// Tests for SpanGuard, ScopedSpanGuard and DeterministicIdGenerator.
//
// These verify the span-guard split and the deterministic-root fix at the
// trace level using an in-memory span exporter:
//  - SpanGuard is unscoped and thread-free: it owns only the span, never the
//    OTel thread-local context stack, so it may be moved to and ended on any
//    thread. SpanGuard::freshRoot() starts a brand-new trace root, ignoring
//    the ambient active span.
//  - ScopedSpanGuard is scoped and store-bound: it also pushes an OTel Scope
//    so the span is the ambient parent on the constructing context store (the
//    thread's own store, or a coroutine's store). Its `operator SpanGuard() &&`
//    pops that Scope eagerly on the origin store and yields a thread-free
//    SpanGuard; destroying it while a different store is active trips an
//    owner-store assertion.
//  - DeterministicIdGenerator (installed by the test TracerProvider) mints a
//    caller-pinned trace_id for a forced-root span. PendingTraceId pins the id
//    for one root span; an ambient child under a live parent never adopts it.
//  - addEvent records the event name and every attribute onto the exported
//    span. The attribute overload copies each pair into an OTel
//    key-value-iterable, so the values are read back off the exported SpanData
//    rather than trusted.
//
// The whole file is telemetry-only: when XRPL_ENABLE_TELEMETRY is not defined
// SpanGuard is a no-op stub and the OpenTelemetry SDK headers are unavailable,
// so the translation unit compiles empty.

#ifdef XRPL_ENABLE_TELEMETRY

#include <xrpl/basics/LocalValue.h>
#include <xrpl/basics/scope.h>
#include <xrpl/consensus/ConsensusSpanNames.h>
#include <xrpl/telemetry/CoroAwareContextStorage.h>
#include <xrpl/telemetry/DeterministicIdGenerator.h>
#include <xrpl/telemetry/SpanGuard.h>
#include <xrpl/telemetry/SpanNames.h>
#include <xrpl/telemetry/Telemetry.h>

#include <gtest/gtest.h>
#include <opentelemetry/context/context.h>
#include <opentelemetry/context/runtime_context.h>
#include <opentelemetry/exporters/memory/in_memory_span_data.h>
#include <opentelemetry/exporters/memory/in_memory_span_exporter_factory.h>
#include <opentelemetry/metrics/meter.h>
#include <opentelemetry/metrics/meter_provider.h>
#include <opentelemetry/nostd/shared_ptr.h>
#include <opentelemetry/nostd/variant.h>
#include <opentelemetry/sdk/resource/resource.h>
#include <opentelemetry/sdk/trace/samplers/always_on_factory.h>
#include <opentelemetry/sdk/trace/simple_processor_factory.h>
#include <opentelemetry/sdk/trace/span_data.h>
#include <opentelemetry/sdk/trace/tracer_provider.h>
#include <opentelemetry/sdk/trace/tracer_provider_factory.h>
#include <opentelemetry/trace/context.h>
#include <opentelemetry/trace/span.h>
#include <opentelemetry/trace/span_context.h>
#include <opentelemetry/trace/span_id.h>
#include <opentelemetry/trace/span_metadata.h>
#include <opentelemetry/trace/span_startoptions.h>
#include <opentelemetry/trace/trace_id.h>
#include <opentelemetry/trace/tracer.h>

#include <algorithm>
#include <array>
#include <cstddef>
#include <cstdint>
#include <cstring>
#include <memory>
#include <string>
#include <string_view>
#include <thread>
#include <unordered_map>
#include <utility>
#include <vector>

namespace xrpl::telemetry {
namespace {

namespace otel_sdk_trace = opentelemetry::sdk::trace;
namespace otel_memory = opentelemetry::exporter::memory;

/**
 * In-memory Telemetry backing for SpanGuard scope tests.
 *
 * Reports every trace category as enabled and creates spans through an SDK
 * TracerProvider whose SimpleSpanProcessor forwards ended spans to an
 * InMemorySpanExporter, so a test can read the exact exported SpanData
 * (trace id, span id, parent id, name). The provider is built with a
 * DeterministicIdGenerator so PendingTraceId can pin the trace_id of a
 * forced-root span.
 *
 * Inheritance:
 *
 *     +-----------+
 *     | Telemetry |  (abstract interface)
 *     +-----+-----+
 *           |
 *     +-----+---------+
 *     | TestTelemetry |  in-memory exporter pipeline
 *     +---------------+
 *
 * @note Test-only. Install with Telemetry::setInstance() and clear it in
 * teardown. The exporter buffer is drained by InMemorySpanData::GetSpans(),
 * so each GetSpans() call returns only spans exported since the previous one.
 */
class TestTelemetry : public Telemetry
{
public:
    /**
     * Build the SDK export pipeline and keep the exporter's span buffer.
     */
    TestTelemetry()
    {
        // Factory populates spanData_ with the exporter's shared buffer.
        auto exporter = otel_memory::InMemorySpanExporterFactory::Create(spanData_);
        auto processor = otel_sdk_trace::SimpleSpanProcessorFactory::Create(std::move(exporter));
        // Install the DeterministicIdGenerator (4-arg overload) so a
        // PendingTraceId can pin a forced-root span's trace_id in tests.
        provider_ = otel_sdk_trace::TracerProviderFactory::Create(
            std::move(processor),
            opentelemetry::sdk::resource::Resource::Create({}),
            otel_sdk_trace::AlwaysOnSamplerFactory::Create(),
            std::make_unique<DeterministicIdGenerator>());
    }

    /**
     * @return The exporter's span buffer (drained by GetSpans()).
     */
    [[nodiscard]] std::shared_ptr<otel_memory::InMemorySpanData>
    spanData() const
    {
        return spanData_;
    }

    void
    start() override
    {
    }
    void
    stop() override
    {
    }

    [[nodiscard]] bool
    isEnabled() const override
    {
        return true;
    }
    [[nodiscard]] bool
    shouldTraceTransactions() const override
    {
        return true;
    }
    [[nodiscard]] bool
    shouldTraceConsensus() const override
    {
        return true;
    }
    [[nodiscard]] bool
    shouldTraceRpc() const override
    {
        return true;
    }
    [[nodiscard]] bool
    shouldTracePeer() const override
    {
        return true;
    }
    [[nodiscard]] bool
    shouldTraceLedger() const override
    {
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * @return A fixed strategy; the scope tests do not exercise trace-id
     * correlation, so either value works.
     */
    [[nodiscard]] ConsensusTraceStrategy
    getConsensusTraceStrategy() const override
    {
        return ConsensusTraceStrategy::Deterministic;
    }

    opentelemetry::nostd::shared_ptr<opentelemetry::trace::Tracer>
    getTracer(std::string_view name) override
    {
        return provider_->GetTracer(std::string(name));
    }

