diff --git a/src/js/ripple/remote.js b/src/js/ripple/remote.js
index e608292f..c87d081b 100644
--- a/src/js/ripple/remote.js
+++ b/src/js/ripple/remote.js
@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@ var sjcl         = require('../../../build/sjcl');
 
       trace
       max_listeners      : Set maxListeners for remote; prevents EventEmitter warnings
+      connection_offset  : Connect to remote servers on supplied interval (in seconds)
       trusted            : truthy, if remote is trusted
       max_fee            : Maximum acceptable transaction fee
       fee_cushion        : Extra fee multiplier to account for async fee changes.
@@ -85,8 +86,8 @@ function Remote(opts, trace) {
   this.fee_cushion           = (typeof opts.fee_cushion === 'undefined') ? 1.5 : Number(opts.fee_cushion);
   this.max_fee               = (typeof opts.max_fee === 'undefined') ? Infinity : Number(opts.max_fee);
   this.id                    = 0;
-  this.trace                 = opts.trace || trace;
-  this._server_fatal         = false;              // True, if we know server exited.
+  this.trace                 = Boolean(opts.trace);
+  this._server_fatal         = false; // True, if we know server exited.
   this._ledger_current_index = void(0);
   this._ledger_hash          = void(0);
   this._ledger_time          = void(0);
@@ -94,8 +95,8 @@ function Remote(opts, trace) {
   this._testnet              = void(0);
   this._transaction_subs     = 0;
   this.online_target         = false;
-  this._online_state         = 'closed';         // 'open', 'closed', 'connecting', 'closing'
-  this.state                 = 'offline';        // 'online', 'offline'
+  this._online_state         = 'closed'; // 'open', 'closed', 'connecting', 'closing'
+  this.state                 = 'offline'; // 'online', 'offline'
   this.retry_timer           = void(0);
   this.retry                 = void(0);
 
@@ -107,6 +108,7 @@ function Remote(opts, trace) {
   this._reserve_inc          = void(0);
   this._connection_count     = 0;
   this._connected            = false;
+  this._connection_offset    = 1000 * (Number(opts.connection_offset) || 5);
 
   this._last_tx              = null;
   this._cur_path_find        = null;
@@ -207,12 +209,20 @@ Remote.flags = {
   }
 };
 
+function isTemMalformed(engine_result_code) {
+  return (engine_result_code >= -299 && engine_result_code <  199);
+};
+
+function isTefFailure(engine_result_code) {
+  return (engine_result_code >= -299 && engine_result_code <  199);
+};
+
 Remote.from_config = function (obj, trace) {
   var serverConfig = typeof obj === 'string' ? config.servers[obj] : obj;
 
   var remote = new Remote(serverConfig, trace);
 
-  Object.keys(config.accounts).forEach(function(account) {
+  function initialize_account(account) {
     var accountInfo = config.accounts[account];
     if (typeof accountInfo === 'object') {
       if (accountInfo.secret) {
@@ -222,7 +232,13 @@ Remote.from_config = function (obj, trace) {
         remote.set_secret(accountInfo.account, accountInfo.secret);
       }
     }
-  });
+  }
+
+  if (typeof config.accounts === 'object') {
+    for (var account in config.accounts) {
+      initialize_account(account);
+    }
+  }
 
   return remote;
 };
@@ -233,14 +249,6 @@ Remote.create_remote = function(options, callback) {
   return remote;
 };
 
-var isTemMalformed  = function (engine_result_code) {
-  return (engine_result_code >= -299 && engine_result_code <  199);
-};
-
-var isTefFailure = function (engine_result_code) {
-  return (engine_result_code >= -299 && engine_result_code <  199);
-};
-
 Remote.prototype.add_server = function (opts) {
   var self = this;
 
@@ -249,13 +257,13 @@ Remote.prototype.add_server = function (opts) {
   (opts.port || opts.websocket_port)
   ;
 
-  var server = new Server(this, {url: url});
+  var server = new Server(this, { url: url });
 
-  server.on('message', function (data) {
-    self._handle_message(data);
-  });
+  function server_message(data) {
+    self._handle_message(data, server);
+  }
 
-  server.on('connect', function () {
+  function server_connect() {
     self._connection_count++;
     self._set_state('online');
     if (opts.primary || !self._primary_server) {
@@ -264,14 +272,18 @@ Remote.prototype.add_server = function (opts) {
     if (self._connection_count === self._servers.length) {
       self.emit('ready');
     }
-  });
+  }
 
