Remove beast::typeName

Replace Beast's demangling wrapper (originally by @HowardHinnant)
with calls to `boost::core::type_name`, eliminating the low-level
dependency and manual memory management from the codebase.

API-CHANGELOG.md

@@ -30,6 +30,11 @@ Version 3.5.0 is not yet released.
 
 - `subscribe`, `unsubscribe`: Added an optional `mpt_issuances` request field, an array of MPT issuance IDs (hex strings). Subscribers receive a message with `type` `mptTransaction` for each validated transaction whose metadata affects a subscribed issuance; the message has the same fields as the `transactions` stream. MPT issuance subscriptions count toward the per-connection subscription limit. An empty array, a non-array value, or an invalid ID returns `invalidParams`. ([#5671](https://github.com/XRPLF/rippled/pull/5671))
 
+### Bugfixes in 3.5.0
+
+- `channel_authorize`: The `channel_id` field now returns an `invalidParams` error if the value is not a string. [#7582](https://github.com/XRPLF/rippled/pull/7582)
+- `channel_verify`: The `channel_id` and `signature` fields now return an `invalidParams` error if the value is not a string. [#7582](https://github.com/XRPLF/rippled/pull/7582)
+
 ## XRP Ledger server version 3.4.0
 
 Version 3.4.0 is not yet released. These changes are available in the 3.4.0 beta releases.

flake.lock

@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@
   "nodes": {
     "nixpkgs": {
       "locked": {
-        "lastModified": 1781173989,
+        "lastModified": 1791130267,
-        "narHash": "sha256-fnzKKPvS+oieI/pTzotA5tkoM47EB1NpaBcgk4R97hE=",
+        "narHash": "sha256-1sjwcQMcgAbmiip/VivBSiK8p2bTkQGOvCuO7vnwfx4=",
         "owner": "NixOS",
         "repo": "nixpkgs",
-        "rev": "8c91a71d13451abc40eb9dae8910f972f979852f",
+        "rev": "9013764fcc0ea99fa16cf7aa7decf8a5c3889dd2",
         "type": "github"
       },
       "original": {
@@ -47,11 +47,11 @@
         ]
       },
       "locked": {
-        "lastModified": 1784611586,
+        "lastModified": 1791189933,
-        "narHash": "sha256-OfqgY+0hp/zseZB7uyH0U8kIDPS4scZZCyAurEplvG0=",
+        "narHash": "sha256-Y8eN7ki0Urx4Ojf4w1xSpWg8uk/3lJqK+E0Oth77rH0=",
         "owner": "oxalica",
         "repo": "rust-overlay",
-        "rev": "14f58845249f3552a89b07772626b8d3c632fa86",
+        "rev": "e60029353d0c48d216bc4b065168ccd4079c166f",
         "type": "github"
       },
       "original": {

include/xrpl/basics/CountedObject.h

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #pragma once
 
-#include <xrpl/beast/type_name.h>
+#include <boost/core/type_name.hpp>
 
 #include <atomic>
 #include <string>
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ private:
     static auto&
     getCounter() noexcept
     {
-        static CountedObjects::Counter kC{beast::typeName<Object>()};
+        static CountedObjects::Counter kC{boost::core::type_name<Object>()};
         return kC;
     }
 

include/xrpl/basics/SlabAllocator.h

@@ -3,11 +3,11 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include <xrpl/basics/ByteUtilities.h>
-#include <xrpl/beast/type_name.h>
 #include <xrpl/beast/utility/instrumentation.h>
 
 #include <boost/align.hpp>
 #include <boost/container/static_vector.hpp>
+#include <boost/core/type_name.hpp>
 #include <boost/predef.h>
 
 #include <algorithm>
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 #include <cstring>
 #include <mutex>
 #include <stdexcept>
+#include <typeinfo>
 #include <vector>
 
 #if BOOST_OS_LINUX
@@ -335,7 +336,7 @@ public:
                 }) != cfg.end())
         {
             throw std::runtime_error(
-                "SlabAllocatorSet<" + beast::typeName<Type>() + ">: duplicate slab size");
+                "SlabAllocatorSet<" + boost::core::type_name<Type>() + ">: duplicate slab size");
         }
 
         for (auto const& c : cfg)

include/xrpl/basics/contract.h

@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include <xrpl/basics/sanitizers.h>
-#include <xrpl/beast/type_name.h>
+
+#include <boost/core/type_name.hpp>
 
 #include <exception>
 #include <string>
@@ -55,7 +56,7 @@ Throw(Args&&... args)
         std::is_convertible_v<E*, std::exception*>, "Exception must derive from std::exception.");
 
     E e(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
-    logThrow(std::string("Throwing exception of type " + beast::typeName<E>() + ": ") + e.what());
+    logThrow("Throwing exception of type " + boost::core::type_name<E>() + ": " + e.what());
     throw std::move(e);
 }
 

