diff --git a/beast/Arithmetic.h b/beast/Arithmetic.h
index edc285731..2add9c460 100644
--- a/beast/Arithmetic.h
+++ b/beast/Arithmetic.h
@@ -26,8 +26,6 @@
 
 #include <beast/Config.h>
 
-#include <beast/utility/noexcept.h>
-
 #include <cmath>
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <algorithm>
diff --git a/beast/chrono/RelativeTime.h b/beast/chrono/RelativeTime.h
index 0e42e4144..76809b4a0 100644
--- a/beast/chrono/RelativeTime.h
+++ b/beast/chrono/RelativeTime.h
@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@
 #include <beast/Config.h>
 #include <beast/strings/String.h>
 
-#include <beast/utility/noexcept.h>
 #include <string>
 #include <sstream>
 
diff --git a/beast/chrono/chrono_io.h b/beast/chrono/chrono_io.h
index c17fe96fa..b9dfacdfb 100644
--- a/beast/chrono/chrono_io.h
+++ b/beast/chrono/chrono_io.h
@@ -29,7 +29,6 @@
 
 #include <beast/Config.h>
 
-#include <beast/utility/noexcept.h>
 #include <ctime>
 #include <locale>
 
diff --git a/beast/config/compiler/VisualC.h b/beast/config/compiler/VisualC.h
index 84b47018c..e360cdd6b 100644
--- a/beast/config/compiler/VisualC.h
+++ b/beast/config/compiler/VisualC.h
@@ -22,5 +22,4 @@
 #ifndef BEAST_CONFIG_COMPILER_VISUALC_H_INCLUDED
 #define BEAST_CONFIG_COMPILER_VISUALC_H_INCLUDED
 
-#include <beast/utility/noexcept.h>
 #endif
diff --git a/beast/crypto/detail/mac_facade.h b/beast/crypto/detail/mac_facade.h
index 6dd7ff8b8..c30217431 100644
--- a/beast/crypto/detail/mac_facade.h
+++ b/beast/crypto/detail/mac_facade.h
@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@
 
 #include <beast/crypto/secure_erase.h>
 #include <beast/hash/endian.h>
-#include <beast/utility/noexcept.h>
 #include <type_traits>
 #include <array>
 
diff --git a/beast/crypto/detail/ripemd_context.h b/beast/crypto/detail/ripemd_context.h
index 391fd3d4e..0b89921bb 100644
--- a/beast/crypto/detail/ripemd_context.h
+++ b/beast/crypto/detail/ripemd_context.h
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@
 #ifndef BEAST_CRYPTO_RIPEMD_CONTEXT_H_INCLUDED
 #define BEAST_CRYPTO_RIPEMD_CONTEXT_H_INCLUDED
 
-#include <beast/utility/noexcept.h>
 #include <array>
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <cstring>
diff --git a/beast/crypto/detail/sha2_context.h b/beast/crypto/detail/sha2_context.h
index 4cb3449fd..6786fca92 100644
--- a/beast/crypto/detail/sha2_context.h
+++ b/beast/crypto/detail/sha2_context.h
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@
 #ifndef BEAST_CRYPTO_SHA512_CONTEXT_H_INCLUDED
 #define BEAST_CRYPTO_SHA512_CONTEXT_H_INCLUDED
 
-#include <beast/utility/noexcept.h>
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <cstring>
 
diff --git a/beast/hash/fnv1a.h b/beast/hash/fnv1a.h
index eec288018..0e465d65f 100644
--- a/beast/hash/fnv1a.h
+++ b/beast/hash/fnv1a.h
@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@
 #ifndef BEAST_HASH_FNV1A_H_INCLUDED
 #define BEAST_HASH_FNV1A_H_INCLUDED
 
