diff --git a/src/ripple/app/main/Application.cpp b/src/ripple/app/main/Application.cpp
index ded64b7d7..6fba59095 100644
--- a/src/ripple/app/main/Application.cpp
+++ b/src/ripple/app/main/Application.cpp
@@ -1584,7 +1584,7 @@ ApplicationImp::loadLedgerFromFile (
             ledger = ledger.get()["accountState"];
         }
 
-        if (!ledger.get().isArray ())
+        if (!ledger.get().isArrayOrNull ())
         {
             JLOG(m_journal.fatal())
                << "State nodes must be an array";
@@ -1599,7 +1599,7 @@ ApplicationImp::loadLedgerFromFile (
         {
             Json::Value& entry = ledger.get()[index];
 
-            if (!entry.isObject())
+            if (!entry.isObjectOrNull())
             {
                 JLOG(m_journal.fatal())
                     << "Invalid entry in ledger";
diff --git a/src/ripple/app/misc/impl/AccountTxPaging.cpp b/src/ripple/app/misc/impl/AccountTxPaging.cpp
index 6ce0ed901..7d4d5f1c0 100644
--- a/src/ripple/app/misc/impl/AccountTxPaging.cpp
+++ b/src/ripple/app/misc/impl/AccountTxPaging.cpp
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ accountTxPage (
     bool bAdmin,
     std::uint32_t page_length)
 {
-    bool lookingForMarker =  !token.isNull() && token.isObject();
+    bool lookingForMarker = token.isObject();
 
     std::uint32_t numberOfResults;
 
diff --git a/src/ripple/app/misc/impl/ValidatorList.cpp b/src/ripple/app/misc/impl/ValidatorList.cpp
index fca5448ca..c4307ef3c 100644
--- a/src/ripple/app/misc/impl/ValidatorList.cpp
+++ b/src/ripple/app/misc/impl/ValidatorList.cpp
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ ValidatorList::applyList (
     std::vector<std::string> manifests;
     for (auto const& val : newList)
     {
-        if (val.isObject () &&
+        if (val.isObject() &&
             val.isMember ("validation_public_key") &&
             val["validation_public_key"].isString ())
         {
diff --git a/src/ripple/app/misc/impl/ValidatorSite.cpp b/src/ripple/app/misc/impl/ValidatorSite.cpp
index 58052ef84..127095da7 100644
--- a/src/ripple/app/misc/impl/ValidatorSite.cpp
+++ b/src/ripple/app/misc/impl/ValidatorSite.cpp
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ ValidatorSite::onSiteFetch(
         Json::Reader r;
         Json::Value body;
         if (r.parse(res.body.data(), body) &&
-            body.isObject () &&
+            body.isObject() &&
             body.isMember("blob") && body["blob"].isString () &&
             body.isMember("manifest") && body["manifest"].isString () &&
             body.isMember("signature") && body["signature"].isString() &&
diff --git a/src/ripple/json/impl/Object.cpp b/src/ripple/json/impl/Object.cpp
index 5a9d1ca82..67141172c 100644
--- a/src/ripple/json/impl/Object.cpp
+++ b/src/ripple/json/impl/Object.cpp
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ namespace {
 template <class Object>
 void doCopyFrom (Object& to, Json::Value const& from)
 {
-    assert (from.isObject());
+    assert (from.isObjectOrNull());
     auto members = from.getMemberNames();
     for (auto& m: members)
         to[m] = from[m];
diff --git a/src/ripple/json/impl/json_reader.cpp b/src/ripple/json/impl/json_reader.cpp
index 45b2794c7..948fb4b35 100644
--- a/src/ripple/json/impl/json_reader.cpp
+++ b/src/ripple/json/impl/json_reader.cpp
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ Reader::parse ( const char* beginDoc, const char* endDoc,
     Token token;
     skipCommentTokens ( token );
 
-    if ( !root.isArray ()  &&  !root.isObject () )
+    if ( !root.isNull() && !root.isArray() && !root.isObject() )
     {
         // Set error location to start of doc, ideally should be first token found in doc
         token.type_ = tokenError;
diff --git a/src/ripple/json/impl/json_value.cpp b/src/ripple/json/impl/json_value.cpp
index a9a965f58..b2fe80acc 100644
--- a/src/ripple/json/impl/json_value.cpp
+++ b/src/ripple/json/impl/json_value.cpp
@@ -779,10 +779,10 @@ Value::operator bool () const
     if (isString ())
     {
         auto s = asCString();
-        return s && strlen(s);
+        return s && s[0];
     }
 
