Merge pull request #360 from mDuo13/payment-system-basics-reorg

Reorg payment system basics category

content/concepts/payment-system-basics/accounts/multi-signing.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # Multi-Signing
 
-Multi-signing is one of three ways to authorize transactions for the XRP Ledger, alongside signing with [regular keys and master keys](cryptographic-keys.html). You can configure your address to allow any combination of the three methods to authorize transactions.
+Multi-signing in the XRP Ledger is a method of [authorizing transactions](#authorizing-transactions) for the XRP Ledger by using a combination of multiple secret keys. You can have any combination of authorization methods enabled for your address, including multi-signing, a [master key pair](concept-cryptographic-keys.html#master-key-pair), and a [regular key pair](concept-cryptographic-keys.html#regular-key-pair). (The only requirement is that _at least one_ method must be enabled.)
 
 Benefits of multi-signing include:
 
@@ -9,4 +9,23 @@ Benefits of multi-signing include:
 * You can delegate the power to send transactions from your address to a group of people, who can control your address if you are unavailable or unable to sign normally.
 * ... and more.
 
-<!--{# TODO: Expand this and add it to the dactyl-config #}-->
+## Signer Lists
+
+Before you can multi-sign, you must create a list of which addresses can sign for you.
+
+The [SignerListSet transaction][] defines which addresses can authorize transactions from your address. You can include up to 8 addresses in a SignerList. You can control how many signatures are needed, in which combinations, by using the quorum and weight values of the SignerList.
+
+## Sending Multi-Signed Transactions
+
+To successfully submit a multi-signed transaction, you must do all of the following:
+
+* The address sending the transaction (specified in the `Account` field) must own a [`SignerList` in the ledger](reference-ledger-format.html#signerlist).
+* The transaction must include the `SigningPubKey` field as an empty string.
+* The transaction must include a [`Signers` field](#signers-field) containing an array of signatures.
+* The signatures present in the `Signers` array must match signers defined in the SignerList.
+* For the provided signatures, the total `weight` associated with those signers must be equal or greater than the `quorum` for the SignerList.
+* The [transaction cost](concept-transaction-cost.html) (specified in the `Fee` field) must be at least (N+1) times the normal transaction cost, where N is the number of signatures provided.
+* All fields of the transaction must be defined before collecting signatures. You cannot [auto-fill](#auto-fillable-fields) any fields.
+* If presented in binary form, the `Signers` array must be sorted based on the numeric value of the signer addresses, with the lowest value first. (If submitted as JSON, the [submit_multisigned method][] handles this automatically.)
+
+For more information, see [How to Multi-Sign](how-to-multi-sign.html).

content/concepts/payment-system-basics/transaction-basics/finality-of-results.md

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+# Finality of Results
+
+The order in which transactions apply to the consensus ledger is not final until a ledger is closed and the exact transaction set is approved by the consensus process. A transaction that succeeded initially could still fail, and a transaction that failed initially could still succeed. Additionally, a transaction that was rejected by the consensus process in one round could achieve consensus in a later round.
+
+A validated ledger can include successful transactions (`tes` result codes) as well as failed transactions (`tec` result codes). No transaction with any other result is included in a ledger.
+
+For any other result code, it can be difficult to determine if the result is final. The following table summarizes when a transaction's outcome is final, based on the result code from submitting the transaction:
+
+| Error Code      | Finality                                                   |
+|:----------------|:-----------------------------------------------------------|
+| `tesSUCCESS`    | Final when included in a validated ledger                  |
+| Any `tec` code  | Final when included in a validated ledger                  |
+| Any `tem` code  | Final unless the protocol changes to make the transaction valid |
+| `tefPAST_SEQ`   | Final when another transaction with the same sequence number is included in a validated ledger |
+| `tefMAX_LEDGER` | Final when a validated ledger has a sequence number higher than the transaction's `LastLedgerSequence` field, and no validated ledger includes the transaction |
+
+Any other transaction result is potentially not final. In that case, the transaction could still succeed or fail later, especially if conditions change such that the transaction is no longer prevented from applying. For example, trying to send a non-XRP currency to an account that does not exist yet would fail, but it could succeed if another transaction sends enough XRP to create the destination account. A server might even store a temporarily-failed, signed transaction and then successfully apply it later without asking first.