    /**
     * @return A meter from a noop provider; the scope tests exercise only
     * tracing, so metrics instruments are inert.
     */
    opentelemetry::nostd::shared_ptr<opentelemetry::metrics::Meter>
    getMeter(std::string_view name) override
    {
        return noopMeter(name);
    }

    opentelemetry::nostd::shared_ptr<opentelemetry::trace::Span>
    startSpan(std::string_view name, opentelemetry::trace::SpanKind kind) override
    {
        opentelemetry::trace::StartSpanOptions opts;
        opts.kind = kind;
        return getTracer(kTracerName)->StartSpan(std::string(name), opts);
    }

    opentelemetry::nostd::shared_ptr<opentelemetry::trace::Span>
    startSpan(
        std::string_view name,
        opentelemetry::context::Context const& parentContext,
        opentelemetry::trace::SpanKind kind) override
    {
        opentelemetry::trace::StartSpanOptions opts;
        opts.kind = kind;
        opts.parent = parentContext;
        return getTracer(kTracerName)->StartSpan(std::string(name), opts);
    }

private:
    /**
     * SDK provider owning the export pipeline.
     */
    std::shared_ptr<otel_sdk_trace::TracerProvider> provider_;

    /**
     * Shared buffer that receives ended spans from the exporter.
     */
    std::shared_ptr<otel_memory::InMemorySpanData> spanData_;
};

/**
 * @return The span's name as a std::string for equality checks.
 */
std::string
nameOf(otel_sdk_trace::SpanData const& span)
{
    auto view = span.GetName();
    return std::string(view.data(), view.size());
}

/**
 * @return Pointer to the first exported span with the given name, or null.
 */
otel_sdk_trace::SpanData*
findSpan(std::vector<std::unique_ptr<otel_sdk_trace::SpanData>> const& spans, std::string_view name)
{
    for (auto const& span : spans)
    {
        if (nameOf(*span) == name)
            return span.get();
    }
    return nullptr;
}

/**
 * @return Number of exported spans with the given name.
 */
std::size_t
countSpans(
    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<otel_sdk_trace::SpanData>> const& spans,
    std::string_view name)
{
    std::size_t count = 0;
    for (auto const& span : spans)
    {
        if (nameOf(*span) == name)
            ++count;
    }
    return count;
}

/**
 * Read one string attribute off an exported span event.
 *
 * Returns a sentinel instead of asserting so the caller's EXPECT_EQ prints the
 * key that was wrong.
 *
 * @param event  Exported event to read.
 * @param key    Attribute key to look up.
 * @return The attribute's string value; "<missing>" when the key is absent,
 * "<not-a-string>" when it holds another variant alternative.
 */
std::string
eventAttribute(otel_sdk_trace::SpanDataEvent const& event, std::string_view key)
{
    auto const& attrs = event.GetAttributes();
    auto const it = attrs.find(std::string(key));
    if (it == attrs.end())
        return "<missing>";
    auto const* const value = opentelemetry::nostd::get_if<std::string>(&it->second);
    return value != nullptr ? *value : "<not-a-string>";
}

/**
 * Build the 16-byte deterministic trace_id used by the generator tests
 * (bytes 1..16). Kept out of line so every generator test pins the same id.
 * @return The fixed 16-byte trace_id {1, 2, ..., 16}.
 */
std::array<std::uint8_t, 16>
makeTraceIdBytes()
{
    std::array<std::uint8_t, 16> h{};
    for (int i = 0; i < 16; ++i)
        h[i] = static_cast<std::uint8_t>(i + 1);
    return h;
}

/**
 * Installs a TestTelemetry as the global instance for each test and clears it
 * afterwards so the singleton never dangles between cases.
 *
 * The fixture also installs a CoroAwareContextStorage as the process-global
 * OTel runtime-context storage. That storage backs the ambient-context stack
 * with an xrpl::LocalValue, which is what makes a ScopedSpanGuard's Scope live
 * in the ACTIVE store (thread or coroutine) rather than a plain thread_local.
 * The store-swap and activate() tests depend on this to observe the ambient
 * context move with the store.
 *
 * @note SetRuntimeContextStorage is process-global. Re-installing it in every
 * SetUp is idempotent (last writer wins) and safe because GTests run serially;
 * a fresh storage per test keeps the coro/thread context stacks isolated.
 */
class SpanGuardScopeTest : public ::testing::Test
{
protected:
    void
    SetUp() override
    {
        telemetry_ = std::make_unique<TestTelemetry>();
        Telemetry::setInstance(telemetry_.get());

        // Back the OTel ambient context with an xrpl::LocalValue store so a
        // scope follows the active store, not a bare thread_local. Installed
        // before any span is created in the test body (SDK requirement).
        storage_ = opentelemetry::nostd::shared_ptr<opentelemetry::context::RuntimeContextStorage>(
            new CoroAwareContextStorage());
        opentelemetry::context::RuntimeContext::SetRuntimeContextStorage(storage_);
    }

    void
    TearDown() override
    {
        Telemetry::setInstance(nullptr);
        telemetry_.reset();
    }

    /**
     * @return The exporter's span buffer for the active TestTelemetry.
     */
    [[nodiscard]] std::shared_ptr<otel_memory::InMemorySpanData>
    spanData() const
    {
        return telemetry_->spanData();
    }

    /**
     * The in-memory Telemetry installed for the duration of a test.
     */
    std::unique_ptr<TestTelemetry> telemetry_;

    /**
     * The coro-aware runtime-context storage installed for the test. Kept
     * alive by the fixture so the process-global storage pointer stays valid
     * for the test body; replaced each SetUp (see class note).
     */
    opentelemetry::nostd::shared_ptr<opentelemetry::context::RuntimeContextStorage> storage_;
};

