ed19d2a85c8edd3ec2aef
+_Gx = 0xaa87ca22be8b05378eb1c71ef320ad746e1d3b628ba79b9859f741e082542a385502f25dbf55296c3a545e3872760ab7
+_Gy = 0x3617de4a96262c6f5d9e98bf9292dc29f8f41dbd289a147ce9da3113b5f0b8c00a60b1ce1d7e819d7a431d7c90ea0e5f
+
+curve_384 = ellipticcurve.CurveFp( _p, -3, _b )
+generator_384 = ellipticcurve.Point( curve_384, _Gx, _Gy, _r )
+
+# NIST Curve P-521:
+_p = 6864797660130609714981900799081393217269435300143305409394463459185543183397656052122559640661454554977296311391480858037121987999716643812574028291115057151
+_r = 6864797660130609714981900799081393217269435300143305409394463459185543183397655394245057746333217197532963996371363321113864768612440380340372808892707005449
+# s = 0xd09e8800291cb85396cc6717393284aaa0da64baL
+# c = 0x0b48bfa5f420a34949539d2bdfc264eeeeb077688e44fbf0ad8f6d0edb37bd6b533281000518e19f1b9ffbe0fe9ed8a3c2200b8f875e523868c70c1e5bf55bad637L
+_b = 0x051953eb9618e1c9a1f929a21a0b68540eea2da725b99b315f3b8b489918ef109e156193951ec7e937b1652c0bd3bb1bf073573df883d2c34f1ef451fd46b503f00
+_Gx = 0xc6858e06b70404e9cd9e3ecb662395b4429c648139053fb521f828af606b4d3dbaa14b5e77efe75928fe1dc127a2ffa8de3348b3c1856a429bf97e7e31c2e5bd66
+_Gy = 0x11839296a789a3bc0045c8a5fb42c7d1bd998f54449579b446817afbd17273e662c97ee72995ef42640c550b9013fad0761353c7086a272c24088be94769fd16650
+
+curve_521 = ellipticcurve.CurveFp( _p, -3, _b )
+generator_521 = ellipticcurve.Point( curve_521, _Gx, _Gy, _r )
+
+# Certicom secp256-k1
+_a  = 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
+_b  = 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000007
+_p  = 0xfffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffefffffc2f
+_Gx = 0x79be667ef9dcbbac55a06295ce870b07029bfcdb2dce28d959f2815b16f81798
+_Gy = 0x483ada7726a3c4655da4fbfc0e1108a8fd17b448a68554199c47d08ffb10d4b8
+_r  = 0xfffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffebaaedce6af48a03bbfd25e8cd0364141
+
+curve_secp256k1 = ellipticcurve.CurveFp( _p, _a, _b)
+generator_secp256k1 = ellipticcurve.Point( curve_secp256k1, _Gx, _Gy, _r)
+
+
+
+def __main__():
+  class TestFailure(Exception): pass
+
+  def test_point_validity( generator, x, y, expected ):
+    """generator defines the curve; is (x,y) a point on
+       this curve? "expected" is True if the right answer is Yes."""
+    if point_is_valid( generator, x, y ) == expected:
+      print_("Point validity tested as expected.")
+    else:
+      raise TestFailure("*** Point validity test gave wrong result.")
+
+  def test_signature_validity( Msg, Qx, Qy, R, S, expected ):
+    """Msg = message, Qx and Qy represent the base point on
+       elliptic curve c192, R and S are the signature, and
+       "expected" is True iff the signature is expected to be valid."""
+    pubk = Public_key( generator_192,
+                       ellipticcurve.Point( curve_192, Qx, Qy ) )
+    got = pubk.verifies( digest_integer( Msg ), Signature( R, S ) )
+    if got == expected:
+      print_("Signature tested as expected: got %s, expected %s." % \
+            ( got, expected ))
+    else:
+      raise TestFailure("*** Signature test failed: got %s, expected %s." % \
+                        ( got, expected ))
+
+  print_("NIST Curve P-192:")
+
+  p192 = generator_192
+
+  # From X9.62:
+
+  d = 651056770906015076056810763456358567190100156695615665659
+  Q = d * p192
+  if Q.x() != 0x62B12D60690CDCF330BABAB6E69763B471F994DD702D16A5:
+    raise TestFailure("*** p192 * d came out wrong.")
+  else:
+    print_("p192 * d came out right.")
+
+  k = 6140507067065001063065065565667405560006161556565665656654
+  R = k * p192
+  if R.x() != 0x885052380FF147B734C330C43D39B2C4A89F29B0F749FEAD \
+     or R.y() != 0x9CF9FA1CBEFEFB917747A3BB29C072B9289C2547884FD835:
+    raise TestFailure("*** k * p192 came out wrong.")
+  else:
+    print_("k * p192 came out right.")
+
+  u1 = 2563697409189434185194736134579731015366492496392189760599
+  u2 = 6266643813348617967186477710235785849136406323338782220568
+  temp = u1 * p192 + u2 * Q
+  if temp.x() != 0x885052380FF147B734C330C43D39B2C4A89F29B0F749FEAD \
+     or temp.y() != 0x9CF9FA1CBEFEFB917747A3BB29C072B9289C2547884FD835:
+    raise TestFailure("*** u1 * p192 + u2 * Q came out wrong.")
+  else:
+    print_("u1 * p192 + u2 * Q came out right.")
+
+  e = 968236873715988614170569073515315707566766479517
+  pubk = Public_key( generator_192, generator_192 * d )
+  privk = Private_key( pubk, d )
+  sig = privk.sign( e, k )
+  r, s = sig.r, sig.s
+  if r != 3342403536405981729393488334694600415596881826869351677613 \
+     or s != 5735822328888155254683894997897571951568553642892029982342:
+    raise TestFailure("*** r or s came out wrong.")
+  else:
+    print_("r and s came out right.")
+
+  valid = pubk.verifies( e, sig )
+  if valid: print_("Signature verified OK.")
+  else: raise TestFailure("*** Signature failed verification.")
+
+  valid = pubk.verifies( e-1, sig )
+  if not valid: print_("Forgery was correctly rejected.")
+  else: raise TestFailure("*** Forgery was erroneously accepted.")
+
+  print_("Testing point validity, as per ECDSAVS.pdf B.2.2:")
+
+  test_point_validity( \
+    p192, \
+    0xcd6d0f029a023e9aaca429615b8f577abee685d8257cc83a, \
+    0x00019c410987680e9fb6c0b6ecc01d9a2647c8bae27721bacdfc, \
+    False )
+
+  test_point_validity(
+    p192, \
+    0x00017f2fce203639e9eaf9fb50b81fc32776b30e3b02af16c73b, \
+    0x95da95c5e72dd48e229d4748d4eee658a9a54111b23b2adb, \
+    False )
+
+  test_point_validity(
+    p192, \
+    0x4f77f8bc7fccbadd5760f4938746d5f253ee2168c1cf2792, \
+    0x000147156ff824d131629739817edb197717c41aab5c2a70f0f6, \
+    False )
+
+  test_point_validity(
+    p192, \
+    0xc58d61f88d905293bcd4cd0080bcb1b7f811f2ffa41979f6, \
+    0x8804dc7a7c4c7f8b5d437f5156f3312ca7d6de8a0e11867f, \
+    True )
+
+  test_point_validity(
+    p192, \
+    0xcdf56c1aa3d8afc53c521adf3ffb96734a6a630a4a5b5a70, \
+    0x97c1c44a5fb229007b5ec5d25f7413d170068ffd023caa4e, \
+    True )
+
+  test_point_validity(
+    p192, \
+    0x89009c0dc361c81e99280c8e91df578df88cdf4b0cdedced, \
+    0x27be44a529b7513e727251f128b34262a0fd4d8ec82377b9, \
+    True )
+
+  test_point_validity(
+    p192, \
+    0x6a223d00bd22c52833409a163e057e5b5da1def2a197dd15, \
+    0x7b482604199367f1f303f9ef627f922f97023e90eae08abf, \
+    True )
+
+  test_point_validity(
+    p192, \
+    0x6dccbde75c0948c98dab32ea0bc59fe125cf0fb1a3798eda, \
+    0x0001171a3e0fa60cf3096f4e116b556198de430e1fbd330c8835, \
+    False )
+
+  test_point_validity(
+    p192, \
+    0xd266b39e1f491fc4acbbbc7d098430931cfa66d55015af12, \
+    0x193782eb909e391a3148b7764e6b234aa94e48d30a16dbb2, \
+    False )
+
+  test_point_validity(
+    p192, \
+    0x9d6ddbcd439baa0c6b80a654091680e462a7d1d3f1ffeb43, \
+    0x6ad8efc4d133ccf167c44eb4691c80abffb9f82b932b8caa, \
+    False )
+
+  test_point_validity(
+    p192, \
+    0x146479d944e6bda87e5b35818aa666a4c998a71f4e95edbc, \
+    0xa86d6fe62bc8fbd88139693f842635f687f132255858e7f6, \
+    False )
+
+  test_point_validity(
+    p192, \
+    0xe594d4a598046f3598243f50fd2c7bd7d380edb055802253, \
+    0x509014c0c4d6b536e3ca750ec09066af39b4c8616a53a923, \
+    False )
+
+  print_("Trying signature-verification tests from ECDSAVS.pdf B.2.4:")
+  print_("P-192:")
+  Msg = 0x84ce72aa8699df436059f052ac51b6398d2511e49631bcb7e71f89c499b9ee425dfbc13a5f6d408471b054f2655617cbbaf7937b7c80cd8865cf02c8487d30d2b0fbd8b2c4e102e16d828374bbc47b93852f212d5043c3ea720f086178ff798cc4f63f787b9c2e419efa033e7644ea7936f54462dc21a6c4580725f7f0e7d158
+  Qx = 0xd9dbfb332aa8e5ff091e8ce535857c37c73f6250ffb2e7ac
+  Qy = 0x282102e364feded3ad15ddf968f88d8321aa268dd483ebc4
+  R = 0x64dca58a20787c488d11d6dd96313f1b766f2d8efe122916
+  S = 0x1ecba28141e84ab4ecad92f56720e2cc83eb3d22dec72479
+  test_signature_validity( Msg, Qx, Qy, R, S, True )
+
+  Msg = 0x94bb5bacd5f8ea765810024db87f4224ad71362a3c28284b2b9f39fab86db12e8beb94aae899768229be8fdb6c4f12f28912bb604703a79ccff769c1607f5a91450f30ba0460d359d9126cbd6296be6d9c4bb96c0ee74cbb44197c207f6db326ab6f5a659113a9034e54be7b041ced9dcf6458d7fb9cbfb2744d999f7dfd63f4
+  Qx = 0x3e53ef8d3112af3285c0e74842090712cd324832d4277ae7
+  Qy = 0xcc75f8952d30aec2cbb719fc6aa9934590b5d0ff5a83adb7
+  R = 0x8285261607283ba18f335026130bab31840dcfd9c3e555af
+  S = 0x356d89e1b04541afc9704a45e9c535ce4a50929e33d7e06c
+  test_signature_validity( Msg, Qx, Qy, R, S, True )
+
+  Msg = 0xf6227a8eeb34afed1621dcc89a91d72ea212cb2f476839d9b4243c66877911b37b4ad6f4448792a7bbba76c63bdd63414b6facab7dc71c3396a73bd7ee14cdd41a659c61c99b779cecf07bc51ab391aa3252386242b9853ea7da67fd768d303f1b9b513d401565b6f1eb722dfdb96b519fe4f9bd5de67ae131e64b40e78c42dd
+  Qx = 0x16335dbe95f8e8254a4e04575d736befb258b8657f773cb7
+  Qy = 0x421b13379c59bc9dce38a1099ca79bbd06d647c7f6242336
+  R = 0x4141bd5d64ea36c5b0bd21ef28c02da216ed9d04522b1e91
+  S = 0x159a6aa852bcc579e821b7bb0994c0861fb08280c38daa09
+  test_signature_validity( Msg, Qx, Qy, R, S, False )
+
+  Msg = 0x16b5f93afd0d02246f662761ed8e0dd9504681ed02a253006eb36736b563097ba39f81c8e1bce7a16c1339e345efabbc6baa3efb0612948ae51103382a8ee8bc448e3ef71e9f6f7a9676694831d7f5dd0db5446f179bcb737d4a526367a447bfe2c857521c7f40b6d7d7e01a180d92431fb0bbd29c04a0c420a57b3ed26ccd8a
+  Qx = 0xfd14cdf1607f5efb7b1793037b15bdf4baa6f7c16341ab0b
+  Qy = 0x83fa0795cc6c4795b9016dac928fd6bac32f3229a96312c4
+  R = 0x8dfdb832951e0167c5d762a473c0416c5c15bc1195667dc1
+  S = 0x1720288a2dc13fa1ec78f763f8fe2ff7354a7e6fdde44520
+  test_signature_validity( Msg, Qx, Qy, R, S, False )
+
+  Msg = 0x08a2024b61b79d260e3bb43ef15659aec89e5b560199bc82cf7c65c77d39192e03b9a895d766655105edd9188242b91fbde4167f7862d4ddd61e5d4ab55196683d4f13ceb90d87aea6e07eb50a874e33086c4a7cb0273a8e1c4408f4b846bceae1ebaac1b2b2ea851a9b09de322efe34cebe601653efd6ddc876ce8c2f2072fb
+  Qx = 0x674f941dc1a1f8b763c9334d726172d527b90ca324db8828
+  Qy = 0x65adfa32e8b236cb33a3e84cf59bfb9417ae7e8ede57a7ff
+  R = 0x9508b9fdd7daf0d8126f9e2bc5a35e4c6d800b5b804d7796
+  S = 0x36f2bf6b21b987c77b53bb801b3435a577e3d493744bfab0
+  test_signature_validity( Msg, Qx, Qy, R, S, False )
+
+  Msg = 0x1843aba74b0789d4ac6b0b8923848023a644a7b70afa23b1191829bbe4397ce15b629bf21a8838298653ed0c19222b95fa4f7390d1b4c844d96e645537e0aae98afb5c0ac3bd0e4c37f8daaff25556c64e98c319c52687c904c4de7240a1cc55cd9756b7edaef184e6e23b385726e9ffcba8001b8f574987c1a3fedaaa83ca6d
+  Qx = 0x10ecca1aad7220b56a62008b35170bfd5e35885c4014a19f
+  Qy = 0x04eb61984c6c12ade3bc47f3c629ece7aa0a033b9948d686
+  R = 0x82bfa4e82c0dfe9274169b86694e76ce993fd83b5c60f325
+  S = 0xa97685676c59a65dbde002fe9d613431fb183e8006d05633
+  test_signature_validity( Msg, Qx, Qy, R, S, False )
+
+  Msg = 0x5a478f4084ddd1a7fea038aa9732a822106385797d02311aeef4d0264f824f698df7a48cfb6b578cf3da416bc0799425bb491be5b5ecc37995b85b03420a98f2c4dc5c31a69a379e9e322fbe706bbcaf0f77175e05cbb4fa162e0da82010a278461e3e974d137bc746d1880d6eb02aa95216014b37480d84b87f717bb13f76e1
+  Qx = 0x6636653cb5b894ca65c448277b29da3ad101c4c2300f7c04
+  Qy = 0xfdf1cbb3fc3fd6a4f890b59e554544175fa77dbdbeb656c1
+  R = 0xeac2ddecddfb79931a9c3d49c08de0645c783a24cb365e1c
+  S = 0x3549fee3cfa7e5f93bc47d92d8ba100e881a2a93c22f8d50
+  test_signature_validity( Msg, Qx, Qy, R, S, False )
+
+  Msg = 0xc598774259a058fa65212ac57eaa4f52240e629ef4c310722088292d1d4af6c39b49ce06ba77e4247b20637174d0bd67c9723feb57b5ead232b47ea452d5d7a089f17c00b8b6767e434a5e16c231ba0efa718a340bf41d67ea2d295812ff1b9277daacb8bc27b50ea5e6443bcf95ef4e9f5468fe78485236313d53d1c68f6ba2
+  Qx = 0xa82bd718d01d354001148cd5f69b9ebf38ff6f21898f8aaa
+  Qy = 0xe67ceede07fc2ebfafd62462a51e4b6c6b3d5b537b7caf3e
+  R = 0x4d292486c620c3de20856e57d3bb72fcde4a73ad26376955
+  S = 0xa85289591a6081d5728825520e62ff1c64f94235c04c7f95
+  test_signature_validity( Msg, Qx, Qy, R, S, False )
+
+  Msg = 0xca98ed9db081a07b7557f24ced6c7b9891269a95d2026747add9e9eb80638a961cf9c71a1b9f2c29744180bd4c3d3db60f2243c5c0b7cc8a8d40a3f9a7fc910250f2187136ee6413ffc67f1a25e1c4c204fa9635312252ac0e0481d89b6d53808f0c496ba87631803f6c572c1f61fa049737fdacce4adff757afed4f05beb658
+  Qx = 0x7d3b016b57758b160c4fca73d48df07ae3b6b30225126c2f
+  Qy = 0x4af3790d9775742bde46f8da876711be1b65244b2b39e7ec
+  R = 0x95f778f5f656511a5ab49a5d69ddd0929563c29cbc3a9e62
+  S = 0x75c87fc358c251b4c83d2dd979faad496b539f9f2ee7a289
+  test_signature_validity( Msg, Qx, Qy, R, S, False )
+
+  Msg = 0x31dd9a54c8338bea06b87eca813d555ad1850fac9742ef0bbe40dad400e10288acc9c11ea7dac79eb16378ebea9490e09536099f1b993e2653cd50240014c90a9c987f64545abc6a536b9bd2435eb5e911fdfde2f13be96ea36ad38df4ae9ea387b29cced599af777338af2794820c9cce43b51d2112380a35802ab7e396c97a
+  Qx = 0x9362f28c4ef96453d8a2f849f21e881cd7566887da8beb4a
+  Qy = 0xe64d26d8d74c48a024ae85d982ee74cd16046f4ee5333905
+  R = 0xf3923476a296c88287e8de914b0b324ad5a963319a4fe73b
+  S = 0xf0baeed7624ed00d15244d8ba2aede085517dbdec8ac65f5
+  test_signature_validity( Msg, Qx, Qy, R, S, True )
+
+  Msg = 0xb2b94e4432267c92f9fdb9dc6040c95ffa477652761290d3c7de312283f6450d89cc4aabe748554dfb6056b2d8e99c7aeaad9cdddebdee9dbc099839562d9064e68e7bb5f3a6bba0749ca9a538181fc785553a4000785d73cc207922f63e8ce1112768cb1de7b673aed83a1e4a74592f1268d8e2a4e9e63d414b5d442bd0456d
+  Qx = 0xcc6fc032a846aaac25533eb033522824f94e670fa997ecef
+  Qy = 0xe25463ef77a029eccda8b294fd63dd694e38d223d30862f1
+  R = 0x066b1d07f3a40e679b620eda7f550842a35c18b80c5ebe06
+  S = 0xa0b0fb201e8f2df65e2c4508ef303bdc90d934016f16b2dc
+  test_signature_validity( Msg, Qx, Qy, R, S, False )
+
+  Msg = 0x4366fcadf10d30d086911de30143da6f579527036937007b337f7282460eae5678b15cccda853193ea5fc4bc0a6b9d7a31128f27e1214988592827520b214eed5052f7775b750b0c6b15f145453ba3fee24a085d65287e10509eb5d5f602c440341376b95c24e5c4727d4b859bfe1483d20538acdd92c7997fa9c614f0f839d7
+  Qx = 0x955c908fe900a996f7e2089bee2f6376830f76a19135e753
+  Qy = 0xba0c42a91d3847de4a592a46dc3fdaf45a7cc709b90de520
+  R = 0x1f58ad77fc04c782815a1405b0925e72095d906cbf52a668
+  S = 0xf2e93758b3af75edf784f05a6761c9b9a6043c66b845b599
+  test_signature_validity( Msg, Qx, Qy, R, S, False )
+
+  Msg = 0x543f8af57d750e33aa8565e0cae92bfa7a1ff78833093421c2942cadf9986670a5ff3244c02a8225e790fbf30ea84c74720abf99cfd10d02d34377c3d3b41269bea763384f372bb786b5846f58932defa68023136cd571863b304886e95e52e7877f445b9364b3f06f3c28da12707673fecb4b8071de06b6e0a3c87da160cef3
+  Qx = 0x31f7fa05576d78a949b24812d4383107a9a45bb5fccdd835
+  Qy = 0x8dc0eb65994a90f02b5e19bd18b32d61150746c09107e76b
+  R = 0xbe26d59e4e883dde7c286614a767b31e49ad88789d3a78ff
+  S = 0x8762ca831c1ce42df77893c9b03119428e7a9b819b619068
+  test_signature_validity( Msg, Qx, Qy, R, S, False )
+
+  Msg = 0xd2e8454143ce281e609a9d748014dcebb9d0bc53adb02443a6aac2ffe6cb009f387c346ecb051791404f79e902ee333ad65e5c8cb38dc0d1d39a8dc90add5023572720e5b94b190d43dd0d7873397504c0c7aef2727e628eb6a74411f2e400c65670716cb4a815dc91cbbfeb7cfe8c929e93184c938af2c078584da045e8f8d1
+  Qx = 0x66aa8edbbdb5cf8e28ceb51b5bda891cae2df84819fe25c0
+  Qy = 0x0c6bc2f69030a7ce58d4a00e3b3349844784a13b8936f8da
+  R = 0xa4661e69b1734f4a71b788410a464b71e7ffe42334484f23
+  S = 0x738421cf5e049159d69c57a915143e226cac8355e149afe9
+  test_signature_validity( Msg, Qx, Qy, R, S, False )
+
+  Msg = 0x6660717144040f3e2f95a4e25b08a7079c702a8b29babad5a19a87654bc5c5afa261512a11b998a4fb36b5d8fe8bd942792ff0324b108120de86d63f65855e5461184fc96a0a8ffd2ce6d5dfb0230cbbdd98f8543e361b3205f5da3d500fdc8bac6db377d75ebef3cb8f4d1ff738071ad0938917889250b41dd1d98896ca06fb
+  Qx = 0xbcfacf45139b6f5f690a4c35a5fffa498794136a2353fc77
+  Qy = 0x6f4a6c906316a6afc6d98fe1f0399d056f128fe0270b0f22
+  R = 0x9db679a3dafe48f7ccad122933acfe9da0970b71c94c21c1
+  S = 0x984c2db99827576c0a41a5da41e07d8cc768bc82f18c9da9
+  test_signature_validity( Msg, Qx, Qy, R, S, False )
+
+
+
+  print_("Testing the example code:")
+
+  # Building a public/private key pair from the NIST Curve P-192:
+
+  g = generator_192
+  n = g.order()
+
+  # (random.SystemRandom is supposed to provide
+  # crypto-quality random numbers, but as Debian recently
+  # illustrated, a systems programmer can accidentally
+  # demolish this security, so in serious applications
+  # further precautions are appropriate.)
+
+  randrange = random.SystemRandom().randrange
+
+  secret = randrange( 1, n )
+  pubkey = Public_key( g, g * secret )
+  privkey = Private_key( pubkey, secret )
+
+  # Signing a hash value:
+
+  hash = randrange( 1, n )
+  signature = privkey.sign( hash, randrange( 1, n ) )
+
+  # Verifying a signature for a hash value:
+
+  if pubkey.verifies( hash, signature ):
+    print_("Demo verification succeeded.")
+  else:
+    raise TestFailure("*** Demo verification failed.")
+
+  if pubkey.verifies( hash-1, signature ):
+    raise TestFailure( "**** Demo verification failed to reject tampered hash.")
+  else:
+    print_("Demo verification correctly rejected tampered hash.")
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+  __main__()

