diff --git a/src/ripple/app/ledger/Ledger.h b/src/ripple/app/ledger/Ledger.h
index db2bf9d93..5a68e3461 100644
--- a/src/ripple/app/ledger/Ledger.h
+++ b/src/ripple/app/ledger/Ledger.h
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ public:
     // Used for ledgers loaded from JSON files
     Ledger (uint256 const& parentHash, uint256 const& transHash,
             uint256 const& accountHash,
-            std::uint64_t totCoins, std::uint32_t closeTime,
+            std::uint64_t totDrops, std::uint32_t closeTime,
             std::uint32_t parentCloseTime, int closeFlags, int closeResolution,
             std::uint32_t ledgerSeq, bool & loaded);
 
@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ public:
     uint256 const&
     getHash();
 
-    void setTotalCoins (std::uint64_t totDrops)
+    void setTotalDrops (std::uint64_t totDrops)
     {
         info_.drops = totDrops;
     }
diff --git a/src/ripple/app/ledger/LedgerMaster.h b/src/ripple/app/ledger/LedgerMaster.h
index 4661024a5..39eb37925 100644
--- a/src/ripple/app/ledger/LedgerMaster.h
+++ b/src/ripple/app/ledger/LedgerMaster.h
@@ -81,6 +81,8 @@ public:
     // This is the last ledger we published to clients and can lag the validated ledger
     virtual Ledger::ref getPublishedLedger () = 0;
 
+    virtual bool isValidLedger(LedgerInfo const&) = 0;
+
     virtual int getPublishedLedgerAge () = 0;
     virtual int getValidatedLedgerAge () = 0;
     virtual bool isCaughtUp(std::string& reason) = 0;
diff --git a/src/ripple/app/ledger/LedgerToJson.h b/src/ripple/app/ledger/LedgerToJson.h
index ada83984f..4ef4314ab 100644
--- a/src/ripple/app/ledger/LedgerToJson.h
+++ b/src/ripple/app/ledger/LedgerToJson.h
@@ -73,8 +73,8 @@ Blob serializeBlob(Object const& o)
 }
 
 /** Serialize an object to a hex string. */
-template <class Object>
-std::string serializeHex(Object const& o)
+inline
+std::string serializeHex(STObject const& o)
 {
     return strHex(serializeBlob(o));
 }
diff --git a/src/ripple/app/ledger/impl/LedgerMaster.cpp b/src/ripple/app/ledger/impl/LedgerMaster.cpp
index b93d7c857..e1d4ab68b 100644
--- a/src/ripple/app/ledger/impl/LedgerMaster.cpp
+++ b/src/ripple/app/ledger/impl/LedgerMaster.cpp
@@ -1264,6 +1264,36 @@ public:
         return mPubLedger;
     }
 
+    bool isValidLedger(LedgerInfo const& info) override
+    {
+        if (info.validated)
+            return true;
+
+        if (info.open)
+            return false;
+
+        auto seq = info.seq;
+        try
+        {
+            // Use the skip list in the last validated ledger to see if ledger
+            // comes before the last validated ledger (and thus has been
+            // validated).
+            auto hash = walkHashBySeq (seq);
+            if (info.hash != hash)
+                return false;
+        }
+        catch (SHAMapMissingNode const&)
+        {
+            WriteLog (lsWARNING, RPCHandler)
+                    << "Missing SHANode " << std::to_string (seq);
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // Mark ledger as validated to save time if we see it again.
+        info.validated = true;
+        return true;
+    }
+
     int getMinValidations ()
     {
         return mMinValidations;
diff --git a/src/ripple/app/ledger/impl/LedgerToJson.cpp b/src/ripple/app/ledger/impl/LedgerToJson.cpp
index aec34cdde..725ec4da6 100644
--- a/src/ripple/app/ledger/impl/LedgerToJson.cpp
+++ b/src/ripple/app/ledger/impl/LedgerToJson.cpp
@@ -90,32 +90,29 @@ void fillJsonTx (Object& json, LedgerFill const& fill)
 
     try
     {
-        using value_type = ReadView::txs_type::value_type;
-        forEachTx(fill.ledger, [&] (value_type const& i) {
+        for (auto& i: fill.ledger.txs)
+        {
             count.yield();
 