// freshRoot() must ignore the ambient active span and start a brand-new trace.
TEST_F(SpanGuardScopeTest, span_guard_fresh_root_is_true_root_ignoring_ambient)
{
    {
        // Ambient span becomes the active span on this thread.
        ScopedSpanGuard const ambient(TraceCategory::Rpc, "rpc", "command");
        ASSERT_TRUE(static_cast<bool>(ambient));

        // freshRoot must NOT inherit the ambient span as its parent.
        auto r = SpanGuard::freshRoot(TraceCategory::Peer, "peer", "validation.receive");
        ASSERT_TRUE(static_cast<bool>(r));
    }  // r ends first, then ambient's scope pops and ambient span ends.

    auto spans = spanData()->GetSpans();
    auto* ambient = findSpan(spans, "rpc.command");
    auto* root = findSpan(spans, "peer.validation.receive");
    ASSERT_NE(ambient, nullptr);
    ASSERT_NE(root, nullptr);

    // The ambient span is itself a root (first span, no parent).
    EXPECT_FALSE(ambient->GetParentSpanId().IsValid());
    EXPECT_TRUE(ambient->GetTraceId().IsValid());

    // The freshRoot span has NO parent and lives in a DIFFERENT trace.
    EXPECT_FALSE(root->GetParentSpanId().IsValid());
    EXPECT_TRUE(root->GetTraceId().IsValid());
    EXPECT_NE(root->GetTraceId(), ambient->GetTraceId());
}

// A ScopedSpanGuard is the ambient active span on its thread the moment it is
// constructed: a child created while it is alive parents to its span.
TEST_F(SpanGuardScopeTest, scoped_guard_is_ambient_on_construct)
{
    opentelemetry::trace::SpanId activeId;
    {
        ScopedSpanGuard const s(TraceCategory::Rpc, "rpc", "process");
        ASSERT_TRUE(static_cast<bool>(s));

        // While s is alive it is the active span on this thread's context.
        auto active =
            opentelemetry::trace::GetSpan(opentelemetry::context::RuntimeContext::GetCurrent())
                ->GetContext();
        ASSERT_TRUE(active.IsValid());
        activeId = active.span_id();

        // A child created here must parent to s's span, proving s is ambient.
        auto child = s.childSpan("rpc.dispatch");
        ASSERT_TRUE(static_cast<bool>(child));
    }  // child ends first, then s pops its scope and ends.

    auto spans = spanData()->GetSpans();
    auto* parent = findSpan(spans, "rpc.process");
    auto* child = findSpan(spans, "rpc.dispatch");
    ASSERT_NE(parent, nullptr);
    ASSERT_NE(child, nullptr);

    // The active span observed while s was alive WAS s's span.
    EXPECT_TRUE(activeId.IsValid());
    EXPECT_EQ(parent->GetSpanId(), activeId);

    // The child nested under s: same trace, parent = s's span.
    EXPECT_EQ(child->GetParentSpanId(), parent->GetSpanId());
    EXPECT_EQ(child->GetTraceId(), parent->GetTraceId());
}

// operator SpanGuard() && pops the Scope eagerly on the origin thread, so the
// span is no longer ambient here and the resulting thread-free guard can be
// ended on a worker thread without corrupting this thread's context stack.
TEST_F(SpanGuardScopeTest, scoped_guard_conversion_pops_scope_on_this_thread)
{
    {
        ScopedSpanGuard s(TraceCategory::Ledger, "ledger", "build");
        ASSERT_TRUE(static_cast<bool>(s));

        // Convert to a bare SpanGuard: the scope is popped here, on this thread.
        SpanGuard bare = std::move(s);
        ASSERT_TRUE(static_cast<bool>(bare));

        // The scope is gone: no span is active on this thread now.
        auto active =
            opentelemetry::trace::GetSpan(opentelemetry::context::RuntimeContext::GetCurrent())
                ->GetContext();
        EXPECT_FALSE(active.IsValid());

        // A new ambient span here is a fresh root, NOT nested under build.
        {
            ScopedSpanGuard const after(TraceCategory::Rpc, "rpc", "command");
            ASSERT_TRUE(static_cast<bool>(after));
        }

        // End the thread-free guard on a worker thread -- no crash.
        std::thread worker([g = std::move(bare)]() mutable {});
        worker.join();
    }

    auto spans = spanData()->GetSpans();
    auto* build = findSpan(spans, "ledger.build");
    auto* after = findSpan(spans, "rpc.command");
    ASSERT_NE(build, nullptr);
    ASSERT_NE(after, nullptr);

    // The span was exported exactly once, by the worker thread.
    EXPECT_EQ(countSpans(spans, "ledger.build"), 1u);

    // 'after' did NOT nest under build: fresh root, different trace.
    EXPECT_FALSE(after->GetParentSpanId().IsValid());
    EXPECT_NE(after->GetTraceId(), build->GetTraceId());
}

// The SpanGuard produced by the conversion ends the span exactly once: the
// moved-from ScopedSpanGuard must not re-end it on destruction.
TEST_F(SpanGuardScopeTest, scoped_guard_conversion_result_ends_span_once)
{
    {
        ScopedSpanGuard scoped(TraceCategory::Ledger, "ledger", "build");
        ASSERT_TRUE(static_cast<bool>(scoped));

        SpanGuard const bare = std::move(scoped);
        ASSERT_TRUE(static_cast<bool>(bare));

        // Nothing exported yet: the span is still open.
        EXPECT_EQ(countSpans(spanData()->GetSpans(), "ledger.build"), 0u);

        // 'bare' ends the span here on destruction; the moved-from 'scoped'
        // guard is destroyed too but must NOT end it a second time.
    }

    auto spans = spanData()->GetSpans();
    // Exactly one export: not zero (the guard still owns the span) and not two
    // (the moved-from scoped guard does not re-end it).
    EXPECT_EQ(countSpans(spans, "ledger.build"), 1u);
}