bin/python/ecdsa/ellipticcurve.py

@@ -0,0 +1,293 @@
+#! /usr/bin/env python
+#
+# Implementation of elliptic curves, for cryptographic applications.
+#
+# This module doesn't provide any way to choose a random elliptic
+# curve, nor to verify that an elliptic curve was chosen randomly,
+# because one can simply use NIST's standard curves.
+#
+# Notes from X9.62-1998 (draft):
+#   Nomenclature:
+#     - Q is a public key.
+#     The "Elliptic Curve Domain Parameters" include:
+#     - q is the "field size", which in our case equals p.
+#     - p is a big prime.
+#     - G is a point of prime order (5.1.1.1).
+#     - n is the order of G (5.1.1.1).
+#   Public-key validation (5.2.2):
+#     - Verify that Q is not the point at infinity.
+#     - Verify that X_Q and Y_Q are in [0,p-1].
+#     - Verify that Q is on the curve.
+#     - Verify that nQ is the point at infinity.
+#   Signature generation (5.3):
+#     - Pick random k from [1,n-1].
+#   Signature checking (5.4.2):
+#     - Verify that r and s are in [1,n-1].
+#
+# Version of 2008.11.25.
+#
+# Revision history:
+#    2005.12.31 - Initial version.
+#    2008.11.25 - Change CurveFp.is_on to contains_point.
+#
+# Written in 2005 by Peter Pearson and placed in the public domain.
+
+from __future__ import division
+
+from .six import print_
+from . import numbertheory
+
+class CurveFp( object ):
+  """Elliptic Curve over the field of integers modulo a prime."""
+  def __init__( self, p, a, b ):
+    """The curve of points satisfying y^2 = x^3 + a*x + b (mod p)."""
+    self.__p = p
+    self.__a = a
+    self.__b = b
+
+  def p( self ):
+    return self.__p
+
+  def a( self ):
+    return self.__a
+
+  def b( self ):
+    return self.__b
+
+  def contains_point( self, x, y ):
+    """Is the point (x,y) on this curve?"""
+    return ( y * y - ( x * x * x + self.__a * x + self.__b ) ) % self.__p == 0
+
+
+
+class Point( object ):
+  """A point on an elliptic curve. Altering x and y is forbidding,
+     but they can be read by the x() and y() methods."""
+  def __init__( self, curve, x, y, order = None ):
+    """curve, x, y, order; order (optional) is the order of this point."""
+    self.__curve = curve
+    self.__x = x
+    self.__y = y
+    self.__order = order
+    # self.curve is allowed to be None only for INFINITY:
+    if self.__curve: assert self.__curve.contains_point( x, y )
+    if order: assert self * order == INFINITY
+
+  def __eq__( self, other ):
+    """Return True if the points are identical, False otherwise."""
+    if self.__curve == other.__curve \
+       and self.__x == other.__x \
+       and self.__y == other.__y:
+      return True
+    else:
+      return False
+
+  def __add__( self, other ):
+    """Add one point to another point."""
+
+    # X9.62 B.3:
+
+    if other == INFINITY: return self
+    if self == INFINITY: return other
+    assert self.__curve == other.__curve
+    if self.__x == other.__x:
+      if ( self.__y + other.__y ) % self.__curve.p() == 0:
+        return INFINITY
+      else:
+        return self.double()
+
+    p = self.__curve.p()
+
+    l = ( ( other.__y - self.__y ) * \
+          numbertheory.inverse_mod( other.__x - self.__x, p ) ) % p
+
+    x3 = ( l * l - self.__x - other.__x ) % p
+    y3 = ( l * ( self.__x - x3 ) - self.__y ) % p
+
+    return Point( self.__curve, x3, y3 )
+
+  def __mul__( self, other ):
+    """Multiply a point by an integer."""
+
+    def leftmost_bit( x ):
+      assert x > 0
+      result = 1
+      while result <= x: result = 2 * result
+      return result // 2
+
+    e = other
+    if self.__order: e = e % self.__order
+    if e == 0: return INFINITY
+    if self == INFINITY: return INFINITY
+    assert e > 0
+
+    # From X9.62 D.3.2:
+
+    e3 = 3 * e
+    negative_self = Point( self.__curve, self.__x, -self.__y, self.__order )
+    i = leftmost_bit( e3 ) // 2
+    result = self
+    # print_("Multiplying %s by %d (e3 = %d):" % ( self, other, e3 ))
+    while i > 1:
+      result = result.double()
+      if ( e3 & i ) != 0 and ( e & i ) == 0: result = result + self
+      if ( e3 & i ) == 0 and ( e & i ) != 0: result = result + negative_self
+      # print_(". . . i = %d, result = %s" % ( i, result ))
+      i = i // 2
+
+    return result
+
+  def __rmul__( self, other ):
+    """Multiply a point by an integer."""
+
+    return self * other
+
+  def __str__( self ):
+    if self == INFINITY: return "infinity"
+    return "(%d,%d)" % ( self.__x, self.__y )
+
+  def double( self ):
+    """Return a new point that is twice the old."""
+
+    if self == INFINITY:
+      return INFINITY
+
+    # X9.62 B.3:
+
+    p = self.__curve.p()
+    a = self.__curve.a()
+
+    l = ( ( 3 * self.__x * self.__x + a ) * \
+          numbertheory.inverse_mod( 2 * self.__y, p ) ) % p
+
+    x3 = ( l * l - 2 * self.__x ) % p
+    y3 = ( l * ( self.__x - x3 ) - self.__y ) % p
+
+    return Point( self.__curve, x3, y3 )
+
+  def x( self ):
+    return self.__x
+
+  def y( self ):
+    return self.__y
+
+  def curve( self ):
+    return self.__curve
+
+  def order( self ):
+    return self.__order
+
+
+# This one point is the Point At Infinity for all purposes:
+INFINITY = Point( None, None, None )
+
+def __main__():
+
+  class FailedTest(Exception): pass
+  def test_add( c, x1, y1, x2,  y2, x3, y3 ):
+    """We expect that on curve c, (x1,y1) + (x2, y2 ) = (x3, y3)."""
+    p1 = Point( c, x1, y1 )
+    p2 = Point( c, x2, y2 )
+    p3 = p1 + p2
+    print_("%s + %s = %s" % ( p1, p2, p3 ), end=' ')
+    if p3.x() != x3 or p3.y() != y3:
+      raise FailedTest("Failure: should give (%d,%d)." % ( x3, y3 ))
+    else:
+      print_(" Good.")
+
+  def test_double( c, x1, y1, x3, y3 ):
+    """We expect that on curve c, 2*(x1,y1) = (x3, y3)."""
+    p1 = Point( c, x1, y1 )
+    p3 = p1.double()
+    print_("%s doubled = %s" % ( p1, p3 ), end=' ')
+    if p3.x() != x3 or p3.y() != y3:
+      raise FailedTest("Failure: should give (%d,%d)." % ( x3, y3 ))
+    else:
+      print_(" Good.")
+
+  def test_double_infinity( c ):
+    """We expect that on curve c, 2*INFINITY = INFINITY."""
+    p1 = INFINITY
+    p3 = p1.double()
+    print_("%s doubled = %s" % ( p1, p3 ), end=' ')
+    if p3.x() != INFINITY.x() or p3.y() != INFINITY.y():
+      raise FailedTest("Failure: should give (%d,%d)." % ( INFINITY.x(), INFINITY.y() ))
+    else:
+      print_(" Good.")
+
+  def test_multiply( c, x1, y1, m, x3, y3 ):
+    """We expect that on curve c, m*(x1,y1) = (x3,y3)."""
+    p1 = Point( c, x1, y1 )
+    p3 = p1 * m
+    print_("%s * %d = %s" % ( p1, m, p3 ), end=' ')
+    if p3.x() != x3 or p3.y() != y3:
+      raise FailedTest("Failure: should give (%d,%d)." % ( x3, y3 ))
+    else:
+      print_(" Good.")
+
+
+  # A few tests from X9.62 B.3:
+
+  c = CurveFp( 23, 1, 1 )
+  test_add( c, 3, 10, 9, 7, 17, 20 )
+  test_double( c, 3, 10, 7, 12 )
+  test_add( c, 3, 10, 3, 10, 7, 12 )	# (Should just invoke double.)
+  test_multiply( c, 3, 10, 2, 7, 12 )
+
+  test_double_infinity(c)
+
+  # From X9.62 I.1 (p. 96):
+
+  g = Point( c, 13, 7, 7 )
+
+  check = INFINITY
+  for i in range( 7 + 1 ):
+    p = ( i % 7 ) * g
+    print_("%s * %d = %s, expected %s . . ." % ( g, i, p, check ), end=' ')
+    if p == check:
+      print_(" Good.")
+    else:
+      raise FailedTest("Bad.")
+    check = check + g
+
+  # NIST Curve P-192:
+  p = 6277101735386680763835789423207666416083908700390324961279
+  r = 6277101735386680763835789423176059013767194773182842284081
+  #s = 0x3045ae6fc8422f64ed579528d38120eae12196d5L
+  c = 0x3099d2bbbfcb2538542dcd5fb078b6ef5f3d6fe2c745de65
+  b = 0x64210519e59c80e70fa7e9ab72243049feb8deecc146b9b1
+  Gx = 0x188da80eb03090f67cbf20eb43a18800f4ff0afd82ff1012
+  Gy = 0x07192b95ffc8da78631011ed6b24cdd573f977a11e794811
+
+  c192 = CurveFp( p, -3, b )
+  p192 = Point( c192, Gx, Gy, r )
+
+  # Checking against some sample computations presented
+  # in X9.62:
+
+  d = 651056770906015076056810763456358567190100156695615665659
+  Q = d * p192
+  if Q.x() != 0x62B12D60690CDCF330BABAB6E69763B471F994DD702D16A5:
+    raise FailedTest("p192 * d came out wrong.")
+  else:
+    print_("p192 * d came out right.")
+
+  k = 6140507067065001063065065565667405560006161556565665656654
+  R = k * p192
+  if R.x() != 0x885052380FF147B734C330C43D39B2C4A89F29B0F749FEAD \
+     or R.y() != 0x9CF9FA1CBEFEFB917747A3BB29C072B9289C2547884FD835:
+    raise FailedTest("k * p192 came out wrong.")
+  else:
+    print_("k * p192 came out right.")
+
+  u1 = 2563697409189434185194736134579731015366492496392189760599
+  u2 = 6266643813348617967186477710235785849136406323338782220568
+  temp = u1 * p192 + u2 * Q
+  if temp.x() != 0x885052380FF147B734C330C43D39B2C4A89F29B0F749FEAD \
+     or temp.y() != 0x9CF9FA1CBEFEFB917747A3BB29C072B9289C2547884FD835:
+    raise FailedTest("u1 * p192 + u2 * Q came out wrong.")
+  else:
+    print_("u1 * p192 + u2 * Q came out right.")
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+  __main__()

bin/python/ecdsa/keys.py

@@ -0,0 +1,283 @@
+import binascii
+
+from . import ecdsa
+from . import der
+from . import rfc6979
+from .curves import NIST192p, find_curve
+from .util import string_to_number, number_to_string, randrange
+from .util import sigencode_string, sigdecode_string
+from .util import oid_ecPublicKey, encoded_oid_ecPublicKey
+from .six import PY3, b
+from hashlib import sha1
+
+class BadSignatureError(Exception):
+    pass
+class BadDigestError(Exception):
+    pass
+
+class VerifyingKey:
+    def __init__(self, _error__please_use_generate=None):
+        if not _error__please_use_generate:
+            raise TypeError("Please use SigningKey.generate() to construct me")
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_public_point(klass, point, curve=NIST192p, hashfunc=sha1):
+        self = klass(_error__please_use_generate=True)
+        self.curve = curve
+        self.default_hashfunc = hashfunc
+        self.pubkey = ecdsa.Public_key(curve.generator, point)
+        self.pubkey.order = curve.order
+        return self
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_string(klass, string, curve=NIST192p, hashfunc=sha1,
+                    validate_point=True):
+        order = curve.order
+        assert len(string) == curve.verifying_key_length, \
+               (len(string), curve.verifying_key_length)
+        xs = string[:curve.baselen]
+        ys = string[curve.baselen:]
+        assert len(xs) == curve.baselen, (len(xs), curve.baselen)
+        assert len(ys) == curve.baselen, (len(ys), curve.baselen)
+        x = string_to_number(xs)
+        y = string_to_number(ys)
+        if validate_point:
+            assert ecdsa.point_is_valid(curve.generator, x, y)
+        from . import ellipticcurve
+        point = ellipticcurve.Point(curve.curve, x, y, order)
+        return klass.from_public_point(point, curve, hashfunc)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_pem(klass, string):
+        return klass.from_der(der.unpem(string))
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_der(klass, string):
+        # [[oid_ecPublicKey,oid_curve], point_str_bitstring]
+        s1,empty = der.remove_sequence(string)
+        if empty != b(""):
+            raise der.UnexpectedDER("trailing junk after DER pubkey: %s" %
+                                    binascii.hexlify(empty))
+        s2,point_str_bitstring = der.remove_sequence(s1)
+        # s2 = oid_ecPublicKey,oid_curve
+        oid_pk, rest = der.remove_object(s2)
+        oid_curve, empty = der.remove_object(rest)
+        if empty != b(""):
+            raise der.UnexpectedDER("trailing junk after DER pubkey objects: %s" %
+                                    binascii.hexlify(empty))
+        assert oid_pk == oid_ecPublicKey, (oid_pk, oid_ecPublicKey)
+        curve = find_curve(oid_curve)
+        point_str, empty = der.remove_bitstring(point_str_bitstring)
+        if empty != b(""):
+            raise der.UnexpectedDER("trailing junk after pubkey pointstring: %s" %
+                                    binascii.hexlify(empty))
+        assert point_str.startswith(b("\x00\x04"))
+        return klass.from_string(point_str[2:], curve)
+
+    def to_string(self):
+        # VerifyingKey.from_string(vk.to_string()) == vk as long as the
+        # curves are the same: the curve itself is not included in the
+        # serialized form
+        order = self.pubkey.order
+        x_str = number_to_string(self.pubkey.point.x(), order)
+        y_str = number_to_string(self.pubkey.point.y(), order)
+        return x_str + y_str
+
+    def to_pem(self):
+        return der.topem(self.to_der(), "PUBLIC KEY")
+
+    def to_der(self):
+        order = self.pubkey.order
+        x_str = number_to_string(self.pubkey.point.x(), order)
+        y_str = number_to_string(self.pubkey.point.y(), order)
+        point_str = b("\x00\x04") + x_str + y_str
+        return der.encode_sequence(der.encode_sequence(encoded_oid_ecPublicKey,
+                                                       self.curve.encoded_oid),
+                                   der.encode_bitstring(point_str))
+
+    def verify(self, signature, data, hashfunc=None, sigdecode=sigdecode_string):
+        hashfunc = hashfunc or self.default_hashfunc
+        digest = hashfunc(data).digest()
+        return self.verify_digest(signature, digest, sigdecode)
+
+    def verify_digest(self, signature, digest, sigdecode=sigdecode_string):
+        if len(digest) > self.curve.baselen:
+            raise BadDigestError("this curve (%s) is too short "
+                                 "for your digest (%d)" % (self.curve.name,
+                                                           8*len(digest)))
+        number = string_to_number(digest)
+        r, s = sigdecode(signature, self.pubkey.order)
+        sig = ecdsa.Signature(r, s)
+        if self.pubkey.verifies(number, sig):
+            return True
+        raise BadSignatureError
+
+class SigningKey:
+    def __init__(self, _error__please_use_generate=None):
+        if not _error__please_use_generate:
+            raise TypeError("Please use SigningKey.generate() to construct me")
+
+    @classmethod
+    def generate(klass, curve=NIST192p, entropy=None, hashfunc=sha1):
+        secexp = randrange(curve.order, entropy)
+        return klass.from_secret_exponent(secexp, curve, hashfunc)
+
+    # to create a signing key from a short (arbitrary-length) seed, convert
+    # that seed into an integer with something like
+    # secexp=util.randrange_from_seed__X(seed, curve.order), and then pass
+    # that integer into SigningKey.from_secret_exponent(secexp, curve)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_secret_exponent(klass, secexp, curve=NIST192p, hashfunc=sha1):
+        self = klass(_error__please_use_generate=True)
+        self.curve = curve
+        self.default_hashfunc = hashfunc
+        self.baselen = curve.baselen
+        n = curve.order
+        assert 1 <= secexp < n
+        pubkey_point = curve.generator*secexp
+        pubkey = ecdsa.Public_key(curve.generator, pubkey_point)
+        pubkey.order = n
+        self.verifying_key = VerifyingKey.from_public_point(pubkey_point, curve,
+                                                            hashfunc)
+        self.privkey = ecdsa.Private_key(pubkey, secexp)
+        self.privkey.order = n
+        return self
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_string(klass, string, curve=NIST192p, hashfunc=sha1):
+        assert len(string) == curve.baselen, (len(string), curve.baselen)
+        secexp = string_to_number(string)
+        return klass.from_secret_exponent(secexp, curve, hashfunc)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_pem(klass, string, hashfunc=sha1):
+        # the privkey pem file has two sections: "EC PARAMETERS" and "EC
+        # PRIVATE KEY". The first is redundant.
+        if PY3 and isinstance(string, str):
+            string = string.encode()
+        privkey_pem = string[string.index(b("-----BEGIN EC PRIVATE KEY-----")):]
+        return klass.from_der(der.unpem(privkey_pem), hashfunc)
+    @classmethod
+    def from_der(klass, string, hashfunc=sha1):
+        # SEQ([int(1), octetstring(privkey),cont[0], oid(secp224r1),
+        #      cont[1],bitstring])
+        s, empty = der.remove_sequence(string)
+        if empty != b(""):
+            raise der.UnexpectedDER("trailing junk after DER privkey: %s" %
+                                    binascii.hexlify(empty))
+        one, s = der.remove_integer(s)
+        if one != 1:
+            raise der.UnexpectedDER("expected '1' at start of DER privkey,"
+                                    " got %d" % one)
+        privkey_str, s = der.remove_octet_string(s)
+        tag, curve_oid_str, s = der.remove_constructed(s)
+        if tag != 0:
+            raise der.UnexpectedDER("expected tag 0 in DER privkey,"
+                                    " got %d" % tag)
+        curve_oid, empty = der.remove_object(curve_oid_str)
+        if empty != b(""):
+            raise der.UnexpectedDER("trailing junk after DER privkey "
+                                    "curve_oid: %s" % binascii.hexlify(empty))
+        curve = find_curve(curve_oid)
+
+        # we don't actually care about the following fields
+        #
+        #tag, pubkey_bitstring, s = der.remove_constructed(s)
+        #if tag != 1:
+        #    raise der.UnexpectedDER("expected tag 1 in DER privkey, got %d"
+        #                            % tag)
+        #pubkey_str = der.remove_bitstring(pubkey_bitstring)
+        #if empty != "":
+        #    raise der.UnexpectedDER("trailing junk after DER privkey "
+        #                            "pubkeystr: %s" % binascii.hexlify(empty))
+
+        # our from_string method likes fixed-length privkey strings
+        if len(privkey_str) < curve.baselen:
+            privkey_str = b("\x00")*(curve.baselen-len(privkey_str)) + privkey_str
+        return klass.from_string(privkey_str, curve, hashfunc)
+
+    def to_string(self):
+        secexp = self.privkey.secret_multiplier
+        s = number_to_string(secexp, self.privkey.order)
+        return s
+
+    def to_pem(self):
+        # TODO: "BEGIN ECPARAMETERS"
+        return der.topem(self.to_der(), "EC PRIVATE KEY")
+
+    def to_der(self):
+        # SEQ([int(1), octetstring(privkey),cont[0], oid(secp224r1),
+        #      cont[1],bitstring])
+        encoded_vk = b("\x00\x04") + self.get_verifying_key().to_string()
+        return der.encode_sequence(der.encode_integer(1),
+                                   der.encode_octet_string(self.to_string()),
+                                   der.encode_constructed(0, self.curve.encoded_oid),
+                                   der.encode_constructed(1, der.encode_bitstring(encoded_vk)),
+                                   )
+
+    def get_verifying_key(self):
+        return self.verifying_key
+
+    def sign_deterministic(self, data, hashfunc=None, sigencode=sigencode_string):
+        hashfunc = hashfunc or self.default_hashfunc
+        digest = hashfunc(data).digest()
+
+        return self.sign_digest_deterministic(digest, hashfunc=hashfunc, sigencode=sigencode)
+
+    def sign_digest_deterministic(self, digest, hashfunc=None, sigencode=sigencode_string):
+        """
+        Calculates 'k' from data itself, removing the need for strong
+        random generator and producing deterministic (reproducible) signatures.
+        See RFC 6979 for more details.
+        """
+        secexp = self.privkey.secret_multiplier
+        k = rfc6979.generate_k(
+            self.curve.generator.order(), secexp, hashfunc, digest)
+
+        return self.sign_digest(digest, sigencode=sigencode, k=k)
+
+    def sign(self, data, entropy=None, hashfunc=None, sigencode=sigencode_string, k=None):
+        """
+        hashfunc= should behave like hashlib.sha1 . The output length of the
+        hash (in bytes) must not be longer than the length of the curve order
+        (rounded up to the nearest byte), so using SHA256 with nist256p is
+        ok, but SHA256 with nist192p is not. (In the 2**-96ish unlikely event
+        of a hash output larger than the curve order, the hash will
+        effectively be wrapped mod n).
+
+        Use hashfunc=hashlib.sha1 to match openssl's -ecdsa-with-SHA1 mode,
+        or hashfunc=hashlib.sha256 for openssl-1.0.0's -ecdsa-with-SHA256.
+        """
+
+        hashfunc = hashfunc or self.default_hashfunc
+        h = hashfunc(data).digest()
+        return self.sign_digest(h, entropy, sigencode, k)
+
+    def sign_digest(self, digest, entropy=None, sigencode=sigencode_string, k=None):
+        if len(digest) > self.curve.baselen:
+            raise BadDigestError("this curve (%s) is too short "
+                                 "for your digest (%d)" % (self.curve.name,
+                                                           8*len(digest)))
+        number = string_to_number(digest)
+        r, s = self.sign_number(number, entropy, k)
+        return sigencode(r, s, self.privkey.order)
+
+    def sign_number(self, number, entropy=None, k=None):
+        # returns a pair of numbers
+        order = self.privkey.order
+        # privkey.sign() may raise RuntimeError in the amazingly unlikely
+        # (2**-192) event that r=0 or s=0, because that would leak the key.
+        # We could re-try with a different 'k', but we couldn't test that
+        # code, so I choose to allow the signature to fail instead.
+
+        # If k is set, it is used directly. In other cases
+        # it is generated using entropy function
+        if k is not None:
+            _k = k
+        else:
+            _k = randrange(order, entropy)
+
+        assert 1 <= _k < order
+        sig = self.privkey.sign(number, _k)
+        return sig.r, sig.s