             if (! bExpanded)
             {
                 txns.append(to_string(i.first->getTransactionID()));
-                return true;
             }
-
-            auto&& txJson = appendObject (txns);
-
-            if (bBinary)
+            else if (bBinary)
             {
+                auto&& txJson = appendObject (txns);
                 txJson[jss::tx_blob] = serializeHex(*i.first);
                 if (i.second)
                     txJson[jss::meta] = serializeHex(*i.second);
             }
             else
             {
+                auto&& txJson = appendObject (txns);
                 copyFrom(txJson, i.first->getJson(0));
                 if (i.second)
                     txJson[jss::metaData] = i.second->getJson(0);
             }
-            return true;
-        });
+        }
     }
     catch (...)
     {
diff --git a/src/ripple/app/main/Application.cpp b/src/ripple/app/main/Application.cpp
index 365a5b2d5..cbb6824f8 100644
--- a/src/ripple/app/main/Application.cpp
+++ b/src/ripple/app/main/Application.cpp
@@ -1164,7 +1164,7 @@ bool ApplicationImp::loadOldLedger (
                      std::uint32_t closeTime = getApp().getOPs().getCloseTimeNC ();
                      std::uint32_t closeTimeResolution = 30;
                      bool closeTimeEstimated = false;
-                     std::uint64_t totalCoins = 0;
+                     std::uint64_t totalDrops = 0;
 
                      if (ledger.get().isMember ("accountState"))
                      {
@@ -1188,7 +1188,7 @@ bool ApplicationImp::loadOldLedger (
                           }
                           if (ledger.get().isMember ("total_coins"))
                           {
-                              totalCoins =
+                              totalDrops =
                                 beast::lexicalCastThrow<std::uint64_t>
                                     (ledger.get()["total_coins"].asString());
                           }
@@ -1201,7 +1201,7 @@ bool ApplicationImp::loadOldLedger (
                      else
                      {
                          loadLedger = std::make_shared<Ledger> (seq, closeTime);
-                         loadLedger->setTotalCoins(totalCoins);
+                         loadLedger->setTotalDrops(totalDrops);
 
                          for (Json::UInt index = 0; index < ledger.get().size(); ++index)
                          {
diff --git a/src/ripple/app/misc/NetworkOPs.cpp b/src/ripple/app/misc/NetworkOPs.cpp
index b53317d4e..6edb0d2ac 100644
--- a/src/ripple/app/misc/NetworkOPs.cpp
+++ b/src/ripple/app/misc/NetworkOPs.cpp
@@ -217,9 +217,11 @@ public:
     // Book functions.
     //
 
-    void getBookPage (bool bAdmin, Ledger::pointer lpLedger, Book const&,
-        AccountID const& uTakerID, const bool bProof, const unsigned int iLimit,
-            Json::Value const& jvMarker, Json::Value& jvResult) override;
+    void getBookPage (bool bAdmin, std::shared_ptr<ReadView const>& lpLedger,
+                      Book const&, AccountID const& uTakerID, const bool bProof,
+                      const unsigned int iLimit,
+                      Json::Value const& jvMarker, Json::Value& jvResult)
+            override;
 
     // Ledger proposal/close functions.
     void processTrustedProposal (
@@ -2640,7 +2642,7 @@ InfoSub::pointer NetworkOPsImp::addRpcSub (
 // FIXME : support iLimit.
 void NetworkOPsImp::getBookPage (
     bool bAdmin,
-    Ledger::pointer lpLedger,
+    std::shared_ptr<ReadView const>& lpLedger,
     Book const& book,
     AccountID const& uTakerID,
     bool const bProof,
@@ -2864,7 +2866,7 @@ void NetworkOPsImp::getBookPage (
 // FIXME : support iLimit.
 void NetworkOPsImp::getBookPage (
     bool bAdmin,
-    Ledger::pointer lpLedger,
+    std::shared_ptr<ReadView const> lpLedger,
     Book const& book,
     AccountID const& uTakerID,
     bool const bProof,
diff --git a/src/ripple/app/misc/NetworkOPs.h b/src/ripple/app/misc/NetworkOPs.h
index e4054e595..52dde31d4 100644
--- a/src/ripple/app/misc/NetworkOPs.h
+++ b/src/ripple/app/misc/NetworkOPs.h
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ public:
 
     virtual void getBookPage (
         bool bAdmin,
-        Ledger::pointer lpLedger,
+        std::shared_ptr<ReadView const>& lpLedger,
         Book const& book,
         AccountID const& uTakerID,
         bool const bProof,
diff --git a/src/ripple/ledger/ReadView.h b/src/ripple/ledger/ReadView.h
index 639ff41e5..b75566f7e 100644
--- a/src/ripple/ledger/ReadView.h
+++ b/src/ripple/ledger/ReadView.h
@@ -322,17 +322,6 @@ void forEachSLE(ReadView const& view, Functor func, uint256 const& start = {})
                 break;
 }
 
-/** Run a functor on each transaction in a ReadView, as long as the functor
-    returns true. Might throw an exception if the ledger is corrupt. */
-template <class Functor>
-void forEachTx(ReadView const& view, Functor func)
-{
-    for (auto i = view.txs.begin(); i != view.txs.begin(); ++i)
-        if (i->first)
-            if (! func(*i))
-                break;
-}
-
 } // ripple
 