include/xrpl/basics/enum_bitops.h

@@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <concepts>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <utility>
+
+namespace xrpl {
+
+/**
+ * Opt-in bitwise operators for scoped enumerations.
+ *
+ * Provides `&`, `|`, `^`, `~` and the corresponding compound assignment forms
+ * for any scoped enumeration with an unsigned underlying type that opts in by
+ * specializing @ref OptIn:
+ *
+ * @code
+ * namespace xrpl {
+ *
+ * enum class MyFlags : std::uint32_t { a = 1, b = 2, c = 4 };
+ *
+ * template <>
+ * struct enum_bitops::OptIn<MyFlags> : std::true_type {};
+ *
+ * }  // namespace xrpl
+ * @endcode
+ *
+ * The operators are constexpr and noexcept, and return the enumeration type.
+ *
+ * @par Where the specialization may be declared
+ *   In namespace xrpl, or at global scope with full qualification, and after
+ *   the enumeration is defined but before the operators are first used. This
+ *   cannot be done in a nested namespace or at class scope; for enumerations
+ *   nested in a class this means after the class definition.
+ *
+ * @par Where the operators are found
+ *   The operators are declared in namespace xrpl, so argument-dependent lookup
+ *   will find them only for enumerations declared in xrpl or nested in a class
+ *   declared directly in xrpl. Enumerations in a nested namespace will only be
+ *   found from code inside xrpl, and only if no enclosing scope declares an
+ *   operator of the same name; elsewhere they require using-declarations.
+ */
+namespace enum_bitops {
+
+/**
+ * Types that may be opted in to the bitwise operators.
+ *
+ * Satisfied by a scoped enumeration whose underlying type is an unsigned
+ * integer type.
+ *
+ * @tparam T The type to test.
+ */
+template <typename T>
+concept Eligible = std::is_scoped_enum_v<T> && std::unsigned_integral<std::underlying_type_t<T>>;
+
+/**
+ * Opt-in switch for the bitwise operators.
+ *
+ * The primary template derives from std::false_type. Specialize it to derive
+ * from std::true_type to enable the operators for an @ref Eligible enumeration.
+ *
+ * @tparam T The scoped enumeration to opt in.
+ */
+template <Eligible T>
+struct OptIn : std::false_type
+{
+};
+
+/**
+ * Enumerations for which the bitwise operators are enabled.
+ *
+ * Satisfied when @p T satisfies @ref Eligible and @ref OptIn has been
+ * specialized for it to derive from std::true_type.
+ *
+ * @tparam T The type to test.
+ */
+template <typename T>
+concept Candidate = Eligible<T> && OptIn<T>::value;
+
+}  // namespace enum_bitops
+
+// These are declared in xrpl, not in enum_bitops, so that argument-dependent
+// lookup finds them for enumerations whose associated namespace is xrpl.
+
+/**
+ * @name Bitwise operators for opted-in scoped enumerations
+ *
+ * Each operator applies the corresponding built-in operator to the
+ * underlying values and converts the result back to the enumeration type.
+ * Both operands must have the same enumeration type; there is no implicit
+ * conversion to or from the underlying type.
+ */
+/** @{ */
+
+/**
+ * Bitwise AND.
+ *
+ * @param lhs The left operand.
+ * @param rhs The right operand.
+ * @return The bits set in both @p lhs and @p rhs.
+ */
+template <enum_bitops::Candidate T>
+constexpr T
+operator&(T lhs, T rhs) noexcept
+{
+    return static_cast<T>(std::to_underlying(lhs) & std::to_underlying(rhs));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Bitwise OR.
+ *
+ * @param lhs The left operand.
+ * @param rhs The right operand.
+ * @return The bits set in @p lhs, in @p rhs, or in both.
+ */
+template <enum_bitops::Candidate T>
+constexpr T
+operator|(T lhs, T rhs) noexcept
+{
+    return static_cast<T>(std::to_underlying(lhs) | std::to_underlying(rhs));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Bitwise exclusive OR.
+ *
+ * @param lhs The left operand.
+ * @param rhs The right operand.
+ * @return The bits set in exactly one of @p lhs and @p rhs.
+ */
+template <enum_bitops::Candidate T>
+constexpr T
+operator^(T lhs, T rhs) noexcept
+{
+    return static_cast<T>(std::to_underlying(lhs) ^ std::to_underlying(rhs));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Bitwise complement.
+ *
+ * The result has every bit of the underlying type that is clear in
+ * @p val, including bits that no enumerator names. It is intended for
+ * clearing flags, as in `flags & ~flag`.
+ *
+ * @param val The operand.
+ * @return The complement of @p val.
+ */
+template <enum_bitops::Candidate T>
+constexpr T
+operator~(T val) noexcept
+{
+    return static_cast<T>(~std::to_underlying(val));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Bitwise AND assignment.
+ *
+ * @param lhs The value to modify.
+ * @param rhs The right operand.
+ * @return A reference to @p lhs.
+ */
+template <enum_bitops::Candidate T>
+constexpr T&
+operator&=(T& lhs, T rhs) noexcept
+{
+    lhs = lhs & rhs;
+    return lhs;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Bitwise OR assignment.
+ *
+ * @param lhs The value to modify.
+ * @param rhs The right operand.
+ * @return A reference to @p lhs.
+ */
+template <enum_bitops::Candidate T>
+constexpr T&
+operator|=(T& lhs, T rhs) noexcept
+{
+    lhs = lhs | rhs;
+    return lhs;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Bitwise exclusive OR assignment.
+ *
+ * @param lhs The value to modify.
+ * @param rhs The right operand.
+ * @return A reference to @p lhs.
+ */
+template <enum_bitops::Candidate T>
+constexpr T&
+operator^=(T& lhs, T rhs) noexcept
+{
+    lhs = lhs ^ rhs;
+    return lhs;
+}
+
+/** @} */
+
+}  // namespace xrpl

include/xrpl/basics/safe_cast.h

@@ -2,107 +2,212 @@
 
 #include <xrpl/beast/utility/instrumentation.h>  // IWYU pragma: keep
 
+#include <concepts>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <limits>
+#include <memory>
 #include <type_traits>
+#include <utility>
 
 namespace xrpl {
 
-// safe_cast adds compile-time checks to a static_cast to ensure that
+/** Every value of @p Src can be represented by @p Dest.
-// the destination can hold all values of the source.  This is particularly
-// handy when the source or destination is an enumeration type.
 