// A ScopedSpanGuard's scope lives in the ACTIVE LocalValue store, and the
// coro-aware storage makes the ambient context follow that store. This
// simulates a coroutine that yields (its store swapped out for the worker's
// own) then resumes on another worker (store swapped back in): the span must be
// hidden while off-store, visible again on resume, and pop cleanly under the
// same store it was pushed on -- so the owner-store assertion never trips.
//
// Fails without CoroAwareContextStorage: OpenTelemetry's default thread-local
// stack ignores the LocalValue swap, so the span would stay visible off-store
// (the EXPECT_NE below would fail). Passes only because the fixture installs the
// coro-aware storage that binds the ambient stack to the active store.
TEST_F(SpanGuardScopeTest, scoped_guard_survives_localvalue_store_swap)
{
    namespace ctx = opentelemetry::context;
    namespace trc = opentelemetry::trace;

    // Stand-in stores for the coroutine and a worker thread's own store. Both
    // are onCoro=true so LocalValues::cleanup() never deletes these stack
    // objects. Keeping a stack store active across every GetCurrent() call below
    // stops LocalValue from materializing (then leaking) a heap thread-store.
    xrpl::detail::LocalValues coroStore;
    xrpl::detail::LocalValues workerStore;

    // Detach (do NOT delete) the fixture's active store and run on the coro
    // store. A failed ASSERT_* returns from the test body, so the restore must be
    // RAII or the thread pointer keeps owning a stack store that is about to die.
    // Declared after both stack stores, so it is destroyed before either of them.
    auto* saved = xrpl::detail::getLocalValues().release();
    xrpl::ScopeExit const restoreStore{[saved]() {
        xrpl::detail::getLocalValues().release();
        xrpl::detail::getLocalValues().reset(saved);
    }};
    xrpl::detail::getLocalValues().reset(&coroStore);

    trc::SpanContext captured = trc::SpanContext::GetInvalid();
    {
        ScopedSpanGuard const span(TraceCategory::Rpc, "rpc", "process");
        ASSERT_TRUE(static_cast<bool>(span));
        auto active = trc::GetSpan(ctx::RuntimeContext::GetCurrent())->GetContext();
        ASSERT_TRUE(active.IsValid());
        captured = active;

        // Yield: swap the coro store OUT, the worker's own store IN.
        xrpl::detail::getLocalValues().release();
        xrpl::detail::getLocalValues().reset(&workerStore);
        auto offCoro = trc::GetSpan(ctx::RuntimeContext::GetCurrent())->GetContext();
        EXPECT_FALSE(offCoro.IsValid());                   // no ambient span off-coro
        EXPECT_NE(offCoro.span_id(), captured.span_id());  // span NOT visible

        // Resume on another worker: swap the coro store back IN.
        xrpl::detail::getLocalValues().release();
        xrpl::detail::getLocalValues().reset(&coroStore);
        auto resumed = trc::GetSpan(ctx::RuntimeContext::GetCurrent())->GetContext();
        EXPECT_TRUE(resumed.IsValid());                    // ambient again
        EXPECT_EQ(resumed.span_id(), captured.span_id());  // same span visible
    }  // ~ScopedSpanGuard pops from coroStore (its owner store active) -- no assert

    // The scope popped cleanly: the coro store's stack is empty again.
    auto afterPop = trc::GetSpan(ctx::RuntimeContext::GetCurrent());
    EXPECT_FALSE(afterPop->GetContext().IsValid());

    // restoreStore re-owns the fixture's store from here on: it runs on every
    // exit path, and the checks below touch no LocalValue.
    //
    // The span ended exactly once, when the scope popped on resume.
    EXPECT_EQ(countSpans(spanData()->GetSpans(), "rpc.process"), 1u);
}

// SpanGuard::activate() makes an already-owned span the ambient context for the
// activation's lifetime WITHOUT owning or ending it: before activate() the span
// is not ambient, during it the span is the current context, and after it the
// prior (empty) context is restored. ~ScopedActivation must NOT end the span --
// the owning guard ends it exactly once. Identity is proved by matching the
// ambient span_id seen during activation to the single exported span.
TEST_F(SpanGuardScopeTest, activate_sets_ambient_without_owning)
{
    namespace ctx = opentelemetry::context;
    namespace trc = opentelemetry::trace;

    auto guard = SpanGuard::freshRoot(TraceCategory::Transactions, "tx", "process");
    ASSERT_TRUE(static_cast<bool>(guard));

    // Unscoped: the guard's span is NOT ambient before activate().
    EXPECT_FALSE(trc::GetSpan(ctx::RuntimeContext::GetCurrent())->GetContext().IsValid());

    trc::SpanId activeId;
    {
        auto activation = guard.activate();
        auto active = trc::GetSpan(ctx::RuntimeContext::GetCurrent())->GetContext();
        EXPECT_TRUE(active.IsValid());  // now ambient
        activeId = active.span_id();
    }  // ~ScopedActivation pops the scope; it does NOT end the span.

    // A valid ambient span was observed while the activation was live.
    EXPECT_TRUE(activeId.IsValid());

    // Prior context restored: no ambient span after the activation drops.
    EXPECT_FALSE(trc::GetSpan(ctx::RuntimeContext::GetCurrent())->GetContext().IsValid());

    // Non-owning: the activation did NOT end the span, so nothing is exported.
    EXPECT_EQ(countSpans(spanData()->GetSpans(), "tx.process"), 0u);

    // Ending the OWNING guard exports the span exactly once.
    guard = SpanGuard{};
    auto spans = spanData()->GetSpans();
    EXPECT_EQ(countSpans(spans, "tx.process"), 1u);

    // The span made ambient during activation WAS the guard's own span.
    auto* txSpan = findSpan(spans, "tx.process");
    ASSERT_NE(txSpan, nullptr);
    EXPECT_EQ(txSpan->GetSpanId(), activeId);
}

// addEvent(name, attrs) on a LIVE span must reach the exporter with the event
// name and every attribute value intact. The overload rebuilds each pair into an
// OTel key-value-iterable, so a dropped or mistyped pair would be invisible
// without reading the exported event back. Values are asserted individually as
// well as by count: two attributes with one value blanked still counts as two.
TEST_F(SpanGuardScopeTest, span_guard_add_event_records_name_and_attribute_values)
{
    namespace cs = consensus::span;

    static constexpr std::string_view kEventName{cs::event::txIncluded};
    static constexpr std::string_view kTxIdKey{cs::attr::txId};
    static constexpr std::string_view kTxId{"6B5F1A2C3D4E5F60718293A4B5C6D7E8"};
    static constexpr std::string_view kStateKey{cs::attr::consensusState};
    static constexpr std::string_view kState{cs::val::finished};