 #include <ripple/ledger/detail/ReadViewFwdRange.ipp>
diff --git a/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/AccountCurrenciesHandler.cpp b/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/AccountCurrenciesHandler.cpp
index db0782156..b4ceeac13 100644
--- a/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/AccountCurrenciesHandler.cpp
+++ b/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/AccountCurrenciesHandler.cpp
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ Json::Value doAccountCurrencies (RPC::Context& context)
     auto& params = context.params;
 
     // Get the current ledger
-    Ledger::pointer ledger;
+    std::shared_ptr<ReadView const> ledger;
     auto result = RPC::lookupLedger (ledger, context);
     if (!ledger)
         return result;
diff --git a/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/AccountInfo.cpp b/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/AccountInfo.cpp
index 96a67845f..7406bc9cd 100644
--- a/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/AccountInfo.cpp
+++ b/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/AccountInfo.cpp
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ Json::Value doAccountInfo (RPC::Context& context)
 {
     auto& params = context.params;
 
-    Ledger::pointer ledger;
+    std::shared_ptr<ReadView const> ledger;
     auto result = RPC::lookupLedger (ledger, context);
 
     if (!ledger)
@@ -58,16 +58,13 @@ Json::Value doAccountInfo (RPC::Context& context)
     if (jvAccepted)
         return jvAccepted;
 
-    auto const sleAccepted = cachedRead(*ledger,
-        keylet::account(accountID).key, ltACCOUNT_ROOT);
-
+    auto const sleAccepted = ledger->read(keylet::account(accountID));
     if (sleAccepted)
     {
         injectSLE(jvAccepted, *sleAccepted);
 
         // See if there's a SignerEntries for this account.
-        uint256 const signerListIndex = getSignerListIndex (accountID);
-        auto const signerList = cachedRead(*ledger, signerListIndex);
+        auto const signerList = ledger->read (keylet::signers(accountID));
 
         if (signerList)
         {
diff --git a/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/AccountLines.cpp b/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/AccountLines.cpp
index 6dd7406d3..0c3670d31 100644
--- a/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/AccountLines.cpp
+++ b/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/AccountLines.cpp
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ Json::Value doAccountLines (RPC::Context& context)
     if (! params.isMember (jss::account))
         return RPC::missing_field_error (jss::account);
 
-    Ledger::pointer ledger;
+    std::shared_ptr<ReadView const> ledger;
     auto result = RPC::lookupLedger (ledger, context);
     if (! ledger)
         return result;
@@ -152,9 +152,9 @@ Json::Value doAccountLines (RPC::Context& context)
             return RPC::expected_field_error (jss::marker, "string");
 
         startAfter.SetHex (marker.asString ());
-        auto const sleLine = cachedRead(*ledger, startAfter);
+        auto const sleLine = ledger->read({ltRIPPLE_STATE, startAfter});
 
-        if (sleLine == nullptr || sleLine->getType () != ltRIPPLE_STATE)
+        if (! sleLine)
             return rpcError (rpcINVALID_PARAMS);
 
         if (sleLine->getFieldAmount (sfLowLimit).getIssuer () == accountID)
@@ -180,7 +180,6 @@ Json::Value doAccountLines (RPC::Context& context)
     }
 
     {
-        // VFALCO Needs a caching view here
         if (! forEachItemAfter(*ledger, accountID,
                 startAfter, startHint, reserve,
             [&visitData](std::shared_ptr<SLE const> const& sleCur)
diff --git a/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/AccountObjects.cpp b/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/AccountObjects.cpp
index 7610f4ab2..8e56a3511 100644
--- a/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/AccountObjects.cpp
+++ b/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/AccountObjects.cpp
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ Json::Value doAccountObjects (RPC::Context& context)
     if (! params.isMember (jss::account))
         return RPC::missing_field_error (jss::account);
 
-    Ledger::pointer ledger;
+    std::shared_ptr<ReadView const> ledger;
     auto result = RPC::lookupLedger (ledger, context);
     if (ledger == nullptr)
         return result;
diff --git a/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/AccountOffers.cpp b/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/AccountOffers.cpp
index 37120eab2..ca6e5ba28 100644
--- a/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/AccountOffers.cpp
+++ b/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/AccountOffers.cpp
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ Json::Value doAccountOffers (RPC::Context& context)
     if (! params.isMember (jss::account))
         return RPC::missing_field_error (jss::account);
 
-    Ledger::pointer ledger;
+    std::shared_ptr<ReadView const> ledger;
     auto result = RPC::lookupLedger (ledger, context);
     if (! ledger)
         return result;
@@ -108,11 +108,9 @@ Json::Value doAccountOffers (RPC::Context& context)
             return RPC::expected_field_error (jss::marker, "string");
 
         startAfter.SetHex (marker.asString ());
-        auto const sleOffer = cachedRead (*ledger, startAfter);
+        auto const sleOffer = ledger->read({ltOFFER, startAfter});
 