-template <class Src, class Dest>
+    Given two integral types, the cast is safe when the destination can
-concept SafeToCast = (std::is_integral_v<Src> && std::is_integral_v<Dest>) &&
+    hold every possible value of the source.
-    (std::is_signed_v<Src> || std::is_unsigned_v<Dest>) &&
-    (std::is_signed_v<Src> != std::is_signed_v<Dest> ? sizeof(Dest) > sizeof(Src)
-                                                     : sizeof(Dest) >= sizeof(Src));
 
-template <class Dest, class Src>
+    Comparing the bounds requires care: we use @c std::cmp_less_equal and
+    @c std::cmp_greater_equal; the plain relational operators would apply
+    arithmetic conversions, resulting in incorrect results when comparing
+    across signedness.
+
+    Because @c std::cmp_* requires standard signed or unsigned integer
+    arguments, which excludes character types and bool, we first widen
+    all type bounds to the maximum-width integer type while preserving
+    signedness.
+
+    @note Extended integer types, like __int128 on gcc, cannot be safely
+          widened to a standard integer type, so the concept will reject
+          them.
+*/
+template <typename Src, typename Dest>
+concept SafeToCast = std::is_integral_v<Src> && std::is_integral_v<Dest> && []() consteval {
+    using WideSrc = std::conditional_t<std::is_signed_v<Src>, std::intmax_t, std::uintmax_t>;
+    using WideDest = std::conditional_t<std::is_signed_v<Dest>, std::intmax_t, std::uintmax_t>;
+
+    // Note: this guard must be an evaluated branch, and not a
+    // static_assert. The lambda body is outside the immediate
+    // context, so a substitution-time failure here would be a
+    // hard error rather than leaving the concept unsatisfied.
+    if constexpr (sizeof(Src) > sizeof(WideSrc) || sizeof(Dest) > sizeof(WideDest))
+    {
+        return false;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        return std::cmp_less_equal(
+                   static_cast<WideDest>(std::numeric_limits<Dest>::min()),
+                   static_cast<WideSrc>(std::numeric_limits<Src>::min())) &&
+            std::cmp_greater_equal(
+                   static_cast<WideDest>(std::numeric_limits<Dest>::max()),
+                   static_cast<WideSrc>(std::numeric_limits<Src>::max()));
+    }
+}();
+
+/** Compile-time-checked static_cast that rejects non-value preserving casts.
+
+    @note There is deliberately no enum-to-enum overload, and no overload
+          returning the underlying type of an enum. For the latter, use
+          @c std::to_underlying.
+*/
+/** @{ */
+template <typename Dest, typename Src>
+    requires(std::is_integral_v<Dest> && std::is_integral_v<Src>)
 constexpr Dest
 safeCast(Src s) noexcept
-    requires(std::is_integral_v<Dest> && std::is_integral_v<Src>)
 {
     static_assert(
-        std::is_signed_v<Dest> || std::is_unsigned_v<Src>, "Cannot cast signed to unsigned");
+        SafeToCast<Src, Dest>, "This cast is not value-preserving. Please use unsafeCast instead.");
-    constexpr unsigned kNotSame = std::is_signed_v<Dest> != std::is_signed_v<Src>;
-    static_assert(
-        sizeof(Dest) >= sizeof(Src) + kNotSame,
-        "Destination is too small to hold all values of source");
     return static_cast<Dest>(s);
 }
 
-template <class Dest, class Src>
+template <typename Dest, typename Src>
+    requires(std::is_enum_v<Dest> && std::is_integral_v<Src>)
 constexpr Dest
 safeCast(Src s) noexcept
-    requires(std::is_enum_v<Dest> && std::is_integral_v<Src>)
 {
     return static_cast<Dest>(safeCast<std::underlying_type_t<Dest>>(s));
 }
 
-template <class Dest, class Src>
+template <typename Dest, typename Src>
+    requires(std::is_integral_v<Dest> && std::is_enum_v<Src>)
 constexpr Dest
 safeCast(Src s) noexcept
-    requires(std::is_integral_v<Dest> && std::is_enum_v<Src>)
 {
-    return safeCast<Dest>(static_cast<std::underlying_type_t<Src>>(s));
+    return safeCast<Dest>(std::to_underlying(s));
 }
+/** @} */
 
-// unsafe_cast explicitly flags a static_cast as not necessarily able to hold
+/** Integral-to-integral cast that is known to be narrowing or sign-erasing.
-// all values of the source. It includes a compile-time check so that if
-// underlying types become safe, it can be converted to a safe_cast.
 
-template <class Dest, class Src>
+    This explicitly flags a conversion that can lose information for some
+    values of the source type, where the call site accepts that loss (or
+    truncation is the intended behavior).
+
+    The compile-time check ensures the cast remains "unsafe": if the types
+    involved later change such that the conversion becomes inherently
+    value-preserving, the static assertion fires with instructions to
+    migrate the call site to @ref safeCast.
+
+    If the conversion's safety depends on a runtime precondition rather
+    than on the types, or varies across instantiations of generic code,
+    use @ref checkedCast instead.
+*/
+/** @{ */
+template <typename Dest, typename Src>
+    requires(std::is_integral_v<Dest> && std::is_integral_v<Src>)
 constexpr Dest
 unsafeCast(Src s) noexcept
-    requires(std::is_integral_v<Dest> && std::is_integral_v<Src>)
 {
     static_assert(
-        !SafeToCast<Src, Dest>,
+        !SafeToCast<Src, Dest>, "This cast is value-preserving. Please use safeCast instead.");
-        "Only unsafe if casting signed to unsigned or "
-        "destination is too small");
     return static_cast<Dest>(s);
 }
 