-  server.on('disconnect', function () {
+  function server_disconnect() {
     self._connection_count--;
     if (!self._connection_count) {
       self._set_state('offline');
     }
-  });
+  }
+
+  server.on('message', server_message);
+  server.on('connect', server_connect);
+  server.on('disconnect', server_disconnect);
 
   this._servers.push(server);
 
@@ -285,9 +297,7 @@ Remote.prototype.server_fatal = function () {
 
 // Set the emitted state: 'online' or 'offline'
 Remote.prototype._set_state = function (state) {
-  if (this.trace) {
-    console.log('remote: set_state: %s', state);
-  }
+  this._trace('remote: set_state: %s', state);
 
   if (this.state !== state) {
     this.state = state;
@@ -317,12 +327,18 @@ Remote.prototype.set_trace = function (trace) {
   return this;
 };
 
+Remote.prototype._trace = function() {
+  if (this.trace) {
+    utils.logObject.apply(utils, arguments);
+  }
+};
+
 /**
  * Connect to the Ripple network.
  */
 Remote.prototype.connect = function (online) {
   // Downwards compatibility
-  switch(typeof online) {
+  switch (typeof online) {
     case 'undefined':
       break;
 
@@ -340,13 +356,18 @@ Remote.prototype.connect = function (online) {
   if (!this._servers.length) {
     throw new Error('No servers available.');
   } else {
-    var servers = this._servers;
+    var self = this;
+
     ;(function nextServer(i) {
-      var server = servers[i];
-      server._sid = i;
+      var server = self._servers[i];
+
+      server._sid = ++i;
       server.connect();
-      if (++i < servers.length) {
-        setTimeout(nextServer.bind(this, i), 1000 * 5);
+
+      if (i < self._servers.length) {
+        setTimeout(function() {
+          nextServer(i);
+        }, self._connection_offset);
       }
     })(0);
   }
@@ -358,31 +379,22 @@ Remote.prototype.connect = function (online) {
  * Disconnect from the Ripple network.
  */
 Remote.prototype.disconnect = function (online) {
-  for (var i=0, l=this._servers.length; i<l; i++) {
-    this._servers[i].disconnect();
-  }
+  this._servers.forEach(function(server) {
+    server.disconnect();
+  });
 
   this._set_state('offline');
 
   return this;
 };
 
-Remote.prototype.ledger_hash = function () {
-  return this._ledger_hash;
-};
-
 // It is possible for messages to be dispatched after the connection is closed.
-Remote.prototype._handle_message = function (json) {
-  var self        = this;
-  var unexpected  = false;
-  var message;
+Remote.prototype._handle_message = function (message, server) {
+  var self = this;
 
-  try {
-    message = JSON.parse(json);
-    unexpected = typeof message !== 'object';
-  } catch(exception) {
-    unexpected = true;
-  }
+  try { message = JSON.parse(message); } catch(e) { }
+
+  var unexpected = typeof message !== 'object' || typeof message.type !== 'string';
 
   if (unexpected) {
     // Unexpected response from remote.
@@ -408,7 +420,7 @@ Remote.prototype._handle_message = function (json) {
       this._ledger_hash           = message.ledger_hash;
       this._ledger_current_index  = message.ledger_index + 1;
 
-      this.emit('ledger_closed', message);
+      this.emit('ledger_closed', message, server);
       break;
 
     case 'transaction':
@@ -424,9 +436,7 @@ Remote.prototype._handle_message = function (json) {
 
       this._last_tx = message.transaction.hash;
 
-      if (this.trace) {
-        utils.logObject('remote: tx: %s', message);
-      }
+      this._trace('remote: tx: %s', message);
 
       // Process metadata
       message.mmeta = new Meta(message.meta);
@@ -459,8 +469,6 @@ Remote.prototype._handle_message = function (json) {
 
         this.emit('path_find_all', message);
         break;
-
-      // XXX Should be tracked by the Server object
       case 'serverStatus':
         self.emit('server_status', message);
 
@@ -474,18 +482,20 @@ Remote.prototype._handle_message = function (json) {
           self._load_factor = message.load_factor;
           self.emit('load', { 'load_base' : self._load_base, 'load_factor' : self.load_factor });
         }
-      break;
+        break;
 
     // All other messages
-    default:
-      if (this.trace) {
-        utils.logObject('remote: '+message.type+': %s', message);
-      }
-      this.emit('net_' + message.type, message);
-      break;
+      default:
+        this._trace('remote: '+message.type+': %s', message);
+        this.emit('net_' + message.type, message);
+        break;
   }
 };
 