-#include <beast/utility/noexcept.h>
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <beast/cxx14/type_traits.h> // <type_traits>
diff --git a/beast/hash/hash_append.h b/beast/hash/hash_append.h
index 6a5365ac9..bcb953d69 100644
--- a/beast/hash/hash_append.h
+++ b/beast/hash/hash_append.h
@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@
 #include <beast/config/CompilerConfig.h> // for constexpr
 #include <beast/hash/endian.h>
 #include <beast/utility/meta.h>
-#include <beast/utility/noexcept.h>
 #include <array>
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <cstring>
diff --git a/beast/hash/siphash.h b/beast/hash/siphash.h
index eeabfdcae..e4a4b363f 100644
--- a/beast/hash/siphash.h
+++ b/beast/hash/siphash.h
@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@
 #ifndef BEAST_HASH_SIPHASH_H_INCLUDED
 #define BEAST_HASH_SIPHASH_H_INCLUDED
 
-#include <beast/utility/noexcept.h>
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <cstdint>
 
diff --git a/beast/hash/xxhasher.h b/beast/hash/xxhasher.h
index c17d5ef5c..5525a8450 100644
--- a/beast/hash/xxhasher.h
+++ b/beast/hash/xxhasher.h
@@ -28,7 +28,6 @@
 
 #include <beast/hash/endian.h>
 #include <beast/hash/impl/xxhash.h>
-#include <beast/utility/noexcept.h>
 #include <beast/cxx14/type_traits.h> // <type_traits>
 #include <cstddef>
 
diff --git a/beast/http/URL.h b/beast/http/URL.h
index 459e5a668..dd7fd8072 100644
--- a/beast/http/URL.h
+++ b/beast/http/URL.h
@@ -52,22 +52,7 @@ public:
     URL& operator= (URL const& other) = default;
 
     /** Move construct a URL. */
-#ifdef _MSC_VER
-    URL (URL&& other)
-        : m_scheme(std::move(other.m_scheme))
-        , m_host(std::move(other.m_host))
-        , m_port(other.m_port)
-        , m_port_string(std::move(other.m_port_string))
-        , m_path(std::move(other.m_path))
-        , m_query(std::move(other.m_query))
-        , m_fragment(std::move(other.m_fragment))
-        , m_userinfo(std::move(other.m_userinfo))
-    {
-    }
-
-#else
     URL (URL&& other) = default;
-#endif
 
     /** Returns `true` if this is an empty URL. */
     bool
diff --git a/beast/http/basic_parser.h b/beast/http/basic_parser.h
index a0397f49c..d0ee4dcff 100644
--- a/beast/http/basic_parser.h
+++ b/beast/http/basic_parser.h
@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <memory>
 #include <string>
-#include <beast/utility/noexcept.h>
 
 namespace beast {
 
diff --git a/beast/http/impl/basic_parser.cpp b/beast/http/impl/basic_parser.cpp
index a31a14b4b..0d02380b3 100644
--- a/beast/http/impl/basic_parser.cpp
+++ b/beast/http/impl/basic_parser.cpp
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@
 #include <beast/http/basic_parser.h>
 #include <beast/http/impl/joyent_parser.h>
 #include <beast/http/rfc2616.h>
-#include <beast/utility/noexcept.h>
 #include <boost/system/error_code.hpp>
 
 namespace beast {
diff --git a/beast/http/message.h b/beast/http/message.h
index 4d859d14a..85dfe1913 100644
--- a/beast/http/message.h
+++ b/beast/http/message.h
@@ -76,16 +76,9 @@ public:
     template <class = void>
     message();
 
-#if defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER <= 1800
-    message (message&& other);
-    message& operator= (message&& other);
-
-#else
     message (message&& other) = default;
     message& operator= (message&& other) = default;
 
-#endif
-
     // Memberspace
     beast::http::headers headers;
 