bin/python/ecdsa/numbertheory.py

@@ -0,0 +1,613 @@
+#! /usr/bin/env python
+#
+# Provide some simple capabilities from number theory.
+#
+# Version of 2008.11.14.
+#
+# Written in 2005 and 2006 by Peter Pearson and placed in the public domain.
+# Revision history:
+#   2008.11.14: Use pow( base, exponent, modulus ) for modular_exp.
+#               Make gcd and lcm accept arbitrarly many arguments.
+
+from __future__ import division
+
+from .six import print_, integer_types
+from .six.moves import reduce
+
+import math
+
+
+class Error( Exception ):
+  """Base class for exceptions in this module."""
+  pass
+
+class SquareRootError( Error ):
+  pass
+
+class NegativeExponentError( Error ):
+  pass
+
+
+def modular_exp( base, exponent, modulus ):
+  "Raise base to exponent, reducing by modulus"
+  if exponent < 0:
+    raise NegativeExponentError( "Negative exponents (%d) not allowed" \
+                                 % exponent )
+  return pow( base, exponent, modulus )
+#   result = 1L
+#   x = exponent
+#   b = base + 0L
+#   while x > 0:
+#     if x % 2 > 0: result = (result * b) % modulus
+#     x = x // 2
+#     b = ( b * b ) % modulus
+#   return result
+
+
+def polynomial_reduce_mod( poly, polymod, p ):
+  """Reduce poly by polymod, integer arithmetic modulo p.
+
+  Polynomials are represented as lists of coefficients
+  of increasing powers of x."""
+
+  # This module has been tested only by extensive use
+  # in calculating modular square roots.
+
+  # Just to make this easy, require a monic polynomial:
+  assert polymod[-1] == 1
+
+  assert len( polymod ) > 1
+
+  while len( poly ) >= len( polymod ):
+    if poly[-1] != 0:
+      for i in range( 2, len( polymod ) + 1 ):
+        poly[-i] = ( poly[-i] - poly[-1] * polymod[-i] ) % p
+    poly = poly[0:-1]
+
+  return poly
+
+
+
+def polynomial_multiply_mod( m1, m2, polymod, p ):
+  """Polynomial multiplication modulo a polynomial over ints mod p.
+
+  Polynomials are represented as lists of coefficients
+  of increasing powers of x."""
+
+  # This is just a seat-of-the-pants implementation.
+
+  # This module has been tested only by extensive use
+  # in calculating modular square roots.
+
+  # Initialize the product to zero:
+
+  prod = ( len( m1 ) + len( m2 ) - 1 ) * [0]
+
+  # Add together all the cross-terms:
+
+  for i in range( len( m1 ) ):
+    for j in range( len( m2 ) ):
+      prod[i+j] = ( prod[i+j] + m1[i] * m2[j] ) % p
+
+  return polynomial_reduce_mod( prod, polymod, p )
+
+
+def polynomial_exp_mod( base, exponent, polymod, p ):
+  """Polynomial exponentiation modulo a polynomial over ints mod p.
+
+  Polynomials are represented as lists of coefficients
+  of increasing powers of x."""
+
+  # Based on the Handbook of Applied Cryptography, algorithm 2.227.
+
+  # This module has been tested only by extensive use
+  # in calculating modular square roots.
+
+  assert exponent < p
+
+  if exponent == 0: return [ 1 ]
+
+  G = base
+  k = exponent
+  if k%2 == 1: s = G
+  else:        s = [ 1 ]
+
+  while k > 1:
+    k = k // 2
+    G = polynomial_multiply_mod( G, G, polymod, p )
+    if k%2 == 1: s = polynomial_multiply_mod( G, s, polymod, p )
+
+  return s
+
+
+
+def jacobi( a, n ):
+  """Jacobi symbol"""
+
+  # Based on the Handbook of Applied Cryptography (HAC), algorithm 2.149.
+
+  # This function has been tested by comparison with a small
+  # table printed in HAC, and by extensive use in calculating
+  # modular square roots.
+
+  assert n >= 3
+  assert n%2 == 1
+  a = a % n
+  if a == 0: return 0
+  if a == 1: return 1
+  a1, e = a, 0
+  while a1%2 == 0:
+    a1, e = a1//2, e+1
+  if e%2 == 0 or n%8 == 1 or n%8 == 7: s = 1
+  else: s = -1
+  if a1 == 1: return s
+  if n%4 == 3 and a1%4 == 3: s = -s
+  return s * jacobi( n % a1, a1 )
+
+
+
+def square_root_mod_prime( a, p ):
+  """Modular square root of a, mod p, p prime."""
+
+  # Based on the Handbook of Applied Cryptography, algorithms 3.34 to 3.39.
+
+  # This module has been tested for all values in [0,p-1] for
+  # every prime p from 3 to 1229.
+
+  assert 0 <= a < p
+  assert 1 < p
+
+  if a == 0: return 0
+  if p == 2: return a
+
+  jac = jacobi( a, p )
+  if jac == -1: raise SquareRootError( "%d has no square root modulo %d" \
+                                       % ( a, p ) )
+
+  if p % 4 == 3: return modular_exp( a, (p+1)//4, p )
+
+  if p % 8 == 5:
+    d = modular_exp( a, (p-1)//4, p )
+    if d == 1: return modular_exp( a, (p+3)//8, p )
+    if d == p-1: return ( 2 * a * modular_exp( 4*a, (p-5)//8, p ) ) % p
+    raise RuntimeError("Shouldn't get here.")
+
+  for b in range( 2, p ):
+    if jacobi( b*b-4*a, p ) == -1:
+      f = ( a, -b, 1 )
+      ff = polynomial_exp_mod( ( 0, 1 ), (p+1)//2, f, p )
+      assert ff[1] == 0
+      return ff[0]
+  raise RuntimeError("No b found.")
+
+
+
+def inverse_mod( a, m ):
+  """Inverse of a mod m."""
+
+  if a < 0 or m <= a: a = a % m
+
+  # From Ferguson and Schneier, roughly:
+
+  c, d = a, m
+  uc, vc, ud, vd = 1, 0, 0, 1
+  while c != 0:
+    q, c, d = divmod( d, c ) + ( c, )
+    uc, vc, ud, vd = ud - q*uc, vd - q*vc, uc, vc
+
+  # At this point, d is the GCD, and ud*a+vd*m = d.
+  # If d == 1, this means that ud is a inverse.
+
+  assert d == 1
+  if ud > 0: return ud
+  else: return ud + m
+
+
+def gcd2(a, b):
+  """Greatest common divisor using Euclid's algorithm."""
+  while a:
+    a, b = b%a, a
+  return b
+
+
+def gcd( *a ):
+  """Greatest common divisor.
+
+  Usage: gcd( [ 2, 4, 6 ] )
+  or:    gcd( 2, 4, 6 )
+  """
+
+  if len( a ) > 1: return reduce( gcd2, a )
+  if hasattr( a[0], "__iter__" ): return reduce( gcd2, a[0] )
+  return a[0]
+
+
+def lcm2(a,b):
+  """Least common multiple of two integers."""
+
+  return (a*b)//gcd(a,b)
+
+
+def lcm( *a ):
+  """Least common multiple.
+
+  Usage: lcm( [ 3, 4, 5 ] )
+  or:    lcm( 3, 4, 5 )
+  """
+
+  if len( a ) > 1: return reduce( lcm2, a )
+  if hasattr( a[0], "__iter__" ): return reduce( lcm2, a[0] )
+  return a[0]
+
+
+
+def factorization( n ):
+  """Decompose n into a list of (prime,exponent) pairs."""
+
+  assert isinstance( n, integer_types )
+
+  if n < 2: return []
+
+  result = []
+  d = 2
+
+  # Test the small primes:
+
+  for d in smallprimes:
+    if d > n: break
+    q, r = divmod( n, d )
+    if r == 0:
+      count = 1
+      while d <= n:
+        n = q
+        q, r = divmod( n, d )
+        if r != 0: break
+        count = count + 1
+      result.append( ( d, count ) )
+
+  # If n is still greater than the last of our small primes,
+  # it may require further work:
+
+  if n > smallprimes[-1]:
+    if is_prime( n ):   # If what's left is prime, it's easy:
+      result.append( ( n, 1 ) )
+    else:               # Ugh. Search stupidly for a divisor:
+      d = smallprimes[-1]
+      while 1:
+        d = d + 2               # Try the next divisor.
+        q, r = divmod( n, d )
+        if q < d: break         # n < d*d means we're done, n = 1 or prime.
+        if r == 0:              # d divides n. How many times?
+          count = 1
+          n = q
+          while d <= n:                 # As long as d might still divide n,
+            q, r = divmod( n, d )       # see if it does.
+            if r != 0: break
+            n = q                       # It does. Reduce n, increase count.
+            count = count + 1
+          result.append( ( d, count ) )
+      if n > 1: result.append( ( n, 1 ) )
+
+  return result
+
+
+
+def phi( n ):
+  """Return the Euler totient function of n."""
+
+  assert isinstance( n, integer_types )
+
+  if n < 3: return 1
+
+  result = 1
+  ff = factorization( n )
+  for f in ff:
+    e = f[1]
+    if e > 1:
+      result = result * f[0] ** (e-1) * ( f[0] - 1 )
+    else:
+      result = result * ( f[0] - 1 )
+  return result
+
+
+def carmichael( n ):
+  """Return Carmichael function of n.
+
+  Carmichael(n) is the smallest integer x such that
+  m**x = 1 mod n for all m relatively prime to n.
+  """
+
+  return carmichael_of_factorized( factorization( n ) )
+
+
+def carmichael_of_factorized( f_list ):
+  """Return the Carmichael function of a number that is
+  represented as a list of (prime,exponent) pairs.
+  """
+
+  if len( f_list ) < 1: return 1
+
+  result = carmichael_of_ppower( f_list[0] )
+  for i in range( 1, len( f_list ) ):
+    result = lcm( result, carmichael_of_ppower( f_list[i] ) )
+
+  return result
+
+def carmichael_of_ppower( pp ):
+  """Carmichael function of the given power of the given prime.
+  """
+
+  p, a = pp
+  if p == 2 and a > 2: return 2**(a-2)
+  else: return (p-1) * p**(a-1)
+
+
+
+def order_mod( x, m ):
+  """Return the order of x in the multiplicative group mod m.
+  """
+
+  # Warning: this implementation is not very clever, and will
+  # take a long time if m is very large.
+
+  if m <= 1: return 0
+
+  assert gcd( x, m ) == 1
+
+  z = x
+  result = 1
+  while z != 1:
+    z = ( z * x ) % m
+    result = result + 1
+  return result
+
+
+def largest_factor_relatively_prime( a, b ):
+  """Return the largest factor of a relatively prime to b.
+  """
+
+  while 1:
+    d = gcd( a, b )
+    if d <= 1: break
+    b = d
+    while 1:
+      q, r = divmod( a, d )
+      if r > 0:
+        break
+      a = q
+  return a
+
+
+def kinda_order_mod( x, m ):
+  """Return the order of x in the multiplicative group mod m',
+  where m' is the largest factor of m relatively prime to x.
+  """
+
+  return order_mod( x, largest_factor_relatively_prime( m, x ) )
+
+
+def is_prime( n ):
+  """Return True if x is prime, False otherwise.
+
+  We use the Miller-Rabin test, as given in Menezes et al. p. 138.
+  This test is not exact: there are composite values n for which
+  it returns True.
+
+  In testing the odd numbers from 10000001 to 19999999,
+  about 66 composites got past the first test,
+  5 got past the second test, and none got past the third.
+  Since factors of 2, 3, 5, 7, and 11 were detected during
+  preliminary screening, the number of numbers tested by
+  Miller-Rabin was (19999999 - 10000001)*(2/3)*(4/5)*(6/7)
+  = 4.57 million.
+  """
+
+  # (This is used to study the risk of false positives:)
+  global miller_rabin_test_count
+
+  miller_rabin_test_count = 0
+
+  if n <= smallprimes[-1]:
+    if n in smallprimes: return True
+    else: return False
+
+  if gcd( n, 2*3*5*7*11 ) != 1: return False
+
+  # Choose a number of iterations sufficient to reduce the
+  # probability of accepting a composite below 2**-80
+  # (from Menezes et al. Table 4.4):
+
+  t = 40
+  n_bits = 1 + int( math.log( n, 2 ) )
+  for k, tt in ( ( 100, 27 ),
+                 ( 150, 18 ),
+                 ( 200, 15 ),
+                 ( 250, 12 ),
+                 ( 300,  9 ),
+                 ( 350,  8 ),
+                 ( 400,  7 ),
+                 ( 450,  6 ),
+                 ( 550,  5 ),
+                 ( 650,  4 ),
+                 ( 850,  3 ),
+                 ( 1300, 2 ),
+                 ):
+    if n_bits < k: break
+    t = tt
+
+  # Run the test t times:
+
+  s = 0
+  r = n - 1
+  while ( r % 2 ) == 0:
+    s = s + 1
+    r = r // 2
+  for i in range( t ):
+    a = smallprimes[ i ]
+    y = modular_exp( a, r, n )
+    if y != 1 and y != n-1:
+      j = 1
+      while j <= s - 1 and y != n - 1:
+        y = modular_exp( y, 2, n )
+        if y == 1:
+          miller_rabin_test_count = i + 1
+          return False
+        j = j + 1
+      if y != n-1:
+        miller_rabin_test_count = i + 1
+        return False
+  return True
+
+
+def next_prime( starting_value ):
+  "Return the smallest prime larger than the starting value."
+
+  if starting_value < 2: return 2
+  result = ( starting_value + 1 ) | 1
+  while not is_prime( result ): result = result + 2
+  return result
+
+
+smallprimes = [2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41,
+               43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97,
+               101, 103, 107, 109, 113, 127, 131, 137, 139, 149,
+               151, 157, 163, 167, 173, 179, 181, 191, 193, 197,
+               199, 211, 223, 227, 229, 233, 239, 241, 251, 257,
+               263, 269, 271, 277, 281, 283, 293, 307, 311, 313,
+               317, 331, 337, 347, 349, 353, 359, 367, 373, 379,
+               383, 389, 397, 401, 409, 419, 421, 431, 433, 439,
+               443, 449, 457, 461, 463, 467, 479, 487, 491, 499,
+               503, 509, 521, 523, 541, 547, 557, 563, 569, 571,
+               577, 587, 593, 599, 601, 607, 613, 617, 619, 631,
+               641, 643, 647, 653, 659, 661, 673, 677, 683, 691,
+               701, 709, 719, 727, 733, 739, 743, 751, 757, 761,
+               769, 773, 787, 797, 809, 811, 821, 823, 827, 829,
+               839, 853, 857, 859, 863, 877, 881, 883, 887, 907,
+               911, 919, 929, 937, 941, 947, 953, 967, 971, 977,
+               983, 991, 997, 1009, 1013, 1019, 1021, 1031, 1033,
+               1039, 1049, 1051, 1061, 1063, 1069, 1087, 1091, 1093,
+               1097, 1103, 1109, 1117, 1123, 1129, 1151, 1153, 1163,
+               1171, 1181, 1187, 1193, 1201, 1213, 1217, 1223, 1229]
+
+miller_rabin_test_count = 0
+
+def __main__():
+
+  # Making sure locally defined exceptions work:
+  # p = modular_exp( 2, -2, 3 )
+  # p = square_root_mod_prime( 2, 3 )
+
+
+  print_("Testing gcd...")
+  assert gcd( 3*5*7, 3*5*11, 3*5*13 )     == 3*5
+  assert gcd( [ 3*5*7, 3*5*11, 3*5*13 ] ) == 3*5
+  assert gcd( 3 ) == 3
+
+  print_("Testing lcm...")
+  assert lcm( 3, 5*3, 7*3 )     == 3*5*7
+  assert lcm( [ 3, 5*3, 7*3 ] ) == 3*5*7
+  assert lcm( 3 ) == 3
+
+  print_("Testing next_prime...")
+  bigprimes = ( 999671,
+                999683,
+                999721,
+                999727,
+                999749,
+                999763,
+                999769,
+                999773,
+                999809,
+                999853,
+                999863,
+                999883,
+                999907,
+                999917,
+                999931,
+                999953,
+                999959,
+                999961,
+                999979,
+                999983 )
+
+  for i in range( len( bigprimes ) - 1 ):
+    assert next_prime( bigprimes[i] ) == bigprimes[ i+1 ]
+
+  error_tally = 0
+
+  # Test the square_root_mod_prime function:
+
+  for p in smallprimes:
+    print_("Testing square_root_mod_prime for modulus p = %d." % p)
+    squares = []
+
+    for root in range( 0, 1+p//2 ):
+      sq = ( root * root ) % p
+      squares.append( sq )
+      calculated = square_root_mod_prime( sq, p )
+      if ( calculated * calculated ) % p != sq:
+        error_tally = error_tally + 1
+        print_("Failed to find %d as sqrt( %d ) mod %d. Said %d." % \
+              ( root, sq, p, calculated ))
+
+    for nonsquare in range( 0, p ):
+      if nonsquare not in squares:
+        try:
+          calculated = square_root_mod_prime( nonsquare, p )
+        except SquareRootError:
+          pass
+        else:
+          error_tally = error_tally + 1
+          print_("Failed to report no root for sqrt( %d ) mod %d." % \
+                ( nonsquare, p ))
+
+  # Test the jacobi function:
+  for m in range( 3, 400, 2 ):
+    print_("Testing jacobi for modulus m = %d." % m)
+    if is_prime( m ):
+      squares = []
+      for root in range( 1, m ):
+        if jacobi( root * root, m ) != 1:
+          error_tally = error_tally + 1
+          print_("jacobi( %d * %d, %d ) != 1" % ( root, root, m ))
+        squares.append( root * root % m )
+      for i in range( 1, m ):
+        if not i in squares:
+          if jacobi( i, m ) != -1:
+            error_tally = error_tally + 1
+            print_("jacobi( %d, %d ) != -1" % ( i, m ))
+    else:       # m is not prime.
+      f = factorization( m )
+      for a in range( 1, m ):
+        c = 1
+        for i in f:
+          c = c * jacobi( a, i[0] ) ** i[1]
+        if c != jacobi( a, m ):
+          error_tally = error_tally + 1
+          print_("%d != jacobi( %d, %d )" % ( c, a, m ))
+
+
+# Test the inverse_mod function:
+  print_("Testing inverse_mod . . .")
+  import random
+  n_tests = 0
+  for i in range( 100 ):
+    m = random.randint( 20, 10000 )
+    for j in range( 100 ):
+      a = random.randint( 1, m-1 )
+      if gcd( a, m ) == 1:
+        n_tests = n_tests + 1
+        inv = inverse_mod( a, m )
+        if inv <= 0 or inv >= m or ( a * inv ) % m != 1:
+          error_tally = error_tally + 1
+          print_("%d = inverse_mod( %d, %d ) is wrong." % ( inv, a, m ))
+  assert n_tests > 1000
+  print_(n_tests, " tests of inverse_mod completed.")
+
+  class FailedTest(Exception): pass
+  print_(error_tally, "errors detected.")
+  if error_tally != 0:
+    raise FailedTest("%d errors detected" % error_tally)
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+  __main__()