-        if (sleOffer == nullptr ||
-            sleOffer->getType () != ltOFFER ||
-            accountID != sleOffer->getAccountID (sfAccount))
+        if (! sleOffer || accountID != sleOffer->getAccountID (sfAccount))
         {
             return rpcError (rpcINVALID_PARAMS);
         }
diff --git a/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/AccountTx.cpp b/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/AccountTx.cpp
index e687ffe59..76fd99522 100644
--- a/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/AccountTx.cpp
+++ b/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/AccountTx.cpp
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ Json::Value doAccountTx (RPC::Context& context)
     }
     else
     {
-        Ledger::pointer ledger;
+        std::shared_ptr<ReadView const> ledger;
         auto ret = RPC::lookupLedger (ledger, context);
 
         if (! ledger)
diff --git a/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/AccountTxOld.cpp b/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/AccountTxOld.cpp
index 317383cf3..8c21d253e 100644
--- a/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/AccountTxOld.cpp
+++ b/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/AccountTxOld.cpp
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ Json::Value doAccountTxOld (RPC::Context& context)
     }
     else
     {
-        Ledger::pointer ledger;
+        std::shared_ptr<ReadView const> ledger;
         auto ret = RPC::lookupLedger (ledger, context);
 
         if (!ledger)
diff --git a/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/BookOffers.cpp b/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/BookOffers.cpp
index f69b3f0ad..5c338f8d6 100644
--- a/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/BookOffers.cpp
+++ b/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/BookOffers.cpp
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ Json::Value doBookOffers (RPC::Context& context)
     if (getApp().getJobQueue ().getJobCountGE (jtCLIENT) > 200)
         return rpcError (rpcTOO_BUSY);
 
-    Ledger::pointer lpLedger;
+    std::shared_ptr<ReadView const> lpLedger;
     auto jvResult = RPC::lookupLedger (lpLedger, context);
 
     if (!lpLedger)
diff --git a/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/CanDelete.cpp b/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/CanDelete.cpp
index 4e1514120..1d1017b65 100644
--- a/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/CanDelete.cpp
+++ b/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/CanDelete.cpp
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ Json::Value doCanDelete (RPC::Context& context)
                     canDeleteStr.find_first_not_of("0123456789abcdef") ==
                     std::string::npos)
             {
-                Ledger::pointer ledger = context.ledgerMaster.getLedgerByHash (
+                auto ledger = context.ledgerMaster.getLedgerByHash (
                     from_hex_text<uint256>(canDeleteStr));
 
                 if (!ledger)
diff --git a/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/GatewayBalances.cpp b/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/GatewayBalances.cpp
index 6bebf7a54..87768a146 100644
--- a/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/GatewayBalances.cpp
+++ b/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/GatewayBalances.cpp
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ Json::Value doGatewayBalances (RPC::Context& context)
     auto& params = context.params;
 
     // Get the current ledger
-    Ledger::pointer ledger;
+    std::shared_ptr<ReadView const> ledger;
     auto result = RPC::lookupLedger (ledger, context);
 
     if (!ledger)
diff --git a/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/Ledger.cpp b/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/Ledger.cpp
index 8df222916..8b62fe6fb 100644
--- a/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/Ledger.cpp
+++ b/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/Ledger.cpp
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ Status LedgerHandler::check ()
     if (!needsLedger)
         return Status::OK;
 
-    if (auto s = RPC::lookupLedger (ledger_, context_, result_))
+    if (auto s = lookupLedger (ledger_, context_, result_))
         return s;
 
     bool bFull = params[jss::full].asBool();
diff --git a/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/Ledger.h b/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/Ledger.h
index 4dfddc0b6..60e4e7476 100644
--- a/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/Ledger.h
+++ b/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/Ledger.h
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ public:
 
 private:
     Context& context_;
-    Ledger::pointer ledger_;
+    std::shared_ptr<ReadView const> ledger_;
     Json::Value result_;
     int options_ = 0;
 };
diff --git a/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/LedgerData.cpp b/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/LedgerData.cpp
index 1d00d4794..c2daf9fd9 100644
--- a/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/LedgerData.cpp
+++ b/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/LedgerData.cpp
@@ -34,13 +34,13 @@ namespace ripple {
 //     marker:       resume point, if any
 Json::Value doLedgerData (RPC::Context& context)
 {
-    int const BINARY_PAGE_LENGTH = 2048;
-    int const JSON_PAGE_LENGTH = 256;
+    static int const BINARY_PAGE_LENGTH = 2048;
+    static int const JSON_PAGE_LENGTH = 256;
 