-template <class Dest, class Src>
+template <typename Dest, typename Src>
+    requires(std::is_enum_v<Dest> && std::is_integral_v<Src>)
 constexpr Dest
 unsafeCast(Src s) noexcept
-    requires(std::is_enum_v<Dest> && std::is_integral_v<Src>)
 {
     return static_cast<Dest>(unsafeCast<std::underlying_type_t<Dest>>(s));
 }
 
-template <class Dest, class Src>
+template <typename Dest, typename Src>
+    requires(std::is_integral_v<Dest> && std::is_enum_v<Src>)
 constexpr Dest
 unsafeCast(Src s) noexcept
-    requires(std::is_integral_v<Dest> && std::is_enum_v<Src>)
 {
-    return unsafeCast<Dest>(static_cast<std::underlying_type_t<Src>>(s));
+    return unsafeCast<Dest>(std::to_underlying(s));
+}
+/** @} */
+
+/** Integral-to-integral cast when the caller has performed a bounds check.
+
+    This documents that a runtime precondition or external invariant, which
+    is not necessarily visible to the compiler, guarantees that the requested
+    conversion is value-preserving for the values that can actually occur.
+
+    This is primarily meant for generic code, where the same expression may
+    be value-preserving for one instantiation but not for another, making
+    both @ref safeCast and @ref unsafeCast unusable.
+
+    Unlike @ref safeCast and @ref unsafeCast, this imposes no static check
+    on the type relationship: the caller's claim is about runtime values,
+    not about types.
+*/
+/** @{ */
+template <typename Dest, typename Src>
+    requires(std::is_integral_v<Dest> && std::is_integral_v<Src>)
+constexpr Dest
+checkedCast(Src s) noexcept
+{
+    return static_cast<Dest>(s);
 }
 
+template <typename Dest, typename Src>
+    requires(std::is_enum_v<Dest> && std::is_integral_v<Src>)
+constexpr Dest
+checkedCast(Src s) noexcept
+{
+    return static_cast<Dest>(checkedCast<std::underlying_type_t<Dest>>(s));
+}
+
+template <typename Dest, typename Src>
+    requires(std::is_integral_v<Dest> && std::is_enum_v<Src>)
+constexpr Dest
+checkedCast(Src s) noexcept
+{
+    return checkedCast<Dest>(std::to_underlying(s));
+}
+/** @} */
+
+/** Downcast within a class hierarchy, verified in debug builds.
+
+    Performs a static_cast down a hierarchy, but in debug builds verifies
+    via dynamic_cast that the object's dynamic type actually permits the
+    downcast. Both build modes execute the same conversion; debug builds
+    merely add the check.
+
+    The pointer form passes null through unchanged, as dynamic_cast does.
+
+    @note The check requires @p Src to be polymorphic; in release builds
+          an invalid downcast is undefined behavior on use, exactly as
+          with a bare static_cast.
+*/
+/** @{ */
 template <class Dest, class Src>
-    requires std::is_pointer_v<Dest>
+    requires(
+        std::is_pointer_v<Dest> && std::is_polymorphic_v<Src> &&
+        std::derived_from<std::remove_pointer_t<Dest>, Src> &&
+        (std::is_const_v<std::remove_pointer_t<Dest>> || !std::is_const_v<Src>) &&
+        (std::is_volatile_v<std::remove_pointer_t<Dest>> || !std::is_volatile_v<Src>))
 inline Dest
 safeDowncast(Src* s) noexcept
 {
-#ifdef NDEBUG
+    XRPL_ASSERT(
+        s == nullptr || dynamic_cast<Dest>(s) != nullptr, "xrpl::safeDowncast : valid downcast");
     return static_cast<Dest>(s);  // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-static-cast-downcast)
-#else
-    auto* result = dynamic_cast<Dest>(s);
-    XRPL_ASSERT(result != nullptr, "xrpl::safeDowncast : pointer downcast is valid");
-    return result;
-#endif
 }
 
 template <class Dest, class Src>
-    requires std::is_lvalue_reference_v<Dest>
+    requires(
+        std::is_lvalue_reference_v<Dest> && std::is_polymorphic_v<Src> &&
+        std::derived_from<std::remove_reference_t<Dest>, Src>)
 inline Dest
 safeDowncast(Src& s) noexcept
 {
-#ifndef NDEBUG
+    return *safeDowncast<std::add_pointer_t<std::remove_reference_t<Dest>>>(std::addressof(s));
-    XRPL_ASSERT(
-        dynamic_cast<std::add_pointer_t<std::remove_reference_t<Dest>>>(&s) != nullptr,
-        "xrpl::safeDowncast : reference downcast is valid");
-#endif
-    return static_cast<Dest>(s);  // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-static-cast-downcast)
 }
+/** @} */
 
 }  // namespace xrpl

include/xrpl/beast/type_name.h

@@ -1,47 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-#include <cstdlib>
-#include <string>
-#include <type_traits>
-#include <typeinfo>
-
-#ifndef _MSC_VER
-#include <cxxabi.h>
-#endif
-
-namespace beast {
-
-template <typename T>
-std::string
-typeName()
-{
-    using TR = std::remove_reference_t<T>;
-
-    std::string name = typeid(TR).name();
-
-#ifndef _MSC_VER
-    if (auto s = abi::__cxa_demangle(name.c_str(), nullptr, nullptr, nullptr))
-    {
-        name = s;
-        // NOLINTNEXTLINE(cppcoreguidelines-no-malloc)
-        std::free(s);
-    }
-#endif
-
-    if (std::is_const_v<TR>)
-        name += " const";
-    if (std::is_volatile_v<TR>)
-        name += " volatile";
-    if (std::is_lvalue_reference_v<T>)
-    {
-        name += "&";
-    }
-    else if (std::is_rvalue_reference_v<T>)
-    {
-        name += "&&";
-    }
-
-    return name;
-}
-
-}  // namespace beast

include/xrpl/beast/utility/Zero.h

@@ -2,26 +2,24 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
+#include <compare>
+#include <concepts>
+
 namespace beast {
 