content/concepts/payment-system-basics/transaction-basics/transaction-basics.md

@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+# Transaction Basics
+
+A _Transaction_ is the only way to modify the XRP Ledger. Transactions are only final if signed, submitted, and accepted into a validated ledger version following the [consensus process](consensus.html). Some ledger rules also generate _[pseudo-transactions](#pseudo-transactions)_, which aren't signed or submitted, but still must be accepted by consensus. Transactions that fail are also included in ledgers because they modify balances of XRP to pay for the anti-spam [transaction cost][].
+
+
+### Identifying Transactions
+
+Every signed transaction has a unique `"hash"` that identifies it. The server provides the hash in the response when you submit the transaction; you can also look up a transaction in an account's transaction history with the [account_tx command](reference-rippled.html#account-tx).
+
+The transaction hash can be used as a "proof of payment" since anyone can [look up the transaction by its hash](#looking-up-transaction-results) to verify its final status.
+
+
+## Claimed Cost Justification
+
+Although it may seem unfair to charge a [transaction cost](transaction-cost.html) for a failed transaction, the `tec` class of errors exists for good reasons:
+
+* Transactions submitted after the failed one do not have to have their Sequence values renumbered. Incorporating the failed transaction into a ledger uses up the transaction's sequence number, preserving the expected sequence.
+* Distributing the transaction throughout the network increases network load. Enforcing a cost makes it harder for attackers to abuse the network with failed transactions.
+* The transaction cost is generally very small in real-world value, so it should not harm users unless they are sending large quantities of transactions.
+
+
+
+## Authorizing Transactions
+
+In the decentralized XRP Ledger, a digital signature proves that a transaction is authorized to do a specific set of actions. Only signed transactions can be submitted to the network and included in a validated ledger. A signed transaction is immutable: its contents cannot change, and the signature is not valid for any other transaction. <!-- STYLE_OVERRIDE: is authorized to -->
+
+A transaction can be authorized by any of the following types of signatures:
+
+* A single signature from the master private key that is mathematically associated with the sending address. You can disable or enable the master key pair using an [AccountSet transaction][].
+* A single signature that matches the regular private key associated with the address. You can add, remove, or replace a regular key pair using a [SetRegularKey transaction][].
+* A [multi-signature](#multi-signing) that matches a list of signers owned by the address. You can add, remove, or replace a list of signers using a [SignerListSet transaction][].
+
+Any signature type can authorize any type of transaction, with the following exceptions:
+
+* Only the master private key can [disable the master public key](#accountset-flags).
+* Only the master private key can [permanently give up the ability to freeze](concept-freeze.html#no-freeze).
+* You can never remove the last method of signing transactions from an address.
+
+For more information about master and regular key pairs, see [Cryptographic Keys](concept-cryptographic-keys.html).
+
+<!--{# Add this reference after signatures concept doc is published. For more information about signatures, see [Understanding Signatures](concept-signatures.html). #}-->
+
+
+## Signing and Submitting Transactions
+
+Sending a transaction to the XRP Ledger involves several steps:
+
+1. Create an [unsigned transaction in JSON format](#unsigned-transaction-format).
+2. Use one or more signatures to [authorize the transaction](#authorizing-transactions).
+3. Submit a transaction to a `rippled` server. If the transaction is properly formed, the server provisionally applies the transaction to its current version of the ledger and relays the transaction to other members of the peer-to-peer network.
+4. The [consensus process](https://ripple.com/build/ripple-ledger-consensus-process/) determines which provisional transactions get included in the next validated ledger.
+5. The `rippled` servers apply those transactions to the previous ledger in a canonical order and share their results.
+6. If enough [trusted validators](tutorial-rippled-setup.html#reasons-to-run-a-validator) created the exact same ledger, that ledger is declared _validated_ and the [results of the transactions](#transaction-results) in that ledger are immutable.
+
+### Example Unsigned Transaction
+
+Here is an example of an unsigned [Payment transaction][] in JSON:
+
+```
+{
+  "TransactionType" : "Payment",
+  "Account" : "rf1BiGeXwwQoi8Z2ueFYTEXSwuJYfV2Jpn",
+  "Destination" : "ra5nK24KXen9AHvsdFTKHSANinZseWnPcX",
+  "Amount" : {
+     "currency" : "USD",
+     "value" : "1",
+     "issuer" : "rf1BiGeXwwQoi8Z2ueFYTEXSwuJYfV2Jpn"
+  },
+  "Fee": "12",
+  "Flags": 2147483648,
+  "Sequence": 2,
+}
+```
+
+The XRP Ledger only relays and executes a transaction if the transaction object has been authorized by the sending address (in the `Account`) field. For transactions authorized by only a single signature, you have two options:
+