    {
        auto guard = SpanGuard::span(TraceCategory::Consensus, seg::consensus, cs::op::acceptApply);
        ASSERT_TRUE(static_cast<bool>(guard));
        guard.addEvent(kEventName, {{kTxIdKey, kTxId}, {kStateKey, kState}});
    }  // guard ends the span, exporting it.

    auto spans = spanData()->GetSpans();
    auto* applySpan = findSpan(spans, cs::acceptApply);
    ASSERT_NE(applySpan, nullptr);

    auto const& events = applySpan->GetEvents();
    ASSERT_EQ(events.size(), 1u);
    auto const& event = events.front();

    EXPECT_EQ(event.GetName(), std::string(kEventName));
    EXPECT_EQ(event.GetAttributes().size(), 2u);
    EXPECT_EQ(event.GetDroppedAttributesCount(), 0u);
    EXPECT_EQ(eventAttribute(event, kTxIdKey), std::string(kTxId));
    EXPECT_EQ(eventAttribute(event, kStateKey), std::string(kState));
}

// The name-only overload records the event with NO attributes, so a regression
// that leaked attributes between the two overloads shows up here rather than as
// an extra key on a production event.
TEST_F(SpanGuardScopeTest, span_guard_add_event_without_attributes_records_bare_event)
{
    namespace cs = consensus::span;

    static constexpr std::string_view kEventName{cs::event::phaseAccepted};

    {
        auto guard = SpanGuard::span(TraceCategory::Consensus, seg::consensus, cs::op::round);
        ASSERT_TRUE(static_cast<bool>(guard));
        guard.addEvent(kEventName);
    }

    auto spans = spanData()->GetSpans();
    auto* roundSpan = findSpan(spans, cs::round);
    ASSERT_NE(roundSpan, nullptr);

    auto const& events = roundSpan->GetEvents();
    ASSERT_EQ(events.size(), 1u);
    EXPECT_EQ(events.front().GetName(), std::string(kEventName));
    EXPECT_EQ(events.front().GetAttributes().size(), 0u);
}

// The scoped guard records event attributes too. consensus.accept.apply relies
// on it for one tx.included event per transaction of the accepted set.
TEST_F(SpanGuardScopeTest, scoped_guard_add_event_records_name_and_attribute_values)
{
    namespace cs = consensus::span;

    static constexpr std::string_view kEventName{cs::event::txIncluded};
    static constexpr std::string_view kTxIdKey{cs::attr::txId};
    static constexpr std::string_view kTxId{"6B5F1A2C3D4E5F60718293A4B5C6D7E8"};

    {
        ScopedSpanGuard guard(TraceCategory::Consensus, seg::consensus, cs::op::acceptApply);
        ASSERT_TRUE(static_cast<bool>(guard));
        guard.addEvent(kEventName, {{kTxIdKey, kTxId}});
    }

    auto spans = spanData()->GetSpans();
    auto* applySpan = findSpan(spans, cs::acceptApply);
    ASSERT_NE(applySpan, nullptr);

    auto const& events = applySpan->GetEvents();
    ASSERT_EQ(events.size(), 1u);
    EXPECT_EQ(events.front().GetName(), std::string(kEventName));
    EXPECT_EQ(events.front().GetAttributes().size(), 1u);
    EXPECT_EQ(eventAttribute(events.front(), kTxIdKey), std::string(kTxId));
}

// A scoped child of a captured context is the ambient parent of the spans
// created after it on the same thread. A hash-derived root created inside that
// scope stays a root. consensus.accept.apply relies on both.
TEST_F(SpanGuardScopeTest, scoped_child_of_captured_context_is_ambient_for_later_spans)
{
    namespace cs = consensus::span;

    auto const h = makeTraceIdBytes();
    {
        // consensus.accept: unscoped, thread-free, context captured.
        auto accept =
            SpanGuard::freshRoot(TraceCategory::Consensus, seg::consensus, cs::op::accept);
        ASSERT_TRUE(static_cast<bool>(accept));
        auto const acceptCtx = accept.spanContext();

        // consensus.accept.apply: scoped child of that context.
        ScopedSpanGuard const apply = ScopedSpanGuard::childSpan(cs::acceptApply, acceptCtx);
        ASSERT_TRUE(static_cast<bool>(apply));

        // ledger.build: a plain ambient scoped guard.
        {
            ScopedSpanGuard const build(TraceCategory::Ledger, seg::ledger, "build");
            ASSERT_TRUE(static_cast<bool>(build));
        }

        // ledger.store: hash-derived, so a deterministic root.
        {
            auto store =
                SpanGuard::hashSpan(TraceCategory::Ledger, "ledger.store", h.data(), h.size());
            ASSERT_TRUE(static_cast<bool>(store));
        }
    }

    auto spans = spanData()->GetSpans();
    auto* accept = findSpan(spans, cs::accept);
    auto* apply = findSpan(spans, cs::acceptApply);
    auto* build = findSpan(spans, "ledger.build");
    auto* store = findSpan(spans, "ledger.store");
    ASSERT_NE(accept, nullptr);
    ASSERT_NE(apply, nullptr);
    ASSERT_NE(build, nullptr);
    ASSERT_NE(store, nullptr);

    EXPECT_EQ(apply->GetParentSpanId(), accept->GetSpanId());
    // build nests under apply, not beside it.
    EXPECT_EQ(build->GetParentSpanId(), apply->GetSpanId());
    EXPECT_EQ(build->GetTraceId(), apply->GetTraceId());
    // The hash-derived span is a root on its own pinned trace id.
    EXPECT_FALSE(store->GetParentSpanId().IsValid());
    EXPECT_TRUE(std::ranges::equal(store->GetTraceId().Id(), h));
}