bin/python/ecdsa/rfc6979.py

@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+'''
+RFC 6979:
+    Deterministic Usage of the Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA) and
+    Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA)
+
+    http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6979
+
+Many thanks to Coda Hale for his implementation in Go language:
+    https://github.com/codahale/rfc6979
+'''
+
+import hmac
+from binascii import hexlify
+from .util import number_to_string, number_to_string_crop
+from .six import b
+
+try:
+    bin(0)
+except NameError:
+    binmap = {"0": "0000", "1": "0001", "2": "0010", "3": "0011",
+              "4": "0100", "5": "0101", "6": "0110", "7": "0111",
+              "8": "1000", "9": "1001", "a": "1010", "b": "1011",
+              "c": "1100", "d": "1101", "e": "1110", "f": "1111"}
+    def bin(value): # for python2.5
+        v = "".join(binmap[x] for x in "%x"%abs(value)).lstrip("0")
+        if value < 0:
+            return "-0b" + v
+        return "0b" + v
+
+def bit_length(num):
+    # http://docs.python.org/dev/library/stdtypes.html#int.bit_length
+    s = bin(num)  # binary representation:  bin(-37) --> '-0b100101'
+    s = s.lstrip('-0b')  # remove leading zeros and minus sign
+    return len(s)  # len('100101') --> 6
+
+def bits2int(data, qlen):
+    x = int(hexlify(data), 16)
+    l = len(data) * 8
+
+    if l > qlen:
+        return x >> (l-qlen)
+    return x
+
+def bits2octets(data, order):
+    z1 = bits2int(data, bit_length(order))
+    z2 = z1 - order
+
+    if z2 < 0:
+        z2 = z1
+
+    return number_to_string_crop(z2, order)
+
+# https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6979#section-3.2
+def generate_k(order, secexp, hash_func, data):
+    '''
+        generator - order of the DSA generator used in the signature
+        secexp - secure exponent (private key) in numeric form
+        hash_func - reference to the same hash function used for generating hash
+        data - hash in binary form of the signing data
+    '''
+
+    qlen = bit_length(order)
+    holen = hash_func().digest_size
+    rolen = (qlen + 7) / 8
+    bx = number_to_string(secexp, order) + bits2octets(data, order)
+
+    # Step B
+    v = b('\x01') * holen
+
+    # Step C
+    k = b('\x00') * holen
+
+    # Step D
+
+    k = hmac.new(k, v+b('\x00')+bx, hash_func).digest()
+
+    # Step E
+    v = hmac.new(k, v, hash_func).digest()
+
+    # Step F
+    k = hmac.new(k, v+b('\x01')+bx, hash_func).digest()
+
+    # Step G
+    v = hmac.new(k, v, hash_func).digest()
+
+    # Step H
+    while True:
+        # Step H1
+        t = b('')
+
+        # Step H2
+        while len(t) < rolen:
+            v = hmac.new(k, v, hash_func).digest()
+            t += v
+
+        # Step H3
+        secret = bits2int(t, qlen)
+
+        if secret >= 1 and secret < order:
+            return secret
+
+        k = hmac.new(k, v+b('\x00'), hash_func).digest()
+        v = hmac.new(k, v, hash_func).digest()

bin/python/ecdsa/six.py

@@ -0,0 +1,394 @@
+"""Utilities for writing code that runs on Python 2 and 3"""
+
+# Copyright (c) 2010-2012 Benjamin Peterson
+#
+# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+# this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+# the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+# use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+# the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+# subject to the following conditions:
+#
+# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+# copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+#
+# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+# IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+# FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+# COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+# IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+# CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+
+import operator
+import sys
+import types
+
+__author__ = "Benjamin Peterson <benjamin@python.org>"
+__version__ = "1.2.0"
+
+
+# True if we are running on Python 3.
+PY3 = sys.version_info[0] == 3
+
+if PY3:
+    string_types = str,
+    integer_types = int,
+    class_types = type,
+    text_type = str
+    binary_type = bytes
+
+    MAXSIZE = sys.maxsize
+else:
+    string_types = basestring,
+    integer_types = (int, long)
+    class_types = (type, types.ClassType)
+    text_type = unicode
+    binary_type = str
+
+    if sys.platform.startswith("java"):
+        # Jython always uses 32 bits.
+        MAXSIZE = int((1 << 31) - 1)
+    else:
+        # It's possible to have sizeof(long) != sizeof(Py_ssize_t).
+        class X(object):
+            def __len__(self):
+                return 1 << 31
+        try:
+            len(X())
+        except OverflowError:
+            # 32-bit
+            MAXSIZE = int((1 << 31) - 1)
+        else:
+            # 64-bit
+            MAXSIZE = int((1 << 63) - 1)
+            del X
+
+
+def _add_doc(func, doc):
+    """Add documentation to a function."""
+    func.__doc__ = doc
+
+
+def _import_module(name):
+    """Import module, returning the module after the last dot."""
+    __import__(name)
+    return sys.modules[name]
+
+
+class _LazyDescr(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, name):
+        self.name = name
+
+    def __get__(self, obj, tp):
+        result = self._resolve()
+        setattr(obj, self.name, result)
+        # This is a bit ugly, but it avoids running this again.
+        delattr(tp, self.name)
+        return result
+
+
+class MovedModule(_LazyDescr):
+
+    def __init__(self, name, old, new=None):
+        super(MovedModule, self).__init__(name)
+        if PY3:
+            if new is None:
+                new = name
+            self.mod = new
+        else:
+            self.mod = old
+
+    def _resolve(self):
+        return _import_module(self.mod)
+
+
+class MovedAttribute(_LazyDescr):
+
+    def __init__(self, name, old_mod, new_mod, old_attr=None, new_attr=None):
+        super(MovedAttribute, self).__init__(name)
+        if PY3:
+            if new_mod is None:
+                new_mod = name
+            self.mod = new_mod
+            if new_attr is None:
+                if old_attr is None:
+                    new_attr = name
+                else:
+                    new_attr = old_attr
+            self.attr = new_attr
+        else:
+            self.mod = old_mod
+            if old_attr is None:
+                old_attr = name
+            self.attr = old_attr
+
+    def _resolve(self):
+        module = _import_module(self.mod)
+        return getattr(module, self.attr)
+
+
+
+class _MovedItems(types.ModuleType):
+    """Lazy loading of moved objects"""
+
+
+_moved_attributes = [
+    MovedAttribute("cStringIO", "cStringIO", "io", "StringIO"),
+    MovedAttribute("filter", "itertools", "builtins", "ifilter", "filter"),
+    MovedAttribute("input", "__builtin__", "builtins", "raw_input", "input"),
+    MovedAttribute("map", "itertools", "builtins", "imap", "map"),
+    MovedAttribute("reload_module", "__builtin__", "imp", "reload"),
+    MovedAttribute("reduce", "__builtin__", "functools"),
+    MovedAttribute("StringIO", "StringIO", "io"),
+    MovedAttribute("xrange", "__builtin__", "builtins", "xrange", "range"),
+    MovedAttribute("zip", "itertools", "builtins", "izip", "zip"),
+
+    MovedModule("builtins", "__builtin__"),
+    MovedModule("configparser", "ConfigParser"),
+    MovedModule("copyreg", "copy_reg"),
+    MovedModule("http_cookiejar", "cookielib", "http.cookiejar"),
+    MovedModule("http_cookies", "Cookie", "http.cookies"),
+    MovedModule("html_entities", "htmlentitydefs", "html.entities"),
+    MovedModule("html_parser", "HTMLParser", "html.parser"),
+    MovedModule("http_client", "httplib", "http.client"),
+    MovedModule("email_mime_multipart", "email.MIMEMultipart", "email.mime.multipart"),
+    MovedModule("email_mime_text", "email.MIMEText", "email.mime.text"),
+    MovedModule("email_mime_base", "email.MIMEBase", "email.mime.base"),
+    MovedModule("BaseHTTPServer", "BaseHTTPServer", "http.server"),
+    MovedModule("CGIHTTPServer", "CGIHTTPServer", "http.server"),
+    MovedModule("SimpleHTTPServer", "SimpleHTTPServer", "http.server"),
+    MovedModule("cPickle", "cPickle", "pickle"),
+    MovedModule("queue", "Queue"),
+    MovedModule("reprlib", "repr"),
+    MovedModule("socketserver", "SocketServer"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter", "Tkinter"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_dialog", "Dialog", "tkinter.dialog"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_filedialog", "FileDialog", "tkinter.filedialog"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_scrolledtext", "ScrolledText", "tkinter.scrolledtext"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_simpledialog", "SimpleDialog", "tkinter.simpledialog"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_tix", "Tix", "tkinter.tix"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_constants", "Tkconstants", "tkinter.constants"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_dnd", "Tkdnd", "tkinter.dnd"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_colorchooser", "tkColorChooser",
+                "tkinter.colorchooser"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_commondialog", "tkCommonDialog",
+                "tkinter.commondialog"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_tkfiledialog", "tkFileDialog", "tkinter.filedialog"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_font", "tkFont", "tkinter.font"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_messagebox", "tkMessageBox", "tkinter.messagebox"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_tksimpledialog", "tkSimpleDialog",
+                "tkinter.simpledialog"),
+    MovedModule("urllib_robotparser", "robotparser", "urllib.robotparser"),
+    MovedModule("winreg", "_winreg"),
+]
+for attr in _moved_attributes:
+    setattr(_MovedItems, attr.name, attr)
+del attr
+
+moves = sys.modules[__name__ + ".moves"] = _MovedItems("moves")
+
+
+def add_move(move):
+    """Add an item to six.moves."""
+    setattr(_MovedItems, move.name, move)
+
+
+def remove_move(name):
+    """Remove item from six.moves."""
+    try:
+        delattr(_MovedItems, name)
+    except AttributeError:
+        try:
+            del moves.__dict__[name]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise AttributeError("no such move, %r" % (name,))
+
+
+if PY3:
+    _meth_func = "__func__"
+    _meth_self = "__self__"
+
+    _func_code = "__code__"
+    _func_defaults = "__defaults__"
+
+    _iterkeys = "keys"
+    _itervalues = "values"
+    _iteritems = "items"
+else:
+    _meth_func = "im_func"
+    _meth_self = "im_self"
+
+    _func_code = "func_code"
+    _func_defaults = "func_defaults"
+
+    _iterkeys = "iterkeys"
+    _itervalues = "itervalues"
+    _iteritems = "iteritems"
+
+
+try:
+    advance_iterator = next
+except NameError:
+    def advance_iterator(it):
+        return it.next()
+next = advance_iterator
+
+
+try:
+    callable = callable
+except NameError:
+    def callable(obj):
+        return any("__call__" in klass.__dict__ for klass in type(obj).__mro__)
+
+
+if PY3:
+    def get_unbound_function(unbound):
+        return unbound
+
+    Iterator = object
+else:
+    def get_unbound_function(unbound):
+        return unbound.im_func
+
+    class Iterator(object):
+
+        def next(self):
+            return type(self).__next__(self)
+
+    callable = callable
+_add_doc(get_unbound_function,
+         """Get the function out of a possibly unbound function""")
+
+
+get_method_function = operator.attrgetter(_meth_func)
+get_method_self = operator.attrgetter(_meth_self)
+get_function_code = operator.attrgetter(_func_code)
+get_function_defaults = operator.attrgetter(_func_defaults)
+
+
+def iterkeys(d):
+    """Return an iterator over the keys of a dictionary."""
+    return iter(getattr(d, _iterkeys)())
+
+def itervalues(d):
+    """Return an iterator over the values of a dictionary."""
+    return iter(getattr(d, _itervalues)())
+
+def iteritems(d):
+    """Return an iterator over the (key, value) pairs of a dictionary."""
+    return iter(getattr(d, _iteritems)())
+
+
+if PY3:
+    def b(s):
+        return s.encode("latin-1")
+    def u(s):
+        return s
+    if sys.version_info[1] <= 1:
+        def int2byte(i):
+            return bytes((i,))
+    else:
+        # This is about 2x faster than the implementation above on 3.2+
+        int2byte = operator.methodcaller("to_bytes", 1, "big")
+    import io
+    StringIO = io.StringIO
+    BytesIO = io.BytesIO
+else:
+    def b(s):
+        return s
+    def u(s):
+        if isinstance(s, unicode):
+            return s
+        return unicode(s, "unicode_escape")
+    int2byte = chr
+    import StringIO
+    StringIO = BytesIO = StringIO.StringIO
+_add_doc(b, """Byte literal""")
+_add_doc(u, """Text literal""")
+
+
+if PY3:
+    import builtins
+    exec_ = getattr(builtins, "exec")
+
+
+    def reraise(tp, value, tb=None):
+        if value.__traceback__ is not tb:
+            raise value.with_traceback(tb)
+        raise value
+
+
+    print_ = getattr(builtins, "print")
+    del builtins
+
+else:
+    def exec_(_code_, _globs_=None, _locs_=None):
+        """Execute code in a namespace."""
+        if _globs_ is None:
+            frame = sys._getframe(1)
+            _globs_ = frame.f_globals
+            if _locs_ is None:
+                _locs_ = frame.f_locals
+            del frame
+        elif _locs_ is None:
+            _locs_ = _globs_
+        exec("""exec _code_ in _globs_, _locs_""")
+
+
+    exec_("""def reraise(tp, value, tb=None):
+    raise tp, value, tb
+""")
+
+
+    def print_(*args, **kwargs):
+        """The new-style print function."""
+        fp = kwargs.pop("file", sys.stdout)
+        if fp is None:
+            return
+        def write(data):
+            if not isinstance(data, basestring):
+                data = str(data)
+            fp.write(data)
+        want_unicode = False
+        sep = kwargs.pop("sep", None)
+        if sep is not None:
+            if isinstance(sep, unicode):
+                want_unicode = True
+            elif not isinstance(sep, str):
+                raise TypeError("sep must be None or a string")
+        end = kwargs.pop("end", None)
+        if end is not None:
+            if isinstance(end, unicode):
+                want_unicode = True
+            elif not isinstance(end, str):
+                raise TypeError("end must be None or a string")
+        if kwargs:
+            raise TypeError("invalid keyword arguments to print()")
+        if not want_unicode:
+            for arg in args:
+                if isinstance(arg, unicode):
+                    want_unicode = True
+                    break
+        if want_unicode:
+            newline = unicode("\n")
+            space = unicode(" ")
+        else:
+            newline = "\n"
+            space = " "
+        if sep is None:
+            sep = space
+        if end is None:
+            end = newline
+        for i, arg in enumerate(args):
+            if i:
+                write(sep)
+            write(arg)
+        write(end)
+
+_add_doc(reraise, """Reraise an exception.""")
+
+
+def with_metaclass(meta, base=object):
+    """Create a base class with a metaclass."""
+    return meta("NewBase", (base,), {})

