Add support for the X-address format (#1041)

* Update schema-validator * Update to ripple-address-codec 4.0.0 * Update ./src/common/hashes/index.ts * Add generateXAddress method * Deprecate generateAddress method * Add unit tests * Add documentation
2025-11-04 13:05:49 +00:00 · 2019-10-23 12:03:59 -07:00
parent 3a20123e0f
commit e1964ac5ed
40 changed files with 4704 additions and 111 deletions
--- a/HISTORY.md
+++ b/HISTORY.md
@@ -1,5 +1,12 @@
 # ripple-lib Release History

+## 1.4.0-b1 (2019-09-26)
+
+* Add support for the new X-address format.
+* Some error messages have changed slightly. For example:
+  * `-instance.Account is not of a type(s) string,instance.Account does not conform to the "address" format`
+  * `+instance.Account is not of a type(s) string,instance.Account is not exactly one from <xAddress>,<classicAddress>`
+
 ## 1.3.4 (2019-10-18)

 * Update ripple-lib-transactionparser
--- a/docs/index.md
+++ b/docs/index.md
@@ -80,6 +80,7 @@
  - [sign](#sign)
  - [combine](#combine)
  - [submit](#submit)
+  - [generateXAddress](#generatexaddress)
  - [generateAddress](#generateaddress)
  - [isValidAddress](#isvalidaddress)
  - [isValidSecret](#isvalidsecret)
@@ -225,7 +226,19 @@ Methods that depend on the state of the XRP Ledger are unavailable in offline mo
 "r9cZA1mLK5R5Am25ArfXFmqgNwjZgnfk59"
 ```

-Every XRP Ledger account has an *address*, which is a base58-encoding of a hash of the account's public key. XRP Ledger addresses always start with the lowercase letter `r`.
+```json
+"X7AcgcsBL6XDcUb289X4mJ8djcdyKaB5hJDWMArnXr61cqZ"
+```
+
+An *address* refers to a specific XRP Ledger account. It is a base-58 encoding of a hash of the account's public key. There are two kinds of addresses in common use:
+
+### Classic Address
+
+A *classic address* encodes a hash of the account's public key and a checksum. It has no other data. This kind of address always starts with the lowercase letter `r`.
+
+### X-address
+
+An *X-address* encodes a hash of the account's public key, a tag, and a checksum. This kind of address starts with the uppercase letter `X` if it is intended for use on the production XRP Ledger (mainnet). It starts with the uppercase letter `T` if it is intended for use on a test network such as Testnet or Devnet.

 ## Account Sequence Number

@@ -377,12 +390,12 @@ Name | Type | Description
 source | object | The source of the funds to be sent.
 *source.* address | [address](#address) | The address to send from.
 *source.* amount | [laxAmount](#amount) | An exact amount to send. If the counterparty is not specified, amounts with any counterparty may be used. (This field cannot be used with source.maxAmount)
-*source.* tag | integer | *Optional* An arbitrary unsigned 32-bit integer that identifies a reason for payment or a non-Ripple account.
+*source.* tag | integer | *Optional* An arbitrary 32-bit unsigned integer. It typically maps to an off-ledger account; for example, a hosted wallet or exchange account.
 *source.* maxAmount | [laxAmount](#amount) | The maximum amount to send. (This field cannot be used with source.amount)
 destination | object | The destination of the funds to be sent.
 *destination.* address | [address](#address) | An address representing the destination of the transaction.
 *destination.* amount | [laxAmount](#amount) | An exact amount to deliver to the recipient. If the counterparty is not specified, amounts with any counterparty may be used. (This field cannot be used with `destination.minAmount`.)
-*destination.* tag | integer | *Optional* An arbitrary unsigned 32-bit integer that identifies a reason for payment or a non-Ripple account.
+*destination.* tag | integer | *Optional* An arbitrary 32-bit unsigned integer. It typically maps to an off-ledger account; for example, a hosted wallet or exchange account.
 *destination.* minAmount | [laxAmount](#amount) | The minimum amount to be delivered. (This field cannot be used with destination.amount)
 allowPartialPayment | boolean | *Optional* If true, this payment should proceed even if the whole amount cannot be delivered due to a lack of liquidity or a lack of funds in the source account.
 invoiceID | string | *Optional* A 256-bit hash that can be used to identify a particular payment.
@@ -538,7 +551,7 @@ signers | object | *Optional* Settings that determine what sets of accounts can
 *signers.* threshold | integer | A target number for the signer weights. A multi-signature from this list is valid only if the sum weights of the signatures provided is equal or greater than this value. To delete the signers setting, use the value `0`.
 *signers.* weights | array | *Optional* Weights of signatures for each signer.
 *signers.* weights[] | object | An association of an address and a weight.
-*signers.weights[].* address | [address](#address) | A Ripple account address
+*signers.weights[].* address | [address](#address) | An account address on the XRP Ledger
 *signers.weights[].* weight | integer | The weight that the signature of this account counts as towards the threshold.
 transferRate | number,null | *Optional*  The fee to charge when users transfer this account’s issuances, as the decimal amount that must be sent to deliver 1 unit. Has precision up to 9 digits beyond the decimal point. Use `null` to set no fee.

@@ -851,7 +864,7 @@ Returns the response from invoking the specified command, with the specified opt

 Refer to [rippled APIs](https://ripple.com/build/rippled-apis/) for commands and options. All XRP amounts must be specified in drops. One drop is equal to 0.000001 XRP. See [Specifying Currency Amounts](https://ripple.com/build/rippled-apis/#specifying-currency-amounts).

-Most commands return data for the `current` (in-progress, open) ledger by default. Do not rely on this. Always specify a ledger version in your request. In the example below, the 'validated' ledger is requested, which is the most recent ledger that has been validated by the whole network. See [Specifying Ledgers](https://ripple.com/build/rippled-apis/#specifying-ledgers).
+Most commands return data for the `current` (in-progress, open) ledger by default. Do not rely on this. Always specify a ledger version in your request. In the example below, the 'validated' ledger is requested, which is the most recent ledger that has been validated by the whole network. See [Specifying Ledgers](https://xrpl.org/basic-data-types.html#specifying-ledgers).

 ### Return Value

@@ -2289,12 +2302,12 @@ Name | Type | Description
 source | object | Properties of the source of the payment.
 *source.* address | [address](#address) | The address to send from.
 *source.* amount | [laxAmount](#amount) | An exact amount to send. If the counterparty is not specified, amounts with any counterparty may be used. (This field cannot be used with source.maxAmount)
-*source.* tag | integer | *Optional* An arbitrary unsigned 32-bit integer that identifies a reason for payment or a non-Ripple account.
+*source.* tag | integer | *Optional* An arbitrary 32-bit unsigned integer. It typically maps to an off-ledger account; for example, a hosted wallet or exchange account.
 *source.* maxAmount | [laxAmount](#amount) | The maximum amount to send. (This field cannot be used with source.amount)
 destination | object | Properties of the destination of the payment.
 *destination.* address | [address](#address) | An address representing the destination of the transaction.
 *destination.* amount | [laxAmount](#amount) | An exact amount to deliver to the recipient. If the counterparty is not specified, amounts with any counterparty may be used. (This field cannot be used with `destination.minAmount`.)
-*destination.* tag | integer | *Optional* An arbitrary unsigned 32-bit integer that identifies a reason for payment or a non-Ripple account.
+*destination.* tag | integer | *Optional* An arbitrary 32-bit unsigned integer. It typically maps to an off-ledger account; for example, a hosted wallet or exchange account.
 *destination.* minAmount | [laxAmount](#amount) | The minimum amount to be delivered. (This field cannot be used with destination.amount)
 paths | string | The paths of trustlines and orders to use in executing the payment.

@@ -3906,7 +3919,7 @@ signers | object | *Optional* Settings that determine what sets of accounts can
 *signers.* threshold | integer | A target number for the signer weights. A multi-signature from this list is valid only if the sum weights of the signatures provided is equal or greater than this value. To delete the signers setting, use the value `0`.
 *signers.* weights | array | *Optional* Weights of signatures for each signer.
 *signers.* weights[] | object | An association of an address and a weight.
-*signers.weights[].* address | [address](#address) | A Ripple account address
+*signers.weights[].* address | [address](#address) | An account address on the XRP Ledger
 *signers.weights[].* weight | integer | The weight that the signature of this account counts as towards the threshold.
 transferRate | number,null | *Optional*  The fee to charge when users transfer this account’s issuances, as the decimal amount that must be sent to deliver 1 unit. Has precision up to 9 digits beyond the decimal point. Use `null` to set no fee.

@@ -5403,7 +5416,7 @@ options | object | *Optional* Options that control the type of signature that wi
 *options.* signAs | [address](#address) | *Optional* The account that the signature should count for in multisigning.
 secret | secret string | *Optional* The secret of the account that is initiating the transaction. (This field cannot be used with keypair).

-Please note that when this method is used for multisigning, the `options` parameter is not *Optional* anymore. It will be compulsory. See the multisigning example in this section for more details. 
+When this method is used for multisigning, the `options` parameter is required. See the multisigning example in this section for more details.

 ### Return Value

@@ -5431,6 +5444,7 @@ return api.sign(txJSON, secret); // or: api.sign(txJSON, keypair);
 }
 ```

+
 ### Example (multisigning)

 ```javascript
@@ -5620,9 +5634,9 @@ return api.submit(signedTransaction)
 ```


-## generateAddress
+## generateXAddress

-`generateAddress(): {address: string, secret: string}`
+`generateXAddress(options?: object): {address: string, secret: string}`

 Generate a new XRP Ledger address and corresponding secret.