@@ -220,38 +213,6 @@ message::message()
 {
 }
 
-#if defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER <= 1800
-inline
-message::message (message&& other)
-    : request_ (other.request_)
-    , method_ (std::move(other.method_))
-    , url_ (std::move(other.url_))
-    , status_ (other.status_)
-    , reason_ (std::move(other.reason_))
-    , version_ (other.version_)
-    , keep_alive_ (other.keep_alive_)
-    , upgrade_ (other.upgrade_)
-    , headers (std::move(other.headers))
-{
-}
-
-inline
-message&
-message::operator= (message&& other)
-{
-    request_ = other.request_;
-    method_ = std::move(other.method_);
-    url_ = std::move(other.url_);
-    status_ = other.status_;
-    reason_ = std::move(other.reason_);
-    version_ = other.version_;
-    keep_alive_ = other.keep_alive_;
-    upgrade_ = other.upgrade_;
-    headers = std::move(other.headers);
-    return *this;
-}
-#endif
-
 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 template <class Streambuf>
diff --git a/beast/http/parser.h b/beast/http/parser.h
index 2619d050a..36f784c63 100644
--- a/beast/http/parser.h
+++ b/beast/http/parser.h
@@ -66,14 +66,8 @@ public:
         message_.get().request(request);
     }
 
-#if defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER <= 1800
-    parser& operator= (parser&& other);
-
-#else
     parser& operator= (parser&& other) = default;
 
-#endif
-
 private:
     template <class = void>
     void
@@ -141,18 +135,6 @@ private:
 };
 
 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-#if defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER <= 1800
-inline
-parser&
-parser::operator= (parser&& other)
-{
-    basic_parser::operator= (std::move(other));
-    message_ = std::move (other.message_);
-    return *this;
-}
-#endif
-
 template <class>
 void
 parser::do_start()
diff --git a/beast/module/core/diagnostic/FatalError.cpp b/beast/module/core/diagnostic/FatalError.cpp
index e8d7b2f7e..146041b77 100644
--- a/beast/module/core/diagnostic/FatalError.cpp
+++ b/beast/module/core/diagnostic/FatalError.cpp
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 #include <beast/module/core/diagnostic/FatalError.h>
 
 #include <atomic>
+#include <cstdlib>
 #include <exception>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <mutex>
@@ -27,49 +28,38 @@
 namespace beast {
 
 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+[[noreturn]]
 void
-FatalError (char const* message, char const* file, int line)
+FatalError (
+    char const* message,
+    char const* file,
+    int line) noexcept
 {
-    static std::atomic <int> error_count (0);
-    static std::recursive_mutex gate;
+    static std::mutex gate;
 
     // We only allow one thread to report a fatal error. Other threads that
     // encounter fatal errors while we are reporting get blocked here.
-    std::lock_guard<std::recursive_mutex> lock(gate);
+    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(gate);
 
-    // If we encounter a recursive fatal error, then we want to terminate
-    // unconditionally.
-    if (error_count++ != 0)
-        return std::terminate ();
+    std::cerr << "An error has occurred. The application will terminate.\n";
 
-    // We protect this entire block of code since writing to cerr might trigger
-    // exceptions.
-    try
+    if (message != nullptr && message [0] != 0)
+        std::cerr << "Message: " << message << '\n';
+
+    if (file != nullptr && file [0] != 0)
+        std::cerr << "   File: " << file << ":" << line << '\n';
+
+    auto const backtrace = getStackBacktrace ();
+
+    if (!backtrace.empty ())
     {
-        std::cerr << "An error has occurred. The application will terminate.\n";
+        std::cerr << "  Stack:" << std::endl;
 
-        if (message != nullptr && message [0] != 0)
-            std::cerr << "Message: " << message << '\n';
-
-        if (file != nullptr && file [0] != 0)
-            std::cerr << "   File: " << file << ":" << line << '\n';
-
-        auto const backtrace = getStackBacktrace ();
-
-        if (!backtrace.empty ())
-        {
-            std::cerr << "  Stack:" << std::endl;
-
-            for (auto const& frame : backtrace)
-                std::cerr << "    " << frame << '\n';
-        }
-    }
-    catch (...)
-    {
-        // nothing we can do - just fall through and terminate
+        for (auto const& frame : backtrace)
+            std::cerr << "    " << frame << '\n';
     }
 
