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Depth was observed at insert entry but its sample was only counted at insert exit, so an insert still in flight contributed nothing to the mean while completed inserts -- disproportionately the fast, shallow ones -- all did. The reported mean understated queueing exactly when queueing was worst: with every writer inside its first insert the gauge was omitted entirely, while writers-in-flight correctly showed them all. Depth and its sample count are now both folded in at entry, so the mean is taken over one population. Mean depth is the L in Little's Law, so a biased L understated the derived queueing share of each insert. Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>