 /**
  * Zero allows classes to offer efficient comparisons to zero.
  *
- * Zero is a struct to allow classes to efficiently compare with zero without
- * requiring an rvalue construction.
- *
  * It's often the case that we have classes which combine a number and a unit.
  * In such cases, comparisons like t > 0 or t != 0 make sense, but comparisons
- * like t > 1 or t != 1 do not.
+ * like t > 1 or t != 1 do not. Comparing against kZero expresses exactly that,
+ * without constructing a T.
  *
- * The class Zero allows such comparisons to be easily made.
+ * A type T participates if either `t.signum()` or an unqualified `signum(t)`
- *
+ * found by argument-dependent lookup returns an integer that is negative,
- * The comparing class T either needs to have a method called signum() which
+ * zero, or positive according to the sign of t. Both `t == kZero` and
- * returns a positive number, 0, or a negative; or there needs to be a signum
+ * `kZero == t` work, as do all six relational operators in either order.
- * function which resolves in the namespace which takes an instance of T and
- * returns a positive, zero or negative number.
  */
-
 struct Zero
 {
     explicit Zero() = default;
@@ -30,115 +28,44 @@ struct Zero
 inline constexpr Zero kZero{};
 
 /**
- * Default implementation of signum calls the method on the class.
+ * Default implementation of signum: call the member function.
  */
-template <typename T>
+template <class T>
-auto
+    requires requires(T const& t) {
-signum(T const& t)
+        { t.signum() } -> std::integral;
+    }
+[[nodiscard]] constexpr auto
+signum(T const& t) noexcept(noexcept(t.signum()))
 {
     return t.signum();
 }
 
-namespace detail::zero_helper {
+namespace detail {
 
-// For argument dependent lookup to function properly, calls to signum must
+/**
-// be made from a namespace that does not include overloads of the function..
+ * A type with a usable signum: either the member-based default above, or a
+ * `signum(t)` overload in T's own namespace, found by ADL. A user overload
+ * that is a better match than the template wins, as usual.
+ */
 template <class T>
-auto
+concept HasSignum = requires(T const& t) {
-callSignum(T const& t)
+    { signum(t) } -> std::integral;
+};
+
+}  // namespace detail
+
+template <detail::HasSignum T>
+[[nodiscard]] constexpr bool
+operator==(T const& t, Zero) noexcept(noexcept(signum(t)))
 {
-    return signum(t);
+    return signum(t) == 0;
 }
 
-}  // namespace detail::zero_helper
+template <detail::HasSignum T>
-
+[[nodiscard]] constexpr std::strong_ordering
-// Handle operators where T is on the left side using signum.
+operator<=>(T const& t, Zero) noexcept(noexcept(signum(t)))
-
-template <typename T>
-bool
-operator==(T const& t, Zero)
 {
-    return detail::zero_helper::callSignum(t) == 0;
+    return signum(t) <=> 0;
-}
-
-template <typename T>
-bool
-operator!=(T const& t, Zero)
-{
-    return detail::zero_helper::callSignum(t) != 0;
-}
-
-template <typename T>
-bool
-operator<(T const& t, Zero)
-{
-    return detail::zero_helper::callSignum(t) < 0;
-}
-
-template <typename T>
-bool
-operator>(T const& t, Zero)
-{
-    return detail::zero_helper::callSignum(t) > 0;
-}
-
-template <typename T>
-bool
-operator>=(T const& t, Zero)
-{
-    return detail::zero_helper::callSignum(t) >= 0;
-}
-
-template <typename T>
-bool
-operator<=(T const& t, Zero)
-{
-    return detail::zero_helper::callSignum(t) <= 0;
-}
-
-// Handle operators where T is on the right side by
-// reversing the operation, so that T is on the left side.
-
-template <typename T>
-bool
-operator==(Zero, T const& t)
-{
-    return t == kZero;
-}
-
-template <typename T>
-bool
-operator!=(Zero, T const& t)
-{
-    return t != kZero;
-}
-
-template <typename T>
-bool
-operator<(Zero, T const& t)
-{
-    return t > kZero;
-}
-
-template <typename T>
-bool
-operator>(Zero, T const& t)
-{
-    return t < kZero;
-}
-
-template <typename T>
-bool
-operator>=(Zero, T const& t)
-{
-    return t <= kZero;
-}
-
-template <typename T>
-bool
-operator<=(Zero, T const& t)
-{
-    return t >= kZero;
 }
 
 }  // namespace beast

include/xrpl/ledger/ApplyView.h

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include <xrpl/basics/base_uint.h>
-#include <xrpl/basics/safe_cast.h>
+#include <xrpl/basics/enum_bitops.h>
 #include <xrpl/beast/utility/instrumentation.h>
 #include <xrpl/ledger/OwnerCounts.h>
 #include <xrpl/ledger/ReadView.h>
@@ -22,80 +22,39 @@
 
 namespace xrpl {
 
-// Bitwise flag enum with existing operator overloads
+enum class ApplyFlags : std::uint32_t {
-// NOLINTNEXTLINE(cppcoreguidelines-use-enum-class)
+    None = 0x00,
-enum ApplyFlags : std::uint32_t {
-    TapNone = 0x00,
 
     // This is a local transaction with the
     // fail_hard flag set.
-    TapFailHard = 0x10,
+    FailHard = 0x10,
 