-    return std::terminate ();
+    std::abort ();
 }
 
 } // beast
diff --git a/beast/module/core/diagnostic/FatalError.h b/beast/module/core/diagnostic/FatalError.h
index cd6250fd4..15ee3ba1e 100644
--- a/beast/module/core/diagnostic/FatalError.h
+++ b/beast/module/core/diagnostic/FatalError.h
@@ -35,8 +35,12 @@ namespace beast
     If multiple threads raise an error, only one will succeed while the others
     will be blocked before the process terminates.
 */
+[[noreturn]]
 void
-FatalError (char const* message, char const* file = nullptr, int line = 0);
+FatalError (
+    char const* message,
+    char const* file = nullptr,
+    int line = 0) noexcept;
 
 } // beast
 
diff --git a/beast/module/core/diagnostic/SemanticVersion.h b/beast/module/core/diagnostic/SemanticVersion.h
index b55a4ef6b..9fa8e57a1 100644
--- a/beast/module/core/diagnostic/SemanticVersion.h
+++ b/beast/module/core/diagnostic/SemanticVersion.h
@@ -23,8 +23,6 @@
 #include <vector>
 #include <string>
 
-#include <beast/utility/noexcept.h>
-
 namespace beast {
 
 /** A Semantic Version number.
diff --git a/beast/module/core/files/File.cpp b/beast/module/core/files/File.cpp
index 23bd032d5..613c44bde 100644
--- a/beast/module/core/files/File.cpp
+++ b/beast/module/core/files/File.cpp
@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@
 */
 //==============================================================================
 
-#include <beast/utility/static_initializer.h>
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <memory>
 
@@ -29,8 +28,8 @@ namespace beast {
 
 File const& File::nonexistent()
 {
-    static beast::static_initializer<File> instance;
-    return *instance;
+    static File const instance;
+    return instance;
 }
 
 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/beast/module/core/thread/DeadlineTimer.cpp b/beast/module/core/thread/DeadlineTimer.cpp
index 740b97e23..60ff3fc56 100644
--- a/beast/module/core/thread/DeadlineTimer.cpp
+++ b/beast/module/core/thread/DeadlineTimer.cpp
@@ -17,8 +17,6 @@
 */
 //==============================================================================
 
-#include <beast/utility/static_initializer.h>
-
 namespace beast
 {
 
@@ -47,8 +45,8 @@ public:
     Manager&
     instance()
     {
-        static beast::static_initializer<Manager> m;
-        return *m;
+        static Manager m;
+        return m;
     }
 
     // Okay to call on an active timer.
diff --git a/beast/net/IPAddress.h b/beast/net/IPAddress.h
index 1f42ab41a..fddd7d6cd 100644
--- a/beast/net/IPAddress.h
+++ b/beast/net/IPAddress.h
@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@
 #include <beast/net/IPAddressV6.h>
 #include <beast/hash/hash_append.h>
 #include <beast/hash/uhash.h>
-#include <beast/utility/noexcept.h>
 #include <boost/functional/hash.hpp>
 #include <cassert>
 #include <cstdint>
diff --git a/beast/nudb/detail/gentex.h b/beast/nudb/detail/gentex.h
index b64da8088..c0f960cf8 100644
--- a/beast/nudb/detail/gentex.h
+++ b/beast/nudb/detail/gentex.h
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@
 #ifndef BEAST_NUDB_DETAIL_GENTEX_H_INCLUDED
 #define BEAST_NUDB_DETAIL_GENTEX_H_INCLUDED
 
-#include <beast/utility/noexcept.h>
 #include <condition_variable>
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <mutex>
diff --git a/beast/threads/SpinLock.h b/beast/threads/SpinLock.h
index 4d517da23..2311fd541 100644
--- a/beast/threads/SpinLock.h
+++ b/beast/threads/SpinLock.h
@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@
 #define BEAST_THREADS_SPINLOCK_H_INCLUDED
 