@@ -5633,6 +5647,7 @@ Name | Type | Description
 options | object | *Optional* Options to control how the address and secret are generated.
 *options.* algorithm | string | *Optional* The digital signature algorithm to generate an address for. Can be `ecdsa-secp256k1` (default) or `ed25519`.
 *options.* entropy | array\<integer\> | *Optional* The entropy to use to generate the seed.
+*options.* test | boolean | *Optional* Specifies whether the address is intended for use on a test network such as Testnet or Devnet. If `true`, the address should only be used for testing, and will start with `T`. If `false`, the address should only be used on mainnet, and will start with `X`.

 ### Return Value

@@ -5640,8 +5655,8 @@ This method returns an object with the following structure:

 Name | Type | Description
 ---- | ---- | -----------
-address | [address](#address) | A randomly generated Ripple account address.
-secret | secret string | The secret corresponding to the `address`.
+xAddress | [xAddress](#x-address) | A randomly generated XRP Ledger address in X-address format.
+secret | secret string | The secret corresponding to the address.

 ### Example

@@ -5652,6 +5667,52 @@ return api.generateAddress();

 ```json
 {
+  "xAddress": "XVLcsWWNiFdUEqoDmSwgxh1abfddG1LtbGFk7omPgYpbyE8",
+  "secret": "sp6JS7f14BuwFY8Mw6bTtLKWauoUs"
+}
+```
+
+
+## generateAddress
+
+`generateAddress(options?: object): {address: string, secret: string}`
+
+Deprecated: This method returns a classic address. If you do not need the classic address, use `generateXAddress` instead.
+
+Generate a new XRP Ledger address and corresponding secret.
+
+### Parameters
+
+Name | Type | Description
+---- | ---- | -----------
+options | object | *Optional* Options to control how the address and secret are generated.
+*options.* algorithm | string | *Optional* The digital signature algorithm to generate an address for. Can be `ecdsa-secp256k1` (default) or `ed25519`.
+*options.* entropy | array\<integer\> | *Optional* The entropy to use to generate the seed.
+*options.* includeClassicAddress | boolean | *Optional* If `true`, return the classic address, in addition to the X-address.
+*options.* test | boolean | *Optional* Specifies whether the address is intended for use on a test network such as Testnet or Devnet. If `true`, the address should only be used for testing, and will start with `T`. If `false`, the address should only be used on mainnet, and will start with `X`.
+
+### Return Value
+
+This method returns an object with the following structure:
+
+Name | Type | Description
+---- | ---- | -----------
+xAddress | [xAddress](#x-address) | A randomly generated XRP Ledger address in X-address format.
+classicAddress | [classicAddress](#classic-address) | A randomly generated XRP Ledger Account ID (classic address).
+address | [classicAddress](#classic-address) | Deprecated: Use `classicAddress` instead.
+secret | secret string | The secret corresponding to the address.
+
+### Example
+
+```javascript
+return api.generateAddress();
+```
+
+
+```json
+{
+  "xAddress": "XVLcsWWNiFdUEqoDmSwgxh1abfddG1LtbGFk7omPgYpbyE8",
+  "classicAddress": "rGCkuB7PBr5tNy68tPEABEtcdno4hE6Y7f",
  "address": "rGCkuB7PBr5tNy68tPEABEtcdno4hE6Y7f",
  "secret": "sp6JS7f14BuwFY8Mw6bTtLKWauoUs"
 }
@@ -5662,7 +5723,7 @@ return api.generateAddress();

 `isValidAddress(address: string): boolean`

-Checks if the specified string contains a valid address.
+Checks if the specified string contains a valid address. X-addresses are considered valid with ripple-lib v1.4.0 and higher.

 ### Parameters

--- a/docs/src/basictypes.md.ejs
+++ b/docs/src/basictypes.md.ejs
@@ -6,7 +6,19 @@
 "r9cZA1mLK5R5Am25ArfXFmqgNwjZgnfk59"
 ```

-Every XRP Ledger account has an *address*, which is a base58-encoding of a hash of the account's public key. XRP Ledger addresses always start with the lowercase letter `r`.
+```json
+"X7AcgcsBL6XDcUb289X4mJ8djcdyKaB5hJDWMArnXr61cqZ"
+```
+
+An *address* refers to a specific XRP Ledger account. It is a base-58 encoding of a hash of the account's public key. There are two kinds of addresses in common use:
+
+### Classic Address
+
+A *classic address* encodes a hash of the account's public key and a checksum. It has no other data. This kind of address always starts with the lowercase letter `r`.
+
+### X-address
+
+An *X-address* encodes a hash of the account's public key, a tag, and a checksum. This kind of address starts with the uppercase letter `X` if it is intended for use on the production XRP Ledger (mainnet). It starts with the uppercase letter `T` if it is intended for use on a test network such as Testnet or Devnet.

 ## Account Sequence Number

--- a/docs/src/generateAddress.md.ejs
+++ b/docs/src/generateAddress.md.ejs
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 ## generateAddress

-`generateAddress(): {address: string, secret: string}`
+`generateAddress(options?: object): {address: string, secret: string}`
+
+Deprecated: This method returns a classic address. If you do not need the classic address, use `generateXAddress` instead.

 Generate a new XRP Ledger address and corresponding secret.

--- a/docs/src/generateXAddress.md.ejs
+++ b/docs/src/generateXAddress.md.ejs
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+## generateXAddress
+
+`generateXAddress(options?: object): {address: string, secret: string}`
+
+Generate a new XRP Ledger address and corresponding secret.
+
+### Parameters
+
+<%- renderSchema('input/generate-x-address.json') %>
+
+### Return Value
+
+This method returns an object with the following structure:
+
+<%- renderSchema('output/generate-x-address.json') %>
+
+### Example
+
+```javascript
+return api.generateAddress();
+```
+
+<%- renderFixture('responses/generate-x-address.json') %>
--- a/docs/src/index.md.ejs
+++ b/docs/src/index.md.ejs
@@ -52,6 +52,7 @@
 <% include sign.md.ejs %>
 <% include combine.md.ejs %>
 <% include submit.md.ejs %>
+<% include generateXAddress.md.ejs %>
 <% include generateAddress.md.ejs %>
 <% include isValidAddress.md.ejs %>
 <% include isValidSecret.md.ejs %>
--- a/docs/src/isValidAddress.md.ejs
+++ b/docs/src/isValidAddress.md.ejs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@

 `isValidAddress(address: string): boolean`

-Checks if the specified string contains a valid address.
+Checks if the specified string contains a valid address. X-addresses are considered valid with ripple-lib v1.4.0 and higher.

 ### Parameters

--- a/docs/src/request.md.ejs
+++ b/docs/src/request.md.ejs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Returns the response from invoking the specified command, with the specified opt

 Refer to [rippled APIs](https://ripple.com/build/rippled-apis/) for commands and options. All XRP amounts must be specified in drops. One drop is equal to 0.000001 XRP. See [Specifying Currency Amounts](https://ripple.com/build/rippled-apis/#specifying-currency-amounts).

-Most commands return data for the `current` (in-progress, open) ledger by default. Do not rely on this. Always specify a ledger version in your request. In the example below, the 'validated' ledger is requested, which is the most recent ledger that has been validated by the whole network. See [Specifying Ledgers](https://ripple.com/build/rippled-apis/#specifying-ledgers).
+Most commands return data for the `current` (in-progress, open) ledger by default. Do not rely on this. Always specify a ledger version in your request. In the example below, the 'validated' ledger is requested, which is the most recent ledger that has been validated by the whole network. See [Specifying Ledgers](https://xrpl.org/basic-data-types.html#specifying-ledgers).

