diff --git a/src/ripple/basics/chrono.h b/src/ripple/basics/chrono.h
index b298ac3f8..b9531cf43 100644
--- a/src/ripple/basics/chrono.h
+++ b/src/ripple/basics/chrono.h
@@ -39,19 +39,6 @@ using weeks = std::chrono::duration
     <int, std::ratio_multiply<
         days::period, std::ratio<7>>>;
 
-/** A clock for measuring elapsed time.
-
-    The epoch is unspecified.
-*/
-using Stopwatch =
-    beast::abstract_clock<
-        std::chrono::steady_clock>;
-
-/** A manual clock for unit tests. */
-using TestClock =
-    beast::manual_clock<
-        Stopwatch::clock_type>;
-
 /** Clock for measuring Ripple Network Time.
   
     The epoch is January 1, 2000
@@ -77,9 +64,40 @@ public:
         std::chrono::time_point<
             NetClock, duration>;
 
-    // VFALCO now() intentionally omitted for the moment
+    static bool const /* constexpr? */ is_steady =
+        std::chrono::system_clock::is_steady;
+
+    static
+    time_point
+    now()
+    {
+        using namespace std;
+        auto const when =
+            chrono::system_clock::now();
+        return time_point(
+            chrono::duration_cast<duration>(
+                when.time_since_epoch() -
+                    days(10957)));
+    }
 };
 
+/** A manual NetClock for unit tests. */
+using TestNetClock =
+    beast::manual_clock<NetClock>;
+
+/** A clock for measuring elapsed time.
+
+    The epoch is unspecified.
+*/
+using Stopwatch =
+    beast::abstract_clock<
+        std::chrono::steady_clock>;
+
+/** A manual Stopwatch for unit tests. */
+using TestStopwatch =
+    beast::manual_clock<
+        std::chrono::steady_clock>;
+
 /** Returns an instance of a wall clock. */
 inline
 Stopwatch&
diff --git a/src/ripple/basics/tests/KeyCache.test.cpp b/src/ripple/basics/tests/KeyCache.test.cpp
index 8e86c6f8a..4da2dcdff 100644
--- a/src/ripple/basics/tests/KeyCache.test.cpp
+++ b/src/ripple/basics/tests/KeyCache.test.cpp
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ class KeyCache_test : public beast::unit_test::suite
 public:
     void run ()
     {
-        TestClock clock;
+        TestStopwatch clock;
         clock.set (0);
 
         using Key = std::string;
diff --git a/src/ripple/basics/tests/TaggedCache.test.cpp b/src/ripple/basics/tests/TaggedCache.test.cpp
index 05dd61471..6bc5afda9 100644
--- a/src/ripple/basics/tests/TaggedCache.test.cpp
+++ b/src/ripple/basics/tests/TaggedCache.test.cpp
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ public:
     {
         beast::Journal const j;
 
-        TestClock clock;
+        TestStopwatch clock;
         clock.set (0);
 
         using Key = int;
diff --git a/src/ripple/peerfinder/sim/Tests.cpp b/src/ripple/peerfinder/sim/Tests.cpp
index 24a9645b8..2c624e3ac 100644
--- a/src/ripple/peerfinder/sim/Tests.cpp
+++ b/src/ripple/peerfinder/sim/Tests.cpp
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ private:
     Params m_params;
     Journal m_journal;
     int m_next_node_id;
-    TestClock m_clock;
+    TestNetClock m_clock;
     Peers m_nodes;
     Table m_table;
     FunctionQueue m_queue;
diff --git a/src/ripple/peerfinder/tests/Livecache.test.cpp b/src/ripple/peerfinder/tests/Livecache.test.cpp
index 9ebda4788..a2b088d8b 100644
--- a/src/ripple/peerfinder/tests/Livecache.test.cpp
+++ b/src/ripple/peerfinder/tests/Livecache.test.cpp
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ namespace PeerFinder {
 class Livecache_test : public beast::unit_test::suite
 {
 public:
-    TestClock m_clock;
+    TestStopwatch m_clock;
 
     // Add the address as an endpoint
     template <class C>
diff --git a/src/ripple/peerfinder/tests/PeerFinder_test.cpp b/src/ripple/peerfinder/tests/PeerFinder_test.cpp
index d14911330..b5750b94e 100644
--- a/src/ripple/peerfinder/tests/PeerFinder_test.cpp
+++ b/src/ripple/peerfinder/tests/PeerFinder_test.cpp
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ public:
         testcase("backoff 1");
         TestStore store;
         TestChecker checker;
-        TestClock clock;
+        TestStopwatch clock;
         Logic<TestChecker> logic (clock, store, checker, beast::Journal{});
         logic.addFixedPeer ("test",
             beast::IP::Endpoint::from_string("65.0.0.1:5"));
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ public:
         testcase("backoff 2");
         TestStore store;
         TestChecker checker;
-        TestClock clock;
+        TestStopwatch clock;
         Logic<TestChecker> logic (clock, store, checker, beast::Journal{});
         logic.addFixedPeer ("test",
             beast::IP::Endpoint::from_string("65.0.0.1:5"));
diff --git a/src/ripple/resource/impl/Logic.h b/src/ripple/resource/impl/Logic.h
index 537a2a348..3d306bcd7 100644
--- a/src/ripple/resource/impl/Logic.h
+++ b/src/ripple/resource/impl/Logic.h
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 #include <ripple/resource/Fees.h>
 #include <ripple/resource/Gossip.h>
 #include <ripple/resource/impl/Import.h>
+#include <ripple/basics/chrono.h>
 #include <ripple/basics/UnorderedContainers.h>
 #include <ripple/json/json_value.h>
 #include <ripple/protocol/JsonFields.h>
@@ -37,7 +38,7 @@ namespace Resource {
 class Logic
 {
 private:
-    using clock_type = beast::abstract_clock <std::chrono::steady_clock>;
+    using clock_type = Stopwatch;
     using Imports = hash_map <std::string, Import>;
     using Table = hash_map <Key, Entry, Key::hasher, Key::key_equal>;
     using EntryIntrusiveList = beast::List <Entry>;
@@ -83,7 +84,7 @@ private:
 
