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Vinnie Falco d4fd5e4fce HTTP Handshaking for Peers on Universal Port (RIPD-446):
This introduces a considerable change in the way that peers handshake. Instead
of sending the TMHello protocol message, the peer making the connection (client
role) sends an HTTP Upgrade request along with some special headers. The peer
acting in the server role sends an HTTP response completing the upgrade and
transition to RTXP (Ripple Transaction Protocol, a.k.a. peer protocol). If the
server has no available slots, then it sends a 503 Service Unavailable HTTP
response with a JSON content-body containing IP addresses of other servers to
try. The information that was previously contained in the TMHello message is
now communicated in the HTTP request and HTTP response including the secure
cookie to prevent man in the middle attacks. This information is documented
in the overlay README.md file.

To prevent disruption on the network, the handshake feature is rolled out in
two parts. This is part 1, where new servents acting in the client role will
send the old style TMHello handshake, and new servents acting in the server
role can automatically detect and accept both the old style TMHello handshake,
or the HTTP request accordingly. This detection happens in the Server module,
which supports the universal port. An experimental .cfg setting allows clients
to instead send HTTP handshakes when establishing peer connections. When this
code has reached a significant fraction of the network, these clients will be
able to establish a connection to the Ripple network using HTTP handshakes.

These changes clean up the handling of the socket for peers. It fixes a long
standing bug in the graceful close sequence, where remaining data such as the
IP addresses of other servers to try, did not get sent. Redundant state
variables for the peer are removed and the treatment of completion handlers is
streamlined. The treatment of SSL short reads and secure shutdown is also fixed.

Logging for the peers in the overlay module are divided into two partitions:
"Peer" and "Protocol". The Peer partition records activity taking place on the
socket while the Protocol partition informs about RTXP specific actions such as
transaction relay, fetch packs, and consensus rounds. The severity on the log
partitions may be adjusted independently to diagnose problems. Every log
message for peers is prefixed with a small, unique integer id in brackets,
to accurately associate log messages with peers.

HTTP handshaking is the first step in implementing the Hub and Spoke feature,
which transforms the network from a homogeneous network where all peers are
the same, into a structured network where peers with above average capabilities
in their ability to process ledgers and transactions self-assemble to form a
backbone of high powered machines which in turn serve a much larger number of
'leaves' with lower capacities with a goal to improve the number of
transactions that may be retired over time.
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