 ### Return Value

--- a/docs/src/sign.md.ejs
+++ b/docs/src/sign.md.ejs
@@ -15,6 +15,8 @@ This method can sign any of [the transaction types supported by ripple-binary-co

 <%- renderSchema("input/sign.json") %>

+When this method is used for multisigning, the `options` parameter is required. See the multisigning example in this section for more details.
+
 ### Return Value

 This method returns an object with the following structure:
@@ -31,3 +33,91 @@ return api.sign(txJSON, secret); // or: api.sign(txJSON, keypair);
 ```

 <%- renderFixture("responses/sign.json") %>
+
+### Example (multisigning)
+
+```javascript
+const RippleAPI = require('ripple-lib').RippleAPI;
+
+// jon's address will have a multi-signing setup with a quorum of 2
+const jon = {
+    account: 'rJKpme4m2zBQceBuU89d7vLMzgoUw2Ptj',
+    secret: 'sh4Va7b1wQof8knHFV2sxwX12fSgK'
+};
+const aya = {
+    account: 'rnrPdBjs98fFFfmRpL6hM7exT788SWQPFN',
+    secret: 'snaMuMrXeVc2Vd4NYvHofeGNjgYoe'
+};
+const bran = {
+    account: 'rJ93RLnT1t5A8fCr7HTScw7WtfKJMRXodH',
+    secret: 'shQtQ8Um5MS218yvEU3Ehy1eZQKqH'
+};
+
+// Setup the signers list with a quorum of 2
+const multiSignSetupTransaction = {
+    "Flags": 0,
+    "TransactionType": "SignerListSet",
+    "Account": "rJKpme4m2zBQceBuU89d7vLMzgoUw2Ptj",
+    "Fee": "120",
+    "SignerQuorum": 2,
+    "SignerEntries": [
+        {
+            "SignerEntry": {
+                "Account": "rnrPdBjs98fFFfmRpL6hM7exT788SWQPFN",
+                "SignerWeight": 2
+            }
+        },
+        {
+            "SignerEntry": {
+                "Account": "rJ93RLnT1t5A8fCr7HTScw7WtfKJMRXodH",
+                "SignerWeight": 1
+            }
+        },
+    ]
+};
+
+// a transaction which requires multi signing
+const multiSignPaymentTransaction = {
+    TransactionType: 'Payment',
+    Account: 'rJKpme4m2zBQceBuU89d7vLMzgoUw2Ptj',
+    Destination: 'rJ93RLnT1t5A8fCr7HTScw7WtfKJMRXodH',
+    Amount: '88000000'
+};
+
+const api = new RippleAPI({
+    server: 'wss://s.altnet.rippletest.net:51233'
+});
+
+api.connect().then(() => {
+    // adding the multi signing feature to jon's account
+    api.prepareTransaction(multiSignSetupTransaction).then((prepared) => {
+        console.log(prepared);
+        jonSign = api.sign(prepared.txJSON, jon.secret).signedTransaction;
+        api.submit(jonSign).then( response => {
+            console.log(response.resultCode, response.resultMessage);
+
+            // multi sign a transaction
+            api.prepareTransaction(multiSignPaymentTransaction).then(prepared => {
+                console.log(prepared);
+
+                // Aya and Bran sign it too but with 'signAs' set to their own account
+                let ayaSign = api.sign(prepared.txJSON, aya.secret, {'signAs': aya.account}).signedTransaction;
+                let branSign = api.sign(prepared.txJSON, bran.secret, {'signAs': bran.account}).signedTransaction;
+
+                // signatures are combined and submitted
+                let combinedTx = api.combine([ayaSign, branSign]);
+                api.submit(combinedTx.signedTransaction).then(response => {
+                    console.log(response.tx_json.hash);
+                    return api.disconnect();
+                }).catch(console.error);
+            }).catch(console.error);
+        }).catch(console.error)
+    }).catch(console.error);
+}).catch(console.error);
+```
+
+Assuming the multisigning account was setup properly, the above example will respond with `resultCode: 'tesSUCCESS'` and the hash for the transaction.
+If any of `{signAs: some_address}` options were missing the code will return a validation error as follow:
+```
+[ValidationError(txJSON is not the same for all signedTransactions)]
+```
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
  "name": "ripple-lib",
-  "version": "1.3.4",
+  "version": "1.4.0-b2",
  "license": "ISC",
  "description": "A JavaScript API for interacting with Ripple in Node.js and the browser",
  "files": [
@@ -23,8 +23,8 @@
    "https-proxy-agent": "^3.0.0",
    "jsonschema": "1.2.2",
    "lodash": "^4.17.4",
+    "ripple-address-codec": "^4.0.0",
    "lodash.isequal": "^4.5.0",
-    "ripple-address-codec": "^3.0.4",
    "ripple-binary-codec": "^0.2.4",
    "ripple-keypairs": "^0.10.1",
    "ripple-lib-transactionparser": "0.8.0",
--- a/src/api.ts
+++ b/src/api.ts
@@ -7,7 +7,8 @@ import {
  dropsToXrp,
  rippleTimeToISO8601,
  iso8601ToRippleTime,
-  txFlags
+  txFlags,
+  ensureClassicAddress
 } from './common'
 import {
  connect,
@@ -46,8 +47,8 @@ import prepareSettings from './transaction/settings'
 import sign from './transaction/sign'
 import combine from './transaction/combine'
 import submit from './transaction/submit'
-import {generateAddressAPI} from './offline/generate-address'
-import {deriveKeypair, deriveAddress} from './offline/derive'
+import {generateAddressAPI, GenerateAddressOptions, GeneratedAddress} from './offline/generate-address'
+import {deriveKeypair, deriveAddress, deriveXAddress} from './offline/derive'
 import computeLedgerHash from './offline/ledgerhash'
 import signPaymentChannelClaim from './offline/sign-payment-channel-claim'
 import verifyPaymentChannelClaim from './offline/verify-payment-channel-claim'
@@ -74,6 +75,7 @@ import {getServerInfo, getFee} from './common/serverinfo'
 import {clamp, renameCounterpartyToIssuer} from './ledger/utils'
 import {TransactionJSON, Instructions, Prepare} from './transaction/types'
 import {ConnectionOptions} from './common/connection'
+import {isValidXAddress, isValidClassicAddress} from 'ripple-address-codec'

 export interface APIOptions extends ConnectionOptions {
  server?: string,
@@ -175,7 +177,8 @@ class RippleAPI extends EventEmitter {
  async request(command: string, params: any = {}): Promise<any> {
    return this.connection.request({
      ...params,
-      command
+      command,
+      account: params.account ? ensureClassicAddress(params.account) : undefined
    })
  }

@@ -288,6 +291,15 @@ class RippleAPI extends EventEmitter {
    return results
  }

+  // @deprecated Use X-addresses instead
+  generateAddress(options: GenerateAddressOptions = {}): GeneratedAddress {
+    return generateAddressAPI({...options, includeClassicAddress: true})
+  }
+
+  generateXAddress(options: GenerateAddressOptions = {}): GeneratedAddress {
+    return generateAddressAPI(options)
+  }
+
  connect = connect
  disconnect = disconnect
  isConnected = isConnected
@@ -328,7 +340,6 @@ class RippleAPI extends EventEmitter {
  combine = combine
  submit = submit

-  generateAddress = generateAddressAPI
  deriveKeypair = deriveKeypair
  deriveAddress = deriveAddress
  computeLedgerHash = computeLedgerHash
@@ -336,6 +347,14 @@ class RippleAPI extends EventEmitter {
  verifyPaymentChannelClaim = verifyPaymentChannelClaim
  errors = errors

+  static deriveXAddress = deriveXAddress
+
+  // RippleAPI.deriveClassicAddress (static) is a new name for api.deriveAddress
+  static deriveClassicAddress = deriveAddress
+
+  static isValidXAddress = isValidXAddress
+  static isValidClassicAddress = isValidClassicAddress
+
  xrpToDrops = xrpToDrops
  dropsToXrp = dropsToXrp
  rippleTimeToISO8601 = rippleTimeToISO8601
--- a/src/common/hashes/index.ts
+++ b/src/common/hashes/index.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import BigNumber from 'bignumber.js'
-import {decodeAddress} from 'ripple-address-codec'
+import {decodeAccountID} from 'ripple-address-codec'
 import sha512Half from './sha512Half'
 import HashPrefix from './hash-prefix'
 import {SHAMap, NodeType} from './shamap'
@@ -28,12 +28,12 @@ const ledgerSpaceHex = (name: string): string => {
 }

 const addressToHex = (address: string): string => {
-  return (Buffer.from(decodeAddress(address))).toString('hex')
+  return (Buffer.from(decodeAccountID(address))).toString('hex')
 }

 const currencyToHex = (currency: string): string => {
  if (currency.length === 3) {
-    let bytes = new Array(20 + 1).join('0').split('').map(parseFloat)
+    const bytes = new Array(20 + 1).join('0').split('').map(parseFloat)
    bytes[12] = currency.charCodeAt(0) & 0xff
    bytes[13] = currency.charCodeAt(1) & 0xff
    bytes[14] = currency.charCodeAt(2) & 0xff