     SharedState m_state;
     Stats m_stats;
-    beast::abstract_clock <std::chrono::steady_clock>& m_clock;
+    Stopwatch& m_clock;
     beast::Journal m_journal;
 
     //--------------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/src/ripple/resource/tests/Logic.test.cpp b/src/ripple/resource/tests/Logic.test.cpp
index bd07b6f2b..15ea9b25e 100644
--- a/src/ripple/resource/tests/Logic.test.cpp
+++ b/src/ripple/resource/tests/Logic.test.cpp
@@ -31,13 +31,13 @@ class Manager_test : public beast::unit_test::suite
 {
 public:
     class TestLogic
-        : private boost::base_from_member<TestClock>
+        : private boost::base_from_member<TestStopwatch>
         , public Logic
 
     {
     private:
         using clock_type =
-            boost::base_from_member<TestClock>;
+            boost::base_from_member<TestStopwatch>;
 
     public:
         explicit TestLogic (beast::Journal journal)
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ public:
             ++member;
         }
 
-        TestClock& clock ()
+        TestStopwatch& clock ()
         {
             return member;
         }
diff --git a/src/ripple/shamap/tests/common.h b/src/ripple/shamap/tests/common.h
index 8932706a1..f0211a30a 100644
--- a/src/ripple/shamap/tests/common.h
+++ b/src/ripple/shamap/tests/common.h
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ namespace tests {
 class TestFamily : public shamap::Family
 {
 private:
-    TestClock clock_;
+    TestStopwatch clock_;
     NodeStore::DummyScheduler scheduler_;
     TreeNodeCache treecache_;
     FullBelowCache fullbelow_;
diff --git a/src/ripple/test/jtx/Env.h b/src/ripple/test/jtx/Env.h
index 122a546e3..201827f64 100644
--- a/src/ripple/test/jtx/Env.h
+++ b/src/ripple/test/jtx/Env.h
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ noripple (Account const& account,
 class Env
 {
 public:
-    using clock_type = TestClock;
+    using clock_type = TestNetClock;
 
     clock_type clock;
 
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ public:
             The Env clock is set to the new time.
     */
     void
-    close (TestClock::time_point const& closeTime);
+    close (NetClock::time_point const& closeTime);
 
     /** Close and advance the ledger.
 
@@ -193,6 +193,7 @@ public:
     close (std::chrono::duration<
         Rep, Period> const& elapsed)
     {
+        stopwatch_.advance(elapsed);
         close (clock.now() + elapsed);
     }
 
@@ -443,6 +444,7 @@ public:
 protected:
     int trace_ = 0;
     bool testing_ = true;
+    TestStopwatch stopwatch_;
 
     void
     autofill_sig (JTx& jt);
diff --git a/src/ripple/test/jtx/impl/Env.cpp b/src/ripple/test/jtx/impl/Env.cpp
index c9b4d4532..3df2a83a8 100644
--- a/src/ripple/test/jtx/impl/Env.cpp
+++ b/src/ripple/test/jtx/impl/Env.cpp
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ Env::Env (beast::unit_test::suite& test_)
             generateSeed("masterpassphrase")))
     , closed_ (std::make_shared<Ledger>(
         create_genesis, config))
-    , cachedSLEs_ (std::chrono::seconds(5), clock)
+    , cachedSLEs_ (std::chrono::seconds(5), stopwatch_)
     , openLedger (closed_, config, cachedSLEs_, journal)
 {
     memoize(master);
@@ -78,8 +78,7 @@ Env::closed() const
 }
 
 void
-Env::close(
-    TestClock::time_point const& closeTime)
+Env::close(NetClock::time_point const& closeTime)
 {
     clock.set(closeTime);
     // VFALCO TODO Fix the Ledger constructor
@@ -111,10 +110,12 @@ Env::close(
                 config, journal);
         accum.apply(*next);
     }
-    next->setAccepted(
-        closeTime.time_since_epoch().count(),
-            ledgerPossibleTimeResolutions[0],
-                true);
+    // To ensure that the close time is exact and not rounded, we don't
+    // claim to have reached consensus on what it should be.
+    next->setAccepted (
+        std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::seconds> (
+            closeTime.time_since_epoch ()).count (),
+        ledgerPossibleTimeResolutions[0], false);
     OrderedTxs locals({});
     openLedger.accept(next, locals,
         false, retries, applyFlags(), *router);