-    return ! (isArray () || isObject ()) || size ();
+    return ! (isArray() || isObject()) || size ();
 }
 
 void
@@ -1092,14 +1092,26 @@ Value::isString () const
 
 
 bool
-Value::isArray () const
+Value::isArray() const
+{
+    return type_ == arrayValue;
+}
+
+bool
+Value::isArrayOrNull () const
 {
     return type_ == nullValue  ||  type_ == arrayValue;
 }
 
 
 bool
-Value::isObject () const
+Value::isObject() const
+{
+    return type_ == objectValue;
+}
+
+bool
+Value::isObjectOrNull () const
 {
     return type_ == nullValue  ||  type_ == objectValue;
 }
diff --git a/src/ripple/json/impl/json_writer.cpp b/src/ripple/json/impl/json_writer.cpp
index 8a05e5556..f7625f6de 100644
--- a/src/ripple/json/impl/json_writer.cpp
+++ b/src/ripple/json/impl/json_writer.cpp
@@ -426,7 +426,7 @@ StyledWriter::isMultineArray ( const Value& value )
     {
         const Value& childValue = value[index];
         isMultiLine = isMultiLine  ||
-                      ( (childValue.isArray ()  ||  childValue.isObject ())  &&
+                      ( (childValue.isArray()  ||  childValue.isObject())  &&
                         childValue.size () > 0 );
     }
 
@@ -660,7 +660,7 @@ StyledStreamWriter::isMultineArray ( const Value& value )
     {
         const Value& childValue = value[index];
         isMultiLine = isMultiLine  ||
-                      ( (childValue.isArray ()  ||  childValue.isObject ())  &&
+                      ( (childValue.isArray()  ||  childValue.isObject())  &&
                         childValue.size () > 0 );
     }
 
diff --git a/src/ripple/json/json_value.h b/src/ripple/json/json_value.h
index 423942dd1..0aefe26d7 100644
--- a/src/ripple/json/json_value.h
+++ b/src/ripple/json/json_value.h
@@ -262,8 +262,10 @@ public:
     bool isDouble () const;
     bool isNumeric () const;
     bool isString () const;
-    bool isArray () const;
-    bool isObject () const;
+    bool isArray() const;
+    bool isArrayOrNull () const;
+    bool isObject() const;
+    bool isObjectOrNull () const;
 
     bool isConvertibleTo ( ValueType other ) const;
 
diff --git a/src/ripple/net/impl/RPCCall.cpp b/src/ripple/net/impl/RPCCall.cpp
index 360cbc2e6..4450a2812 100644
--- a/src/ripple/net/impl/RPCCall.cpp
+++ b/src/ripple/net/impl/RPCCall.cpp
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ private:
     {
         Json::Value v (Json::objectValue);
 
-        if (jvParams.isArray () && (jvParams.size () > 0))
+        if (jvParams.isArray() && (jvParams.size () > 0))
             v[jss::params] = jvParams;
 
         return v;
@@ -513,7 +513,7 @@ private:
 
         if (reader.parse (jvParams[1u].asString (), jvRequest))
         {
-            if (!jvRequest.isObject ())
+            if (!jvRequest.isObjectOrNull ())
                 return rpcError (rpcINVALID_PARAMS);
 
             jvRequest[jss::method] = jvParams[0u];
@@ -544,7 +544,8 @@ private:
                 jv.isMember(jss::id) && jv.isMember(jss::method))
             {
                 if (jv.isMember(jss::params) &&
-                      !(jv[jss::params].isArray() || jv[jss::params].isObject()))
+                      !(jv[jss::params].isNull() || jv[jss::params].isArray() ||
+                                                    jv[jss::params].isObject()))
                     return false;
                 return true;
             }
diff --git a/src/ripple/net/impl/RPCErr.cpp b/src/ripple/net/impl/RPCErr.cpp
index 56e5728cc..b4a16e483 100644
--- a/src/ripple/net/impl/RPCErr.cpp
+++ b/src/ripple/net/impl/RPCErr.cpp
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ Json::Value rpcError (int iError, Json::Value jvResult)
 // VFALCO NOTE Deprecated function
 bool isRpcError (Json::Value jvResult)
 {
-    return jvResult.isObject () && jvResult.isMember (jss::error);
+    return jvResult.isObject() && jvResult.isMember (jss::error);
 }
 