bin/python/ecdsa/test_pyecdsa.py

@@ -0,0 +1,663 @@
+from __future__ import with_statement, division
+
+import unittest
+import os
+import time
+import shutil
+import subprocess
+from binascii import hexlify, unhexlify
+from hashlib import sha1, sha256, sha512
+
+from .six import b, print_, binary_type
+from .keys import SigningKey, VerifyingKey
+from .keys import BadSignatureError
+from . import util
+from .util import sigencode_der, sigencode_strings
+from .util import sigdecode_der, sigdecode_strings
+from .curves import Curve, UnknownCurveError
+from .curves import NIST192p, NIST224p, NIST256p, NIST384p, NIST521p, SECP256k1
+from .ellipticcurve import Point
+from . import der
+from . import rfc6979
+
+class SubprocessError(Exception):
+    pass
+
+def run_openssl(cmd):
+    OPENSSL = "openssl"
+    p = subprocess.Popen([OPENSSL] + cmd.split(),
+                         stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+                         stderr=subprocess.STDOUT)
+    stdout, ignored = p.communicate()
+    if p.returncode != 0:
+        raise SubprocessError("cmd '%s %s' failed: rc=%s, stdout/err was %s" %
+                              (OPENSSL, cmd, p.returncode, stdout))
+    return stdout.decode()
+
+BENCH = False
+
+class ECDSA(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_basic(self):
+        priv = SigningKey.generate()
+        pub = priv.get_verifying_key()
+
+        data = b("blahblah")
+        sig = priv.sign(data)
+
+        self.assertTrue(pub.verify(sig, data))
+        self.assertRaises(BadSignatureError, pub.verify, sig, data+b("bad"))
+
+        pub2 = VerifyingKey.from_string(pub.to_string())
+        self.assertTrue(pub2.verify(sig, data))
+
+    def test_deterministic(self):
+        data = b("blahblah")
+        secexp = int("9d0219792467d7d37b4d43298a7d0c05", 16)
+
+        priv = SigningKey.from_secret_exponent(secexp, SECP256k1, sha256)
+        pub = priv.get_verifying_key()
+
+        k = rfc6979.generate_k(
+            SECP256k1.generator.order(), secexp, sha256, sha256(data).digest())
+
+        sig1 = priv.sign(data, k=k)
+        self.assertTrue(pub.verify(sig1, data))
+
+        sig2 = priv.sign(data, k=k)
+        self.assertTrue(pub.verify(sig2, data))
+
+        sig3 = priv.sign_deterministic(data, sha256)
+        self.assertTrue(pub.verify(sig3, data))
+
+        self.assertEqual(sig1, sig2)
+        self.assertEqual(sig1, sig3)
+
+    def test_bad_usage(self):
+        # sk=SigningKey() is wrong
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, SigningKey)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, VerifyingKey)
+
+    def test_lengths(self):
+        default = NIST192p
+        priv = SigningKey.generate()
+        pub = priv.get_verifying_key()
+        self.assertEqual(len(pub.to_string()), default.verifying_key_length)
+        sig = priv.sign(b("data"))
+        self.assertEqual(len(sig), default.signature_length)
+        if BENCH:
+            print_()
+        for curve in (NIST192p, NIST224p, NIST256p, NIST384p, NIST521p):
+            start = time.time()
+            priv = SigningKey.generate(curve=curve)
+            pub1 = priv.get_verifying_key()
+            keygen_time = time.time() - start
+            pub2 = VerifyingKey.from_string(pub1.to_string(), curve)
+            self.assertEqual(pub1.to_string(), pub2.to_string())
+            self.assertEqual(len(pub1.to_string()),
+                                 curve.verifying_key_length)
+            start = time.time()
+            sig = priv.sign(b("data"))
+            sign_time = time.time() - start
+            self.assertEqual(len(sig), curve.signature_length)
+            if BENCH:
+                start = time.time()
+                pub1.verify(sig, b("data"))
+                verify_time = time.time() - start
+                print_("%s: siglen=%d, keygen=%0.3fs, sign=%0.3f, verify=%0.3f" \
+                      % (curve.name, curve.signature_length,
+                         keygen_time, sign_time, verify_time))
+
+    def test_serialize(self):
+        seed = b("secret")
+        curve = NIST192p
+        secexp1 = util.randrange_from_seed__trytryagain(seed, curve.order)
+        secexp2 = util.randrange_from_seed__trytryagain(seed, curve.order)
+        self.assertEqual(secexp1, secexp2)
+        priv1 = SigningKey.from_secret_exponent(secexp1, curve)
+        priv2 = SigningKey.from_secret_exponent(secexp2, curve)
+        self.assertEqual(hexlify(priv1.to_string()),
+                             hexlify(priv2.to_string()))
+        self.assertEqual(priv1.to_pem(), priv2.to_pem())
+        pub1 = priv1.get_verifying_key()
+        pub2 = priv2.get_verifying_key()
+        data = b("data")
+        sig1 = priv1.sign(data)
+        sig2 = priv2.sign(data)
+        self.assertTrue(pub1.verify(sig1, data))
+        self.assertTrue(pub2.verify(sig1, data))
+        self.assertTrue(pub1.verify(sig2, data))
+        self.assertTrue(pub2.verify(sig2, data))
+        self.assertEqual(hexlify(pub1.to_string()),
+                             hexlify(pub2.to_string()))
+
+    def test_nonrandom(self):
+        s = b("all the entropy in the entire world, compressed into one line")
+        def not_much_entropy(numbytes):
+            return s[:numbytes]
+        # we control the entropy source, these two keys should be identical:
+        priv1 = SigningKey.generate(entropy=not_much_entropy)
+        priv2 = SigningKey.generate(entropy=not_much_entropy)
+        self.assertEqual(hexlify(priv1.get_verifying_key().to_string()),
+                             hexlify(priv2.get_verifying_key().to_string()))
+        # likewise, signatures should be identical. Obviously you'd never
+        # want to do this with keys you care about, because the secrecy of
+        # the private key depends upon using different random numbers for
+        # each signature
+        sig1 = priv1.sign(b("data"), entropy=not_much_entropy)
+        sig2 = priv2.sign(b("data"), entropy=not_much_entropy)
+        self.assertEqual(hexlify(sig1), hexlify(sig2))
+
+    def assertTruePrivkeysEqual(self, priv1, priv2):
+        self.assertEqual(priv1.privkey.secret_multiplier,
+                             priv2.privkey.secret_multiplier)
+        self.assertEqual(priv1.privkey.public_key.generator,
+                             priv2.privkey.public_key.generator)
+
+    def failIfPrivkeysEqual(self, priv1, priv2):
+        self.failIfEqual(priv1.privkey.secret_multiplier,
+                         priv2.privkey.secret_multiplier)
+
+    def test_privkey_creation(self):
+        s = b("all the entropy in the entire world, compressed into one line")
+        def not_much_entropy(numbytes):
+            return s[:numbytes]
+        priv1 = SigningKey.generate()
+        self.assertEqual(priv1.baselen, NIST192p.baselen)
+
+        priv1 = SigningKey.generate(curve=NIST224p)
+        self.assertEqual(priv1.baselen, NIST224p.baselen)
+
+        priv1 = SigningKey.generate(entropy=not_much_entropy)
+        self.assertEqual(priv1.baselen, NIST192p.baselen)
+        priv2 = SigningKey.generate(entropy=not_much_entropy)
+        self.assertEqual(priv2.baselen, NIST192p.baselen)
+        self.assertTruePrivkeysEqual(priv1, priv2)
+
+        priv1 = SigningKey.from_secret_exponent(secexp=3)
+        self.assertEqual(priv1.baselen, NIST192p.baselen)
+        priv2 = SigningKey.from_secret_exponent(secexp=3)
+        self.assertTruePrivkeysEqual(priv1, priv2)
+
+        priv1 = SigningKey.from_secret_exponent(secexp=4, curve=NIST224p)
+        self.assertEqual(priv1.baselen, NIST224p.baselen)
+
+    def test_privkey_strings(self):
+        priv1 = SigningKey.generate()
+        s1 = priv1.to_string()
+        self.assertEqual(type(s1), binary_type)
+        self.assertEqual(len(s1), NIST192p.baselen)
+        priv2 = SigningKey.from_string(s1)
+        self.assertTruePrivkeysEqual(priv1, priv2)
+
+        s1 = priv1.to_pem()
+        self.assertEqual(type(s1), binary_type)
+        self.assertTrue(s1.startswith(b("-----BEGIN EC PRIVATE KEY-----")))
+        self.assertTrue(s1.strip().endswith(b("-----END EC PRIVATE KEY-----")))
+        priv2 = SigningKey.from_pem(s1)
+        self.assertTruePrivkeysEqual(priv1, priv2)
+
+        s1 = priv1.to_der()
+        self.assertEqual(type(s1), binary_type)
+        priv2 = SigningKey.from_der(s1)
+        self.assertTruePrivkeysEqual(priv1, priv2)
+
+        priv1 = SigningKey.generate(curve=NIST256p)
+        s1 = priv1.to_pem()
+        self.assertEqual(type(s1), binary_type)
+        self.assertTrue(s1.startswith(b("-----BEGIN EC PRIVATE KEY-----")))
+        self.assertTrue(s1.strip().endswith(b("-----END EC PRIVATE KEY-----")))
+        priv2 = SigningKey.from_pem(s1)
+        self.assertTruePrivkeysEqual(priv1, priv2)
+
+        s1 = priv1.to_der()
+        self.assertEqual(type(s1), binary_type)
+        priv2 = SigningKey.from_der(s1)
+        self.assertTruePrivkeysEqual(priv1, priv2)
+
+    def assertTruePubkeysEqual(self, pub1, pub2):
+        self.assertEqual(pub1.pubkey.point, pub2.pubkey.point)
+        self.assertEqual(pub1.pubkey.generator, pub2.pubkey.generator)
+        self.assertEqual(pub1.curve, pub2.curve)
+
+    def test_pubkey_strings(self):
+        priv1 = SigningKey.generate()
+        pub1 = priv1.get_verifying_key()
+        s1 = pub1.to_string()
+        self.assertEqual(type(s1), binary_type)
+        self.assertEqual(len(s1), NIST192p.verifying_key_length)
+        pub2 = VerifyingKey.from_string(s1)
+        self.assertTruePubkeysEqual(pub1, pub2)
+
+        priv1 = SigningKey.generate(curve=NIST256p)
+        pub1 = priv1.get_verifying_key()
+        s1 = pub1.to_string()
+        self.assertEqual(type(s1), binary_type)
+        self.assertEqual(len(s1), NIST256p.verifying_key_length)
+        pub2 = VerifyingKey.from_string(s1, curve=NIST256p)
+        self.assertTruePubkeysEqual(pub1, pub2)
+
+        pub1_der = pub1.to_der()
+        self.assertEqual(type(pub1_der), binary_type)
+        pub2 = VerifyingKey.from_der(pub1_der)
+        self.assertTruePubkeysEqual(pub1, pub2)
+
+        self.assertRaises(der.UnexpectedDER,
+                              VerifyingKey.from_der, pub1_der+b("junk"))
+        badpub = VerifyingKey.from_der(pub1_der)
+        class FakeGenerator:
+            def order(self): return 123456789
+        badcurve = Curve("unknown", None, None, FakeGenerator(), (1,2,3,4,5,6))
+        badpub.curve = badcurve
+        badder = badpub.to_der()
+        self.assertRaises(UnknownCurveError, VerifyingKey.from_der, badder)
+
+        pem = pub1.to_pem()
+        self.assertEqual(type(pem), binary_type)
+        self.assertTrue(pem.startswith(b("-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----")), pem)
+        self.assertTrue(pem.strip().endswith(b("-----END PUBLIC KEY-----")), pem)
+        pub2 = VerifyingKey.from_pem(pem)
+        self.assertTruePubkeysEqual(pub1, pub2)
+
+    def test_signature_strings(self):
+        priv1 = SigningKey.generate()
+        pub1 = priv1.get_verifying_key()
+        data = b("data")
+
+        sig = priv1.sign(data)
+        self.assertEqual(type(sig), binary_type)
+        self.assertEqual(len(sig), NIST192p.signature_length)
+        self.assertTrue(pub1.verify(sig, data))
+
+        sig = priv1.sign(data, sigencode=sigencode_strings)
+        self.assertEqual(type(sig), tuple)
+        self.assertEqual(len(sig), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(type(sig[0]), binary_type)
+        self.assertEqual(type(sig[1]), binary_type)
+        self.assertEqual(len(sig[0]), NIST192p.baselen)
+        self.assertEqual(len(sig[1]), NIST192p.baselen)
+        self.assertTrue(pub1.verify(sig, data, sigdecode=sigdecode_strings))
+
+        sig_der = priv1.sign(data, sigencode=sigencode_der)
+        self.assertEqual(type(sig_der), binary_type)
+        self.assertTrue(pub1.verify(sig_der, data, sigdecode=sigdecode_der))
+
+    def test_hashfunc(self):
+        sk = SigningKey.generate(curve=NIST256p, hashfunc=sha256)
+        data = b("security level is 128 bits")
+        sig = sk.sign(data)
+        vk = VerifyingKey.from_string(sk.get_verifying_key().to_string(),
+                                      curve=NIST256p, hashfunc=sha256)
+        self.assertTrue(vk.verify(sig, data))
+
+        sk2 = SigningKey.generate(curve=NIST256p)
+        sig2 = sk2.sign(data, hashfunc=sha256)
+        vk2 = VerifyingKey.from_string(sk2.get_verifying_key().to_string(),
+                                       curve=NIST256p, hashfunc=sha256)
+        self.assertTrue(vk2.verify(sig2, data))
+
+        vk3 = VerifyingKey.from_string(sk.get_verifying_key().to_string(),
+                                       curve=NIST256p)
+        self.assertTrue(vk3.verify(sig, data, hashfunc=sha256))
+
+
+class OpenSSL(unittest.TestCase):
+    # test interoperability with OpenSSL tools. Note that openssl's ECDSA
+    # sign/verify arguments changed between 0.9.8 and 1.0.0: the early
+    # versions require "-ecdsa-with-SHA1", the later versions want just
+    # "-SHA1" (or to leave out that argument entirely, which means the
+    # signature will use some default digest algorithm, probably determined
+    # by the key, probably always SHA1).
+    #
+    # openssl ecparam -name secp224r1 -genkey -out privkey.pem
+    # openssl ec -in privkey.pem -text -noout # get the priv/pub keys
+    # openssl dgst -ecdsa-with-SHA1 -sign privkey.pem -out data.sig data.txt
+    # openssl asn1parse -in data.sig -inform DER
+    #  data.sig is 64 bytes, probably 56b plus ASN1 overhead
+    # openssl dgst -ecdsa-with-SHA1 -prverify privkey.pem -signature data.sig data.txt ; echo $?
+    # openssl ec -in privkey.pem -pubout -out pubkey.pem
+    # openssl ec -in privkey.pem -pubout -outform DER -out pubkey.der
+
+    def get_openssl_messagedigest_arg(self):
+        v = run_openssl("version")
+        # e.g. "OpenSSL 1.0.0 29 Mar 2010", or "OpenSSL 1.0.0a 1 Jun 2010",
+        # or "OpenSSL 0.9.8o 01 Jun 2010"
+        vs = v.split()[1].split(".")
+        if vs >= ["1","0","0"]:
+            return "-SHA1"
+        else:
+            return "-ecdsa-with-SHA1"
+
+    # sk: 1:OpenSSL->python  2:python->OpenSSL
+    # vk: 3:OpenSSL->python  4:python->OpenSSL
+    # sig: 5:OpenSSL->python 6:python->OpenSSL
+
+    def test_from_openssl_nist192p(self):
+        return self.do_test_from_openssl(NIST192p)
+    def test_from_openssl_nist224p(self):
+        return self.do_test_from_openssl(NIST224p)
+    def test_from_openssl_nist256p(self):
+        return self.do_test_from_openssl(NIST256p)
+    def test_from_openssl_nist384p(self):
+        return self.do_test_from_openssl(NIST384p)
+    def test_from_openssl_nist521p(self):
+        return self.do_test_from_openssl(NIST521p)
+    def test_from_openssl_secp256k1(self):
+        return self.do_test_from_openssl(SECP256k1)
+
+    def do_test_from_openssl(self, curve):
+        curvename = curve.openssl_name
+        assert curvename
+        # OpenSSL: create sk, vk, sign.
+        # Python: read vk(3), checksig(5), read sk(1), sign, check
+        mdarg = self.get_openssl_messagedigest_arg()
+        if os.path.isdir("t"):
+            shutil.rmtree("t")
+        os.mkdir("t")
+        run_openssl("ecparam -name %s -genkey -out t/privkey.pem" % curvename)
+        run_openssl("ec -in t/privkey.pem -pubout -out t/pubkey.pem")
+        data = b("data")
+        with open("t/data.txt","wb") as e: e.write(data)
+        run_openssl("dgst %s -sign t/privkey.pem -out t/data.sig t/data.txt" % mdarg)
+        run_openssl("dgst %s -verify t/pubkey.pem -signature t/data.sig t/data.txt" % mdarg)
+        with open("t/pubkey.pem","rb") as e: pubkey_pem = e.read()
+        vk = VerifyingKey.from_pem(pubkey_pem) # 3
+        with open("t/data.sig","rb") as e: sig_der = e.read()
+        self.assertTrue(vk.verify(sig_der, data, # 5
+                                  hashfunc=sha1, sigdecode=sigdecode_der))
+
+        with open("t/privkey.pem") as e: fp = e.read()
+        sk = SigningKey.from_pem(fp) # 1
+        sig = sk.sign(data)
+        self.assertTrue(vk.verify(sig, data))
+
+    def test_to_openssl_nist192p(self):
+        self.do_test_to_openssl(NIST192p)
+    def test_to_openssl_nist224p(self):
+        self.do_test_to_openssl(NIST224p)
+    def test_to_openssl_nist256p(self):
+        self.do_test_to_openssl(NIST256p)
+    def test_to_openssl_nist384p(self):
+        self.do_test_to_openssl(NIST384p)
+    def test_to_openssl_nist521p(self):
+        self.do_test_to_openssl(NIST521p)
+    def test_to_openssl_secp256k1(self):
+        self.do_test_to_openssl(SECP256k1)
+
+    def do_test_to_openssl(self, curve):
+        curvename = curve.openssl_name
+        assert curvename
+        # Python: create sk, vk, sign.
+        # OpenSSL: read vk(4), checksig(6), read sk(2), sign, check
+        mdarg = self.get_openssl_messagedigest_arg()
+        if os.path.isdir("t"):
+            shutil.rmtree("t")
+        os.mkdir("t")
+        sk = SigningKey.generate(curve=curve)
+        vk = sk.get_verifying_key()
+        data = b("data")
+        with open("t/pubkey.der","wb") as e: e.write(vk.to_der()) # 4
+        with open("t/pubkey.pem","wb") as e: e.write(vk.to_pem()) # 4
+        sig_der = sk.sign(data, hashfunc=sha1, sigencode=sigencode_der)
+
+        with open("t/data.sig","wb") as e: e.write(sig_der) # 6
+        with open("t/data.txt","wb") as e: e.write(data)
+        with open("t/baddata.txt","wb") as e: e.write(data+b("corrupt"))
+
+        self.assertRaises(SubprocessError, run_openssl,
+                              "dgst %s -verify t/pubkey.der -keyform DER -signature t/data.sig t/baddata.txt" % mdarg)
+        run_openssl("dgst %s -verify t/pubkey.der -keyform DER -signature t/data.sig t/data.txt" % mdarg)
+
+        with open("t/privkey.pem","wb") as e: e.write(sk.to_pem()) # 2
+        run_openssl("dgst %s -sign t/privkey.pem -out t/data.sig2 t/data.txt" % mdarg)
+        run_openssl("dgst %s -verify t/pubkey.pem -signature t/data.sig2 t/data.txt" % mdarg)
+
+class DER(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_oids(self):
+        oid_ecPublicKey = der.encode_oid(1, 2, 840, 10045, 2, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(hexlify(oid_ecPublicKey), b("06072a8648ce3d0201"))
+        self.assertEqual(hexlify(NIST224p.encoded_oid), b("06052b81040021"))
+        self.assertEqual(hexlify(NIST256p.encoded_oid),
+                             b("06082a8648ce3d030107"))
+        x = oid_ecPublicKey + b("more")
+        x1, rest = der.remove_object(x)
+        self.assertEqual(x1, (1, 2, 840, 10045, 2, 1))
+        self.assertEqual(rest, b("more"))
+
+    def test_integer(self):
+        self.assertEqual(der.encode_integer(0), b("\x02\x01\x00"))
+        self.assertEqual(der.encode_integer(1), b("\x02\x01\x01"))
+        self.assertEqual(der.encode_integer(127), b("\x02\x01\x7f"))
+        self.assertEqual(der.encode_integer(128), b("\x02\x02\x00\x80"))
+        self.assertEqual(der.encode_integer(256), b("\x02\x02\x01\x00"))
+        #self.assertEqual(der.encode_integer(-1), b("\x02\x01\xff"))
+
+        def s(n): return der.remove_integer(der.encode_integer(n) + b("junk"))
+        self.assertEqual(s(0), (0, b("junk")))
+        self.assertEqual(s(1), (1, b("junk")))
+        self.assertEqual(s(127), (127, b("junk")))
+        self.assertEqual(s(128), (128, b("junk")))
+        self.assertEqual(s(256), (256, b("junk")))
+        self.assertEqual(s(1234567890123456789012345678901234567890),
+                             (1234567890123456789012345678901234567890,b("junk")))
+
+    def test_number(self):
+        self.assertEqual(der.encode_number(0), b("\x00"))
+        self.assertEqual(der.encode_number(127), b("\x7f"))
+        self.assertEqual(der.encode_number(128), b("\x81\x00"))
+        self.assertEqual(der.encode_number(3*128+7), b("\x83\x07"))
+        #self.assertEqual(der.read_number("\x81\x9b"+"more"), (155, 2))
+        #self.assertEqual(der.encode_number(155), b("\x81\x9b"))
+        for n in (0, 1, 2, 127, 128, 3*128+7, 840, 10045): #, 155):
+            x = der.encode_number(n) + b("more")
+            n1, llen = der.read_number(x)
+            self.assertEqual(n1, n)
+            self.assertEqual(x[llen:], b("more"))
+
+    def test_length(self):
+        self.assertEqual(der.encode_length(0), b("\x00"))
+        self.assertEqual(der.encode_length(127), b("\x7f"))
+        self.assertEqual(der.encode_length(128), b("\x81\x80"))
+        self.assertEqual(der.encode_length(255), b("\x81\xff"))
+        self.assertEqual(der.encode_length(256), b("\x82\x01\x00"))
+        self.assertEqual(der.encode_length(3*256+7), b("\x82\x03\x07"))
+        self.assertEqual(der.read_length(b("\x81\x9b")+b("more")), (155, 2))
+        self.assertEqual(der.encode_length(155), b("\x81\x9b"))
+        for n in (0, 1, 2, 127, 128, 255, 256, 3*256+7, 155):
+            x = der.encode_length(n) + b("more")
+            n1, llen = der.read_length(x)
+            self.assertEqual(n1, n)
+            self.assertEqual(x[llen:], b("more"))
+
+    def test_sequence(self):
+        x = der.encode_sequence(b("ABC"), b("DEF")) + b("GHI")
+        self.assertEqual(x, b("\x30\x06ABCDEFGHI"))
+        x1, rest = der.remove_sequence(x)
+        self.assertEqual(x1, b("ABCDEF"))
+        self.assertEqual(rest, b("GHI"))
+
+    def test_constructed(self):
+        x = der.encode_constructed(0, NIST224p.encoded_oid)
+        self.assertEqual(hexlify(x), b("a007") + b("06052b81040021"))
+        x = der.encode_constructed(1, unhexlify(b("0102030a0b0c")))
+        self.assertEqual(hexlify(x), b("a106") + b("0102030a0b0c"))
+
+class Util(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_trytryagain(self):
+        tta = util.randrange_from_seed__trytryagain
+        for i in range(1000):
+            seed = "seed-%d" % i
+            for order in (2**8-2, 2**8-1, 2**8, 2**8+1, 2**8+2,
+                          2**16-1, 2**16+1):
+                n = tta(seed, order)
+                self.assertTrue(1 <= n < order, (1, n, order))
+        # this trytryagain *does* provide long-term stability
+        self.assertEqual(("%x"%(tta("seed", NIST224p.order))).encode(),
+                             b("6fa59d73bf0446ae8743cf748fc5ac11d5585a90356417e97155c3bc"))
+
+    def test_randrange(self):
+        # util.randrange does not provide long-term stability: we might
+        # change the algorithm in the future.
+        for i in range(1000):
+            entropy = util.PRNG("seed-%d" % i)
+            for order in (2**8-2, 2**8-1, 2**8,
+                          2**16-1, 2**16+1,
+                          ):
+                # that oddball 2**16+1 takes half our runtime
+                n = util.randrange(order, entropy=entropy)
+                self.assertTrue(1 <= n < order, (1, n, order))
+
+    def OFF_test_prove_uniformity(self):
+        order = 2**8-2
+        counts = dict([(i, 0) for i in range(1, order)])
+        assert 0 not in counts
+        assert order not in counts
+        for i in range(1000000):
+            seed = "seed-%d" % i
+            n = util.randrange_from_seed__trytryagain(seed, order)
+            counts[n] += 1
+        # this technique should use the full range
+        self.assertTrue(counts[order-1])
+        for i in range(1, order):
+            print_("%3d: %s" % (i, "*"*(counts[i]//100)))
+
+class RFC6979(unittest.TestCase):
+    # https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6979#appendix-A.1
+    def _do(self, generator, secexp, hsh, hash_func, expected):
+        actual = rfc6979.generate_k(generator.order(), secexp, hash_func, hsh)
+        self.assertEqual(expected, actual)
+
+    def test_SECP256k1(self):
+        '''RFC doesn't contain test vectors for SECP256k1 used in bitcoin.
+        This vector has been computed by Golang reference implementation instead.'''
+        self._do(
+            generator = SECP256k1.generator,
+            secexp = int("9d0219792467d7d37b4d43298a7d0c05", 16),
+            hsh = sha256(b("sample")).digest(),
+            hash_func = sha256,
+            expected = int("8fa1f95d514760e498f28957b824ee6ec39ed64826ff4fecc2b5739ec45b91cd", 16))
+
+    def test_SECP256k1_2(self):
+        self._do(
+            generator=SECP256k1.generator,
+            secexp=int("cca9fbcc1b41e5a95d369eaa6ddcff73b61a4efaa279cfc6567e8daa39cbaf50", 16),
+            hsh=sha256(b("sample")).digest(),
+            hash_func=sha256,
+            expected=int("2df40ca70e639d89528a6b670d9d48d9165fdc0febc0974056bdce192b8e16a3", 16))
+
+    def test_SECP256k1_3(self):
+        self._do(
+            generator=SECP256k1.generator,
+            secexp=0x1,
+            hsh=sha256(b("Satoshi Nakamoto")).digest(),
+            hash_func=sha256,
+            expected=0x8F8A276C19F4149656B280621E358CCE24F5F52542772691EE69063B74F15D15)
+
+    def test_SECP256k1_4(self):
+        self._do(
+            generator=SECP256k1.generator,
+            secexp=0x1,
+            hsh=sha256(b("All those moments will be lost in time, like tears in rain. Time to die...")).digest(),
+            hash_func=sha256,
+            expected=0x38AA22D72376B4DBC472E06C3BA403EE0A394DA63FC58D88686C611ABA98D6B3)
+
+    def test_SECP256k1_5(self):
+        self._do(
+            generator=SECP256k1.generator,
+            secexp=0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEBAAEDCE6AF48A03BBFD25E8CD0364140,
+            hsh=sha256(b("Satoshi Nakamoto")).digest(),
+            hash_func=sha256,
+            expected=0x33A19B60E25FB6F4435AF53A3D42D493644827367E6453928554F43E49AA6F90)
+
+    def test_SECP256k1_6(self):
+        self._do(
+            generator=SECP256k1.generator,
+            secexp=0xf8b8af8ce3c7cca5e300d33939540c10d45ce001b8f252bfbc57ba0342904181,
+            hsh=sha256(b("Alan Turing")).digest(),
+            hash_func=sha256,
+            expected=0x525A82B70E67874398067543FD84C83D30C175FDC45FDEEE082FE13B1D7CFDF1)
+
+    def test_1(self):
+        # Basic example of the RFC, it also tests 'try-try-again' from Step H of rfc6979
+        self._do(
+            generator = Point(None, 0, 0, int("4000000000000000000020108A2E0CC0D99F8A5EF", 16)),
+            secexp = int("09A4D6792295A7F730FC3F2B49CBC0F62E862272F", 16),
+            hsh = unhexlify(b("AF2BDBE1AA9B6EC1E2ADE1D694F41FC71A831D0268E9891562113D8A62ADD1BF")),
+            hash_func = sha256,
+            expected = int("23AF4074C90A02B3FE61D286D5C87F425E6BDD81B", 16))
+
+    def test_2(self):
+        self._do(
+            generator=NIST192p.generator,
+            secexp = int("6FAB034934E4C0FC9AE67F5B5659A9D7D1FEFD187EE09FD4", 16),
+            hsh = sha1(b("sample")).digest(),
+            hash_func = sha1,
+            expected = int("37D7CA00D2C7B0E5E412AC03BD44BA837FDD5B28CD3B0021", 16))
+
+    def test_3(self):
+        self._do(
+            generator=NIST192p.generator,
+            secexp = int("6FAB034934E4C0FC9AE67F5B5659A9D7D1FEFD187EE09FD4", 16),
+            hsh = sha256(b("sample")).digest(),
+            hash_func = sha256,
+            expected = int("32B1B6D7D42A05CB449065727A84804FB1A3E34D8F261496", 16))
+
+    def test_4(self):
+        self._do(
+            generator=NIST192p.generator,
+            secexp = int("6FAB034934E4C0FC9AE67F5B5659A9D7D1FEFD187EE09FD4", 16),
+            hsh = sha512(b("sample")).digest(),
+            hash_func = sha512,
+            expected = int("A2AC7AB055E4F20692D49209544C203A7D1F2C0BFBC75DB1", 16))
+
+    def test_5(self):
+        self._do(
+            generator=NIST192p.generator,
+            secexp = int("6FAB034934E4C0FC9AE67F5B5659A9D7D1FEFD187EE09FD4", 16),
+            hsh = sha1(b("test")).digest(),
+            hash_func = sha1,
+            expected = int("D9CF9C3D3297D3260773A1DA7418DB5537AB8DD93DE7FA25", 16))
+
+    def test_6(self):
+        self._do(
+            generator=NIST192p.generator,
+            secexp = int("6FAB034934E4C0FC9AE67F5B5659A9D7D1FEFD187EE09FD4", 16),
+            hsh = sha256(b("test")).digest(),
+            hash_func = sha256,
+            expected = int("5C4CE89CF56D9E7C77C8585339B006B97B5F0680B4306C6C", 16))
+
+    def test_7(self):
+        self._do(
+            generator=NIST192p.generator,
+            secexp = int("6FAB034934E4C0FC9AE67F5B5659A9D7D1FEFD187EE09FD4", 16),
+            hsh = sha512(b("test")).digest(),
+            hash_func = sha512,
+            expected = int("0758753A5254759C7CFBAD2E2D9B0792EEE44136C9480527", 16))
+
+    def test_8(self):
+        self._do(
+            generator=NIST521p.generator,
+            secexp = int("0FAD06DAA62BA3B25D2FB40133DA757205DE67F5BB0018FEE8C86E1B68C7E75CAA896EB32F1F47C70855836A6D16FCC1466F6D8FBEC67DB89EC0C08B0E996B83538", 16),
+            hsh = sha1(b("sample")).digest(),
+            hash_func = sha1,
+            expected = int("089C071B419E1C2820962321787258469511958E80582E95D8378E0C2CCDB3CB42BEDE42F50E3FA3C71F5A76724281D31D9C89F0F91FC1BE4918DB1C03A5838D0F9", 16))
+
+    def test_9(self):
+        self._do(
+            generator=NIST521p.generator,
+            secexp = int("0FAD06DAA62BA3B25D2FB40133DA757205DE67F5BB0018FEE8C86E1B68C7E75CAA896EB32F1F47C70855836A6D16FCC1466F6D8FBEC67DB89EC0C08B0E996B83538", 16),
+            hsh = sha256(b("sample")).digest(),
+            hash_func = sha256,
+            expected = int("0EDF38AFCAAECAB4383358B34D67C9F2216C8382AAEA44A3DAD5FDC9C32575761793FEF24EB0FC276DFC4F6E3EC476752F043CF01415387470BCBD8678ED2C7E1A0", 16))
+
+    def test_10(self):
+        self._do(
+            generator=NIST521p.generator,
+            secexp = int("0FAD06DAA62BA3B25D2FB40133DA757205DE67F5BB0018FEE8C86E1B68C7E75CAA896EB32F1F47C70855836A6D16FCC1466F6D8FBEC67DB89EC0C08B0E996B83538", 16),
+            hsh = sha512(b("test")).digest(),
+            hash_func = sha512,
+            expected = int("16200813020EC986863BEDFC1B121F605C1215645018AEA1A7B215A564DE9EB1B38A67AA1128B80CE391C4FB71187654AAA3431027BFC7F395766CA988C964DC56D", 16))
+
+def __main__():
+    unittest.main()
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    __main__()