+Remote.prototype.ledger_hash = function () {
+  return this._ledger_hash;
+};
+
 Remote.prototype._set_primary_server = function (server) {
   if (this._primary_server) {
     this._primary_server._primary = false;
@@ -561,19 +571,25 @@ Remote.prototype.request_ledger = function (ledger, opts, callback) {
     request.message.ledger  = ledger;
   }
 
+  var props = [
+      'full'
+    , 'expand'
+    , 'transactions'
+    , 'accounts' 
+  ];
+
   switch (typeof opts) {
     case 'object':
-      var valid_properties = [ 'full', 'expand', 'transactions', 'accounts' ];
-      valid_properties.forEach(function(prop) {
-        if (opts.hasOwnProperty(prop)) {
-          request.message[prop] = true;
+      for (var key in opts) {
+        if (~props.indexOf(key)) {
+          request.message[key] = true;
         }
-      });
+      }
       break;
 
     case 'function':
       callback = opts;
-      opts     = void(0);
+      opts = void(0);
       break;
 
     default:
@@ -614,7 +630,7 @@ Remote.prototype.request_ledger_current = function (callback) {
 Remote.prototype.request_ledger_entry = function (type, callback) {
   //utils.assert(this.trusted);   // If not trusted, need to check proof, maybe talk packet protocol.
 
-  var self    = this;
+  var self = this;
   var request = new Request(this, 'ledger_entry');
 
   // Transparent caching. When .request() is invoked, look in the Remote object for the result.
@@ -651,9 +667,7 @@ Remote.prototype.request_ledger_entry = function (type, callback) {
           // Emulate fetch of ledger entry.
           // console.log('request_ledger_entry: emulating');
           // YYY Missing lots of fields.
-          request.emit('success', {
-            node :  node
-          });
+          request.emit('success', { node: node });
           bDefault  = false;
         } else { // Was not cached.
           // XXX Only allow with trusted mode.  Must sync response with advance.
@@ -822,11 +836,11 @@ Remote.prototype.request_account_tx = function (obj, callback) {
     , 'limit'
   ];
 
-  props.forEach(function(prop) {
-    if (obj.hasOwnProperty(prop)) {
-      request.message[prop] = obj[prop];
+  for (var key in obj) {
+    if (~props.indexOf(key)) {
+      request.message[key] = obj[key];
     }
-  });
+  }
 
   request.callback(callback);
 
@@ -860,7 +874,7 @@ Remote.prototype.request_book_offers = function (gets, pays, taker, callback) {
 };
 
 Remote.prototype.request_wallet_accounts = function (seed, callback) {
-  utils.assert(this.trusted);     // Don't send secrets.
+  utils.assert(this.trusted); // Don't send secrets.
 
   var request = new Request(this, 'wallet_accounts');
 
@@ -870,7 +884,7 @@ Remote.prototype.request_wallet_accounts = function (seed, callback) {
 };
 
 Remote.prototype.request_sign = function (secret, tx_json, callback) {
-  utils.assert(this.trusted);     // Don't send secrets.
+  utils.assert(this.trusted); // Don't send secrets.
 
   var request = new Request(this, 'sign');
 
@@ -976,7 +990,6 @@ Remote.prototype.request_account_balance = function (account, current, callback)
   request.account_root(account);
   request.ledger_choose(current);
   request.once('success', function (message) {
-    // If the caller also waits for 'success', they might run before this.
     request.emit('account_balance', Amount.from_json(message.node.Balance));
   });
 
@@ -992,7 +1005,6 @@ Remote.prototype.request_account_flags = function (account, current, callback) {
   request.account_root(account);
   request.ledger_choose(current);
   request.on('success', function (message) {
-    // If the caller also waits for 'success', they might run before this.
     request.emit('account_flags', message.node.Flags);
   });
 
@@ -1008,7 +1020,6 @@ Remote.prototype.request_owner_count = function (account, current, callback) {
   request.account_root(account);
   request.ledger_choose(current);
   request.on('success', function (message) {
-    // If the caller also waits for 'success', they might run before this.
     request.emit('owner_count', message.node.OwnerCount);
   });
 
@@ -1024,10 +1035,9 @@ Remote.prototype.account = function (accountId) {
 
   if (!account) {
     account = new Account(this, accountId);
-    if (!account.is_valid()) {
-      return account;
+    if (account.is_valid()) {
+      this._accounts[accountId] = account;
     }
-    this._accounts[accountId] = account;
   }
 
   return account;
@@ -1048,29 +1058,19 @@ Remote.prototype.path_find = function (src_account, dst_account, dst_amount, src
 };
 