 } // ripple
diff --git a/src/ripple/protocol/impl/STAmount.cpp b/src/ripple/protocol/impl/STAmount.cpp
index f7288ecef..cec560d1c 100644
--- a/src/ripple/protocol/impl/STAmount.cpp
+++ b/src/ripple/protocol/impl/STAmount.cpp
@@ -806,13 +806,17 @@ amountFromJson (SField const& name, Json::Value const& v)
     Json::Value currency;
     Json::Value issuer;
 
-    if (v.isObject ())
+    if (v.isNull())
+    {
+        Throw<std::runtime_error> ("XRP may not be specified with a null Json value");
+    }
+    else if (v.isObject())
     {
         value       = v[jss::value];
         currency    = v[jss::currency];
         issuer      = v[jss::issuer];
     }
-    else if (v.isArray ())
+    else if (v.isArray())
     {
         value = v.get (Json::UInt (0), 0);
         currency = v.get (Json::UInt (1), Json::nullValue);
@@ -846,7 +850,7 @@ amountFromJson (SField const& name, Json::Value const& v)
 
     if (native)
     {
-        if (v.isObject ())
+        if (v.isObjectOrNull ())
             Throw<std::runtime_error> ("XRP may not be specified as an object");
         issue = xrpIssue ();
     }
diff --git a/src/ripple/protocol/impl/STParsedJSON.cpp b/src/ripple/protocol/impl/STParsedJSON.cpp
index 603324884..72990b3d4 100644
--- a/src/ripple/protocol/impl/STParsedJSON.cpp
+++ b/src/ripple/protocol/impl/STParsedJSON.cpp
@@ -495,7 +495,7 @@ static boost::optional<detail::STVar> parseLeaf (
         break;
 
     case STI_VECTOR256:
-        if (! value.isArray ())
+        if (! value.isArrayOrNull ())
         {
             error = array_expected (json_name, fieldName);
             return ret;
@@ -521,7 +521,7 @@ static boost::optional<detail::STVar> parseLeaf (
         break;
 
     case STI_PATHSET:
-        if (!value.isArray ())
+        if (!value.isArrayOrNull ())
         {
             error = array_expected (json_name, fieldName);
             return ret;
@@ -535,7 +535,7 @@ static boost::optional<detail::STVar> parseLeaf (
             {
                 STPath p;
 
-                if (!value[i].isArray ())
+                if (!value[i].isArrayOrNull ())
                 {
                     std::stringstream ss;
                     ss << fieldName << "[" << i << "]";
@@ -555,7 +555,7 @@ static boost::optional<detail::STVar> parseLeaf (
 
                     Json::Value pathEl = value[i][j];
 
-                    if (!pathEl.isObject ())
+                    if (!pathEl.isObject())
                     {
                         error = not_an_object (element_name);
                         return ret;
@@ -709,7 +709,7 @@ static boost::optional <STObject> parseObject (
     int depth,
     Json::Value& error)
 {
-    if (! json.isObject ())
+    if (! json.isObjectOrNull ())
     {
         error = not_an_object (json_name);
         return boost::none;
@@ -743,7 +743,7 @@ static boost::optional <STObject> parseObject (
         case STI_TRANSACTION:
         case STI_LEDGERENTRY:
         case STI_VALIDATION:
-            if (! value.isObject ())
+            if (! value.isObjectOrNull ())
             {
                 error = not_an_object (json_name, fieldName);
                 return boost::none;
@@ -816,7 +816,7 @@ static boost::optional <detail::STVar> parseArray (
     int depth,
     Json::Value& error)
 {
-    if (! json.isArray ())
+    if (! json.isArrayOrNull ())
     {
         error = not_an_array (json_name);
         return boost::none;
@@ -834,11 +834,12 @@ static boost::optional <detail::STVar> parseArray (
 
         for (Json::UInt i = 0; json.isValidIndex (i); ++i)
         {
-            bool const isObject (json[i].isObject());
-            bool const singleKey (isObject ? json[i].size() == 1 : true);
+            bool const isObjectOrNull (json[i].isObjectOrNull());
+            bool const singleKey (isObjectOrNull ? json[i].size() == 1 : true);
 