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ export const computeAccountHash = (address: string): string => {
 export const computeSignerListHash = (address: string): string => {
  return sha512Half(ledgerSpaceHex('signerList') +
              addressToHex(address) +
-              '00000000' /* uint32(0) signer list index */)
+              '00000000') // uint32(0) signer list index
 }

 export const computeOrderHash = (address: string, sequence: number): string => {
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ export const computeTrustlineHash = (address1: string, address2: string, currenc
 export const computeTransactionTreeHash = (transactions: any[]): string => {
  const shamap = new SHAMap()

-  transactions.forEach((txJSON) => {
+  transactions.forEach(txJSON => {
    const txBlobHex = encode(txJSON)
    const metaHex = encode(txJSON.metaData)
    const txHash = computeBinaryTransactionHash(txBlobHex)
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ export const computeTransactionTreeHash = (transactions: any[]): string => {
 export const computeStateTreeHash = (entries: any[]): string => {
  const shamap = new SHAMap()

-  entries.forEach((ledgerEntry) => {
+  entries.forEach(ledgerEntry => {
    const data = encode(ledgerEntry)
    shamap.addItem(ledgerEntry.index, data, NodeType.ACCOUNT_STATE)
  })
--- a/src/common/index.ts
+++ b/src/common/index.ts
@@ -2,13 +2,35 @@ import * as constants from './constants'
 import * as errors from './errors'
 import * as validate from './validate'
 import * as serverInfo from './serverinfo'
+import {xAddressToClassicAddress, isValidXAddress} from 'ripple-address-codec'
+
+export function ensureClassicAddress(account: string): string {
+  if (isValidXAddress(account)) {
+    const {
+      classicAddress,
+      tag
+    } = xAddressToClassicAddress(account)
+
+    // Except for special cases, X-addresses used for requests
+    // must not have an embedded tag. In other words,
+    // `tag` should be `false`.
+    if (tag !== false) {
+      throw new Error('This command does not support the use of a tag. Use an address without a tag.')
+    }
+
+    // For rippled requests that use an account, always use a classic address.
+    return classicAddress
+  } else {
+    return account
+  }
+}
+
 export {
  constants,
  errors,
  validate,
  serverInfo
 }
-
 export {
  dropsToXrp,
  xrpToDrops,
@@ -20,4 +42,3 @@ export {
 } from './utils'
 export {default as Connection} from './connection'
 export {txFlags} from './txflags'
-
--- a/src/common/schema-validator.ts
+++ b/src/common/schema-validator.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import * as _ from 'lodash'
 import * as assert from 'assert'
 const {Validator} = require('jsonschema')
 import {ValidationError} from './errors'
-import {isValidAddress} from 'ripple-address-codec'
+import {isValidClassicAddress, isValidXAddress} from 'ripple-address-codec'
 import {isValidSecret} from './utils'

 function loadSchemas() {
@@ -34,6 +34,8 @@ function loadSchemas() {
    require('./schemas/objects/destination-address-tag.json'),
    require('./schemas/objects/transaction-hash.json'),
    require('./schemas/objects/address.json'),
+    require('./schemas/objects/x-address.json'),
+    require('./schemas/objects/classic-address.json'),
    require('./schemas/objects/adjustment.json'),
    require('./schemas/objects/quality.json'),
    require('./schemas/objects/amount.json'),
@@ -126,12 +128,23 @@ function loadSchemas() {
  // Register custom format validators that ignore undefined instances
  // since jsonschema will still call the format validator on a missing
  // (optional)  property
-  validator.customFormats.address = function(instance) {
+
+  // This relies on "format": "xAddress" in `x-address.json`!
+  validator.customFormats.xAddress = function(instance) {
+    if (instance === undefined) {
+      return true
+    }
+    return isValidXAddress(instance)
+  }
+
+  // This relies on "format": "classicAddress" in `classic-address.json`!
+  validator.customFormats.classicAddress = function(instance) {
    if (instance === undefined) {
      return true
    }
    return isValidAddress(instance)
  }
+
  validator.customFormats.secret = function(instance) {
    if (instance === undefined) {
      return true
@@ -158,6 +171,10 @@ function schemaValidate(schemaName: string, object: any): void {
  }
 }

+function isValidAddress(address: string): boolean {
+  return isValidXAddress(address) || isValidClassicAddress(address)
+}
+
 export {
  schemaValidate,
  isValidSecret,
--- a/src/common/schemas/input/generate-address.json
+++ b/src/common/schemas/input/generate-address.json
@@ -20,6 +20,14 @@
          "type": "string",
          "enum": ["ecdsa-secp256k1", "ed25519"],
          "description": "The digital signature algorithm to generate an address for. Can be `ecdsa-secp256k1` (default) or `ed25519`."
+        },
+        "test": {
+          "type": "boolean",
+          "description": "Specifies whether the address is intended for use on a test network such as Testnet or Devnet. If `true`, the address should only be used for testing, and will start with `T`. If `false`, the address should only be used on mainnet, and will start with `X`."
+        },
+        "includeClassicAddress": {
+          "type": "boolean",
+          "description": "If `true`, return the classic address, in addition to the X-address."
        }
      },
      "additionalProperties": false
--- a/src/common/schemas/input/generate-x-address.json
+++ b/src/common/schemas/input/generate-x-address.json
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+{
+  "$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-04/schema#",
+  "title": "generateXAddressParameters",
+  "type": "object",
+  "properties": {
+    "options": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "description": "Options to control how the address and secret are generated.",
+      "properties": {
+        "entropy": {
+          "type": "array",
+          "items": {
+            "type": "integer",
+            "minimum": 0,
+            "maximum": 255
+          },
+          "description": "The entropy to use to generate the seed."
+        },
+        "algorithm": {
+          "type": "string",
+          "enum": ["ecdsa-secp256k1", "ed25519"],
+          "description": "The digital signature algorithm to generate an address for. Can be `ecdsa-secp256k1` (default) or `ed25519`."
+        },
+        "test": {
+          "type": "boolean",
+          "description": "Specifies whether the address is intended for use on a test network such as Testnet or Devnet. If `true`, the address should only be used for testing, and will start with `T`. If `false`, the address should only be used on mainnet, and will start with `X`."
+        }
+      },
+      "additionalProperties": false
+    }
+  },
+  "additionalProperties": false
+}
--- a/src/common/schemas/objects/address.json
+++ b/src/common/schemas/objects/address.json
@@ -1,9 +1,12 @@
 {
  "$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-04/schema#",
  "title": "address",
-  "description": "A Ripple account address",
+  "description": "An account address on the XRP Ledger",
  "type": "string",
  "format": "address",
  "link": "address",
-  "pattern": "^r[1-9A-HJ-NP-Za-km-z]{25,34}$"
+  "oneOf": [
+    {"$ref": "xAddress"},
+    {"$ref": "classicAddress"}
+  ]
 }
--- a/src/common/schemas/objects/classic-address.json
+++ b/src/common/schemas/objects/classic-address.json
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+{
+  "$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-04/schema#",
+  "title": "classicAddress",
+  "description": "A classic address (Account ID) for the XRP Ledger",
+  "type": "string",
+  "format": "classicAddress",
+  "link": "classic-address",
+  "pattern": "^r[1-9A-HJ-NP-Za-km-z]{24,34}$"
+}
--- a/src/common/schemas/objects/tag.json
+++ b/src/common/schemas/objects/tag.json
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 {
  "$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-04/schema#",
  "title": "tag",
-  "description": "An arbitrary unsigned 32-bit integer that identifies a reason for payment or a non-Ripple account.",