-    Ledger::pointer lpLedger;
+    std::shared_ptr<ReadView const> lpLedger;
     auto const& params = context.params;
 
-    auto jvResult = RPC::lookupLedger (lpLedger, context);
+    auto jvResult = RPC::lookupLedger(lpLedger, context);
     if (!lpLedger)
         return jvResult;
 
@@ -48,9 +48,7 @@ Json::Value doLedgerData (RPC::Context& context)
     if (params.isMember (jss::marker))
     {
         Json::Value const& jMarker = params[jss::marker];
-        if (!jMarker.isString ())
-            return RPC::expected_field_error (jss::marker, "valid");
-        if (!resumePoint.SetHex (jMarker.asString ()))
+        if (! (jMarker.isString () && resumePoint.SetHex (jMarker.asString ())))
             return RPC::expected_field_error (jss::marker, "valid");
     }
 
@@ -71,40 +69,33 @@ Json::Value doLedgerData (RPC::Context& context)
     if ((limit < 0) || ((limit > maxLimit) && (context.role != Role::ADMIN)))
         limit = maxLimit;
 
-    jvResult[jss::ledger_hash] = to_string (lpLedger->getHash());
-    jvResult[jss::ledger_index] = std::to_string( lpLedger->info().seq);
+    jvResult[jss::ledger_hash] = to_string (lpLedger->info().hash);
+    jvResult[jss::ledger_index] = std::to_string(lpLedger->info().seq);
 
     Json::Value& nodes = (jvResult[jss::state] = Json::arrayValue);
-    auto& map = lpLedger->stateMap();
-
-    for (;;)
-    {
-       auto item = map.peekNextItem (resumePoint);
-       if (!item)
-           break;
-       resumePoint = item->key();
 
+    forEachSLE(*lpLedger, [&] (SLE const& sle) {
        if (limit-- <= 0)
        {
-           --resumePoint;
-           jvResult[jss::marker] = to_string (resumePoint);
-           break;
+           auto marker = sle.key();
+           jvResult[jss::marker] = to_string (--marker);
+           return false;
        }
 
        if (isBinary)
        {
            Json::Value& entry = nodes.append (Json::objectValue);
-           entry[jss::data] = strHex (
-               item->peekData().begin(), item->peekData().size());
-           entry[jss::index] = to_string (item->key());
+           entry[jss::data] = serializeHex(sle);
+           entry[jss::index] = to_string (sle.key());
        }
        else
        {
-           SLE sle (SerialIter{item->data(), item->size()}, item->key());
            Json::Value& entry = nodes.append (sle.getJson (0));
-           entry[jss::index] = to_string (item->key());
+           entry[jss::index] = to_string (sle.key());
        }
-    }
+
+       return true;
+    });
 
     return jvResult;
 }
diff --git a/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/LedgerEntry.cpp b/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/LedgerEntry.cpp
index 4808474dc..5fc38a782 100644
--- a/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/LedgerEntry.cpp
+++ b/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/LedgerEntry.cpp
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ namespace ripple {
 // }
 Json::Value doLedgerEntry (RPC::Context& context)
 {
-    Ledger::pointer lpLedger;
+    std::shared_ptr<ReadView const> lpLedger;
     auto jvResult = RPC::lookupLedger (lpLedger, context);
 
     if (!lpLedger)
@@ -201,8 +201,7 @@ Json::Value doLedgerEntry (RPC::Context& context)
 
     if (uNodeIndex.isNonZero ())
     {
-        auto const sleNode = cachedRead(*lpLedger, uNodeIndex);
-
+        auto const sleNode = lpLedger->read(keylet::unchecked(uNodeIndex));
         if (context.params.isMember(jss::binary))
             bNodeBinary = context.params[jss::binary].asBool();
 
diff --git a/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/LedgerHeader.cpp b/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/LedgerHeader.cpp
index 3c9f4565e..49e2d0ee0 100644
--- a/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/LedgerHeader.cpp
+++ b/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/LedgerHeader.cpp
@@ -28,16 +28,14 @@ namespace ripple {
 // }
 Json::Value doLedgerHeader (RPC::Context& context)
 {
-    Ledger::pointer lpLedger;
+    std::shared_ptr<ReadView const> lpLedger;
     auto jvResult = RPC::lookupLedger (lpLedger, context);
 
     if (!lpLedger)
         return jvResult;
 
     Serializer  s;
-
-    lpLedger->addRaw (s);
-
+    addRaw (lpLedger->info(), s);
     jvResult[jss::ledger_data] = strHex (s.peekData ());
 