 Remote.prototype.book = function (currency_gets, issuer_gets, currency_pays, issuer_pays) {
-  var gets = currency_gets;
-  if (gets !== 'XRP') {
-    gets += '/' + issuer_gets;
-  }
-
-  var pays = currency_pays;
-  if (pays !== 'XRP') {
-    pays += '/' + issuer_pays;
-  }
-
+  var gets = currency_gets + (currency_gets === 'XRP' ? '' : ('/' + issuer_gets));
+  var pays = currency_pays + (currency_pays === 'XRP' ? '' : ('/' + issuer_pays));
   var key = gets + ':' + pays;
+  var book;
 
-  if (!this._books[key]) {
-    var book = new OrderBook(this, currency_gets, issuer_gets, currency_pays, issuer_pays);
-
-    if (!book.is_valid()) {
-      return book;
+  if (!this._books.hasOwnProperty(key)) {
+    book = new OrderBook(this, currency_gets, issuer_gets, currency_pays, issuer_pays);
+    if (book.is_valid()) {
+      this._books[key] = book;
     }
-
-    this._books[key] = book;
   }
 
-  return this._books[key];
+  return book;
 };
 
 // Return the next account sequence if possible.
@@ -1082,16 +1082,7 @@ Remote.prototype.account_seq = function (account, advance) {
 
   if (account_info && account_info.seq) {
     seq = account_info.seq;
-
-    if (advance === 'ADVANCE') {
-      account_info.seq += 1;
-    }
-
-    if (advance === 'REWIND') {
-      account_info.seq -= 1;
-    }
-
-    // console.log('cached: %s current=%d next=%d', account, seq, account_info.seq);
+    account_info.seq += { ADVANCE: 1, REWIND: -1 }[advance] || 0;
   }
 
   return seq;
@@ -1100,7 +1091,9 @@ Remote.prototype.account_seq = function (account, advance) {
 Remote.prototype.set_account_seq = function (account, seq) {
   var account = UInt160.json_rewrite(account);
 
-  if (!this.accounts[account]) this.accounts[account] = {};
+  if (!this.accounts.hasOwnProperty(account)) {
+    this.accounts[account] = { };
+  }
 
   this.accounts[account].seq = seq;
 }
@@ -1109,16 +1102,16 @@ Remote.prototype.set_account_seq = function (account, seq) {
 Remote.prototype.account_seq_cache = function (account, current, callback) {
   var self = this;
 
-  if (!self.accounts[account]) {
-    self.accounts[account] = {};
+  if (!this.accounts.hasOwnProperty(account)) {
+    self.accounts[account] = { };
   }
 
-  var account_info = self.accounts[account];
+  var account_info = this.accounts[account];
   var request      = account_info.caching_seq_request;
 
   if (!request) {
     // console.log('starting: %s', account);
-    request = self.request_ledger_entry('account_root');
+    request = this.request_ledger_entry('account_root');
     request.account_root(account);
     request.ledger_choose(current);
 
@@ -1243,7 +1236,7 @@ Remote.prototype.request_path_find_create = function (src_account, dst_account,
   request.message.destination_amount  = Amount.json_rewrite(dst_amount);
 
   if (src_currencies) {
-    request.message.source_currencies   = src_currencies.map(function (ci) {
+    request.message.source_currencies = src_currencies.map(function (ci) {
       var ci_new  = {};
 
       if (ci.hasOwnProperty('issuer')) {
diff --git a/src/js/ripple/server.js b/src/js/ripple/server.js
index 425bbf4c..ec68c704 100644
--- a/src/js/ripple/server.js
+++ b/src/js/ripple/server.js
@@ -22,15 +22,12 @@ function Server(remote, opts) {
 
   this._remote         = remote;
   this._opts           = opts;
-
   this._ws             = void(0);
   this._connected      = false;
   this._should_connect = false;
   this._state          = void(0);
-
   this._id             = 0;
   this._retry          = 0;
-
   this._requests       = { };
 
   this.on('message', function(message) {
@@ -68,21 +65,27 @@ Server.prototype._set_state = function (state) {
 
     this.emit('state', state);
 
-    if (state === 'online') {
-      this._connected = true;
-      this.emit('connect');
-    } else if (state === 'offline') {
-      this._connected = false;
-      this.emit('disconnect');
+    switch (state) {
+      case 'online':
+        this._connected = true;
+        this.emit('connect');
+        break;
+      case 'offline':
+        this._connected = false;
+        this.emit('disconnect');
+        break;
     }
   }
 };
 
-Server.prototype._remote_address = function() {
-  var address = null;
-  if (this._ws) {
-    address = this._ws._socket.remoteAddress;
+Server.prototype._trace = function() {
+  if (this._remote.trace) {
+    utils.logObject.apply(utils, arguments);
   }
+};
+
+Server.prototype._remote_address = function() {
+  try { var address = this._ws._socket.remoteAddress; } catch (e) { }
   return address;
 };
 