bin/python/ecdsa/util.py

@@ -0,0 +1,247 @@
+from __future__ import division
+
+import os
+import math
+import binascii
+from hashlib import sha256
+from . import der
+from .curves import orderlen
+from .six import PY3, int2byte, b, next
+
+# RFC5480:
+#   The "unrestricted" algorithm identifier is:
+#     id-ecPublicKey OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
+#       iso(1) member-body(2) us(840) ansi-X9-62(10045) keyType(2) 1 }
+
+oid_ecPublicKey = (1, 2, 840, 10045, 2, 1)
+encoded_oid_ecPublicKey = der.encode_oid(*oid_ecPublicKey)
+
+def randrange(order, entropy=None):
+    """Return a random integer k such that 1 <= k < order, uniformly
+    distributed across that range. For simplicity, this only behaves well if
+    'order' is fairly close (but below) a power of 256. The try-try-again
+    algorithm we use takes longer and longer time (on average) to complete as
+    'order' falls, rising to a maximum of avg=512 loops for the worst-case
+    (256**k)+1 . All of the standard curves behave well. There is a cutoff at
+    10k loops (which raises RuntimeError) to prevent an infinite loop when
+    something is really broken like the entropy function not working.
+
+    Note that this function is not declared to be forwards-compatible: we may
+    change the behavior in future releases. The entropy= argument (which
+    should get a callable that behaves like os.urandom) can be used to
+    achieve stability within a given release (for repeatable unit tests), but
+    should not be used as a long-term-compatible key generation algorithm.
+    """
+    # we could handle arbitrary orders (even 256**k+1) better if we created
+    # candidates bit-wise instead of byte-wise, which would reduce the
+    # worst-case behavior to avg=2 loops, but that would be more complex. The
+    # change would be to round the order up to a power of 256, subtract one
+    # (to get 0xffff..), use that to get a byte-long mask for the top byte,
+    # generate the len-1 entropy bytes, generate one extra byte and mask off
+    # the top bits, then combine it with the rest. Requires jumping back and
+    # forth between strings and integers a lot.
+
+    if entropy is None:
+        entropy = os.urandom
+    assert order > 1
+    bytes = orderlen(order)
+    dont_try_forever = 10000 # gives about 2**-60 failures for worst case
+    while dont_try_forever > 0:
+        dont_try_forever -= 1
+        candidate = string_to_number(entropy(bytes)) + 1
+        if 1 <= candidate < order:
+            return candidate
+        continue
+    raise RuntimeError("randrange() tried hard but gave up, either something"
+                       " is very wrong or you got realllly unlucky. Order was"
+                       " %x" % order)
+
+class PRNG:
+    # this returns a callable which, when invoked with an integer N, will
+    # return N pseudorandom bytes. Note: this is a short-term PRNG, meant
+    # primarily for the needs of randrange_from_seed__trytryagain(), which
+    # only needs to run it a few times per seed. It does not provide
+    # protection against state compromise (forward security).
+    def __init__(self, seed):
+        self.generator = self.block_generator(seed)
+
+    def __call__(self, numbytes):
+        a = [next(self.generator) for i in range(numbytes)]
+
+        if PY3:
+            return bytes(a)
+        else:
+            return "".join(a)
+
+
+    def block_generator(self, seed):
+        counter = 0
+        while True:
+            for byte in sha256(("prng-%d-%s" % (counter, seed)).encode()).digest():
+                yield byte
+            counter += 1
+
+def randrange_from_seed__overshoot_modulo(seed, order):
+    # hash the data, then turn the digest into a number in [1,order).
+    #
+    # We use David-Sarah Hopwood's suggestion: turn it into a number that's
+    # sufficiently larger than the group order, then modulo it down to fit.
+    # This should give adequate (but not perfect) uniformity, and simple
+    # code. There are other choices: try-try-again is the main one.
+    base = PRNG(seed)(2*orderlen(order))
+    number = (int(binascii.hexlify(base), 16) % (order-1)) + 1
+    assert 1 <= number < order, (1, number, order)
+    return number
+
+def lsb_of_ones(numbits):
+    return (1 << numbits) - 1
+def bits_and_bytes(order):
+    bits = int(math.log(order-1, 2)+1)
+    bytes = bits // 8
+    extrabits = bits % 8
+    return bits, bytes, extrabits
+
+# the following randrange_from_seed__METHOD() functions take an
+# arbitrarily-sized secret seed and turn it into a number that obeys the same
+# range limits as randrange() above. They are meant for deriving consistent
+# signing keys from a secret rather than generating them randomly, for
+# example a protocol in which three signing keys are derived from a master
+# secret. You should use a uniformly-distributed unguessable seed with about
+# curve.baselen bytes of entropy. To use one, do this:
+#   seed = os.urandom(curve.baselen) # or other starting point
+#   secexp = ecdsa.util.randrange_from_seed__trytryagain(sed, curve.order)
+#   sk = SigningKey.from_secret_exponent(secexp, curve)
+
+def randrange_from_seed__truncate_bytes(seed, order, hashmod=sha256):
+    # hash the seed, then turn the digest into a number in [1,order), but
+    # don't worry about trying to uniformly fill the range. This will lose,
+    # on average, four bits of entropy.
+    bits, bytes, extrabits = bits_and_bytes(order)
+    if extrabits:
+        bytes += 1
+    base = hashmod(seed).digest()[:bytes]
+    base = "\x00"*(bytes-len(base)) + base
+    number = 1+int(binascii.hexlify(base), 16)
+    assert 1 <= number < order
+    return number
+
+def randrange_from_seed__truncate_bits(seed, order, hashmod=sha256):
+    # like string_to_randrange_truncate_bytes, but only lose an average of
+    # half a bit
+    bits = int(math.log(order-1, 2)+1)
+    maxbytes = (bits+7) // 8
+    base = hashmod(seed).digest()[:maxbytes]
+    base = "\x00"*(maxbytes-len(base)) + base
+    topbits = 8*maxbytes - bits
+    if topbits:
+        base = int2byte(ord(base[0]) & lsb_of_ones(topbits)) + base[1:]
+    number = 1+int(binascii.hexlify(base), 16)
+    assert 1 <= number < order
+    return number
+
+def randrange_from_seed__trytryagain(seed, order):
+    # figure out exactly how many bits we need (rounded up to the nearest
+    # bit), so we can reduce the chance of looping to less than 0.5 . This is
+    # specified to feed from a byte-oriented PRNG, and discards the
+    # high-order bits of the first byte as necessary to get the right number
+    # of bits. The average number of loops will range from 1.0 (when
+    # order=2**k-1) to 2.0 (when order=2**k+1).
+    assert order > 1
+    bits, bytes, extrabits = bits_and_bytes(order)
+    generate = PRNG(seed)
+    while True:
+        extrabyte = b("")
+        if extrabits:
+            extrabyte = int2byte(ord(generate(1)) & lsb_of_ones(extrabits))
+        guess = string_to_number(extrabyte + generate(bytes)) + 1
+        if 1 <= guess < order:
+            return guess
+
+
+def number_to_string(num, order):
+    l = orderlen(order)
+    fmt_str = "%0" + str(2*l) + "x"
+    string = binascii.unhexlify((fmt_str % num).encode())
+    assert len(string) == l, (len(string), l)
+    return string
+
+def number_to_string_crop(num, order):
+    l = orderlen(order)
+    fmt_str = "%0" + str(2*l) + "x"
+    string = binascii.unhexlify((fmt_str % num).encode())
+    return string[:l]
+
+def string_to_number(string):
+    return int(binascii.hexlify(string), 16)
+
+def string_to_number_fixedlen(string, order):
+    l = orderlen(order)
+    assert len(string) == l, (len(string), l)
+    return int(binascii.hexlify(string), 16)
+
+# these methods are useful for the sigencode= argument to SK.sign() and the
+# sigdecode= argument to VK.verify(), and control how the signature is packed
+# or unpacked.
+
+def sigencode_strings(r, s, order):
+    r_str = number_to_string(r, order)
+    s_str = number_to_string(s, order)
+    return (r_str, s_str)
+
+def sigencode_string(r, s, order):
+    # for any given curve, the size of the signature numbers is
+    # fixed, so just use simple concatenation
+    r_str, s_str = sigencode_strings(r, s, order)
+    return r_str + s_str
+
+def sigencode_der(r, s, order):
+    return der.encode_sequence(der.encode_integer(r), der.encode_integer(s))
+
+# canonical versions of sigencode methods
+# these enforce low S values, by negating the value (modulo the order) if above order/2
+# see CECKey::Sign() https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/src/key.cpp#L214
+def sigencode_strings_canonize(r, s, order):
+    if s > order / 2:
+        s = order - s
+    return sigencode_strings(r, s, order)
+
+def sigencode_string_canonize(r, s, order):
+    if s > order / 2:
+        s = order - s
+    return sigencode_string(r, s, order)
+
+def sigencode_der_canonize(r, s, order):
+    if s > order / 2:
+        s = order - s
+    return sigencode_der(r, s, order)
+
+
+def sigdecode_string(signature, order):
+    l = orderlen(order)
+    assert len(signature) == 2*l, (len(signature), 2*l)
+    r = string_to_number_fixedlen(signature[:l], order)
+    s = string_to_number_fixedlen(signature[l:], order)
+    return r, s
+
+def sigdecode_strings(rs_strings, order):
+    (r_str, s_str) = rs_strings
+    l = orderlen(order)
+    assert len(r_str) == l, (len(r_str), l)
+    assert len(s_str) == l, (len(s_str), l)
+    r = string_to_number_fixedlen(r_str, order)
+    s = string_to_number_fixedlen(s_str, order)
+    return r, s
+
+def sigdecode_der(sig_der, order):
+    #return der.encode_sequence(der.encode_integer(r), der.encode_integer(s))
+    rs_strings, empty = der.remove_sequence(sig_der)
+    if empty != b(""):
+        raise der.UnexpectedDER("trailing junk after DER sig: %s" %
+                                binascii.hexlify(empty))
+    r, rest = der.remove_integer(rs_strings)
+    s, empty = der.remove_integer(rest)
+    if empty != b(""):
+        raise der.UnexpectedDER("trailing junk after DER numbers: %s" %
+                                binascii.hexlify(empty))
+    return r, s
+