     // This is not the transaction's last pass
     // Transaction can be retried, soft failures allowed
-    TapRetry = 0x20,
+    Retry = 0x20,
 
     // Transaction came from a privileged source
-    TapUnlimited = 0x400,
+    Unlimited = 0x400,
 
     // Transaction is executing as part of a batch
-    TapBatch = 0x800,
+    Batch = 0x800,
 
     // Transaction shouldn't be applied
     // Signatures shouldn't be checked
-    TapDryRun = 0x1000,
+    DryRun = 0x1000,
 
     // Transaction is being preflighted as the payload of a
     // TransactionProposalCreate. Its signatures are collected on-ledger
     // afterward, so signature-presence checks (e.g. Batch signer matching)
     // are skipped at proposal-creation time (On-Chain Cosigner spec
     // §5.3.1.2).
-    TapProposal = 0x2000
+    Proposal = 0x2000
 };
 
-constexpr ApplyFlags
+template <>
-operator|(ApplyFlags const& lhs, ApplyFlags const& rhs)
+struct enum_bitops::OptIn<ApplyFlags> : std::true_type
 {
-    return safeCast<ApplyFlags>(
+};
-        safeCast<std::underlying_type_t<ApplyFlags>>(lhs) |
-        safeCast<std::underlying_type_t<ApplyFlags>>(rhs));
-}
-
-static_assert((TapFailHard | TapRetry) == safeCast<ApplyFlags>(0x30u), "ApplyFlags operator |");
-static_assert((TapRetry | TapFailHard) == safeCast<ApplyFlags>(0x30u), "ApplyFlags operator |");
-
-constexpr ApplyFlags
-operator&(ApplyFlags const& lhs, ApplyFlags const& rhs)
-{
-    return safeCast<ApplyFlags>(
-        safeCast<std::underlying_type_t<ApplyFlags>>(lhs) &
-        safeCast<std::underlying_type_t<ApplyFlags>>(rhs));
-}
-
-static_assert((TapFailHard & TapRetry) == TapNone, "ApplyFlags operator &");
-static_assert((TapRetry & TapFailHard) == TapNone, "ApplyFlags operator &");
-
-constexpr ApplyFlags
-operator~(ApplyFlags const& flags)
-{
-    return safeCast<ApplyFlags>(~safeCast<std::underlying_type_t<ApplyFlags>>(flags));
-}
-
-static_assert(~TapRetry == safeCast<ApplyFlags>(0xFFFFFFDFu), "ApplyFlags operator ~");
-
-inline ApplyFlags
-operator|=(ApplyFlags& lhs, ApplyFlags const& rhs)
-{
-    lhs = lhs | rhs;
-    return lhs;
-}
-
-inline ApplyFlags
-operator&=(ApplyFlags& lhs, ApplyFlags const& rhs)
-{
-    lhs = lhs & rhs;
-    return lhs;
-}
 
 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 

include/xrpl/ledger/entries/LedgerHashesEntry.h

@@ -1,11 +1,17 @@
 #pragma once
 
+#include <xrpl/basics/base_uint.h>
 #include <xrpl/beast/utility/Journal.h>
 #include <xrpl/ledger/ApplyView.h>
 #include <xrpl/ledger/ReadView.h>
 #include <xrpl/ledger/entries/SLEBase.h>
 #include <xrpl/protocol/Indexes.h>
 #include <xrpl/protocol/LedgerFormats.h>
+#include <xrpl/protocol/SField.h>
+#include <xrpl/protocol/STVector256.h>
+
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <optional>
 
 namespace xrpl {
 
@@ -25,6 +31,31 @@ public:
         : Base(keylet::skip(), view, j)
     {
     }
+
+    /**
+     * Looks up a hash `diff` slots back from the most recent entry in the
+     * sfHashes vector (diff == 0 is the most recent entry).
+     *
+     * Callers decide which skip list entry to read and how to translate a
+     * target ledger sequence into `diff`; this only does the bounds check
+     * and vector indexing shared by both the recent (stride 1) and distant
+     * (stride 256) skip lists.
+     *
+     * @param diff how many slots back from the most recent hash to look up;
+     * 0 is the most recent hash.
+     * @return the hash at that slot, or std::nullopt if the entry does not
+     * exist or `diff` is out of range.
+     */
+    [[nodiscard]] std::optional<UInt256>
+    hashAt(std::size_t diff) const
+    {
+        if (!this->exists())
+            return std::nullopt;
+        STVector256 const vec = (*this)->getFieldV256(sfHashes);
+        if (vec.size() > diff)
+            return vec[vec.size() - diff - 1];
+        return std::nullopt;
+    }
 };
 
 using LedgerHashesEntryR = LedgerHashesEntry<ReadView>;

include/xrpl/protocol/KnownFormats.h

@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include <xrpl/basics/contract.h>
-#include <xrpl/beast/type_name.h>
 #include <xrpl/protocol/SOTemplate.h>
 
 #include <boost/container/flat_map.hpp>
+#include <boost/core/type_name.hpp>
 
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <cstddef>
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ public:
      * Derived classes will load the object with all the known formats.
      */
 private:
-    KnownFormats() : name_(beast::typeName<Derived>())
+    KnownFormats() : name_(boost::core::type_name<Derived>())
     {
     }
 

include/xrpl/protocol/STPathSet.h

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 #include <xrpl/basics/CountedObject.h>
 #include <xrpl/basics/UnorderedContainers.h>
+#include <xrpl/basics/enum_bitops.h>
 #include <xrpl/beast/utility/instrumentation.h>
 #include <xrpl/json/json_value.h>
 #include <xrpl/protocol/AccountID.h>
@@ -15,6 +16,7 @@
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <memory>
 #include <optional>
+#include <type_traits>
 #include <utility>
 #include <vector>
 