// A forced-root span started while a PendingTraceId is active adopts that
// pinned 16-byte trace_id and remains a true root (no parent).
TEST_F(SpanGuardScopeTest, deterministic_id_generator_forced_root_gets_pending_trace_id)
{
    auto const h = makeTraceIdBytes();
    {
        PendingTraceId const pending{h};
        auto rootCtx = opentelemetry::context::Context{opentelemetry::trace::kIsRootSpanKey, true};
        auto span =
            telemetry_->startSpan("tx.receive", rootCtx, opentelemetry::trace::SpanKind::kInternal);
        span->End();
    }  // ~PendingTraceId asserts the id was consumed.

    auto spans = spanData()->GetSpans();
    ASSERT_EQ(spans.size(), 1u);
    // trace_id == the pinned hash.
    EXPECT_EQ(std::memcmp(spans[0]->GetTraceId().Id().data(), h.data(), 16), 0);
    // TRUE ROOT: no parent.
    EXPECT_FALSE(spans[0]->GetParentSpanId().IsValid());
}

// A forced-root span with NO PendingTraceId gets a random (non-zero) trace_id,
// never the deterministic hash -- the safety property when no id is pinned.
TEST_F(SpanGuardScopeTest, deterministic_id_generator_no_pending_gives_random_root)
{
    auto const h = makeTraceIdBytes();
    {
        auto rootCtx = opentelemetry::context::Context{opentelemetry::trace::kIsRootSpanKey, true};
        auto span =
            telemetry_->startSpan("tx.receive", rootCtx, opentelemetry::trace::SpanKind::kInternal);
        span->End();
    }

    auto spans = spanData()->GetSpans();
    ASSERT_EQ(spans.size(), 1u);
    // Random root: valid (non-zero) trace_id...
    EXPECT_TRUE(spans[0]->GetTraceId().IsValid());
    // ...and NOT the deterministic hash (no pending id leaked in).
    EXPECT_NE(std::memcmp(spans[0]->GetTraceId().Id().data(), h.data(), 16), 0);
    EXPECT_FALSE(spans[0]->GetParentSpanId().IsValid());
}

// SAFETY: an ambient child under a live parent never adopts a pending id. The
// SDK inherits the parent's trace_id and never calls GenerateTraceId() for the
// child, so the pinned id stays available -- proven here by a trailing
// forced-root span that DOES adopt it (which also consumes the id so
// ~PendingTraceId's consumed-assert holds; see the report for this choice).
TEST_F(SpanGuardScopeTest, deterministic_id_generator_ambient_child_ignores_pending)
{
    auto const h = makeTraceIdBytes();
    {
        // Ambient parent (a random-id root) active on this thread FIRST, before
        // any id is pinned, so the parent itself does not consume it.
        ScopedSpanGuard const parent(TraceCategory::Rpc, "rpc", "process");
        ASSERT_TRUE(static_cast<bool>(parent));

        // Pin the id, then start an ambient child under the live parent.
        PendingTraceId const pending{h};

        // The child has a valid parent, so the SDK inherits the parent's
        // trace_id and never calls GenerateTraceId(): the pending id is ignored.
        {
            auto child = parent.childSpan("rpc.dispatch");
            ASSERT_TRUE(static_cast<bool>(child));
        }

        // Consume the pinned id with a real forced-root span (its intended use),
        // so ~PendingTraceId sees the id as consumed. Its trace_id == h.
        {
            auto rootCtx =
                opentelemetry::context::Context{opentelemetry::trace::kIsRootSpanKey, true};
            auto root = telemetry_->startSpan(
                "tx.receive", rootCtx, opentelemetry::trace::SpanKind::kInternal);
            root->End();
        }
    }  // ~PendingTraceId: consumed == true, assert holds; then parent ends.

    auto spans = spanData()->GetSpans();
    auto* parent = findSpan(spans, "rpc.process");
    auto* child = findSpan(spans, "rpc.dispatch");
    auto* root = findSpan(spans, "tx.receive");
    ASSERT_NE(parent, nullptr);
    ASSERT_NE(child, nullptr);
    ASSERT_NE(root, nullptr);

    // The ambient child inherited the parent's trace and did NOT adopt h.
    EXPECT_EQ(child->GetTraceId(), parent->GetTraceId());
    EXPECT_EQ(child->GetParentSpanId(), parent->GetSpanId());
    EXPECT_NE(std::memcmp(child->GetTraceId().Id().data(), h.data(), 16), 0);

    // The forced-root span DID adopt the pinned id: proof the id was available
    // the whole time -- the ambient child simply never requested it.
    EXPECT_EQ(std::memcmp(root->GetTraceId().Id().data(), h.data(), 16), 0);
    EXPECT_FALSE(root->GetParentSpanId().IsValid());
}

// Death test guarding the cross-store scope-leak bug on ScopedSpanGuard.
//
// A ScopedSpanGuard's Scope is bound to the LocalValue context store that was
// active when it was constructed, so it must be destroyed while that same store
// is active. A different thread has a different LocalValue store, so destroying
// the guard on another thread pops the Scope against a foreign context stack --
// ~ScopedSpanGuard's owner-store XRPL_ASSERT turns that silent corruption into a
// loud abort(). ScopedSpanGuard is non-movable, so it cannot be moved into a
// worker directly; instead we own it through a unique_ptr and move only that
// pointer to a worker thread, whose store differs from this thread's.
//
// The death happens on the WORKER thread (the moved-in unique_ptr is destroyed
// when the worker lambda's captures are torn down, before worker.join()
// completes). A failed assert() calls abort(), which raises SIGABRT
// process-wide regardless of thread, so EXPECT_DEATH -- which runs the
// statement in a forked child and checks it dies -- observes the crash. The
// regex matches the assert message substring; the assert message is written as
// two adjacent string literals in SpanGuard.cpp, so the ".*" bridges the gap
// between "the" and "constructing".
//
// The test is skipped where the assertion cannot fire: under NDEBUG (Release
// builds) XRPL_ASSERT is a no-op, and under ENABLE_VOIDSTAR a failed assert
// continues instead of aborting -- in both cases the worker would not crash and
// EXPECT_DEATH would report a spurious failure.
TEST_F(SpanGuardScopeTest, scoped_guard_cross_thread_death_asserts_at_wrong_store_destroy)
{
#ifdef NDEBUG
    GTEST_SKIP() << "XRPL_ASSERT compiles to a no-op under NDEBUG (Release builds), so the "
                    "cross-store scope-leak assertion this test exercises does not fire.";
#elifdef ENABLE_VOIDSTAR
    GTEST_SKIP() << "ENABLE_VOIDSTAR continues past a failed XRPL_ASSERT instead of aborting, so "
                    "the cross-store scope-leak assertion this test exercises does not crash.";
#else
    EXPECT_DEATH(
        {
            // Scoped guard constructed on THIS thread; its Scope binds to this
            // thread's LocalValue store.
            auto scoped =
                std::make_unique<ScopedSpanGuard>(TraceCategory::Ledger, "ledger", "build");