     // This information isn't verified: they should only use it if they trust
diff --git a/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/NoRippleCheck.cpp b/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/NoRippleCheck.cpp
index 1e4295ccc..7ba096d26 100644
--- a/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/NoRippleCheck.cpp
+++ b/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/NoRippleCheck.cpp
@@ -29,14 +29,15 @@ static void fillTransaction (
     Json::Value& txArray,
     AccountID const& accountID,
     std::uint32_t& sequence,
-    Ledger::ref ledger)
+    ReadView const& ledger)
 {
     txArray["Sequence"] = Json::UInt (sequence++);
     txArray["Account"] = getApp().accountIDCache().toBase58 (accountID);
     // VFALCO Needs audit
     // Why are we hard-coding 10?
+    auto& fees = ledger.fees();
     txArray["Fee"] = Json::UInt (getApp().getFeeTrack().scaleFeeLoad(
-        10, ledger->fees().base, ledger->fees().units, false));
+        10, fees.base, fees.units, false));
 }
 
 // {
@@ -83,7 +84,7 @@ Json::Value doNoRippleCheck (RPC::Context& context)
     if (params.isMember (jss::transactions))
         transactions = params["transactions"].asBool();
 
-    Ledger::pointer ledger;
+    std::shared_ptr<ReadView const> ledger;
     auto result = RPC::lookupLedger (ledger, context);
     if (! ledger)
         return result;
@@ -103,8 +104,7 @@ Json::Value doNoRippleCheck (RPC::Context& context)
         return result;
     }
 
-    auto const sle = cachedRead(*ledger,
-        keylet::account(accountID).key, ltACCOUNT_ROOT);
+    auto const sle = ledger->read(keylet::account(accountID));
     if (! sle)
         return rpcError (rpcACT_NOT_FOUND);
 
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ Json::Value doNoRippleCheck (RPC::Context& context)
             Json::Value& tx = jvTransactions.append (Json::objectValue);
             tx["TransactionType"] = "AccountSet";
             tx["SetFlag"] = 8;
-            fillTransaction (tx, accountID, seq, ledger);
+            fillTransaction (tx, accountID, seq, *ledger);
         }
     }
 
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ Json::Value doNoRippleCheck (RPC::Context& context)
                     tx["TransactionType"] = "TrustSet";
                     tx["LimitAmount"] = limitAmount.getJson (0);
                     tx["Flags"] = bNoRipple ? tfClearNoRipple : tfSetNoRipple;
-                    fillTransaction(tx, accountID, seq, ledger);
+                    fillTransaction(tx, accountID, seq, *ledger);
 
                     return true;
                 }
diff --git a/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/PathFind.cpp b/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/PathFind.cpp
index 4442b0a40..a21268495 100644
--- a/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/PathFind.cpp
+++ b/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/PathFind.cpp
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ namespace ripple {
 
 Json::Value doPathFind (RPC::Context& context)
 {
-    Ledger::pointer lpLedger = context.ledgerMaster.getClosedLedger();
+    auto lpLedger = context.ledgerMaster.getClosedLedger();
 
     if (!context.params.isMember (jss::subcommand) ||
         !context.params[jss::subcommand].isString ())
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ Json::Value doPathFind (RPC::Context& context)
     if (!context.infoSub)
         return rpcError (rpcNO_EVENTS);
 
-    std::string sSubCommand = context.params[jss::subcommand].asString ();
+    auto sSubCommand = context.params[jss::subcommand].asString ();
 
     if (sSubCommand == "create")
     {
diff --git a/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/RipplePathFind.cpp b/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/RipplePathFind.cpp
index 016b51156..d6ae45d21 100644
--- a/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/RipplePathFind.cpp
+++ b/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/RipplePathFind.cpp
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ Json::Value doRipplePathFind (RPC::Context& context)
         context.params.isMember(jss::ledger_hash))
     {
         // The caller specified a ledger
-        jvResult = RPC::lookupLedger (lpLedger, context);
+        jvResult = RPC::lookupLedgerDeprecated (lpLedger, context);
         if (!lpLedger)
             return jvResult;
     }
diff --git a/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/Subscribe.cpp b/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/Subscribe.cpp
index d16d244c2..5ab0710e5 100644
--- a/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/Subscribe.cpp
+++ b/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/Subscribe.cpp
@@ -292,8 +292,8 @@ Json::Value doSubscribe (RPC::Context& context)
             if (bSnapshot)
             {
                 context.loadType = Resource::feeMediumBurdenRPC;
-                auto lpLedger = getApp().getLedgerMaster ().
-                        getPublishedLedger ();
+                std::shared_ptr<ReadView const> lpLedger
+                        = getApp().getLedgerMaster().getPublishedLedger();
                 if (lpLedger)
                 {
                     const Json::Value jvMarker = Json::Value (Json::nullValue);
diff --git a/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/TransactionEntry.cpp b/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/TransactionEntry.cpp
index f466d5255..cae318352 100644
--- a/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/TransactionEntry.cpp
+++ b/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/TransactionEntry.cpp
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ namespace ripple {
 Json::Value doTransactionEntry (RPC::Context& context)
 {
     Ledger::pointer     lpLedger;
-    Json::Value jvResult = RPC::lookupLedger (lpLedger, context);
+    Json::Value jvResult = RPC::lookupLedgerDeprecated (lpLedger, context);
 
