Money intro/ref: Edits per @nbougalis & @bachase reviews

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mDuo13
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# Money in the XRP Ledger
The XRP Ledger is an advanced blockchain-like system that was designed to let people transact in multiple currencies. Users of the XRP Ledger can seamlessly track, trade, and settle multiple currencies in an exchange that's as decentralized as the network itself. Users can issue their own currency-like digital assets, which may or may not represent obligations owed outside the XRP Ledger. Tying it all together is XRP, the XRP Ledger's native cryptocurrency, which serves anti-spam purposes and acts as a medium of exchange.
The XRP Ledger is an advanced blockchain-like system that was designed to let people transact in multiple currencies. Users of the XRP Ledger can seamlessly track, trade, and settle multiple currencies in an exchange that's as decentralized as the network itself. Users can issue their own currency-like digital assets, which may or may not represent obligations owed outside the XRP Ledger. Tying it all together is XRP, the XRP Ledger's native cryptocurrency, which acts as a medium of exchange and serves anti-spam purposes.
## XRP
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Some advanced features of the XRP Ledger, such as [Escrow](concept-escrow.html) and [Payment Channels](tutorial-paychan.html), only work with XRP. Order book [autobridging](https://ripple.com/dev-blog/introducing-offer-autobridging/) uses XRP to deepen liquidity in the decentralized exchange by merging order books of two issued currencies with XRP order books to create synthetic combined order books. (For example, autobridging matches USD:XRP and XRP:EUR orders to augment USD:EUR order books.)
XRP also serves as a protective measure against spamming the network. All XRP Ledger addresses need a small amount of XRP to pay the costs of maintaining the XRP Ledger. The [transaction cost](concept-transaction-cost.html) and [reserve](concept-reserves.html) are neutral fees denoted in XRP and not paid to any party. In the ledger's data format, XRP is stored in [AccountRoot objects](reference-ledger-format.html#accountroot).
XRP also serves as a protective measure against spamming the network. All XRP Ledger addresses need a small amount of XRP to pay the costs of maintaining the XRP Ledger. The [transaction cost](concept-transaction-cost.html) and [reserve](concept-reserves.html) are neutral fees denominated in XRP and not paid to any party. In the ledger's data format, XRP is stored in [AccountRoot objects](reference-ledger-format.html#accountroot).
For more information on XRP's use cases, benefits, and news, see the [XRP Portal](https://ripple.com/xrp-portal/).
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In the typical model, an issued currency is tied to holdings of currency or other assets outside the XRP Ledger. The issuer of the currency, called a _gateway_, handles deposits and withdrawals to exchange currency outside the XRP Ledger for equivalent balances of issued currency in the XRP Ledger. For more information on how to run a gateway, see the [Gateway Guide](tutorial-gateway-guide.html).
There are other use cases for issued currencies in the XRP Ledger. For example, you can create an "Initial Coin Offering" (ICO) by issuing a fixed amount of currency to a secondary address, then "throwing away the key" to the issuer. (Be aware: ICOs may be [regulated as securities](https://www.sec.gov/oiea/investor-alerts-and-bulletins/ib_coinofferings) in the USA.) Ripple recommends researching the relevant regulations before engaging in any financial service business.
There are other use cases for issued currencies in the XRP Ledger. For example, you can create an "Initial Coin Offering" (ICO) by issuing a fixed amount of currency to a secondary address, then "throwing away the key" to the issuer.
**Warning:** ICOs may be [regulated as securities](https://www.sec.gov/oiea/investor-alerts-and-bulletins/ib_coinofferings) in the USA.
Ripple recommends researching the relevant regulations before engaging in any financial service business.
### Issued Currency Properties

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## String Formatting
XRP Ledger APIs generally use strings, rather than native JSON numbers, to represent numeric amounts of currency for both XRP and issued currencies. This protects against a loss of precision when using JSON parsers, which may automatically try to represent all JSON numbers in a floating-point format.
{% include 'snippets/string-number-formatting.md' %}
## XRP Precision
XRP has the same precision as a 64-bit unsigned integer where each unit is equivalent to 0.000001 XRP. Its properties are:
* Minimum value: `0`
* Maximum value: `100000000000` (10^11) XRP
- `"100000000000000000"` (10^17) drops of XRP
* Precise to the nearest `0.000001` (10^-6) XRP
* Maximum value: `100000000000` (10<sup>11</sup>) XRP
- `"100000000000000000"` (10<sup>17</sup>) drops of XRP
* Precise to the nearest `0.000001` (10<sup>-6</sup>) XRP
- `"1"` drop of XRP
## Issued Currency Precision

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### Numbers and Precision ###
[String - Number]: #numbers-and-precision
Currency amounts in the XRP Ledger require more precision than most native number types, so the Data API v2 uses the String type to represent some values.
Within the String value, the numbers are serialized in the same way as native JSON numbers:
* Base-10.
* Non-zero-prefaced.
* May contain `.` as a decimal point. For example, ½ is represented as `0.5`. (American style, not European)
* May contain `E` or `e` to indicate being raised to a power of 10. For example, `1.2E5` is equivalent to `120000`.
* No comma (`,`) characters are used.
{% include 'snippets/string-number-formatting.md' %}
The precision for amounts of **non-XRP currency** in the XRP Ledger is as follows:

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XRP Ledger APIs generally use strings, rather than native JSON numbers, to represent numeric amounts of currency for both XRP and issued currencies. This protects against a loss of precision when using JSON parsers, which may automatically try to represent all JSON numbers in a floating-point format. Within the String value, the numbers are serialized in the same way as native JSON numbers:
* Base-10.
* Non-zero-prefaced.
* May contain `.` as a decimal point. For example, ½ is represented as `0.5`. (American style, not European)
* May contain `E` or `e` to indicate being raised to a power of 10 (scientific notation). For example, `1.2E5` is equivalent to 1.2×10<sup>5</sup>, or `120000`.
* No comma (`,`) characters are used.