-            if (!isObject || !singleKey)
+            if (!isObjectOrNull || !singleKey)
             {
+                // null values are !singleKey
                 error = singleton_expected (json_name, i);
                 return boost::none;
             }
diff --git a/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/BookOffers.cpp b/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/BookOffers.cpp
index b63d2f436..6bc26019a 100644
--- a/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/BookOffers.cpp
+++ b/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/BookOffers.cpp
@@ -52,22 +52,21 @@ Json::Value doBookOffers (RPC::Context& context)
     if (!context.params.isMember (jss::taker_gets))
         return RPC::missing_field_error (jss::taker_gets);
 
-    if (!context.params[jss::taker_pays].isObject ())
+    Json::Value const& taker_pays = context.params[jss::taker_pays];
+    Json::Value const& taker_gets = context.params[jss::taker_gets];
+
+    if (!taker_pays.isObjectOrNull ())
         return RPC::object_field_error (jss::taker_pays);
 
-    if (!context.params[jss::taker_gets].isObject ())
+    if (!taker_gets.isObjectOrNull ())
         return RPC::object_field_error (jss::taker_gets);
 
-    Json::Value const& taker_pays (context.params[jss::taker_pays]);
-
     if (!taker_pays.isMember (jss::currency))
         return RPC::missing_field_error ("taker_pays.currency");
 
     if (! taker_pays [jss::currency].isString ())
         return RPC::expected_field_error ("taker_pays.currency", "string");
 
-    Json::Value const& taker_gets = context.params[jss::taker_gets];
-
     if (! taker_gets.isMember (jss::currency))
         return RPC::missing_field_error ("taker_gets.currency");
 
diff --git a/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/GatewayBalances.cpp b/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/GatewayBalances.cpp
index 087ca2213..d6ce69157 100644
--- a/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/GatewayBalances.cpp
+++ b/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/GatewayBalances.cpp
@@ -116,7 +116,8 @@ Json::Value doGatewayBalances (RPC::Context& context)
         Json::Value const& hw = params[jss::hotwallet];
         bool valid = true;
 
-        if (hw.isArray())
+        // null is treated as a valid 0-sized array of hotwallet
+        if (hw.isArrayOrNull())
         {
             for (unsigned i = 0; i < hw.size(); ++i)
                 valid &= addHotWallet (hw[i]);
diff --git a/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/LedgerEntry.cpp b/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/LedgerEntry.cpp
index d9d9b31cf..0e930d6a7 100644
--- a/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/LedgerEntry.cpp
+++ b/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/LedgerEntry.cpp
@@ -64,7 +64,11 @@ Json::Value doLedgerEntry (RPC::Context& context)
     }
     else if (context.params.isMember (jss::directory))
     {
-        if (!context.params[jss::directory].isObject ())
+        if (context.params[jss::directory].isNull())
+        {
+            jvResult[jss::error]   = "malformedRequest";
+        }
+        else if (!context.params[jss::directory].isObject())
         {
             uNodeIndex.SetHex (context.params[jss::directory].asString ());
         }
@@ -114,7 +118,7 @@ Json::Value doLedgerEntry (RPC::Context& context)
     }
     else if (context.params.isMember (jss::offer))
     {
-        if (!context.params[jss::offer].isObject ())
+        if (!context.params[jss::offer].isObject())
         {
             uNodeIndex.SetHex (context.params[jss::offer].asString ());
         }
@@ -140,10 +144,10 @@ Json::Value doLedgerEntry (RPC::Context& context)
         Currency         uCurrency;
         Json::Value     jvRippleState   = context.params[jss::ripple_state];
 
-        if (!jvRippleState.isObject ()
+        if (!jvRippleState.isObject()
             || !jvRippleState.isMember (jss::currency)
             || !jvRippleState.isMember (jss::accounts)
-            || !jvRippleState[jss::accounts].isArray ()
+            || !jvRippleState[jss::accounts].isArray()
             || 2 != jvRippleState[jss::accounts].size ()
             || !jvRippleState[jss::accounts][0u].isString ()
             || !jvRippleState[jss::accounts][1u].isString ()
diff --git a/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/Subscribe.cpp b/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/Subscribe.cpp
index ecbf0b309..8af4e9129 100644
--- a/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/Subscribe.cpp
+++ b/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/Subscribe.cpp
@@ -192,11 +192,11 @@ Json::Value doSubscribe (RPC::Context& context)
 
         for (auto& j: context.params[jss::books])
         {
-            if (!j.isObject ()
+            if (!j.isObject()
                     || !j.isMember (jss::taker_pays)
                     || !j.isMember (jss::taker_gets)
-                    || !j[jss::taker_pays].isObject ()
-                    || !j[jss::taker_gets].isObject ())
+                    || !j[jss::taker_pays].isObjectOrNull ()
+                    || !j[jss::taker_gets].isObjectOrNull ())
                 return rpcError (rpcINVALID_PARAMS);
 