     if (!lpLedger)
         return jvResult;
diff --git a/src/ripple/rpc/impl/GetAccountObjects.cpp b/src/ripple/rpc/impl/GetAccountObjects.cpp
index 6f2ceed54..a8a798e6b 100644
--- a/src/ripple/rpc/impl/GetAccountObjects.cpp
+++ b/src/ripple/rpc/impl/GetAccountObjects.cpp
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ namespace ripple {
 namespace RPC {
 
 bool
-getAccountObjects (Ledger const& ledger, AccountID const& account,
+getAccountObjects (ReadView const& ledger, AccountID const& account,
     LedgerEntryType const type, uint256 dirIndex, uint256 const& entryIndex,
     std::uint32_t const limit, Json::Value& jvResult)
 {
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ getAccountObjects (Ledger const& ledger, AccountID const& account,
         found = true;
     }
 
-    auto dir = cachedRead(ledger, dirIndex, ltDIR_NODE);
+    auto dir = ledger.read({ltDIR_NODE, dirIndex});
     if (! dir)
         return false;
 
@@ -55,17 +55,17 @@ getAccountObjects (Ledger const& ledger, AccountID const& account,
             iter = std::find (iter, entries.end (), entryIndex);
             if (iter == entries.end ())
                 return false;
-            
+
             found = true;
         }
 
         for (; iter != entries.end (); ++iter)
         {
-            auto const sleNode = cachedRead(ledger, *iter );
+            auto const sleNode = ledger.read(keylet::child(*iter));
             if (type == ltINVALID || sleNode->getType () == type)
             {
                 jvObjects.append (sleNode->getJson (0));
-            
+
                 if (++i == limit)
                 {
                     if (++iter != entries.end ())
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ getAccountObjects (Ledger const& ledger, AccountID const& account,
             return true;
 
         dirIndex = getDirNodeIndex (rootDirIndex, nodeIndex);
-        dir = cachedRead(ledger, dirIndex, ltDIR_NODE);
+        dir = ledger.read({ltDIR_NODE, dirIndex});
         if (! dir)
             return true;
 
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ getAccountObjects (Ledger const& ledger, AccountID const& account,
                 jvResult[jss::marker] = to_string (dirIndex) + ',' +
                     to_string (*e.begin ());
             }
-            
+
             return true;
         }
     }
@@ -107,4 +107,3 @@ getAccountObjects (Ledger const& ledger, AccountID const& account,
 
 } // RPC
 } // ripple
-
diff --git a/src/ripple/rpc/impl/GetAccountObjects.h b/src/ripple/rpc/impl/GetAccountObjects.h
index 1630d41f5..354b88067 100644
--- a/src/ripple/rpc/impl/GetAccountObjects.h
+++ b/src/ripple/rpc/impl/GetAccountObjects.h
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ namespace RPC {
     @param jvResult A JSON result that holds the request objects.
 */
 bool
-getAccountObjects (Ledger const& ledger, AccountID const& account,
+getAccountObjects (ReadView const& ledger, AccountID const& account,
     LedgerEntryType const type, uint256 dirIndex, uint256 const& entryIndex,
     std::uint32_t const limit, Json::Value& jvResult);
 
diff --git a/src/ripple/rpc/impl/LookupLedger.cpp b/src/ripple/rpc/impl/LookupLedger.cpp
index 0eb723a12..19bcdf222 100644
--- a/src/ripple/rpc/impl/LookupLedger.cpp
+++ b/src/ripple/rpc/impl/LookupLedger.cpp
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 
 #include <BeastConfig.h>
 #include <ripple/rpc/impl/LookupLedger.h>
+#include <ripple/ledger/View.h>
 
 namespace ripple {
 namespace RPC {
@@ -34,14 +35,14 @@ bool isValidatedOld (LedgerMaster& ledgerMaster)
         Tuning::maxValidatedLedgerAge;
 }
 
