Introduce AMM support (XLS-30d): (#4294)

Add AMM functionality:
- InstanceCreate
- Deposit
- Withdraw
- Governance
- Auctioning
- payment engine integration

To support this functionality, add:
- New RPC method, `amm_info`, to fetch pool and LPT balances
- AMM Root Account
- trust line for each IOU AMM token
- trust line to track Liquidity Provider Tokens (LPT)
- `ltAMM` object

The `ltAMM` object tracks:
- fee votes
- auction slot bids
- AMM tokens pair
- total outstanding tokens balance
- `AMMID` to AMM `RootAccountID` mapping

Add new classes to facilitate AMM integration into the payment engine.
`BookStep` uses these classes to infer if AMM liquidity can be consumed.

The AMM formula implementation uses the new Number class added in #4192.
IOUAmount and STAmount use Number arithmetic.

Add AMM unit tests for all features.

AMM requires the following amendments:
- featureAMM
- fixUniversalNumber
- featureFlowCross

Notes:
- Current trading fee threshold is 1%
- AMM currency is generated by: 0x03 + 152 bits of sha256{cur1, cur2}
- Current max AMM Offers is 30

---------

Co-authored-by: Howard Hinnant <howard.hinnant@gmail.com>

src/ripple/protocol/impl/QualityFunction.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+/*
+    This file is part of rippled: https://github.com/ripple/rippled
+    Copyright (c) 2023 Ripple Labs Inc.
+
+    Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for any
+    purpose  with  or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
+    copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
+
+    THE  SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
+    WITH  REGARD  TO  THIS  SOFTWARE  INCLUDING  ALL  IMPLIED  WARRANTIES  OF
+    MERCHANTABILITY  AND  FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR
+    ANY  SPECIAL ,  DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
+    WHATSOEVER  RESULTING  FROM  LOSS  OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
+    ACTION  OF  CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF
+    OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
+*/
+//==============================================================================
+
+#include <ripple/protocol/QualityFunction.h>
+
+#include <ripple/protocol/Quality.h>
+
+namespace ripple {
+
+QualityFunction::QualityFunction(
+    Quality const& quality,
+    QualityFunction::CLOBLikeTag)
+    : m_(0), b_(0), quality_(quality)
+{
+    if (quality.rate() <= beast::zero)
+        Throw<std::runtime_error>("QualityFunction quality rate is 0.");
+    b_ = 1 / quality.rate();
+}
+
+void
+QualityFunction::combine(QualityFunction const& qf)
+{
+    m_ += b_ * qf.m_;
+    b_ *= qf.b_;
+    if (m_ != 0)
+        quality_ = std::nullopt;
+}
+
+std::optional<Number>
+QualityFunction::outFromAvgQ(Quality const& quality)
+{
+    if (m_ != 0 && quality.rate() != beast::zero)
+    {
+        saveNumberRoundMode rm(Number::setround(Number::rounding_mode::upward));
+        auto const out = (1 / quality.rate() - b_) / m_;
+        if (out <= 0)
+            return std::nullopt;
+        return out;
+    }
+    return std::nullopt;
+}
+
+}  // namespace ripple