            // Move only the owning pointer to a worker. ~ScopedSpanGuard runs on
            // the worker when the lambda's captures are destroyed; the worker's
            // store differs from the constructing store, tripping the owner-store
            // assertion -> abort().
            std::thread worker([s = std::move(scoped)]() mutable {});
            worker.join();
        },
        // The assert message is written as two adjacent string literals in
        // SpanGuard.cpp; assert() stringifies the expression source via the
        // preprocessor '#' operator, keeping both quoted literals with the
        // "\" \"" gap between "the" and "constructing". Match across that gap.
        ".*destroyed on.*constructing context store.*");
#endif
}

// ===========================================================================
// Per-ledger trace join
// ===========================================================================
//
// One ledger's spans are produced on threads that share no context:
// ledger.acquire on a JtLedgerData worker, ledger.validate from whichever thread
// enters LedgerMaster::checkAccept (a peer thread via handleNewValidation, the
// acquire-completion job, or the consensus thread via switchLCL),
// consensus.validation.accept from a validation worker, ledger.store from a
// fourth. No ambient context reaches across those boundaries, so without an
// explicit join each would be its own single-span trace and a slow ledger could
// not be read as one unit.
//
// The join derives the trace id from the ledger hash, which every one of those
// sites already holds. The whole contract is therefore: spans built from the
// SAME hash share a trace id, spans built from DIFFERENT hashes do not, and each
// is a true root rather than hanging off an unrelated ambient parent. That is a
// property of hashSpan plus the key, with no LedgerMaster state involved, so it
// is asserted here against the same in-memory exporter the tests above use.
//
// The production call site (LedgerMaster::makeLedgerTraceSpan) cannot be called
// from this binary, which links libxrpl and not xrpld. What it adds over the raw
// factory is two attributes and the arguments it forwards; the causality
// property the emitters depend on, and that no compiler enforces, is the one
// asserted here.

/**
 * Build a distinct 32-byte stand-in for a ledger hash.
 *
 * Full width on purpose: the emitters pass the whole 32-byte hash and hashSpan
 * consumes the first 16, so a 32-byte input is what the real call looks like.
 * The seed varies the FIRST byte, inside the 16 that become the trace id, so two
 * seeds really do produce two trace ids -- a seed placed in the tail would be
 * truncated away and the difference assertion would pass for the wrong reason.
 *
 * @param seed Distinguishes one fake ledger from another.
 * @return 32 bytes whose leading 16 differ whenever the seed differs.
 */
std::array<std::uint8_t, 32>
makeLedgerHashBytes(std::uint8_t seed)
{
    std::array<std::uint8_t, 32> h{};
    for (std::size_t i = 0; i < h.size(); ++i)
        h[i] = static_cast<std::uint8_t>(seed + i);
    return h;
}

// THE CONTRACT, positive half: three stages of one ledger, created
// independently, all land in ONE trace whose id IS the ledger hash. This is what
// makes a slow ledger readable as one connected trace instead of three orphans.
TEST_F(SpanGuardScopeTest, ledger_join_same_hash_puts_every_stage_in_one_trace)
{
    auto const h = makeLedgerHashBytes(0x11);
    {
        // Deliberately not nested and not in pipeline order: each stage is built
        // on its own, exactly as the three emitters do on three threads.
        auto acquire =
            SpanGuard::hashSpan(TraceCategory::Ledger, "ledger.acquire", h.data(), h.size());
        auto validate =
            SpanGuard::hashSpan(TraceCategory::Ledger, "ledger.validate", h.data(), h.size());
        auto store = SpanGuard::hashSpan(TraceCategory::Ledger, "ledger.store", h.data(), h.size());
        ASSERT_TRUE(static_cast<bool>(acquire));
        ASSERT_TRUE(static_cast<bool>(validate));
        ASSERT_TRUE(static_cast<bool>(store));
    }

    auto spans = spanData()->GetSpans();
    ASSERT_EQ(spans.size(), 3u);

    auto* acquire = findSpan(spans, "ledger.acquire");
    auto* validate = findSpan(spans, "ledger.validate");
    auto* store = findSpan(spans, "ledger.store");
    ASSERT_NE(acquire, nullptr);
    ASSERT_NE(validate, nullptr);
    ASSERT_NE(store, nullptr);

    // ONE trace: every stage shares the trace id. This is the whole point.
    EXPECT_EQ(validate->GetTraceId(), acquire->GetTraceId());
    EXPECT_EQ(store->GetTraceId(), acquire->GetTraceId());

    // And the trace id IS the key's first 16 bytes -- not merely equal to each
    // other by chance. That is what lets an operator go from a ledger hash to
    // its trace and back.
    EXPECT_EQ(std::memcmp(acquire->GetTraceId().Id().data(), h.data(), 16), 0);

    // Still three DISTINCT spans, not one span reused.
    EXPECT_NE(acquire->GetSpanId(), validate->GetSpanId());
    EXPECT_NE(validate->GetSpanId(), store->GetSpanId());
}

// THE CONTRACT, negative half: two different ledgers must never share a trace.
// Without this the join would be useless -- a single trace would accumulate
// every ledger the node ever touched.
TEST_F(SpanGuardScopeTest, ledger_join_different_hashes_never_share_a_trace)
{
    auto const first = makeLedgerHashBytes(0x20);
    auto const second = makeLedgerHashBytes(0x60);
    {
        auto a = SpanGuard::hashSpan(
            TraceCategory::Ledger, "ledger.validate", first.data(), first.size());
        auto b = SpanGuard::hashSpan(
            TraceCategory::Ledger, "ledger.store", second.data(), second.size());
        ASSERT_TRUE(static_cast<bool>(a));
        ASSERT_TRUE(static_cast<bool>(b));
    }

    auto spans = spanData()->GetSpans();
    ASSERT_EQ(spans.size(), 2u);
    auto* a = findSpan(spans, "ledger.validate");
    auto* b = findSpan(spans, "ledger.store");
    ASSERT_NE(a, nullptr);
    ASSERT_NE(b, nullptr);