+1. Convert it to a binary blob and sign it offline. This is preferable, since it means that the account secret used for signing the transaction is never transmitted over any network connection.
+    * You can use [RippleAPI](reference-rippleapi.html#sign) for offline signing.
+2. Have a `rippled` server sign the transaction for you. The [sign command](reference-rippled.html#sign) takes a JSON-format transaction and secret and returns the signed binary transaction format ready for submission. (Transmitting your account secret is dangerous, so you should only do this from within a trusted and encrypted connection, or through a local connection, and only to a server you control.)
+    * As a shortcut, you can use the [submit command](reference-rippled.html#submit) with a `tx_json` object to sign and submit a transaction all at once. This is only recommended for testing and development purposes.
+
+## Example Signed Transaction Blob
+
+Signing a transaction generates a binary blob that can be submitted to the network. This means using `rippled`'s [submit command](reference-rippled.html#submit). Here is an example of the same transaction, as a signed blob, being submitted with the WebSocket API:
+
+```
+{
+  "id": 2,
+  "command": "submit",
+  "tx_blob" : "120000240000000461D4838D7EA4C6800000000000000000000000000055534400000000004B4E9C06F24296074F7BC48F92A97916C6DC5EA968400000000000000F732103AB40A0490F9B7ED8DF29D246BF2D6269820A0EE7742ACDD457BEA7C7D0931EDB74483046022100982064CDD3F052D22788DB30B52EEA8956A32A51375E72274E417328EBA31E480221008F522C9DB4B0F31E695AA013843958A10DE8F6BA7D6759BEE645F71A7EB240BE81144B4E9C06F24296074F7BC48F92A97916C6DC5EA983143E9D4A2B8AA0780F682D136F7A56D6724EF53754"
+}
+```
+
+## Example Executed Transaction with Metadata
+
+After a transaction has been submitted, you can check its status using the API, for example using the [tx command](reference-rippled.html#tx).
+
+**Caution:** The success of a transaction is not final unless the transaction appears in a **validated** ledger with the result code `tesSUCCESS`. See also: [Finality of Results](finality-of-results.html).
+
+Example response from the `tx` command:
+
+```
+{
+  "id": 6,
+  "status": "success",
+  "type": "response",
+  "result": {
+    "Account": "rf1BiGeXwwQoi8Z2ueFYTEXSwuJYfV2Jpn",
+    "Amount": {
+      "currency": "USD",
+      "issuer": "rf1BiGeXwwQoi8Z2ueFYTEXSwuJYfV2Jpn",
+      "value": "1"
+    },
+    "Destination": "ra5nK24KXen9AHvsdFTKHSANinZseWnPcX",
+    "Fee": "10",
+    "Flags": 2147483648,
+    "Sequence": 2,
+    "SigningPubKey": "03AB40A0490F9B7ED8DF29D246BF2D6269820A0EE7742ACDD457BEA7C7D0931EDB",
+    "TransactionType": "Payment",
+    "TxnSignature": "3045022100D64A32A506B86E880480CCB846EFA3F9665C9B11FDCA35D7124F53C486CC1D0402206EC8663308D91C928D1FDA498C3A2F8DD105211B9D90F4ECFD75172BAE733340",
+    "date": 455224610,
+    "hash": "33EA42FC7A06F062A7B843AF4DC7C0AB00D6644DFDF4C5D354A87C035813D321",
+    "inLedger": 7013674,
+    "ledger_index": 7013674,
+    "meta": {
+      "AffectedNodes": [
+        {
+          "ModifiedNode": {
+            "FinalFields": {
+              "Account": "rf1BiGeXwwQoi8Z2ueFYTEXSwuJYfV2Jpn",
+              "Balance": "99999980",
+              "Flags": 0,
+              "OwnerCount": 0,
+              "Sequence": 3
+            },
+            "LedgerEntryType": "AccountRoot",
+            "LedgerIndex": "13F1A95D7AAB7108D5CE7EEAF504B2894B8C674E6D68499076441C4837282BF8",
+            "PreviousFields": {
+              "Balance": "99999990",
+              "Sequence": 2
+            },
+            "PreviousTxnID": "7BF105CFE4EFE78ADB63FE4E03A851440551FE189FD4B51CAAD9279C9F534F0E",
+            "PreviousTxnLgrSeq": 6979192
+          }
+        },
+        {
+          "ModifiedNode": {
+            "FinalFields": {
+              "Balance": {
+                "currency": "USD",
+                "issuer": "rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrBZbvji",
+                "value": "2"
+              },
+              "Flags": 65536,
+              "HighLimit": {
+                "currency": "USD",
+                "issuer": "rf1BiGeXwwQoi8Z2ueFYTEXSwuJYfV2Jpn",
+                "value": "0"
+              },
+              "HighNode": "0000000000000000",
+              "LowLimit": {
+                "currency": "USD",
+                "issuer": "ra5nK24KXen9AHvsdFTKHSANinZseWnPcX",
+                "value": "100"
+              },
+              "LowNode": "0000000000000000"
+            },
+            "LedgerEntryType": "RippleState",
+            "LedgerIndex": "96D2F43BA7AE7193EC59E5E7DDB26A9D786AB1F7C580E030E7D2FF5233DA01E9",
+            "PreviousFields": {
+              "Balance": {
+                "currency": "USD",
+                "issuer": "rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrBZbvji",
+                "value": "1"
+              }
+            },
+            "PreviousTxnID": "7BF105CFE4EFE78ADB63FE4E03A851440551FE189FD4B51CAAD9279C9F534F0E",
+            "PreviousTxnLgrSeq": 6979192
+          }
+        }
+      ],
+      "TransactionIndex": 0,
+      "TransactionResult": "tesSUCCESS"
+    },
+    "validated": true
+  }
+}
+```
+
+<!--{# common link defs #}-->
+{% include '_snippets/rippled-api-links.md' %}
+{% include '_snippets/tx-type-links.md' %}
+{% include '_snippets/rippled_versions.md' %}