             Book book;
diff --git a/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/Unsubscribe.cpp b/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/Unsubscribe.cpp
index 2ec10c753..7c8141b58 100644
--- a/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/Unsubscribe.cpp
+++ b/src/ripple/rpc/handlers/Unsubscribe.cpp
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ Json::Value doUnsubscribe (RPC::Context& context)
 
     if (context.params.isMember (jss::streams))
     {
-        if (! context.params[jss::streams].isArray ())
+        if (! context.params[jss::streams].isArray())
             return rpcError (rpcINVALID_PARAMS);
 
         for (auto& it: context.params[jss::streams])
@@ -139,8 +139,8 @@ Json::Value doUnsubscribe (RPC::Context& context)
             if (! jv.isObject() ||
                 ! jv.isMember(jss::taker_pays) ||
                 ! jv.isMember(jss::taker_gets) ||
-                ! jv[jss::taker_pays].isObject() ||
-                ! jv[jss::taker_gets].isObject())
+                ! jv[jss::taker_pays].isObjectOrNull() ||
+                ! jv[jss::taker_gets].isObjectOrNull())
             {
                 return rpcError(rpcINVALID_PARAMS);
             }
diff --git a/src/ripple/rpc/impl/ServerHandlerImp.cpp b/src/ripple/rpc/impl/ServerHandlerImp.cpp
index d42f32747..688b9b2b6 100644
--- a/src/ripple/rpc/impl/ServerHandlerImp.cpp
+++ b/src/ripple/rpc/impl/ServerHandlerImp.cpp
@@ -334,7 +334,6 @@ ServerHandlerImp::onWSMessage(
     auto const size = boost::asio::buffer_size(buffers);
     if (size > RPC::Tuning::maxRequestSize ||
         ! Json::Reader{}.parse(jv, buffers) ||
-        ! jv ||
         ! jv.isObject())
     {
         Json::Value jvResult(Json::objectValue);
@@ -603,7 +602,7 @@ ServerHandlerImp::processRequest (Port const& port,
         if (jsonRPC.isMember(jss::params) &&
             jsonRPC[jss::params].isArray() &&
             jsonRPC[jss::params].size() > 0 &&
-            jsonRPC[jss::params][Json::UInt(0)].isObject())
+            jsonRPC[jss::params][Json::UInt(0)].isObjectOrNull())
         {
             role = requestRole(
                 required,
@@ -712,7 +711,7 @@ ServerHandlerImp::processRequest (Port const& port,
             if (! params)
                 params = Json::Value (Json::objectValue);
 
-            else if (!params.isArray () || params.size() != 1)
+            else if (!params.isArray() || params.size() != 1)
             {
                 usage.charge(Resource::feeInvalidRPC);
                 HTTPReply (400, "params unparseable", output, rpcJ);
@@ -721,7 +720,7 @@ ServerHandlerImp::processRequest (Port const& port,
             else
             {
                 params = std::move (params[0u]);
-                if (!params.isObject())
+                if (!params.isObjectOrNull())
                 {
                     usage.charge(Resource::feeInvalidRPC);
                     HTTPReply (400, "params unparseable", output, rpcJ);
diff --git a/src/ripple/rpc/impl/TransactionSign.cpp b/src/ripple/rpc/impl/TransactionSign.cpp
index 01eb9bfec..c3bf14a17 100644
--- a/src/ripple/rpc/impl/TransactionSign.cpp
+++ b/src/ripple/rpc/impl/TransactionSign.cpp
@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ checkTxJsonFields (
 {
     std::pair<Json::Value, AccountID> ret;
 