 #include <beast/threads/UnlockGuard.h>
-#include <beast/utility/noexcept.h>
 #include <atomic>
 #include <cassert>
 #include <mutex>
diff --git a/beast/unit_test/suite.h b/beast/unit_test/suite.h
index 6a309423e..6671d5732 100644
--- a/beast/unit_test/suite.h
+++ b/beast/unit_test/suite.h
@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@
 
 #include <beast/unit_test/runner.h>
 
-#include <beast/utility/noexcept.h>
 #include <string>
 #include <sstream>
 
diff --git a/beast/unit_test/thread.h b/beast/unit_test/thread.h
index b2ac684a7..fb1fc50cc 100644
--- a/beast/unit_test/thread.h
+++ b/beast/unit_test/thread.h
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@
 #ifndef BEAST_UNIT_TEST_THREAD_H_INCLUDED
 #define BEAST_UNIT_TEST_THREAD_H_INCLUDED
 
-#include <beast/utility/noexcept.h>
 #include <beast/unit_test/suite.h>
 #include <functional>
 #include <thread>
diff --git a/beast/utility/Utility.unity.cpp b/beast/utility/Utility.unity.cpp
index d4313c28a..5eef323fe 100644
--- a/beast/utility/Utility.unity.cpp
+++ b/beast/utility/Utility.unity.cpp
@@ -28,7 +28,6 @@
 #include <beast/utility/tests/bassert.test.cpp>
 #include <beast/utility/tests/empty_base_optimization.test.cpp>
 #include <beast/utility/tests/Journal.test.cpp>
-#include <beast/utility/tests/static_initializer.test.cpp>
 #include <beast/utility/tests/tagged_integer.test.cpp>
 #include <beast/utility/tests/weak_fn.test.cpp>
 #include <beast/utility/tests/Zero.test.cpp>
diff --git a/beast/utility/empty_base_optimization.h b/beast/utility/empty_base_optimization.h
index 4ab904b47..22e19e0d3 100644
--- a/beast/utility/empty_base_optimization.h
+++ b/beast/utility/empty_base_optimization.h
@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@
 #ifndef BEAST_UTILITY_EMPTY_BASE_OPTIMIZATION_H_INCLUDED
 #define BEAST_UTILITY_EMPTY_BASE_OPTIMIZATION_H_INCLUDED
 
-#include <beast/utility/noexcept.h>
 #include <type_traits>
 #include <utility>
 
diff --git a/beast/utility/impl/Journal.cpp b/beast/utility/impl/Journal.cpp
index ec674f691..6f261614e 100644
--- a/beast/utility/impl/Journal.cpp
+++ b/beast/utility/impl/Journal.cpp
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@
 //==============================================================================
 
 #include <beast/utility/Journal.h>
-#include <beast/utility/static_initializer.h>
 
 namespace beast {
 
@@ -60,8 +59,8 @@ public:
 
 Journal::Sink& Journal::getNullSink ()
 {
-    static beast::static_initializer<NullJournalSink> sink;
-    return *sink;
+    static NullJournalSink sink;
+    return sink;
 }
 