+  "description": "An arbitrary 32-bit unsigned integer. It typically maps to an off-ledger account; for example, a hosted wallet or exchange account.",
  "type": "integer",
  "$ref": "uint32"
 }
--- a/src/common/schemas/objects/x-address.json
+++ b/src/common/schemas/objects/x-address.json
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+{
+  "$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-04/schema#",
+  "title": "xAddress",
+  "description": "An XRP Ledger address in X-address format",
+  "type": "string",
+  "format": "xAddress",
+  "link": "x-address",
+  "pattern": "^[XT][1-9A-HJ-NP-Za-km-z]{46}$"
+}
--- a/src/common/schemas/output/generate-address.json
+++ b/src/common/schemas/output/generate-address.json
@@ -3,16 +3,24 @@
  "title": "generateAddress",
  "type": "object",
  "properties": {
+    "xAddress": {
+      "$ref": "xAddress",
+      "description": "A randomly generated XRP Ledger address in X-address format."
+    },
+    "classicAddress": {
+      "$ref": "classicAddress",
+      "description": "A randomly generated XRP Ledger Account ID (classic address)."
+    },
    "address": {
-      "$ref": "address",
-      "description": "A randomly generated Ripple account address."
+      "$ref": "classicAddress",
+      "description": "Deprecated: Use `classicAddress` instead."
    },
    "secret": {
      "type": "string",
      "format": "secret",
-      "description": "The secret corresponding to the `address`."
+      "description": "The secret corresponding to the address."
    }
  },
-  "required": ["address", "secret"],
+  "required": ["xAddress", "classicAddress", "address", "secret"],
  "additionalProperties": false
 }
--- a/src/common/schemas/output/generate-x-address.json
+++ b/src/common/schemas/output/generate-x-address.json
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+{
+  "$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-04/schema#",
+  "title": "generateXAddress",
+  "type": "object",
+  "properties": {
+    "xAddress": {
+      "$ref": "xAddress",
+      "description": "A randomly generated XRP Ledger address in X-address format."
+    },
+    "secret": {
+      "type": "string",
+      "format": "secret",
+      "description": "The secret corresponding to the address."
+    }
+  },
+  "required": ["xAddress", "secret"],
+  "additionalProperties": false
+}
--- a/src/ledger/accountinfo.ts
+++ b/src/ledger/accountinfo.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import {validate, removeUndefined, dropsToXrp} from '../common'
+import {validate, removeUndefined, dropsToXrp, ensureClassicAddress} from '../common'
 import {RippleAPI} from '..'
 import {AccountInfoResponse} from '../common/types/commands/account_info'

@@ -34,6 +34,11 @@ export default async function getAccountInfo(
 ): Promise<FormattedGetAccountInfoResponse> {
  // 1. Validate
  validate.getAccountInfo({address, options})
+
+  // Only support retrieving account info without a tag,
+  // since account info is not distinguished by tag.
+  address = ensureClassicAddress(address)
+
  // 2. Make Request
  const response = await this.request('account_info', {
    account: address,
--- a/src/ledger/balances.ts
+++ b/src/ledger/balances.ts
@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
 import * as utils from './utils'
-import {validate} from '../common'
+import {validate, ensureClassicAddress} from '../common'
 import {Connection} from '../common'
 import {GetTrustlinesOptions} from './trustlines'
 import {FormattedTrustline} from '../common/types/objects/trustlines'
 import {RippleAPI} from '..'

-
 export type Balance = {
  value: string,
  currency: string,
@@ -52,6 +51,13 @@ function getBalances(this: RippleAPI, address: string, options: GetTrustlinesOpt
 ): Promise<GetBalances> {
  validate.getTrustlines({address, options})

+  // Only support retrieving balances without a tag,
+  // since we currently do not calculate balances
+  // on a per-tag basis. Apps must interpret and
+  // use tags independent of the XRP Ledger, comparing
+  // with the XRP Ledger's balance as an accounting check.
+  address = ensureClassicAddress(address)
+
  return Promise.all([
    getLedgerVersionHelper(this.connection, options.ledgerVersion).then(
      ledgerVersion =>
--- a/src/ledger/orders.ts
+++ b/src/ledger/orders.ts
@@ -33,6 +33,6 @@ export default async function getOrders(
    ledger_index: options.ledgerVersion || await this.getLedgerVersion(),
    limit: options.limit
  })
-  // 3. Return Formatted Response
+  // 3. Return Formatted Response, from the perspective of `address`
  return formatResponse(address, responses)
 }
--- a/src/ledger/settings.ts
+++ b/src/ledger/settings.ts
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
 import * as _ from 'lodash'
 import parseFields from './parse/fields'
-import {validate, constants} from '../common'
+import {validate, constants, ensureClassicAddress} from '../common'
 import {FormattedSettings} from '../common/types/objects'
 import {AccountInfoResponse} from '../common/types/commands'
 import {RippleAPI} from '..'
+
 const AccountFlags = constants.AccountFlags

 export type SettingsOptions = {
@@ -38,6 +39,11 @@ export async function getSettings(
 ): Promise<FormattedSettings> {
  // 1. Validate
  validate.getSettings({address, options})
+
+  // Only support retrieving settings without a tag,
+  // since settings do not distinguish by tag.
+  address = ensureClassicAddress(address)
+
  // 2. Make Request
  const response = await this.request('account_info', {
    account: address,
--- a/src/ledger/transactions.ts
+++ b/src/ledger/transactions.ts
@@ -4,11 +4,10 @@ import {computeTransactionHash} from '../common/hashes'
 import * as utils from './utils'
 import parseTransaction from './parse/transaction'
 import getTransaction from './transaction'
-import {validate, errors, Connection} from '../common'
+import {validate, errors, Connection, ensureClassicAddress} from '../common'
 import {FormattedTransactionType} from '../transaction/types'
 import {RippleAPI} from '..'

-
 export type TransactionsOptions = {
  start?: string,
  limit?: number,
@@ -167,6 +166,12 @@ function getTransactions(this: RippleAPI, address: string, options: Transactions
 ): Promise<GetTransactionsResponse> {
  validate.getTransactions({address, options})

+  // Only support retrieving transactions without a tag,
+  // since we currently do not filter transactions based
+  // on tag. Apps must interpret and use tags
+  // independently, filtering transactions if needed.
+  address = ensureClassicAddress(address)
+
  const defaults = {maxLedgerVersion: -1}
  if (options.start) {
    return getTransaction.call(this, options.start).then(tx => {
--- a/src/ledger/trustlines.ts
+++ b/src/ledger/trustlines.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import * as _ from 'lodash'
-import {validate} from '../common'
+import {validate, ensureClassicAddress} from '../common'
 import parseAccountTrustline from './parse/account-trustline'
 import {RippleAPI} from '..'
 import {FormattedTrustline} from '../common/types/objects/trustlines'
@@ -20,11 +20,16 @@ async function getTrustlines(
 ): Promise<FormattedTrustline[]> {
  // 1. Validate
  validate.getTrustlines({address, options})
-  const ledgerVersion = await this.getLedgerVersion()
+
+  // Only support retrieving trustlines without a tag,
+  // since it does not make sense to filter trustlines
+  // by tag.
+  address = ensureClassicAddress(address)
+
  // 2. Make Request
  const responses = await this._requestAll('account_lines', {
    account: address,
-    ledger_index: ledgerVersion,
+    ledger_index: await this.getLedgerVersion(),
    limit: options.limit,
    peer: options.counterparty
  })
--- a/src/offline/derive.ts
+++ b/src/offline/derive.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,13 @@
 import {deriveKeypair, deriveAddress} from 'ripple-keypairs'
+import {classicAddressToXAddress} from 'ripple-address-codec'
+
+function deriveXAddress(options: {publicKey: string, tag: number | false, test: boolean}): string {
+  const classicAddress = deriveAddress(options.publicKey)
+  return classicAddressToXAddress(classicAddress, options.tag, options.test)
+}

 export {
  deriveKeypair,
-  deriveAddress
+  deriveAddress,
+  deriveXAddress
 }
--- a/src/offline/generate-address.ts