-    if (! tx_json.isObject ())
+    if (!tx_json.isObject())
     {
         ret.first = RPC::object_field_error (jss::tx_json);
         return ret;
diff --git a/src/test/app/Regression_test.cpp b/src/test/app/Regression_test.cpp
index f301ab488..b9e9e5fd9 100644
--- a/src/test/app/Regression_test.cpp
+++ b/src/test/app/Regression_test.cpp
@@ -213,8 +213,7 @@ struct Regression_test : public beast::unit_test::suite
         std::vector<boost::asio::const_buffer> buffers;
         buffers.emplace_back(buffer(request, 1024));
         buffers.emplace_back(buffer(request.data() + 1024, request.length() - 1024));
-        BEAST_EXPECT(jrReader.parse(jvRequest, buffers) &&
-            jvRequest && jvRequest.isObject());
+        BEAST_EXPECT(jrReader.parse(jvRequest, buffers) && jvRequest.isObject());
     }
 
     void run() override
diff --git a/src/test/protocol/STObject_test.cpp b/src/test/protocol/STObject_test.cpp
index 7c7d4305f..4ab578de4 100644
--- a/src/test/protocol/STObject_test.cpp
+++ b/src/test/protocol/STObject_test.cpp
@@ -38,9 +38,7 @@ public:
     bool parseJSONString (std::string const& json, Json::Value& to)
     {
         Json::Reader reader;
-        return reader.parse(json, to) &&
-                bool (to) &&
-                to.isObject();
+        return reader.parse(json, to) && to.isObject();
     }
 
     void testParseJSONArrayWithInvalidChildrenObjects ()
diff --git a/src/test/rpc/AmendmentBlocked_test.cpp b/src/test/rpc/AmendmentBlocked_test.cpp
index cd68e76ba..b6ba0a9ea 100644
--- a/src/test/rpc/AmendmentBlocked_test.cpp
+++ b/src/test/rpc/AmendmentBlocked_test.cpp
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ class AmendmentBlocked_test : public beast::unit_test::suite
         pf_req[jss::destination_amount] = bob["USD"](20).value ().getJson (0);
         jr = wsc->invoke("path_find", pf_req) [jss::result];
         BEAST_EXPECT (jr.isMember (jss::alternatives) &&
-            jr[jss::alternatives].isArray () &&
+            jr[jss::alternatives].isArray() &&
             jr[jss::alternatives].size () == 1);
 
         // submit
diff --git a/src/test/rpc/Subscribe_test.cpp b/src/test/rpc/Subscribe_test.cpp
index 3e99db0ae..b3dc646e7 100644
--- a/src/test/rpc/Subscribe_test.cpp
+++ b/src/test/rpc/Subscribe_test.cpp
@@ -462,11 +462,16 @@ public:
             BEAST_EXPECT(jr[jss::error_message] == "You don't have permission for this command.");
         }
 
+        std::initializer_list<Json::Value> const nonArrays {Json::nullValue,
+            Json::intValue, Json::uintValue, Json::realValue, "",
+            Json::booleanValue, Json::objectValue};
+
         for (auto const& f : {jss::accounts_proposed, jss::accounts})
         {
+            for (auto const& nonArray : nonArrays)
             {
                 Json::Value jv;
-                jv[f] = "";
+                jv[f] = nonArray;
                 auto jr = wsc->invoke(method, jv) [jss::result];
                 BEAST_EXPECT(jr[jss::error] == "invalidParams");
                 BEAST_EXPECT(jr[jss::error_message] == "Invalid parameters.");
@@ -481,9 +486,10 @@ public:
             }
         }
 
+        for (auto const& nonArray : nonArrays)
         {
             Json::Value jv;
-            jv[jss::books] = "";
+            jv[jss::books] = nonArray;
             auto jr = wsc->invoke(method, jv) [jss::result];
             BEAST_EXPECT(jr[jss::error] == "invalidParams");
             BEAST_EXPECT(jr[jss::error_message] == "Invalid parameters.");
@@ -608,9 +614,10 @@ public:
             BEAST_EXPECT(jr[jss::error_message] == "No such market.");
         }
 
+        for (auto const& nonArray : nonArrays)
         {
             Json::Value jv;
-            jv[jss::streams] = "";
+            jv[jss::streams] = nonArray;
             auto jr = wsc->invoke(method, jv) [jss::result];
             BEAST_EXPECT(jr[jss::error] == "invalidParams");
             BEAST_EXPECT(jr[jss::error_message] == "Invalid parameters.");