@@ -22,18 +24,8 @@ namespace xrpl {
 
 class STPathElement final : public CountedObject<STPathElement>
 {
-    unsigned int type_;
-    AccountID accountID_;
-    PathAsset assetID_;
-    AccountID issuerID_;
-
-    bool isOffer_;
-    std::size_t hashValue_;
-
 public:
-    // Bitwise values (typeCurrency | typeMPT)
+    enum class Type : std::uint8_t {
-    // NOLINTNEXTLINE(cppcoreguidelines-use-enum-class)
-    enum Type {
         TypeNone = 0x00,
         TypeAccount = 0x01,   // Rippling through an account (vs taking an offer).
         TypeCurrency = 0x10,  // Currency follows.
@@ -45,6 +37,8 @@ public:
         // Combination of all types.
     };
 
+    using enum Type;
+
     STPathElement();
     STPathElement(STPathElement const&) = default;
     STPathElement&
@@ -62,42 +56,42 @@ public:
         bool forceAsset = false);
 
     STPathElement(
-        unsigned int uType,
+        Type type,
         AccountID const& account,
         PathAsset const& asset,
         AccountID const& issuer);
 
-    [[nodiscard]] std::uint32_t
+    [[nodiscard]] Type
-    getNodeType() const;
+    getNodeType() const noexcept;
 
     [[nodiscard]] bool
-    isOffer() const;
+    isOffer() const noexcept;
 
     [[nodiscard]] bool
-    isAccount() const;
+    isAccount() const noexcept;
 
     [[nodiscard]] bool
-    hasIssuer() const;
+    hasIssuer() const noexcept;
 
     [[nodiscard]] bool
-    hasCurrency() const;
+    hasCurrency() const noexcept;
 
     [[nodiscard]] bool
-    hasMPT() const;
+    hasMPT() const noexcept;
 
     [[nodiscard]] bool
-    hasAsset() const;
+    hasAsset() const noexcept;
 
     [[nodiscard]] bool
-    isNone() const;
+    isNone() const noexcept;
 
     // Nodes are either an account ID or a offer prefix. Offer prefixs denote a
     // class of offers.
     [[nodiscard]] AccountID const&
-    getAccountID() const;
+    getAccountID() const noexcept;
 
     [[nodiscard]] PathAsset const&
-    getPathAsset() const;
+    getPathAsset() const noexcept;
 
     [[nodiscard]] Currency const&
     getCurrency() const;
@@ -106,17 +100,35 @@ public:
     getMPTID() const;
 
     [[nodiscard]] AccountID const&
-    getIssuerID() const;
+    getIssuerID() const noexcept;
 
     [[nodiscard]] bool
-    isType(Type const& pe) const;
+    isType(Type pe) const noexcept;
 
-    bool
+    friend bool
-    operator==(STPathElement const& t) const;
+    operator==(STPathElement const& lhs, STPathElement const& rhs) noexcept
+    {
+        return lhs.isType(TypeAccount) == rhs.isType(TypeAccount) &&
+            lhs.hashValue_ == rhs.hashValue_ && lhs.accountID_ == rhs.accountID_ &&
+            lhs.assetID_ == rhs.assetID_ && lhs.issuerID_ == rhs.issuerID_;
+    }
 
 private:
     static std::size_t
     getHash(STPathElement const& element);
+
+    Type type_;
+    AccountID accountID_;
+    PathAsset assetID_;
+    AccountID issuerID_;
+
+    bool isOffer_;
+    std::size_t hashValue_;
+};
+
+template <>
+struct enum_bitops::OptIn<STPathElement::Type> : std::true_type
+{
 };
 
 template <class Hasher>
@@ -124,7 +136,7 @@ void
 hash_append(Hasher& h, STPathElement const& e) noexcept
 {
     using beast::hash_append;
-    hash_append(h, (e.getNodeType() & STPathElement::TypeAccount) != 0u);
+    hash_append(h, e.isType(STPathElement::TypeAccount));
     hash_append(h, e.getAccountID());
     hash_append(h, e.getPathAsset());
     hash_append(h, e.getIssuerID());
@@ -404,11 +416,11 @@ inline STPathElement::STPathElement(
 }
 
 inline STPathElement::STPathElement(
-    unsigned int uType,
+    Type type,
     AccountID const& account,
     PathAsset const& asset,
     AccountID const& issuer)
-    : type_(uType)
+    : type_(type)
     , accountID_(account)
     , assetID_(asset)
     , issuerID_(issuer)
@@ -423,56 +435,56 @@ inline STPathElement::STPathElement(
     hashValue_ = getHash(*this);
 }
 
-inline std::uint32_t
+inline STPathElement::Type
-STPathElement::getNodeType() const
+STPathElement::getNodeType() const noexcept
 {
     return type_;
 }
 
 inline bool
-STPathElement::isOffer() const
+STPathElement::isOffer() const noexcept
 {
     return isOffer_;
 }
 
 inline bool
-STPathElement::isAccount() const
+STPathElement::isAccount() const noexcept
 {
     return !isOffer();
 }
 
 inline bool
-STPathElement::isType(Type const& pe) const
+STPathElement::isType(Type pe) const noexcept
 {
-    return (type_ & pe) != 0u;
+    return (type_ & pe) != STPathElement::TypeNone;
 }
 
 inline bool
-STPathElement::hasIssuer() const
+STPathElement::hasIssuer() const noexcept
 {
     return isType(STPathElement::TypeIssuer);
 }
 