 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/beast/utility/noexcept.h b/beast/utility/noexcept.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 03e177425..000000000
--- a/beast/utility/noexcept.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,39 +0,0 @@
-//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-/*
-    This file is part of Beast: https://github.com/vinniefalco/Beast
-    Copyright 2013, Vinnie Falco <vinnie.falco@gmail.com>
-
-    Portions of this file are from JUCE.
-    Copyright (c) 2013 - Raw Material Software Ltd.
-    Please visit http://www.juce.com
-
-    Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for any
-    purpose  with  or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
-    copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
-
-    THE  SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
-    WITH  REGARD  TO  THIS  SOFTWARE  INCLUDING  ALL  IMPLIED  WARRANTIES  OF
-    MERCHANTABILITY  AND  FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR
-    ANY  SPECIAL ,  DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
-    WHATSOEVER  RESULTING  FROM  LOSS  OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
-    ACTION  OF  CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF
-    OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
-*/
-//==============================================================================
-
-#ifndef BEAST_UTILITY_NOEXCEPT_H_INCLUDED
-#define BEAST_UTILITY_NOEXCEPT_H_INCLUDED
-
-#ifdef _MSC_VER
-# if _MSC_VER < 1900
-#  ifdef noexcept
-#   undef noexcept
-#  endif
-#  define noexcept throw()
-# endif
-# if _MSC_VER > 1600 && ! _ALLOW_KEYWORD_MACROS
-#  define _ALLOW_KEYWORD_MACROS 1 // (to stop VC2012 complaining)
-# endif
-#endif
-
-#endif
diff --git a/beast/utility/static_initializer.h b/beast/utility/static_initializer.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 99917f19a..000000000
--- a/beast/utility/static_initializer.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,258 +0,0 @@
-//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-/*
-    This file is part of Beast: https://github.com/vinniefalco/Beast
-    Copyright 2013, Vinnie Falco <vinnie.falco@gmail.com>
-
-    Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for any
-    purpose  with  or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
-    copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
-
-    THE  SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
-    WITH  REGARD  TO  THIS  SOFTWARE  INCLUDING  ALL  IMPLIED  WARRANTIES  OF
-    MERCHANTABILITY  AND  FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR
-    ANY  SPECIAL ,  DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
-    WHATSOEVER  RESULTING  FROM  LOSS  OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
-    ACTION  OF  CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF
-    OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
-*/
-//==============================================================================
-
-#ifndef BEAST_UTILITY_STATIC_INITIALIZER_H_INCLUDED
-#define BEAST_UTILITY_STATIC_INITIALIZER_H_INCLUDED
-
-#include <beast/utility/noexcept.h>
-#include <utility>
-
-#ifdef _MSC_VER
-#include <cassert>
-#include <new>
-#include <thread>
-#include <type_traits>
-#include <intrin.h>
-#endif
-
-namespace beast {
-
-/** Returns an object with static storage duration.
-    This is a workaround for Visual Studio 2013 and earlier non-thread
-    safe initialization of function local objects with static storage duration.
-
-    Usage:
-    @code
-    my_class& foo()
-    {
-        static static_initializer <my_class> instance;
-        return *instance;
-    }
-    @endcode
-*/
-#ifdef _MSC_VER
-template <
-    class T,
-    class Tag = void
->
-class static_initializer
-{
-private:
-    struct data_t
-    {