    EXPECT_NE(a->GetTraceId(), b->GetTraceId());
    // Each still matches its OWN key, so they are separate because the keys
    // differ, not because one of them failed to adopt its hash at all.
    EXPECT_EQ(std::memcmp(a->GetTraceId().Id().data(), first.data(), 16), 0);
    EXPECT_EQ(std::memcmp(b->GetTraceId().Id().data(), second.data(), 16), 0);
}

// A joined span is a TRUE ROOT, never a child of whatever was active on the
// emitting thread. checkAccept is entered from a peer thread, from the
// acquire-completion job and from the consensus thread; if the span inherited an
// ambient parent it would be swallowed into an unrelated trace on some of those
// paths and its trace id would no longer be the ledger hash.
TEST_F(SpanGuardScopeTest, ledger_join_ignores_an_ambient_parent)
{
    auto const h = makeLedgerHashBytes(0x33);
    {
        // An unrelated span active on this thread: the situation on a reused
        // job-queue worker.
        ScopedSpanGuard const ambient(TraceCategory::Rpc, "rpc", "command");
        ASSERT_TRUE(static_cast<bool>(ambient));

        auto joined =
            SpanGuard::hashSpan(TraceCategory::Ledger, "ledger.validate", h.data(), h.size());
        ASSERT_TRUE(static_cast<bool>(joined));
    }

    auto spans = spanData()->GetSpans();
    auto* ambientSpan = findSpan(spans, "rpc.command");
    auto* joined = findSpan(spans, "ledger.validate");
    ASSERT_NE(ambientSpan, nullptr);
    ASSERT_NE(joined, nullptr);

    // No parent, and NOT in the ambient span's trace.
    EXPECT_FALSE(joined->GetParentSpanId().IsValid());
    EXPECT_NE(joined->GetTraceId(), ambientSpan->GetTraceId());
    // The deterministic id survived: the ambient span did not displace it.
    EXPECT_EQ(std::memcmp(joined->GetTraceId().Id().data(), h.data(), 16), 0);
}

// The validation-accept span joins the trace of the ledger it validates, so
// "which validation drove this acceptance, and how long did the acceptance take"
// is one trace. It is keyed on the VALIDATED ledger hash -- the key
// ledger.validate uses -- and deliberately NOT on the previous-ledger hash that
// seeds the consensus round trace, which stays a separate trace.
TEST_F(SpanGuardScopeTest, ledger_join_validation_accept_joins_the_validated_ledger)
{
    auto const validated = makeLedgerHashBytes(0x41);
    auto const previous = makeLedgerHashBytes(0x81);
    {
        auto validation = SpanGuard::hashSpan(
            TraceCategory::Ledger,
            "consensus.validation.accept",
            validated.data(),
            validated.size());
        auto accept = SpanGuard::hashSpan(
            TraceCategory::Ledger, "ledger.validate", validated.data(), validated.size());
        // The round trace, seeded on the PREVIOUS ledger: a different trace.
        auto round = SpanGuard::hashSpan(
            TraceCategory::Consensus, "consensus.round", previous.data(), previous.size());
        ASSERT_TRUE(static_cast<bool>(validation));
        ASSERT_TRUE(static_cast<bool>(accept));
        ASSERT_TRUE(static_cast<bool>(round));
    }

    auto spans = spanData()->GetSpans();
    auto* validation = findSpan(spans, "consensus.validation.accept");
    auto* accept = findSpan(spans, "ledger.validate");
    auto* round = findSpan(spans, "consensus.round");
    ASSERT_NE(validation, nullptr);
    ASSERT_NE(accept, nullptr);
    ASSERT_NE(round, nullptr);

    // Joined to the acceptance of the ledger it validates...
    EXPECT_EQ(validation->GetTraceId(), accept->GetTraceId());
    // ...and separate from the round trace, which is keyed on another ledger.
    EXPECT_NE(validation->GetTraceId(), round->GetTraceId());
}

// A key SHORTER than 16 bytes cannot seed a trace id, so hashSpan yields a null
// guard rather than a span in a garbage trace. The emitters always pass a full
// 32-byte hash, so this is the guard rail: a truncated key degrades to "no span"
// instead of to a wrong join.
TEST_F(SpanGuardScopeTest, ledger_join_too_short_a_key_yields_no_span)
{
    std::array<std::uint8_t, 8> const tooShort{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8};
    auto span = SpanGuard::hashSpan(
        TraceCategory::Ledger, "ledger.validate", tooShort.data(), tooShort.size());
    EXPECT_FALSE(static_cast<bool>(span));

    // Nothing exported at all, rather than a span carrying an invalid trace id.
    EXPECT_EQ(spanData()->GetSpans().size(), 0u);
}

// DISABLED PATH: with no Telemetry instance installed the join is a no-op that
// still compiles and returns a usable null guard, which is why
// LedgerMaster::makeLedgerTraceSpan needs no #ifdef or enabled-check of its own.
// Not a fixture test: the point is that NO instance is installed.
TEST(SpanGuardLedgerJoinDisabled, join_is_a_no_op_when_telemetry_is_absent)
{
    Telemetry::setInstance(nullptr);

    auto const h = makeLedgerHashBytes(0x55);
    auto span = SpanGuard::hashSpan(TraceCategory::Ledger, "ledger.validate", h.data(), h.size());

    // Null guard, and its whole surface is still safe to drive.
    EXPECT_FALSE(static_cast<bool>(span));
    span.setAttribute("ledger_hash", "deadbeef");
    span.setAttribute("ledger_seq", static_cast<std::int64_t>(42));
    span.setOk();
    // It yields no context either, so no caller can build a child in a bogus
    // trace off the back of it.
    EXPECT_FALSE(span.spanContext().isValid());
}

}  // namespace
}  // namespace xrpl::telemetry

#endif  // XRPL_ENABLE_TELEMETRY