+++ b/src/offline/generate-address.ts
@@ -1,19 +1,45 @@
+import {classicAddressToXAddress} from 'ripple-address-codec'
 import keypairs from 'ripple-keypairs'
-import * as common from '../common'
-const {errors, validate} = common
+import {errors, validate} from '../common'

 export type GeneratedAddress = {
-  secret: string,
-  address: string
+  xAddress: string,
+  classicAddress?: string,
+  address?: string, // @deprecated Use `classicAddress` instead.
+  secret: string
 }

-function generateAddressAPI(options?: any): GeneratedAddress {
+export interface GenerateAddressOptions {
+  // The entropy to use to generate the seed.
+  entropy?: Uint8Array,
+
+  // The digital signature algorithm to generate an address for. Can be `ecdsa-secp256k1` (default) or `ed25519`.
+  algorithm?: 'ecdsa-secp256k1' | 'ed25519',
+
+  // Specifies whether the address is intended for use on a test network such as Testnet or Devnet.
+  // If `true`, the address should only be used for testing, and will start with `T`.
+  // If `false` (default), the address should only be used on mainnet, and will start with `X`.
+  test?: boolean,
+
+  // If `true`, return the classic address, in addition to the X-address.
+  includeClassicAddress?: boolean
+}
+
+function generateAddressAPI(options: GenerateAddressOptions): GeneratedAddress {
  validate.generateAddress({options})
  try {
    const secret = keypairs.generateSeed(options)
    const keypair = keypairs.deriveKeypair(secret)
-    const address = keypairs.deriveAddress(keypair.publicKey)
-    return {secret, address}
+    const classicAddress = keypairs.deriveAddress(keypair.publicKey)
+    const returnValue: any = {
+      xAddress: classicAddressToXAddress(classicAddress, false, options && options.test),
+      secret
+    }
+    if (options.includeClassicAddress) {
+      returnValue.classicAddress = classicAddress
+      returnValue.address = classicAddress
+    }
+    return returnValue
  } catch (error) {
    throw new errors.UnexpectedError(error.message)
  }
--- a/src/transaction/combine.ts
+++ b/src/transaction/combine.ts
@@ -2,12 +2,12 @@ import * as _ from 'lodash'
 import binary from 'ripple-binary-codec'
 import * as utils from './utils'
 import BigNumber from 'bignumber.js'
-import {decodeAddress} from 'ripple-address-codec'
+import {decodeAccountID} from 'ripple-address-codec'
 import {validate} from '../common'
 import {computeBinaryTransactionHash} from '../common/hashes'

 function addressToBigNumber(address) {
-  const hex = (Buffer.from(decodeAddress(address))).toString('hex')
+  const hex = (Buffer.from(decodeAccountID(address))).toString('hex')
  return new BigNumber(hex, 16)
 }

--- a/src/transaction/payment.ts
+++ b/src/transaction/payment.ts
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import {Amount, Adjustment, MaxAdjustment,
  MinAdjustment, Memo} from '../common/types/objects'
 import {xrpToDrops} from '../common'
 import {RippleAPI} from '..'
+import {getClassicAccountAndTag, ClassicAccountAndTag} from './utils'


 export interface Payment {
@@ -84,15 +85,49 @@ function createMaximalAmount(amount: Amount): Amount {
  return _.assign({}, amount, {value: maxValue})
 }

+/**
+ * Given an address and tag:
+ * 1. Get the classic account and tag;
+ * 2. If a tag is provided:
+ *    2a. If the address was an X-address, validate that the X-address has the expected tag;
+ *    2b. If the address was a classic address, return `expectedTag` as the tag.
+ * 3. If we do not want to use a tag in this case,
+ *    set the tag in the return value to `undefined`.
+ *
+ * @param address The address to parse.
+ * @param expectedTag If provided, and the `Account` is an X-address,
+ *                    this method throws an error if `expectedTag`
+ *                    does not match the tag of the X-address.
+ * @returns {ClassicAccountAndTag}
+ *          The classic account and tag.
+ */
+function validateAndNormalizeAddress(address: string, expectedTag: number | undefined): ClassicAccountAndTag {
+  const classicAddress = getClassicAccountAndTag(address, expectedTag)
+  classicAddress.tag = classicAddress.tag === false ? undefined : classicAddress.tag
+  return classicAddress
+}
+
 function createPaymentTransaction(address: string, paymentArgument: Payment
 ): TransactionJSON {
  const payment = _.cloneDeep(paymentArgument)
  applyAnyCounterpartyEncoding(payment)

-  if (address !== payment.source.address) {
+  const sourceAddressAndTag = validateAndNormalizeAddress(payment.source.address, payment.source.tag)
+  const addressToVerifyAgainst = validateAndNormalizeAddress(address, undefined)
+
+  if (addressToVerifyAgainst.classicAccount !== sourceAddressAndTag.classicAccount) {
    throw new ValidationError('address must match payment.source.address')
  }

+  if (addressToVerifyAgainst.tag !== undefined &&
+      sourceAddressAndTag.tag !== undefined &&
+      addressToVerifyAgainst.tag !== sourceAddressAndTag.tag) {
+    throw new ValidationError(
+      'address includes a tag that does not match payment.source.tag')
+  }
+
+  const destinationAddressAndTag = validateAndNormalizeAddress(payment.destination.address, payment.destination.tag)
+
  if (
    (isMaxAdjustment(payment.source) && isMinAdjustment(payment.destination))
    ||
@@ -119,8 +154,8 @@ function createPaymentTransaction(address: string, paymentArgument: Payment

  const txJSON: any = {
    TransactionType: 'Payment',
-    Account: payment.source.address,
-    Destination: payment.destination.address,
+    Account: sourceAddressAndTag.classicAccount,
+    Destination: destinationAddressAndTag.classicAccount,
    Amount: toRippledAmount(amount),
    Flags: 0
  }
@@ -128,11 +163,11 @@ function createPaymentTransaction(address: string, paymentArgument: Payment
  if (payment.invoiceID !== undefined) {
    txJSON.InvoiceID = payment.invoiceID
  }
-  if (payment.source.tag !== undefined) {
-    txJSON.SourceTag = payment.source.tag
+  if (sourceAddressAndTag.tag !== undefined) {
+    txJSON.SourceTag = sourceAddressAndTag.tag
  }
-  if (payment.destination.tag !== undefined) {
-    txJSON.DestinationTag = payment.destination.tag
+  if (destinationAddressAndTag.tag !== undefined) {
+    txJSON.DestinationTag = destinationAddressAndTag.tag
  }
  if (payment.memos !== undefined) {
    txJSON.Memos = _.map(payment.memos, utils.convertMemo)
--- a/src/transaction/utils.ts
+++ b/src/transaction/utils.ts
@@ -1,10 +1,13 @@
 import BigNumber from 'bignumber.js'
 import * as common from '../common'
 import {Memo, RippledAmount} from '../common/types/objects'
-const txFlags = common.txFlags
 import {Instructions, Prepare} from './types'
 import {RippleAPI} from '..'
 import {ValidationError} from '../common/errors'
+import {xAddressToClassicAddress, isValidXAddress} from 'ripple-address-codec'
+
+const txFlags = common.txFlags
+const TRANSACTION_TYPES_WITH_DESTINATION_TAG_FIELD = ['Payment', 'CheckCreate', 'EscrowCreate', 'PaymentChannelCreate']

 export type ApiMemo = {
  MemoData?: string,
@@ -56,6 +59,49 @@ function scaleValue(value, multiplier, extra = 0) {
  return (new BigNumber(value)).times(multiplier).plus(extra).toString()
 }

+/**
+ * @typedef {Object} ClassicAccountAndTag
+ * @property {string} classicAccount - The classic account address.
+ * @property {number | false | undefined } tag - The destination tag;
+ *                    `false` if no tag should be used;
+ *                    `undefined` if the input could not specify whether a tag should be used.
+ */
+interface ClassicAccountAndTag {
+  classicAccount: string,
+  tag: number | false | undefined
+}
+
+/**
+ * Given an address (account), get the classic account and tag.
+ * If an `expectedTag` is provided:
+ * 1. If the `Account` is an X-address, validate that the tags match.
+ * 2. If the `Account` is a classic address, return `expectedTag` as the tag.
+ *
+ * @param Account The address to parse.
+ * @param expectedTag If provided, and the `Account` is an X-address,
+ *                    this method throws an error if `expectedTag`
+ *                    does not match the tag of the X-address.
+ * @returns {ClassicAccountAndTag}
+ *          The classic account and tag.
+ */
+function getClassicAccountAndTag(Account: string, expectedTag?: number): ClassicAccountAndTag {