-        //  0 = unconstructed
-        //  1 = constructing
-        //  2 = constructed
-        long volatile state;
-
-        typename std::aligned_storage <sizeof(T),
-            std::alignment_of <T>::value>::type storage;
-    };
-
-    struct destroyer
-    {
-        T* t_;
-        explicit destroyer (T* t) : t_(t) { }
-        ~destroyer() { t_->~T(); }
-    };
-
-    static
-    data_t&
-    data() noexcept;
-
-public:
-    template <class... Args>
-    explicit static_initializer (Args&&... args);
-
-    T&
-    get() noexcept;
-
-    T const&
-    get() const noexcept
-    {
-        return const_cast<static_initializer&>(*this).get();
-    }
-
-    T&
-    operator*() noexcept
-    {
-        return get();
-    }
-
-    T const&
-    operator*() const noexcept
-    {
-        return get();
-    }
-
-    T*
-    operator->() noexcept
-    {
-        return &get();
-    }
-
-    T const*
-    operator->() const noexcept
-    {
-        return &get();
-    }
-};
-
-//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-template <class T, class Tag>
-auto
-static_initializer <T, Tag>::data() noexcept ->
-    data_t&
-{
-    static data_t _; // zero-initialized
-    return _;
-}
-
-template <class T, class Tag>
-template <class... Args>
-static_initializer <T, Tag>::static_initializer (Args&&... args)
-{
-    data_t& _(data());
-
-    // Double Checked Locking Pattern
-
-    if (_.state != 2)
-    {
-        T* const t (reinterpret_cast<T*>(&_.storage));
-
-        for(;;)
-        {
-            long prev;
-            prev = _InterlockedCompareExchange(&_.state, 1, 0);
-            if (prev == 0)
-            {
-                try
-                {
-                    ::new(t) T (std::forward<Args>(args)...);
-                    static destroyer on_exit (t);
-                    _InterlockedIncrement(&_.state);
-                }
-                catch(...)
-                {
-                    // Constructors that throw exceptions are unsupported
-                    std::terminate();
-                }
-            }
-            else if (prev == 1)
-            {
-                std::this_thread::yield();
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                assert(prev == 2);
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-template <class T, class Tag>
-T&
-static_initializer <T, Tag>::get() noexcept
-{
-    data_t& _(data());
-    for(;;)
-    {
-        if (_.state == 2)
-            break;
-        std::this_thread::yield();
-    }
-    return *reinterpret_cast<T*>(&_.storage);
-}
-
-#else
-template <
-    class T,
-    class Tag = void
->
-class static_initializer
-{
-private:
-    T* instance_;
-
-public:
-    template <class... Args>
-    explicit
-    static_initializer (Args&&... args);
-
-    static_initializer ();
-
-    T&
-    get() noexcept
-    {
-        return *instance_;
-    }
-
-    T const&
-    get() const noexcept
-    {
-        return const_cast<static_initializer&>(*this).get();
-    }
-
-    T&
-    operator*() noexcept
-    {
-        return get();
-    }
-
-    T const&
-    operator*() const noexcept
-    {
-        return get();
-    }
-
-    T*
-    operator->() noexcept
-    {
-        return &get();
-    }
-
-    T const*
-    operator->() const noexcept
-    {
-        return &get();
-    }
-};
-
-template <class T, class Tag>
-static_initializer <T, Tag>::static_initializer ()
-{
-    static T t;
-    instance_ = &t;
-}
-
-template <class T, class Tag>
-template <class... Args>
-static_initializer <T, Tag>::static_initializer (Args&&... args)
-{
-    static T t (std::forward<Args>(args)...);
-    instance_ = &t;
-}
-
-#endif
-
-}
-
-#endif
diff --git a/beast/utility/tagged_integer.h b/beast/utility/tagged_integer.h
index 49033167c..fb79a5741 100644
--- a/beast/utility/tagged_integer.h
+++ b/beast/utility/tagged_integer.h
@@ -22,8 +22,6 @@
 