@@ -97,9 +100,7 @@ Server.prototype.connect = function () {
     return;
   }
 
-  if (this._remote.trace) {
-    console.log('server: connect: %s', this._opts.url);
-  }
+  this._trace('server: connect: %s', this._opts.url);
 
   // Ensure any existing socket is given the command to close first.
   if (this._ws) {
@@ -128,9 +129,7 @@ Server.prototype.connect = function () {
   ws.onerror = function (e) {
     // If we are no longer the active socket, simply ignore any event
     if (ws === self._ws) {
-      if (self._remote.trace) {
-        console.log('server: onerror: %s', e.data || e);
-      }
+      self._trace('server: onerror: %s', e.data || e);
 
       // Most connection errors for WebSockets are conveyed as 'close' events with
       // code 1006. This is done for security purposes and therefore unlikely to
@@ -154,9 +153,7 @@ Server.prototype.connect = function () {
   ws.onclose = function () {
     // If we are no longer the active socket, simply ignore any event
     if (ws === self._ws) {
-      if (self._remote.trace) {
-        console.log('server: onclose: %s', ws.readyState);
-      }
+      self._trace('server: onclose: %s', ws.readyState);
       handleConnectionClose();
     }
   };
@@ -176,9 +173,7 @@ Server.prototype.connect = function () {
     // Delay and retry.
     self._retry      += 1;
     self._retry_timer = setTimeout(function () {
-      if (self._remote.trace) {
-        console.log('server: retry');
-      }
+      self._trace('server: retry');
       if (!self._should_connect) {
         return;
       }
@@ -227,47 +222,45 @@ Server.prototype.request = function (request) {
     // Advance message ID
     this._id++;
 
-    if (this._connected || (request.message.command === 'subscribe' && this._ws.readyState === 1)) {
-      if (this._remote.trace) {
-        utils.logObject('server: request: %s', request.message);
-      }
-
+    var is_connected = this._connected || (request.message.command === 'subscribe' && this._ws.readyState === 1);
+    
+    if (is_connected) {
+      this._trace('server: request: %s', request.message);
       this.send_message(request.message);
     } else {
       // XXX There are many ways to make this smarter.
-      this.once('connect', function () {
-        if (this._remote.trace) {
-          utils.logObject('server: request: %s', request.message);
-        }
+      function server_reconnected() {
+        self._trace('server: request: %s', request.message);
         self.send_message(request.message);
-      });
+      }
+      this.once('connect', server_reconnected);
     }
-  } else if (this._remote.trace) {
-    utils.logObject('server: request: DROPPING: %s', request.message);
+  } else {
+    this._trace('server: request: DROPPING: %s', request.message);
   }
 };
 
-Server.prototype._handle_message = function (json) {
+Server.prototype._handle_message = function (message) {
   var self = this;
-  var message;
-  
-  try { message = JSON.parse(json); } catch(exception) { }
 
-  if (typeof message !== 'object' || typeof message.type === 'undefined') {
-    return;
+  try { message = JSON.parse(message); } catch(e) { }
+
+  var unexpected = typeof message !== 'object' || typeof message.type !== 'string';
+
+  if (unexpected) {
+    return; 
   }
 
-  switch(message.type) {
+  switch (message.type) {
     case 'response':
       // A response to a request.
       var request = self._requests[message.id];
-
       delete self._requests[message.id];
 
       if (!request) {
-        if (self._remote.trace) utils.logObject('server: UNEXPECTED: %s', message);
+        this._trace('server: UNEXPECTED: %s', message);
       } else if ('success' === message.status) {
-        if (self._remote.trace) utils.logObject('server: response: %s', message);
+        this._trace('server: response: %s', message);
 
         request.emit('success', message.result);
 
@@ -275,7 +268,7 @@ Server.prototype._handle_message = function (json) {
           emitter.emit('response_' + request.message.command, message.result, request, message);
         });
       } else if (message.error) {
-        if (self._remote.trace) utils.logObject('server: error: %s', message);
+        this._trace('server: error: %s', message);
 
         request.emit('error', {
           error         : 'remoteError',
@@ -287,7 +280,7 @@ Server.prototype._handle_message = function (json) {
 
     case 'serverStatus':
       // This message is only received when online. As we are connected, it is the definative final state.
-      self._set_state(self._is_online(message.server_status) ? 'online' : 'offline');
+      this._set_state(this._is_online(message.server_status) ? 'online' : 'offline');
       break;
   }
 }