+  if (isValidXAddress(Account)) {
+    const classic = xAddressToClassicAddress(Account)
+    if (expectedTag !== undefined && classic.tag !== expectedTag) {
+      throw new ValidationError('address includes a tag that does not match the tag specified in the transaction')
+    }
+    return {
+      classicAccount: classic.classicAddress,
+      tag: classic.tag
+    }
+  } else {
+    return {
+      classicAccount: Account,
+      tag: expectedTag
+    }
+  }
+}
+
 function prepareTransaction(txJSON: TransactionJSON, api: RippleAPI,
  instructions: Instructions
 ): Promise<Prepare> {
@@ -68,56 +114,105 @@ function prepareTransaction(txJSON: TransactionJSON, api: RippleAPI,
      '" exists in instance when not allowed'))
  }

-  // To remove the signer list, SignerEntries field should be omitted.
+  const newTxJSON = Object.assign({}, txJSON)
+
+  // To remove the signer list, `SignerEntries` field should be omitted.
  if (txJSON['SignerQuorum'] === 0) {
-    delete txJSON.SignerEntries
+    delete newTxJSON.SignerEntries
  }

-  const account = txJSON.Account
-  setCanonicalFlag(txJSON)
+  // Sender:
+  const {classicAccount, tag: sourceTag} = getClassicAccountAndTag(txJSON.Account)
+  newTxJSON.Account = classicAccount
+  if (sourceTag !== undefined) {
+    if (txJSON.SourceTag && txJSON.SourceTag !== sourceTag) {
+      return Promise.reject(new ValidationError(
+        'The `SourceTag`, if present, must match the tag of the `Account` X-address'))
+    }
+    if (sourceTag) {
+      newTxJSON.SourceTag = sourceTag
+    }
+  }

-  function prepareMaxLedgerVersion(): Promise<TransactionJSON> {
+  // Destination:
+  if (typeof txJSON.Destination === 'string') {
+    const {classicAccount: destinationAccount, tag: destinationTag} = getClassicAccountAndTag(txJSON.Destination)
+    newTxJSON.Destination = destinationAccount
+    if (destinationTag !== undefined) {
+      if (TRANSACTION_TYPES_WITH_DESTINATION_TAG_FIELD.includes(txJSON.TransactionType)) {
+        if (txJSON.DestinationTag && txJSON.DestinationTag !== destinationTag) {
+          return Promise.reject(new ValidationError(
+            'The Payment `DestinationTag`, if present, must match the tag of the `Destination` X-address'))
+        }
+        if (destinationTag) {
+          newTxJSON.DestinationTag = destinationTag
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  function convertToClassicAccountIfPresent(fieldName: string): void {
+    const account = txJSON[fieldName]
+    if (typeof account === 'string') {
+      const {classicAccount: ca} = getClassicAccountAndTag(account)
+      newTxJSON[fieldName] = ca
+    }
+  }
+
+  // DepositPreauth:
+  convertToClassicAccountIfPresent('Authorize')
+  convertToClassicAccountIfPresent('Unauthorize')
+
+  // EscrowCancel, EscrowFinish:
+  convertToClassicAccountIfPresent('Owner')
+
+  // SetRegularKey:
+  convertToClassicAccountIfPresent('RegularKey')
+
+  setCanonicalFlag(newTxJSON)
+
+  function prepareMaxLedgerVersion(): Promise<void> {
    // Up to one of the following is allowed:
    //   txJSON.LastLedgerSequence
    //   instructions.maxLedgerVersion
    //   instructions.maxLedgerVersionOffset
-    if (txJSON.LastLedgerSequence && instructions.maxLedgerVersion) {
+    if (newTxJSON.LastLedgerSequence && instructions.maxLedgerVersion) {
      return Promise.reject(new ValidationError('`LastLedgerSequence` in txJSON and `maxLedgerVersion`' +
        ' in `instructions` cannot both be set'))
    }
-    if (txJSON.LastLedgerSequence && instructions.maxLedgerVersionOffset) {
+    if (newTxJSON.LastLedgerSequence && instructions.maxLedgerVersionOffset) {
      return Promise.reject(new ValidationError('`LastLedgerSequence` in txJSON and `maxLedgerVersionOffset`' +
        ' in `instructions` cannot both be set'))
    }
-    if (txJSON.LastLedgerSequence) {
-      return Promise.resolve(txJSON)
+    if (newTxJSON.LastLedgerSequence) {
+      return Promise.resolve()
    }
    if (instructions.maxLedgerVersion !== undefined) {
      if (instructions.maxLedgerVersion !== null) {
-        txJSON.LastLedgerSequence = instructions.maxLedgerVersion
+        newTxJSON.LastLedgerSequence = instructions.maxLedgerVersion
      }
-      return Promise.resolve(txJSON)
+      return Promise.resolve()
    }
    const offset = instructions.maxLedgerVersionOffset !== undefined ?
      instructions.maxLedgerVersionOffset : 3
    return api.connection.getLedgerVersion().then(ledgerVersion => {
-      txJSON.LastLedgerSequence = ledgerVersion + offset
-      return txJSON
+      newTxJSON.LastLedgerSequence = ledgerVersion + offset
+      return
    })
  }

-  function prepareFee(): Promise<TransactionJSON> {
+  function prepareFee(): Promise<void> {
    // instructions.fee is scaled (for multi-signed transactions) while txJSON.Fee is not.
    // Due to this difference, we do NOT allow both to be set, as the behavior would be complex and
    // potentially ambiguous.
    // Furthermore, txJSON.Fee is in drops while instructions.fee is in XRP, which would just add to
    // the confusion. It is simpler to require that only one is used.
-    if (txJSON.Fee && instructions.fee) {
+    if (newTxJSON.Fee && instructions.fee) {
      return Promise.reject(new ValidationError('`Fee` in txJSON and `fee` in `instructions` cannot both be set'))
    }
-    if (txJSON.Fee) {
+    if (newTxJSON.Fee) {
      // txJSON.Fee is set. Use this value and do not scale it.
-      return Promise.resolve(txJSON)
+      return Promise.resolve()
    }
    const multiplier = instructions.signersCount === undefined ? 1 :
      instructions.signersCount + 1
@@ -128,50 +223,50 @@ function prepareTransaction(txJSON: TransactionJSON, api: RippleAPI,
          `max of ${api._maxFeeXRP} XRP. To use this fee, increase ` +
          '`maxFeeXRP` in the RippleAPI constructor.'))
      }
-      txJSON.Fee = scaleValue(common.xrpToDrops(instructions.fee), multiplier)
-      return Promise.resolve(txJSON)
+      newTxJSON.Fee = scaleValue(common.xrpToDrops(instructions.fee), multiplier)
+      return Promise.resolve()
    }
    const cushion = api._feeCushion
    return api.getFee(cushion).then(fee => {
      return api.connection.getFeeRef().then(feeRef => {
        const extraFee =
-          (txJSON.TransactionType !== 'EscrowFinish' ||
-            txJSON.Fulfillment === undefined) ? 0 :
+          (newTxJSON.TransactionType !== 'EscrowFinish' ||
+          newTxJSON.Fulfillment === undefined) ? 0 :
            (cushion * feeRef * (32 + Math.floor(
-              Buffer.from(txJSON.Fulfillment, 'hex').length / 16)))
+              Buffer.from(newTxJSON.Fulfillment, 'hex').length / 16)))
        const feeDrops = common.xrpToDrops(fee)
        const maxFeeXRP = instructions.maxFee ?
          BigNumber.min(api._maxFeeXRP, instructions.maxFee) : api._maxFeeXRP
        const maxFeeDrops = common.xrpToDrops(maxFeeXRP)
        const normalFee = scaleValue(feeDrops, multiplier, extraFee)
-        txJSON.Fee = BigNumber.min(normalFee, maxFeeDrops).toString(10)
+        newTxJSON.Fee = BigNumber.min(normalFee, maxFeeDrops).toString(10)

-        return txJSON
+        return
      })
    })
  }

-  async function prepareSequence(): Promise<TransactionJSON> {
+  async function prepareSequence(): Promise<void> {
    if (instructions.sequence !== undefined) {
-      if (txJSON.Sequence === undefined || instructions.sequence === txJSON.Sequence) {
-        txJSON.Sequence = instructions.sequence
-        return Promise.resolve(txJSON)
+      if (newTxJSON.Sequence === undefined || instructions.sequence === newTxJSON.Sequence) {
+        newTxJSON.Sequence = instructions.sequence
+        return Promise.resolve()
      } else {
        // Both txJSON.Sequence and instructions.sequence are defined, and they are NOT equal
        return Promise.reject(new ValidationError('`Sequence` in txJSON must match `sequence` in `instructions`'))
      }
    }
-    if (txJSON.Sequence !== undefined) {
-      return Promise.resolve(txJSON)
+    if (newTxJSON.Sequence !== undefined) {
+      return Promise.resolve()
    }

    try {
      // Consider requesting from the 'current' ledger (instead of 'validated').
      const response = await api.request('account_info', {