 #include <beast/hash/hash_append.h>
 
-#include <beast/utility/noexcept.h>
-
 #include <functional>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <type_traits>
diff --git a/beast/utility/tests/static_initializer.test.cpp b/beast/utility/tests/static_initializer.test.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 61159c343..000000000
--- a/beast/utility/tests/static_initializer.test.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,209 +0,0 @@
-//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-/*
-    This file is part of Beast: https://github.com/vinniefalco/Beast
-    Copyright 2013, Vinnie Falco <vinnie.falco@gmail.com>
-
-    Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for any
-    purpose  with  or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
-    copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
-
-    THE  SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
-    WITH  REGARD  TO  THIS  SOFTWARE  INCLUDING  ALL  IMPLIED  WARRANTIES  OF
-    MERCHANTABILITY  AND  FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR
-    ANY  SPECIAL ,  DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
-    WHATSOEVER  RESULTING  FROM  LOSS  OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
-    ACTION  OF  CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF
-    OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
-*/
-//==============================================================================
-
-#include <beast/utility/static_initializer.h>
-#include <beast/unit_test/suite.h>
-#include <atomic>
-#include <sstream>
-#include <thread>
-#include <utility>
-
-namespace beast {
-
-static_assert(__alignof(long) >= 4, "");
-
-class static_initializer_test : public unit_test::suite
-{
-public:
-    // Used to create separate instances for each test
-    struct cxx11_tag { };
-    struct beast_tag { };
-    template <std::size_t N, class Tag>
-    struct Case
-    {
-        enum { count = N };
-        using type = Tag;
-    };
-
-    struct Counts
-    {
-        Counts()
-            : calls (0)
-            , constructed (0)
-            , access (0)
-        {
-        }
-
-        // number of calls to the constructor
-        std::atomic <long> calls;
-
-        // incremented after construction completes
-        std::atomic <long> constructed;
-
-        // increment when class is accessed before construction
-        std::atomic <long> access;
-    };
-
-    /*  This testing singleton detects two conditions:
-        1. Being accessed before getting fully constructed
-        2. Getting constructed twice
-    */
-    template <class Tag>
-    class Test;
-
-    template <class Function>
-    static
-    void
-    run_many (std::size_t n, Function f);
-
-    template <class Tag>
-    void
-    test (cxx11_tag);
-
-    template <class Tag>
-    void
-    test (beast_tag);
-
-    template <class Tag>
-    void
-    test();
-
-    void
-    run ();
-};
-
-//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-template <class Tag>
-class static_initializer_test::Test
-{
-public:
-    explicit
-    Test (Counts& counts);
-
-    void
-    operator() (Counts& counts);
-};
-
-template <class Tag>
-static_initializer_test::Test<Tag>::Test (Counts& counts)
-{
-    ++counts.calls;
-    std::this_thread::sleep_for (std::chrono::milliseconds (10));
-    ++counts.constructed;
-}
-
-template <class Tag>
-void
-static_initializer_test::Test<Tag>::operator() (Counts& counts)
-{
-    if (! counts.constructed)
-        ++counts.access;
-}
-
-//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-template <class Function>
-void
-static_initializer_test::run_many (std::size_t n, Function f)
-{
-    std::atomic <bool> start (false);
-    std::vector <std::thread> threads;
-
-    threads.reserve (n);
-
-    for (auto i (n); i-- ;)
-    {
-        threads.emplace_back([&]()
-        {
-            while (! start.load())
-                std::this_thread::yield();
-            f();
-        });
-    }
-    std::this_thread::sleep_for (std::chrono::milliseconds (10));
-    std::this_thread::yield();
-    start.store (true);
-    for (auto& thread : threads)
-        thread.join();
-}
-
-template <class Tag>
-void
-static_initializer_test::test (cxx11_tag)
-{
-    testcase << "cxx11 " << Tag::count << " threads";
-
-    Counts counts;
-
-    run_many (Tag::count, [&]()
-    {
-        static Test <Tag> t (counts);
-        t(counts);
-    });
-
-#if defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER < 1900
-    // Visual Studio 2013 and earlier can exhibit both double
-    // construction, and access before construction when function
-    // local statics are initialized concurrently.
-    //
-    expect (counts.constructed > 1 || counts.access > 0);
-
-#else
-    expect (counts.constructed == 1 && counts.access == 0);
-
-#endif
-}
-
-template <class Tag>
-void
-static_initializer_test::test (beast_tag)
-{
-    testcase << "beast " << Tag::count << " threads";
-
-    Counts counts;
-
-    run_many (Tag::count, [&counts]()
-    {
-        static static_initializer <Test <Tag>> t (counts);
-        (*t)(counts);
-    });
-
-    expect (counts.constructed == 1 && counts.access == 0);
-}
-
-template <class Tag>
-void
-static_initializer_test::test()
-{
-    test <Tag> (typename Tag::type {});
-}
-
-void
-static_initializer_test::run ()
-{
-    test <Case<  4, cxx11_tag>> ();
-    test <Case<  4, beast_tag>> ();
-}
-
-//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-BEAST_DEFINE_TESTSUITE(static_initializer,utility,beast);
-
-}