bin/python/ed25519.py

@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+import hashlib
+
+b = 256
+q = 2**255 - 19
+l = 2**252 + 27742317777372353535851937790883648493
+
+def H(m):
+  return hashlib.sha512(m).digest()
+
+def expmod(b,e,m):
+  if e == 0: return 1
+  t = expmod(b,e/2,m)**2 % m
+  if e & 1: t = (t*b) % m
+  return t
+
+def inv(x):
+  return expmod(x,q-2,q)
+
+d = -121665 * inv(121666)
+I = expmod(2,(q-1)/4,q)
+
+def xrecover(y):
+  xx = (y*y-1) * inv(d*y*y+1)
+  x = expmod(xx,(q+3)/8,q)
+  if (x*x - xx) % q != 0: x = (x*I) % q
+  if x % 2 != 0: x = q-x
+  return x
+
+By = 4 * inv(5)
+Bx = xrecover(By)
+B = [Bx % q,By % q]
+
+def edwards(P,Q):
+  x1 = P[0]
+  y1 = P[1]
+  x2 = Q[0]
+  y2 = Q[1]
+  x3 = (x1*y2+x2*y1) * inv(1+d*x1*x2*y1*y2)
+  y3 = (y1*y2+x1*x2) * inv(1-d*x1*x2*y1*y2)
+  return [x3 % q,y3 % q]
+
+def scalarmult(P,e):
+  if e == 0: return [0,1]
+  Q = scalarmult(P,e/2)
+  Q = edwards(Q,Q)
+  if e & 1: Q = edwards(Q,P)
+  return Q
+
+def encodeint(y):
+  bits = [(y >> i) & 1 for i in range(b)]
+  return ''.join([chr(sum([bits[i * 8 + j] << j for j in range(8)])) for i in range(b/8)])
+
+def encodepoint(P):
+  x = P[0]
+  y = P[1]
+  bits = [(y >> i) & 1 for i in range(b - 1)] + [x & 1]
+  return ''.join([chr(sum([bits[i * 8 + j] << j for j in range(8)])) for i in range(b/8)])
+
+def bit(h,i):
+  return (ord(h[i/8]) >> (i%8)) & 1
+
+def publickey(sk):
+  h = H(sk)
+  a = 2**(b-2) + sum(2**i * bit(h,i) for i in range(3,b-2))
+  A = scalarmult(B,a)
+  return encodepoint(A)
+
+def Hint(m):
+  h = H(m)
+  return sum(2**i * bit(h,i) for i in range(2*b))
+
+def signature(m,sk,pk):
+  h = H(sk)
+  a = 2**(b-2) + sum(2**i * bit(h,i) for i in range(3,b-2))
+  r = Hint(''.join([h[i] for i in range(b/8,b/4)]) + m)
+  R = scalarmult(B,r)
+  S = (r + Hint(encodepoint(R) + pk + m) * a) % l
+  return encodepoint(R) + encodeint(S)
+
+def isoncurve(P):
+  x = P[0]
+  y = P[1]
+  return (-x*x + y*y - 1 - d*x*x*y*y) % q == 0
+
+def decodeint(s):
+  return sum(2**i * bit(s,i) for i in range(0,b))
+
+def decodepoint(s):
+  y = sum(2**i * bit(s,i) for i in range(0,b-1))
+  x = xrecover(y)
+  if x & 1 != bit(s,b-1): x = q-x
+  P = [x,y]
+  if not isoncurve(P): raise Exception("decoding point that is not on curve")
+  return P
+
+def checkvalid(s,m,pk):
+  if len(s) != b/4: raise Exception("signature length is wrong")
+  if len(pk) != b/8: raise Exception("public-key length is wrong")
+  R = decodepoint(s[0:b/8])
+  A = decodepoint(pk)
+  S = decodeint(s[b/8:b/4])
+  h = Hint(encodepoint(R) + pk + m)
+  if scalarmult(B,S) != edwards(R,scalarmult(A,h)):
+    raise Exception("signature does not pass verification")
+

bin/python/ripple/ledger/SField.py

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+# Constants from ripple/protocol/SField.h
+
+# special types
+STI_UNKNOWN     = -2
+STI_DONE        = -1
+STI_NOTPRESENT  = 0
+
+# # types (common)
+STI_UINT16 = 1
+STI_UINT32 = 2
+STI_UINT64 = 3
+STI_HASH128 = 4
+STI_HASH256 = 5
+STI_AMOUNT = 6
+STI_VL = 7
+STI_ACCOUNT = 8
+# 9-13 are reserved
+STI_OBJECT = 14
+STI_ARRAY = 15
+
+# types (uncommon)
+STI_UINT8 = 16
+STI_HASH160 = 17
+STI_PATHSET = 18
+STI_VECTOR256 = 19
+
+# high level types
+# cannot be serialized inside other types
+STI_TRANSACTION = 10001
+STI_LEDGERENTRY = 10002
+STI_VALIDATION  = 10003
+STI_METADATA    = 10004
+
+def field_code(sti, name):
+    if sti < 16:
+        if name < 16:
+            bytes = [(sti << 4) + name]
+        else:
+            bytes = [sti << 4, name]
+    elif name < 16:
+        bytes = [name, sti]
+    else:
+        bytes = [0, sti, name]
+    return ''.join(chr(i) for i in bytes)
+
+# Selected constants from SField.cpp
+
+sfSequence          = field_code(STI_UINT32, 4)
+sfPublicKey         = field_code(STI_VL, 1)
+sfSigningPubKey     = field_code(STI_VL, 3)
+sfSignature         = field_code(STI_VL, 6)

bin/python/ripple/util/Base58.py

@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+from hashlib import sha256
+
+#
+# Human strings are base-58 with a
+# version prefix and a checksum suffix.
+#
+# Copied from ripple/protocol/RippleAddress.h
+#
+
+VER_NONE              = 1
+VER_NODE_PUBLIC       = 28
+VER_NODE_PRIVATE      = 32
+VER_ACCOUNT_ID        = 0
+VER_ACCOUNT_PUBLIC    = 35
+VER_ACCOUNT_PRIVATE   = 34
+VER_FAMILY_GENERATOR  = 41
+VER_FAMILY_SEED       = 33
+
+ALPHABET = 'rpshnaf39wBUDNEGHJKLM4PQRST7VWXYZ2bcdeCg65jkm8oFqi1tuvAxyz'
+
+VERSION_NAME = {
+    VER_NONE: 'VER_NONE',
+    VER_NODE_PUBLIC: 'VER_NODE_PUBLIC',
+    VER_NODE_PRIVATE: 'VER_NODE_PRIVATE',
+    VER_ACCOUNT_ID: 'VER_ACCOUNT_ID',
+    VER_ACCOUNT_PUBLIC: 'VER_ACCOUNT_PUBLIC',
+    VER_ACCOUNT_PRIVATE: 'VER_ACCOUNT_PRIVATE',
+    VER_FAMILY_GENERATOR: 'VER_FAMILY_GENERATOR',
+    VER_FAMILY_SEED: 'VER_FAMILY_SEED'
+}
+
+class Alphabet(object):
+    def __init__(self, radix, digit_to_char, char_to_digit):
+        self.radix = radix
+        self.digit_to_char = digit_to_char
+        self.char_to_digit = char_to_digit
+
+    def transcode_from(self, s, source_alphabet):
+        n, zero_count = source_alphabet._digits_to_number(s)
+        digits = []
+        while n > 0:
+            n, digit = divmod(n, self.radix)
+            digits.append(self.digit_to_char(digit))
+
+        s = ''.join(digits)
+        return self.digit_to_char(0) * zero_count + s[::-1]
+
+    def _digits_to_number(self, digits):
+        stripped = digits.lstrip(self.digit_to_char(0))
+        n = 0
+        for d in stripped:
+            n *= self.radix
+            n += self.char_to_digit(d)
+        return n, len(digits) - len(stripped)
+
+_INVERSE_INDEX = dict((c, i) for (i, c) in enumerate(ALPHABET))
+
+# In base 58 encoding, the digits come from the ALPHABET string.
+BASE58 = Alphabet(len(ALPHABET), ALPHABET.__getitem__, _INVERSE_INDEX.get)
+
+# In base 256 encoding, each digit is just a character between 0 and 255.
+BASE256 = Alphabet(256, chr, ord)
+
+def encode(b):
+    return BASE58.transcode_from(b, BASE256)
+
+def decode(b):
+    return BASE256.transcode_from(b, BASE58)
+
+def checksum(b):
+    """Returns a 4-byte checksum of a binary."""
+    return sha256(sha256(b).digest()).digest()[:4]
+
+def encode_version(ver, b):
+    """Encodes a version encoding and a binary as human string."""
+    b = chr(ver) + b
+    return encode(b + checksum(b))
+
+def decode_version(s):
+    """Decodes a human base-58 string into its version encoding and binary."""
+    b = decode(s)
+    body, check = b[:-4], b[-4:]
+    assert check == checksum(body), ('Bad checksum for', s)
+    return ord(body[0]), body[1:]
+
+def version_name(ver):
+    return VERSION_NAME.get(ver) or ('(unknown version %s)' % ver)
+
+def check_version(version, expected):
+    if version != expected:
+        raise ValueError('Expected version %s but got %s' % (
+            version_name(version), version_name(expected)))

bin/python/ripple/util/Sign.py

@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+from __future__ import print_function
+
+import base64, os, random, struct, sys
+import ed25519
+import ecdsa
+from ripple.util import Base58
+from ripple.ledger import SField
+
+ED25519_BYTE = chr(0xed)
+WRAP_COLUMNS = 60
+
+USAGE = """\
+Usage:
+    create
+        Create a new master public/secret key pair.
+
+    check <key>
+        Check an existing key for validity.
+
+    sign <sequence> <validator-public> <master-secret>
+        Create a new signed manifest with the given sequence
+        number, validator public key, and master secret key.
+
+    verify <sequence> <validator-public> <signature> <master-public>
+        Verify hex-encoded manifest signature with master public key.
+    """
+
+def prepend_length_byte(b):
+    assert len(b) <= 192, 'Too long'
+    return chr(len(b)) + b
+
+def to_int32(i):
+    return struct.pack('>I', i)
+
+#-----------------------------------------------------------
+
+def make_seed(urandom=os.urandom):
+    # This is not used.
+    return urandom(16)
+
+def make_ed25519_keypair(urandom=os.urandom):
+    private_key = urandom(32)
+    return private_key, ed25519.publickey(private_key)
+
+def make_ecdsa_keypair():
+    # This is not used.
+    private_key = ecdsa.SigningKey.generate(curve=ecdsa.SECP256k1)
+    # Can't be unit tested easily - need a mock for ecdsa.
+    vk = private_key.get_verifying_key()
+    sig = private_key.sign('message')
+    assert vk.verify(sig, 'message')
+    return private_key, vk
+
+def make_seed_from_passphrase(passphrase):
+    # For convenience, like say testing against rippled we can hash a passphrase
+    # to get the seed. validation_create (Josh may have killed it by now) takes
+    # an optional arg, which can be a base58 encoded seed, or a passphrase.
+    return hashlib.sha512(passphrase).digest()[:16]
+
+def make_manifest(public_key, validator_public_key, seq):
+    return ''.join([
+        SField.sfSequence,
+        to_int32(seq),
+        SField.sfPublicKey,      # Master public key.
+        prepend_length_byte(public_key),
+        SField.sfSigningPubKey,  # Ephemeral public key.
+        prepend_length_byte(validator_public_key)])
+
+def sign_manifest(manifest, private_key, public_key):
+    sig = ed25519.signature('MAN\0' + manifest, private_key, public_key)
+    return manifest + SField.sfSignature + prepend_length_byte(sig)
+
+def wrap(s, cols=WRAP_COLUMNS):
+    if s:
+        size = max((len(s) + cols - 1) / cols, 1)
+        w = len(s) / size
+        s = '\n'.join(s[i:i + w] for i in range(0, len(s), w))
+    return s
+
+def create_ed_keys(urandom=os.urandom):
+    private_key, public_key = make_ed25519_keypair(urandom)
+    public_key_human = Base58.encode_version(
+        Base58.VER_NODE_PUBLIC, ED25519_BYTE + public_key)
+    private_key_human = Base58.encode_version(
+        Base58.VER_NODE_PRIVATE, private_key)
+    return public_key_human, private_key_human
+
+def check_validator_public(v, validator_public_key):
+    Base58.check_version(v, Base58.VER_NODE_PUBLIC)
+    if len(validator_public_key) != 33:
+        raise ValueError('Validator key should be length 33, is %s' %
+                         len(validator_public_key))
+    b = ord(validator_public_key[0])
+    if b not in (2, 3):
+        raise ValueError('First validator key byte must be 2 or 3, is %d' % b)
+
+def check_master_secret(v, private_key):
+    Base58.check_version(v, Base58.VER_NODE_PRIVATE)
+    if len(private_key) != 32:
+        raise ValueError('Length of master secret should be 32, is %s' %
+                         len(private_key))
+
+
+def get_signature(seq, validator_public_key_human, private_key_human):
+    v, validator_public_key = Base58.decode_version(validator_public_key_human)
+    check_validator_public(v, validator_public_key)
+
+    v, private_key = Base58.decode_version(private_key_human)
+    check_master_secret(v, private_key)
+
+    pk = ed25519.publickey(private_key)
+    apk = ED25519_BYTE + pk
+    m = make_manifest(apk, validator_public_key, seq)
+    m1 = sign_manifest(m, private_key, pk)
+    return base64.b64encode(m1)
+
+def verify_signature(seq, validator_public_key_human, public_key_human, signature):
+    v, validator_public_key = Base58.decode_version(validator_public_key_human)
+    check_validator_public(v, validator_public_key)
+
+    v, public_key = Base58.decode_version(public_key_human)
+
+    m = make_manifest(public_key, validator_public_key, seq)
+    public_key = public_key[1:]     # Remove ED25519_BYTE
+    sig = signature.decode('hex')
+    ed25519.checkvalid(sig, 'MAN\0' + m, public_key)
+
+# Testable versions of functions.
+def perform_create(urandom=os.urandom, print=print):
+    public, private = create_ed_keys(urandom)
+    print('[validator_keys]', public, '', '[master_secret]', private, sep='\n')
+
+def perform_check(s, print=print):
+    version, b = Base58.decode_version(s)
+    print('version        = ' + Base58.version_name(version))
+    print('decoded length = ' + str(len(b)))
+    assert Base58.encode_version(version, b) == s
+
+def perform_sign(
+        seq, validator_public_key_human, private_key_human, print=print):
+    print('[validation_manifest]')
+    print(wrap(get_signature(
+        int(seq), validator_public_key_human, private_key_human)))
+
+def perform_verify(
+        seq, validator_public_key_human, public_key_human, signature, print=print):
+    verify_signature(
+        int(seq), validator_public_key_human, public_key_human, signature)
+    print('Signature valid for', public_key_human)
+
+# Externally visible versions of functions.
+def create():
+    perform_create()
+
+def check(s):
+    perform_check(s)
+
+def sign(seq, validator_public_key_human, private_key_human):
+    perform_sign(seq, validator_public_key_human, private_key_human)
+
+def verify(seq, validator_public_key_human, public_key_human, signature):
+    perform_verify(seq, validator_public_key_human, public_key_human, signature)
+
+def usage(*errors):
+    if errors:
+        print(*errors)
+    print(USAGE)
+    return not errors
+
+_COMMANDS = dict((f.__name__, f) for f in (create, check, sign, verify))
+
+def run_command(args):
+    if not args:
+        return usage()
+    name = args[0]
+    command = _COMMANDS.get(name)
+    if not command:
+        return usage('No such command:', command)
+    try:
+        command(*args[1:])
+    except TypeError:
+        return usage('Wrong number of arguments for:', command)
+    return True