-        account
+        account: classicAccount
      })
-      txJSON.Sequence = response.account_data.Sequence
-      return Promise.resolve(txJSON)
+      newTxJSON.Sequence = response.account_data.Sequence
+      return Promise.resolve()
    } catch (e) {
      return Promise.reject(e)
    }
@@ -181,7 +276,7 @@ function prepareTransaction(txJSON: TransactionJSON, api: RippleAPI,
    prepareMaxLedgerVersion(),
    prepareFee(),
    prepareSequence()
-  ]).then(() => formatPrepareResponse(txJSON))
+  ]).then(() => formatPrepareResponse(newTxJSON))
 }

 function convertStringToHex(string: string): string {
@@ -203,5 +298,7 @@ export {
  convertMemo,
  prepareTransaction,
  common,
-  setCanonicalFlag
+  setCanonicalFlag,
+  getClassicAccountAndTag,
+  ClassicAccountAndTag
 }
--- a/test/api-test.js
+++ b/test/api-test.js
@@ -996,7 +996,7 @@ describe('RippleAPI', function () {
        done(new Error('Expected method to reject. Prepared transaction: ' + JSON.stringify(response)));
      }).catch(err => {
        assert.strictEqual(err.name, 'ValidationError');
-        assert.strictEqual(err.message, 'instance.Account is not of a type(s) string,instance.Account does not conform to the "address" format');
+        assert.strictEqual(err.message, 'instance.Account is not of a type(s) string,instance.Account is not exactly one from <xAddress>,<classicAddress>');
        done();
      }).catch(done); // Finish test with assertion failure immediately instead of waiting for timeout.
    } catch (err) {
@@ -1020,7 +1020,7 @@ describe('RippleAPI', function () {
        done(new Error('Expected method to reject. Prepared transaction: ' + JSON.stringify(response)));
      }).catch(err => {
        assert.strictEqual(err.name, 'ValidationError');
-        assert.strictEqual(err.message, 'instance.Account does not conform to the "address" format');
+        assert.strictEqual(err.message, 'instance.Account is not exactly one from <xAddress>,<classicAddress>');
        done();
      }).catch(done); // Finish test with assertion failure immediately instead of waiting for timeout.
    } catch (err) {
@@ -1581,7 +1581,7 @@ describe('RippleAPI', function () {
  });

  it('prepareOrder - invalid', function (done) {
-    const request = requests.prepareOrder.sell;
+    const request = Object.assign({}, requests.prepareOrder.sell);
    delete request.direction; // Make invalid
    try {
      this.api.prepareOrder(address, request, instructionsWithMaxLedgerVersionOffset).then(prepared => {
@@ -1620,7 +1620,7 @@ describe('RippleAPI', function () {
  });

  it('prepareOrderCancellation - invalid', function (done) {
-    const request = requests.prepareOrderCancellation.withMemos;
+    const request = Object.assign({}, requests.prepareOrderCancellation.withMemos);
    delete request.orderSequence; // Make invalid
    try {
      this.api.prepareOrderCancellation(address, request).then(prepared => {
@@ -1654,7 +1654,7 @@ describe('RippleAPI', function () {
  });

  it('prepareTrustline - invalid', function (done) {
-    const trustline = requests.prepareTrustline.complex;
+    const trustline = Object.assign({}, requests.prepareTrustline.complex);
    delete trustline.limit; // Make invalid
    try {
      this.api.prepareTrustline(
@@ -2958,7 +2958,7 @@ describe('RippleAPI', function () {
      const options = {
        includeRawTransaction: true
      }
-      const expected = responses.getTransaction.settings
+      const expected = Object.assign({}, responses.getTransaction.settings) // Avoid mutating test fixture
      expected.rawTransaction = "{\"Account\":\"rLVKsA4F9iJBbA6rX2x4wCmkj6drgtqpQe\",\"Fee\":\"10\",\"Flags\":2147483648,\"Sequence\":1,\"SetFlag\":2,\"SigningPubKey\":\"03EA3ADCA632F125EC2CC4F7F6A82DE0DCE2B65290CAC1F22242C5163F0DA9652D\",\"TransactionType\":\"AccountSet\",\"TxnSignature\":\"3045022100DE8B666B1A31EA65011B0F32130AB91A5747E32FA49B3054CEE8E8362DBAB98A022040CF0CF254677A8E5CD04C59CA2ED7F6F15F7E184641BAE169C561650967B226\",\"date\":460832270,\"hash\":\"4FB3ADF22F3C605E23FAEFAA185F3BD763C4692CAC490D9819D117CD33BFAA1B\",\"inLedger\":8206418,\"ledger_index\":8206418,\"meta\":{\"AffectedNodes\":[{\"ModifiedNode\":{\"FinalFields\":{\"Account\":\"rLVKsA4F9iJBbA6rX2x4wCmkj6drgtqpQe\",\"Balance\":\"29999990\",\"Flags\":786432,\"OwnerCount\":0,\"Sequence\":2},\"LedgerEntryType\":\"AccountRoot\",\"LedgerIndex\":\"3F5072C4875F32ED770DAF3610A716600ED7C7BB0348FADC7A98E011BB2CD36F\",\"PreviousFields\":{\"Balance\":\"30000000\",\"Flags\":4194304,\"Sequence\":1},\"PreviousTxnID\":\"3FB0350A3742BBCC0D8AA3C5247D1AEC01177D0A24D9C34762BAA2FEA8AD88B3\",\"PreviousTxnLgrSeq\":8206397}}],\"TransactionIndex\":5,\"TransactionResult\":\"tesSUCCESS\"},\"validated\":true}"
      return this.api.getTransaction(hash, options).then(
        _.partial(checkResult, expected,
@@ -3447,6 +3447,7 @@ describe('RippleAPI', function () {
      _.partial(checkResult, responses.getTrustlines.all, 'getTrustlines'));
  });

+  // @deprecated See corresponding test in `x-address-api-test.js`
  it('generateAddress', function () {
    function random() {
      return _.fill(Array(16), 0);
--- a/test/fixtures/addresses.js
+++ b/test/fixtures/addresses.js
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 'use strict';
 module.exports = {
  ACCOUNT: 'r9cZA1mLK5R5Am25ArfXFmqgNwjZgnfk59',
+  ACCOUNT_X: 'X7AcgcsBL6XDcUb289X4mJ8djcdyKaB5hJDWMArnXr61cqZ',
+  ACCOUNT_T: 'T719a5UwUCnEs54UsxG9CJYYDhwmFCqkr7wxCcNcfZ6p5GZ',
  OTHER_ACCOUNT: 'rpZc4mVfWUif9CRoHRKKcmhu1nx2xktxBo',
  THIRD_ACCOUNT: 'rwBYyfufTzk77zUSKEu4MvixfarC35av1J',
  FOURTH_ACCOUNT: 'rJnZ4YHCUsHvQu7R6mZohevKJDHFzVD6Zr',
--- a/test/fixtures/responses/generate-address.json
+++ b/test/fixtures/responses/generate-address.json
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 {
+  "xAddress": "XVLcsWWNiFdUEqoDmSwgxh1abfddG1LtbGFk7omPgYpbyE8",
+  "classicAddress": "rGCkuB7PBr5tNy68tPEABEtcdno4hE6Y7f",
  "address": "rGCkuB7PBr5tNy68tPEABEtcdno4hE6Y7f",
  "secret": "sp6JS7f14BuwFY8Mw6bTtLKWauoUs"
 }
--- a/test/fixtures/responses/generate-x-address.json
+++ b/test/fixtures/responses/generate-x-address.json
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+{
+  "xAddress": "XVLcsWWNiFdUEqoDmSwgxh1abfddG1LtbGFk7omPgYpbyE8",
+  "secret": "sp6JS7f14BuwFY8Mw6bTtLKWauoUs"
+}
--- a/test/fixtures/responses/index.js
+++ b/test/fixtures/responses/index.js
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ function buildList(options) {
 }

 module.exports = {
+  generateXAddress: require('./generate-x-address.json'),
  generateAddress: require('./generate-address.json'),
  getAccountInfo: require('./get-account-info.json'),
  getAccountObjects: require('./get-account-objects.json'),
--- a/test/x-address-api-test.js
+++ b/test/x-address-api-test.js
--- a/yarn.lock
+++ b/yarn.lock
@@ -99,6 +99,13 @@
  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@types/json-schema/-/json-schema-7.0.3.tgz#bdfd69d61e464dcc81b25159c270d75a73c1a636"
  integrity sha512-Il2DtDVRGDcqjDtE+rF8iqg1CArehSK84HZJCT7AMITlyXRBpuPhqGLDQMowraqqu1coEaimg4ZOqggt6L6L+A==

+"@types/base-x@^3.0.0":
+  version "3.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@types/base-x/-/base-x-3.0.0.tgz#a1365259d1d3fa3ff973ab543192a6bdd4cb2f90"
+  integrity sha512-vnqSlpsv9uFX5/z8GyKWAfWHhLGJDBkrgRRsnxlsX23DHOlNyqP/eHQiv4TwnYcZULzQIxaWA/xRWU9Dyy4qzw==
+  dependencies:
+    "@types/node" "*"
+
 "@types/lodash@^4.14.136":
  version "4.14.144"
  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/@types/lodash/-/lodash-4.14.144.tgz#12e57fc99064bce45e5ab3c8bc4783feb75eab8e"
@@ -4389,6 +4396,15 @@ ripple-address-codec@^3.0.4:
    base-x "3.0.4"
    create-hash "^1.1.2"

+ripple-address-codec@^4.0.0:
+  version "4.0.0"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/ripple-address-codec/-/ripple-address-codec-4.0.0.tgz#c20f39eea38def43d2379462e47bff4adabece30"
+  integrity sha512-PsKl9aytg6fZG2F4RtfPT0c1gj42suAQY9VvJVGz+DfQTdXQaTT9V/StVhaJ6jhVpl7oCd981BB9p2Kq+Kyrng==
+  dependencies:
+    "@types/base-x" "^3.0.0"
+    base-x "3.0.4"
+    create-hash "^1.1.2"
+
 ripple-binary-codec@^0.2.4:
  version "0.2.4"
  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/ripple-binary-codec/-/ripple-binary-codec-0.2.4.tgz#555d64c52182a215222af6045b5170e43f0530b1"