-Status ledgerFromRequest (Ledger::pointer& ledger, Context& context)
+template <class T>
+Status ledgerFromRequest (T& ledger, Context& context)
 {
     static auto const minSequenceGap = 10;
 
     ledger.reset();
 
     auto& params = context.params;
-    auto& netOps = context.netOps;
     auto& ledgerMaster = context.ledgerMaster;
 
     auto indexValue = params[jss::ledger_index];
@@ -124,14 +125,12 @@ Status ledgerFromRequest (Ledger::pointer& ledger, Context& context)
                 return {rpcNO_NETWORK, "InsufficientNetworkMode"};
             }
         }
-
-        assert (ledger->isImmutable ());
     }
 
     return Status::OK;
 }
 
-bool isValidated (LedgerMaster& ledgerMaster, Ledger& ledger)
+bool isValidated (LedgerMaster& ledgerMaster, ReadView const& ledger)
 {
     if (ledger.info().validated)
         return true;
@@ -146,7 +145,7 @@ bool isValidated (LedgerMaster& ledgerMaster, Ledger& ledger)
         // comes before the last validated ledger (and thus has been
         // validated).
         auto hash = ledgerMaster.walkHashBySeq (seq);
-        if (ledger.getHash() != hash)
+        if (ledger.info().hash != hash)
             return false;
     }
     catch (SHAMapMissingNode const&)
@@ -157,7 +156,7 @@ bool isValidated (LedgerMaster& ledgerMaster, Ledger& ledger)
     }
 
     // Mark ledger as validated to save time if we see it again.
-    ledger.setValidated();
+    ledger.info().validated = true;
     return true;
 }
 
@@ -182,27 +181,62 @@ bool isValidated (LedgerMaster& ledgerMaster, Ledger& ledger)
 // return value.  Otherwise, the object contains the field "validated" and
 // optionally the fields "ledger_hash", "ledger_index" and
 // "ledger_current_index", if they are defined.
-Status lookupLedger (
+Status lookupLedgerDeprecated (
     Ledger::pointer& ledger, Context& context, Json::Value& result)
 {
     if (auto status = ledgerFromRequest (ledger, context))
         return status;
 
-    if (! ledger->info().open)
+    auto& info = ledger->info();
+
+    if (!info.open)
     {
-        result[jss::ledger_hash] = to_string (ledger->getHash());
-        result[jss::ledger_index] = ledger->info().seq;
+        result[jss::ledger_hash] = to_string (info.hash);
+        result[jss::ledger_index] = info.seq;
     }
     else
     {
-        result[jss::ledger_current_index] = ledger->info().seq;
+        result[jss::ledger_current_index] = info.seq;
+    }
+
+    result[jss::validated] = getApp().getLedgerMaster().isValidLedger(info);
+    return Status::OK;
+}
+
+Status lookupLedger (
+    std::shared_ptr<ReadView const>& ledger, Context& context,
+    Json::Value& result)
+{
+    if (auto status = ledgerFromRequest (ledger, context))
+        return status;
+
+    auto& info = ledger->info();
+
+    if (!info.open)
+    {
+        result[jss::ledger_hash] = to_string (info.hash);
+        result[jss::ledger_index] = info.seq;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        result[jss::ledger_current_index] = info.seq;
     }
 
     result[jss::validated] = isValidated (context.ledgerMaster, *ledger);
     return Status::OK;
 }
 
-Json::Value lookupLedger (Ledger::pointer& ledger, Context& context)
+Json::Value lookupLedgerDeprecated (Ledger::pointer& ledger, Context& context)
+{
+    Json::Value result;
+    if (auto status = lookupLedgerDeprecated (ledger, context, result))
+        status.inject (result);
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+Json::Value lookupLedger (
+    std::shared_ptr<ReadView const>& ledger, Context& context)
 {
     Json::Value result;
     if (auto status = lookupLedger (ledger, context, result))
diff --git a/src/ripple/rpc/impl/LookupLedger.h b/src/ripple/rpc/impl/LookupLedger.h
index 712ce3bd6..0c0caac98 100644
--- a/src/ripple/rpc/impl/LookupLedger.h
+++ b/src/ripple/rpc/impl/LookupLedger.h
@@ -23,6 +23,9 @@
 #include <ripple/rpc/Status.h>
 
 namespace ripple {
+
+class ReadView;
+
 namespace RPC {
 
 class Context;
@@ -33,14 +36,15 @@ class Context;
     If there is no error in the return value, then the ledger pointer will have
     been filled.
 */
-Json::Value lookupLedger (Ledger::pointer&, Context&);
+Json::Value lookupLedgerDeprecated (Ledger::pointer&, Context&);
+Json::Value lookupLedger (std::shared_ptr<ReadView const>&, Context&);
 
 /** Look up a ledger from a request and fill a Json::Result with the data
     representing a ledger.
 
     If the returned Status is OK, the ledger pointer will have been filled. */
 Status lookupLedger (
-    Ledger::pointer&, Context&, Json::Value& result);
+    std::shared_ptr<ReadView const>&, Context&, Json::Value& result);
 
 } // RPC
 } // ripple