bin/python/ripple/util/ValidatorManifestTest.py

@@ -0,0 +1,682 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+"""
+Test for setting ephemeral keys for the validator manifest.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import (
+    absolute_import, division, print_function, unicode_literals
+)
+
+import argparse
+import contextlib
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+import json
+import os
+import platform
+import shutil
+import subprocess
+import time
+
+DELAY_WHILE_PROCESS_STARTS_UP = 1.5
+ARGS = None
+
+NOT_FOUND = -1  # not in log
+ACCEPTED_NEW = 0  # added new manifest
+ACCEPTED_UPDATE = 1  # replaced old manifest with new
+UNTRUSTED = 2  # don't trust master key
+STALE = 3  # seq is too old
+REVOKED = 4  # revoked validator key
+INVALID = 5  # invalid signature
+
+MANIFEST_ACTION_STR_TO_ID = {
+    'NotFound': NOT_FOUND,  # not found in log
+    'AcceptedNew': ACCEPTED_NEW,
+    'AcceptedUpdate': ACCEPTED_UPDATE,
+    'Untrusted': UNTRUSTED,
+    'Stale': STALE,
+    'Revoked': REVOKED,
+    'Invalid': INVALID,
+}
+
+MANIFEST_ACTION_ID_TO_STR = {
+    v: k for k, v in MANIFEST_ACTION_STR_TO_ID.items()
+}
+
+CONF_TEMPLATE = """
+[server]
+port_rpc
+port_peer
+port_wss_admin
+
+[port_rpc]
+port = {rpc_port}
+ip = 127.0.0.1
+admin = 127.0.0.1
+protocol = https
+
+[port_peer]
+port = {peer_port}
+ip = 0.0.0.0
+protocol = peer
+
+[port_wss_admin]
+port = {wss_port}
+ip = 127.0.0.1
+admin = 127.0.0.1
+protocol = wss
+
+[node_size]
+medium
+
+[node_db]
+type={node_db_type}
+path={node_db_path}
+open_files=2000
+filter_bits=12
+cache_mb=256
+file_size_mb=8
+file_size_mult=2
+online_delete=256
+advisory_delete=0
+
+[database_path]
+{db_path}
+
+[debug_logfile]
+{debug_logfile}
+
+[sntp_servers]
+time.windows.com
+time.apple.com
+time.nist.gov
+pool.ntp.org
+
+[ips]
+r.ripple.com 51235
+
+[ips_fixed]
+{sibling_ip} {sibling_port}
+
+[validators]
+n949f75evCHwgyP4fPVgaHqNHxUVN15PsJEZ3B3HnXPcPjcZAoy7    RL1
+n9MD5h24qrQqiyBC8aeqqCWvpiBiYQ3jxSr91uiDvmrkyHRdYLUj    RL2
+n9L81uNCaPgtUJfaHh89gmdvXKAmSt5Gdsw2g1iPWaPkAHW5Nm4C    RL3
+n9KiYM9CgngLvtRCQHZwgC2gjpdaZcCcbt3VboxiNFcKuwFVujzS    RL4
+n9LdgEtkmGB9E2h3K4Vp7iGUaKuq23Zr32ehxiU8FWY7xoxbWTSA    RL5
+
+[validation_quorum]
+3
+
+[validation_seed]
+{validation_seed}
+#vaidation_public_key: {validation_public_key}
+
+# Other rippled's trusting this validator need this key
+[validator_keys]
+{all_validator_keys}
+
+[peer_private]
+1
+
+[overlay]
+expire = 1
+auto_connect = 1
+
+[validation_manifest]
+{validation_manifest}
+
+[rpc_startup]
+{{ "command": "log_level", "severity": "debug" }}
+
+[ssl_verify]
+0
+"""
+# End config template
+
+
+def static_vars(**kwargs):
+    def decorate(func):
+        for k in kwargs:
+            setattr(func, k, kwargs[k])
+        return func
+    return decorate
+
+
+@static_vars(rpc=5005, peer=51235, wss=6006)
+def checkout_port_nums():
+    """Returns a tuple of port nums for rpc, peer, and wss_admin"""
+    checkout_port_nums.rpc += 1
+    checkout_port_nums.peer += 1
+    checkout_port_nums.wss += 1
+    return (
+        checkout_port_nums.rpc,
+        checkout_port_nums.peer,
+        checkout_port_nums.wss
+    )
+
+
+def is_windows():
+    return platform.system() == 'Windows'
+
+
+def manifest_create():
+    """returns dict with keys: 'validator_keys', 'master_secret'"""
+    to_run = ['python', ARGS.ripple_home + '/bin/python/Manifest.py', 'create']
+    r = subprocess.check_output(to_run)
+    result = {}
+    k = None
+    for l in r.splitlines():
+        l = l.strip()
+        if not l:
+            continue
+        elif l == '[validator_keys]':
+            k = l[1:-1]
+        elif l == '[master_secret]':
+            k = l[1:-1]
+        elif l.startswith('['):
+            raise ValueError(
+                'Unexpected key: {} from `manifest create`'.format(l))
+        else:
+            if not k:
+                raise ValueError('Value with no key')
+            result[k] = l
+            k = None
+
+        if k in result:
+            raise ValueError('Repeat key from `manifest create`: ' + k)
+    if len(result) != 2:
+        raise ValueError(
+            'Expected 2 keys from `manifest create` but got {} keys instead ({})'.
+            format(len(result), result))
+
+    return result
+
+
+def sign_manifest(seq, validation_pk, master_secret):
+    """returns the signed manifest as a string"""
+    to_run = ['python', ARGS.ripple_home + '/bin/python/Manifest.py', 'sign',
+              str(seq), validation_pk, master_secret]
+    try:
+        r = subprocess.check_output(to_run)
+    except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
+        print('Error in sign_manifest: ', e.output)
+        raise e
+    result = []
+    for l in r.splitlines():
+        l.strip()
+        if not l or l == '[validation_manifest]':
+            continue
+        result.append(l)
+    return '\n'.join(result)
+
+
+def get_ripple_exe():
+    """Find the rippled executable"""
+    prefix = ARGS.ripple_home + '/build/'
+    exe = ['rippled', 'RippleD.exe']
+    to_test = [prefix + t + '.debug/' + e
+               for t in ['clang', 'gcc', 'msvc'] for e in exe]
+    for e in exe:
+        to_test.append(prefix + '/' + e)
+    for t in to_test:
+        if os.path.isfile(t):
+            return t
+
+
+class RippledServer(object):
+    def __init__(self, exe, config_file, server_out):
+        self.config_file = config_file
+        self.exe = exe
+        self.process = None
+        self.server_out = server_out
+        self.reinit(config_file)
+
+    def reinit(self, config_file):
+        self.config_file = config_file
+        self.to_run = [self.exe, '--verbose', '--conf', self.config_file]
+
+    @property
+    def config_root(self):
+        return os.path.dirname(self.config_file)
+
+    @property
+    def master_secret_file(self):
+        return self.config_root + '/master_secret.txt'
+
+    def startup(self):
+        if ARGS.verbose:
+            print('starting rippled:' + self.config_file)
+        fout = open(self.server_out, 'w')
+        self.process = subprocess.Popen(
+            self.to_run, stdout=fout, stderr=subprocess.STDOUT)
+
+    def shutdown(self):
+        if not self.process:
+            return
+        fout = open(os.devnull, 'w')
+        subprocess.Popen(
+            self.to_run + ['stop'], stdout=fout, stderr=subprocess.STDOUT)
+        self.process.wait()
+        self.process = None
+
+    def rotate_logfile(self):
+        if self.server_out == os.devnull:
+            return
+        for i in range(100):
+            backup_name = '{}.{}'.format(self.server_out, i)
+            if not os.path.exists(backup_name):
+                os.rename(self.server_out, backup_name)
+                return
+        raise ValueError('Could not rotate logfile: {}'.
+                         format(self.server_out))
+
+    def validation_create(self):
+        """returns dict with keys:
+        'validation_key', 'validation_public_key', 'validation_seed'
+        """
+        to_run = [self.exe, '-q', '--conf', self.config_file,
+                  '--', 'validation_create']
+        try:
+            return json.loads(subprocess.check_output(to_run))['result']
+        except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
+            print('Error in validation_create: ', e.output)
+            raise e
+
+
+@contextmanager
+def rippled_server(config_file, server_out=os.devnull):
+    """Start a ripple server"""
+    try:
+        server = None
+        server = RippledServer(ARGS.ripple_exe, config_file, server_out)
+        server.startup()
+        yield server
+    finally:
+        if server:
+            server.shutdown()
+
+
+@contextmanager
+def pause_server(server, config_file):
+    """Shutdown and then restart a ripple server"""
+    try:
+        server.shutdown()
+        server.rotate_logfile()
+        yield server
+    finally:
+        server.reinit(config_file)
+        server.startup()
+
+
+def parse_date(d, t):
+    """Return the timestamp of a line, or none if the line has no timestamp"""
+    try:
+        return time.strptime(d+' '+t, '%Y-%B-%d %H:%M:%S')
+    except:
+        return None
+
+
+def to_dict(l):
+    """Given a line of the form Key0: Value0;Key2: Valuue2; Return a dict"""
+    fields = l.split(';')
+    result = {}
+    for f in fields:
+        if f:
+            v = f.split(':')
+            assert len(v) == 2
+            result[v[0].strip()] = v[1].strip()
+    return result
+
+
+def check_ephemeral_key(validator_key,
+                        log_file,
+                        seq,
+                        change_time):
+    """
+    Detect when a server is informed of a validator's ephemeral key change.
+    `change_time` and `seq` may be None, in which case they are ignored.
+    """
+    manifest_prefix = 'Manifest:'
+    # a manifest line has the form Manifest: action; Key: value;
+    # Key can be Pk (public key), Seq, OldSeq,
+    for l in open(log_file):
+        sa = l.split()
+        if len(sa) < 5 or sa[4] != manifest_prefix:
+            continue
+
+        d = to_dict(' '.join(sa[4:]))
+        # check the seq number and validator_key
+        if d['Pk'] != validator_key:
+            continue
+        if seq is not None and int(d['Seq']) != seq:
+            continue
+
+        if change_time:
+            t = parse_date(sa[0], sa[1])
+            if not t or t < change_time:
+                continue
+        action = d['Manifest']
+        return MANIFEST_ACTION_STR_TO_ID[action]
+    return NOT_FOUND
+
+
+def check_ephemeral_keys(validator_key,
+                         log_files,
+                         seq,
+                         change_time=None,
+                         timeout_s=60):
+    result = [NOT_FOUND for i in range(len(log_files))]
+    if timeout_s < 10:
+        sleep_time = 1
+    elif timeout_s < 60:
+        sleep_time = 5
+    else:
+        sleep_time = 10
+    n = timeout_s//sleep_time
+    if n == 0:
+        n = 1
+    start_time = time.time()
+    for _ in range(n):
+        for i, lf in enumerate(log_files):
+            if result[i] != NOT_FOUND:
+                continue
+            result[i] = check_ephemeral_key(validator_key,
+                                            lf,
+                                            seq,
+                                            change_time)
+            if result[i] != NOT_FOUND:
+                if all(r != NOT_FOUND for r in result):
+                    return result
+                else:
+                    server_dir = os.path.basename(os.path.dirname(log_files[i]))
+                    if ARGS.verbose:
+                        print('Check for {}: {}'.format(
+                            server_dir, MANIFEST_ACTION_ID_TO_STR[result[i]]))
+        tsf = time.time() - start_time
+        if tsf > 20:
+            if ARGS.verbose:
+                print('Waiting for key to propigate: ', tsf)
+        time.sleep(sleep_time)
+    return result
+
+
+def get_validator_key(config_file):
+    in_validator_keys = False
+    for l in open(config_file):
+        sl = l.strip()
+        if not in_validator_keys and sl == '[validator_keys]':
+            in_validator_keys = True
+            continue
+        if in_validator_keys:
+            if sl.startswith('['):
+                raise ValueError('ThisServer validator key not found')
+            if sl.startswith('#'):
+                continue
+            s = sl.split()
+            if len(s) == 2 and s[1] == 'ThisServer':
+                return s[0]
+
+
+def new_config_ephemeral_key(
+        server, seq, rm_dbs=False, master_secret_file=None):
+    """Generate a new ephemeral key, add to config, restart server"""
+    config_root = server.config_root
+    config_file = config_root + '/rippled.cfg'
+    db_dir = config_root + '/db'
+    if not master_secret_file:
+        master_secret_file = server.master_secret_file
+    with open(master_secret_file) as f:
+        master_secret = f.read()
+    v = server.validation_create()
+    signed = sign_manifest(seq, v['validation_public_key'], master_secret)
+    with pause_server(server, config_file):
+        if rm_dbs and os.path.exists(db_dir):
+            shutil.rmtree(db_dir)
+            os.makedirs(db_dir)
+        # replace the validation_manifest section with `signed`
+        bak = config_file + '.bak'
+        if is_windows() and os.path.isfile(bak):
+            os.remove(bak)
+        os.rename(config_file, bak)
+        in_manifest = False
+        with open(bak, 'r') as src:
+            with open(config_file, 'w') as out:
+                for l in src:
+                    sl = l.strip()
+                    if not in_manifest and sl == '[validation_manifest]':
+                        in_manifest = True
+                    elif in_manifest:
+                        if sl.startswith('[') or sl.startswith('#'):
+                            in_manifest = False
+                            out.write(signed)
+                            out.write('\n\n')
+                        else:
+                            continue
+                    out.write(l)
+    return (bak, config_file)
+
+
+def parse_args():
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
+        description=('Create config files for n validators')
+    )
+
+    parser.add_argument(
+        '--ripple_home', '-r',
+        default=os.sep.join(os.path.realpath(__file__).split(os.sep)[:-5]),
+        help=('Root directory of the ripple repo'), )
+    parser.add_argument('--num_validators', '-n',
+                        default=2,
+                        help=('Number of validators'), )
+    parser.add_argument('--conf', '-c', help=('rippled config file'), )
+    parser.add_argument('--out', '-o',
+                        default='test_output',
+                        help=('config root directory'), )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        '--existing', '-e',
+        action='store_true',
+        help=('use existing config files'), )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        '--generate', '-g',
+        action='store_true',
+        help=('generate conf files only'), )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        '--verbose', '-v',
+        action='store_true',
+        help=('verbose status reporting'), )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        '--quiet', '-q',
+        action='store_true',
+        help=('quiet status reporting'), )
+
+    return parser.parse_args()
+
+
+def get_configs(manifest_seq):
+    global ARGS
+    ARGS.ripple_home = os.path.expanduser(ARGS.ripple_home)
+
+    n = int(ARGS.num_validators)
+    if n<2:
+        raise ValueError(
+            'Need at least 2 rippled servers. Specified: {}'.format(n))
+    config_root = ARGS.out
+    ARGS.ripple_exe = get_ripple_exe()
+    if not ARGS.ripple_exe:
+        raise ValueError('No Exe Found')
+
+    if ARGS.existing:
+        return [
+            os.path.abspath('{}/validator_{}/rippled.cfg'.format(config_root, i))
+            for i in range(n)
+        ]
+
+    initial_config = ARGS.conf
+
+    manifests = [manifest_create() for i in range(n)]
+    port_nums = [checkout_port_nums() for i in range(n)]
+    with rippled_server(initial_config) as server:
+        time.sleep(DELAY_WHILE_PROCESS_STARTS_UP)
+        validations = [server.validation_create() for i in range(n)]
+
+    signed_manifests = [sign_manifest(manifest_seq,
+                                      v['validation_public_key'],
+                                      m['master_secret'])
+                        for m, v in zip(manifests, validations)]
+    node_db_type = 'RocksDB' if not is_windows() else 'NuDB'
+    node_db_filename = node_db_type.lower()
+
+    config_files = []
+    for i, (m, v, s) in enumerate(zip(manifests, validations, signed_manifests)):
+        sibling_index = (i - 1) % len(manifests)
+        all_validator_keys = '\n'.join([
+            m['validator_keys'] + ' ThisServer',
+            manifests[sibling_index]['validator_keys'] + ' NextInRing'])
+        this_validator_dir = os.path.abspath(
+            '{}/validator_{}'.format(config_root, i))
+        db_path = this_validator_dir + '/db'
+        node_db_path = db_path + '/' + node_db_filename
+        log_path = this_validator_dir + '/log'
+        debug_logfile = log_path + '/debug.log'
+        rpc_port, peer_port, wss_port = port_nums[i]
+        sibling_ip = '127.0.0.1'
+        sibling_port = port_nums[sibling_index][1]
+        d = {
+            'validation_manifest': s,
+            'all_validator_keys': all_validator_keys,
+            'node_db_type': node_db_type,
+            'node_db_path': node_db_path,
+            'db_path': db_path,
+            'debug_logfile': debug_logfile,
+            'rpc_port': rpc_port,
+            'peer_port': peer_port,
+            'wss_port': wss_port,
+            'sibling_ip': sibling_ip,
+            'sibling_port': sibling_port,
+        }
+        d.update(m)
+        d.update(v)
+
+        for p in [this_validator_dir, db_path, log_path]:
+            if not os.path.exists(p):
+                os.makedirs(p)
+
+        config_files.append('{}/rippled.cfg'.format(this_validator_dir))
+        with open(config_files[-1], 'w') as f:
+            f.write(CONF_TEMPLATE.format(**d))
+
+        with open('{}/master_secret.txt'.format(this_validator_dir), 'w') as f:
+            f.write(m['master_secret'])
+
+    return config_files
+
+
+def update_ephemeral_key(
+        server, new_seq, log_files,
+        expected=None, rm_dbs=False, master_secret_file=None,
+        restore_origional_conf=False, timeout_s=300):
+    if not expected:
+        expected = {}
+
+    change_time = time.gmtime()
+    back_conf, new_conf = new_config_ephemeral_key(
+        server,
+        new_seq,
+        rm_dbs,
+        master_secret_file
+    )
+    validator_key = get_validator_key(server.config_file)
+    start_time = time.time()
+    ck = check_ephemeral_keys(validator_key,
+                              log_files,
+                              seq=new_seq,
+                              change_time=change_time,
+                              timeout_s=timeout_s)
+    if ARGS.verbose:
+        print('Check finished: {} secs.'.format(int(time.time() - start_time)))
+    all_success = True
+    for i, r in enumerate(ck):
+        e = expected.get(i, UNTRUSTED)
+        server_dir = os.path.basename(os.path.dirname(log_files[i]))
+        status = 'OK' if e == r else 'FAIL'
+        print('{}: Server: {} Expected: {} Got: {}'.
+              format(status, server_dir,
+                     MANIFEST_ACTION_ID_TO_STR[e], MANIFEST_ACTION_ID_TO_STR[r]))
+        all_success = all_success and (e == r)
+    if restore_origional_conf:
+        if is_windows() and os.path.isfile(new_conf):
+            os.remove(new_conf)
+        os.rename(back_conf, new_conf)
+    return all_success
+
+
+def run_main():
+    global ARGS
+    ARGS = parse_args()
+    manifest_seq = 1
+    config_files = get_configs(manifest_seq)
+    if ARGS.generate:
+        return
+    if len(config_files) <= 1:
+        print('Script requires at least 2 servers. Actual #: {}'.
+              format(len(config_files)))
+        return
+    with contextlib.nested(*(rippled_server(c, os.path.dirname(c)+'/log.txt')
+                             for c in config_files)) as servers:
+        log_files = [os.path.dirname(cf)+'/log.txt' for cf in config_files[1:]]
+        validator_key = get_validator_key(config_files[0])
+        start_time = time.time()
+        ck = check_ephemeral_keys(validator_key,
+                                  [log_files[0]],
+                                  seq=None,
+                                  timeout_s=60)
+        if ARGS.verbose:
+            print('Check finished: {} secs.'.format(
+                int(time.time() - start_time)))
+        if any(r == NOT_FOUND for r in ck):
+            print('FAIL: Initial key did not propigate to all servers')
+            return
+
+        manifest_seq += 2
+        expected = {i: UNTRUSTED for i in range(len(log_files))}
+        expected[0] = ACCEPTED_UPDATE
+        if not ARGS.quiet:
+            print('Testing key update')
+        kr = update_ephemeral_key(servers[0], manifest_seq, log_files, expected)
+        if not kr:
+            print('\nFail: Key Update Test. Exiting')
+            return
+
+        expected = {i: UNTRUSTED for i in range(len(log_files))}
+        expected[0] = STALE
+        if not ARGS.quiet:
+            print('Testing stale key')
+        kr = update_ephemeral_key(
+            servers[0], manifest_seq-1, log_files, expected, rm_dbs=True)
+        if not kr:
+            print('\nFail: Stale Key Test. Exiting')
+            return
+
+        expected = {i: UNTRUSTED for i in range(len(log_files))}
+        expected[0] = STALE
+        if not ARGS.quiet:
+            print('Testing stale key 2')
+        kr = update_ephemeral_key(
+            servers[0], manifest_seq, log_files, expected, rm_dbs=True)
+        if not kr:
+            print('\nFail: Stale Key Test. Exiting')
+            return
+
+        expected = {i: UNTRUSTED for i in range(len(log_files))}
+        expected[0] = REVOKED
+        if not ARGS.quiet:
+            print('Testing revoked key')
+        kr = update_ephemeral_key(
+            servers[0], 0xffffffff, log_files, expected, rm_dbs=True)
+        if not kr:
+            print('\nFail: Revoked Key Text. Exiting')
+            return
+        print('\nOK: All tests passed')
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    run_main()

bin/python/ripple/util/test_Base58.py

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, print_function
+
+from ripple.util import Base58
+
+from unittest import TestCase
+
+BINARY = 'nN9kfUnKTf7PpgLG'
+
+class test_Base58(TestCase):
+    def run_test(self, before, after):
+        self.assertEquals(Base58.decode(before), after)
+        self.assertEquals(Base58.encode(after), before)
+
+    def test_trivial(self):
+        self.run_test('', '')
+
+    def test_zeroes(self):
+        for before, after in (('', ''), ('abc', 'I\x8b')):
+            for i in range(1, 257):
+                self.run_test('r' * i + before, '\0' * i + after)
+
+    def test_single_digits(self):
+        for i, c in enumerate(Base58.ALPHABET):
+            self.run_test(c, chr(i))
+
+    def test_various(self):
+        # Test three random numbers.
+        self.run_test('88Mw', '\x88L\xed')
+        self.run_test(
+            'nN9kfUnKTf7PpgLG', '\x03\xdc\x9co\xdea\xefn\xd3\xb8\xe2\xc1')
+        self.run_test(
+            'zzWWb4C5p6kNrVa4fEBoZpZKd3XQLXch7QJbLCuLdoS1CWr8qdAZHEmwMiJy8Hwp',
+            'xN\x82\xfcQ\x1f\xb3~\xdf\xc7\xb37#\xc6~A\xe9\xf6-\x1f\xcb"\xfab'
+            '(\'\xccv\x9e\x85\xc3\xd1\x19\x941{\x8et\xfbS}\x86.k\x07\xb5\xb3')
+
+    def test_check(self):
+        self.assertEquals(Base58.checksum(BINARY), '\xaa\xaar\x9d')
+
+    def test_encode(self):
+        self.assertEquals(
+            Base58.encode_version(Base58.VER_ACCOUNT_PUBLIC, BINARY),
+            'sB49XwJgmdEZDo8LmYwki7FYkiaN7')
+
+    def test_decode(self):
+        ver, b = Base58.decode_version('sB49XwJgmdEZDo8LmYwki7FYkiaN7')
+        self.assertEquals(ver, Base58.VER_ACCOUNT_PUBLIC)
+        self.assertEquals(b, BINARY)