 inline bool
-STPathElement::hasCurrency() const
+STPathElement::hasCurrency() const noexcept
 {
     return isType(STPathElement::TypeCurrency);
 }
 
 inline bool
-STPathElement::hasMPT() const
+STPathElement::hasMPT() const noexcept
 {
     return isType(STPathElement::TypeMpt);
 }
 
 inline bool
-STPathElement::hasAsset() const
+STPathElement::hasAsset() const noexcept
 {
     return isType(STPathElement::TypeAsset);
 }
 
 inline bool
-STPathElement::isNone() const
+STPathElement::isNone() const noexcept
 {
     return getNodeType() == STPathElement::TypeNone;
 }
@@ -480,13 +492,13 @@ STPathElement::isNone() const
 // Nodes are either an account ID or a offer prefix. Offer prefixs denote a
 // class of offers.
 inline AccountID const&
-STPathElement::getAccountID() const
+STPathElement::getAccountID() const noexcept
 {
     return accountID_;
 }
 
 inline PathAsset const&
-STPathElement::getPathAsset() const
+STPathElement::getPathAsset() const noexcept
 {
     return assetID_;
 }
@@ -504,18 +516,11 @@ STPathElement::getMPTID() const
 }
 
 inline AccountID const&
-STPathElement::getIssuerID() const
+STPathElement::getIssuerID() const noexcept
 {
     return issuerID_;
 }
 
-inline bool
-STPathElement::operator==(STPathElement const& t) const
-{
-    return (type_ & TypeAccount) == (t.type_ & TypeAccount) && hashValue_ == t.hashValue_ &&
-        accountID_ == t.accountID_ && assetID_ == t.assetID_ && issuerID_ == t.issuerID_;
-}
-
 // ------------ STPath ------------
 
 inline STPath::STPath(std::vector<STPathElement> p) : path_(std::move(p))

include/xrpl/tx/ApplyContext.h

@@ -51,7 +51,8 @@ public:
         beast::Journal journal = beast::Journal{beast::Journal::getNullSink()})
         : ApplyContext(registry, base, std::nullopt, tx, preclaimResult, baseFee, flags, journal)
     {
-        XRPL_ASSERT((flags & TapBatch) == 0, "Batch apply flag should not be set");
+        XRPL_ASSERT(
+            (flags & ApplyFlags::Batch) == ApplyFlags::None, "Batch apply flag should not be set");
     }
 
     std::reference_wrapper<ServiceRegistry> registry;

include/xrpl/tx/Transactor.h

@@ -59,10 +59,11 @@ public:
         , parentBatchId(parentBatchId)
         , j(j)
     {
-        XRPL_ASSERT((flags & TapBatch) == TapBatch, "Batch apply flag should be set");
+        XRPL_ASSERT(
+            (flags & ApplyFlags::Batch) == ApplyFlags::Batch, "Batch apply flag should be set");
         XRPL_ASSERT_IF(
-            (flags & TapProposal) != TapNone,
+            (flags & ApplyFlags::Proposal) != ApplyFlags::None,
-            (flags & TapDryRun) != TapNone,
+            (flags & ApplyFlags::DryRun) != ApplyFlags::None,
             "xrpl::PreflightContext : proposal preflight implies dry run");
     }
 
@@ -74,10 +75,11 @@ public:
         beast::Journal j = beast::Journal{beast::Journal::getNullSink()})
         : registry(registry), tx(tx), rules(std::move(rules)), flags(flags), j(j)
     {
-        XRPL_ASSERT((flags & TapBatch) == 0, "Batch apply flag should not be set");
+        XRPL_ASSERT(
+            (flags & ApplyFlags::Batch) == ApplyFlags::None, "Batch apply flag should not be set");
         XRPL_ASSERT_IF(
-            (flags & TapProposal) != TapNone,
+            (flags & ApplyFlags::Proposal) != ApplyFlags::None,
-            (flags & TapDryRun) != TapNone,
+            (flags & ApplyFlags::DryRun) != ApplyFlags::None,
             "xrpl::PreflightContext : proposal preflight implies dry run");
     }
 
@@ -116,7 +118,7 @@ public:
         , j(j)
     {
         XRPL_ASSERT(
-            parentBatchId.has_value() == ((flags & TapBatch) == TapBatch),
+            parentBatchId.has_value() == ((flags & ApplyFlags::Batch) == ApplyFlags::Batch),
             "Parent Batch ID should be set if batch apply flag is set");
     }
 
@@ -129,7 +131,8 @@ public:
         beast::Journal j = beast::Journal{beast::Journal::getNullSink()})
         : PreclaimContext(registry, view, preflightResult, tx, flags, std::nullopt, j)
     {
-        XRPL_ASSERT((flags & TapBatch) == 0, "Batch apply flag should not be set");
+        XRPL_ASSERT(
+            (flags & ApplyFlags::Batch) == ApplyFlags::None, "Batch apply flag should not be set");
     }
 
     PreclaimContext&

include/xrpl/tx/applySteps.h

@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ struct ApplyResult
 inline bool
 isTecClaimHardFail(TER ter, ApplyFlags flags)
 {
-    return isTecClaim(ter) && ((flags & TapRetry) == 0u);
+    return isTecClaim(ter) && ((flags & ApplyFlags::Retry) == ApplyFlags::None);
 }
 
 /**

nix/check-tools/macos.txt

@@ -2,144 +2,144 @@ Detected OS: macos (Darwin arm64)
 
 Core build tools:
   ✅ cmake
-     cmake version 4.1.2
+     cmake version 4.4.3
-     /nix/store/gvabsb4yqb5xsqzqph54rijnn4zpihnp-cmake-4.1.2/bin/cmake
+     /nix/store/q85csxf4s4shx89zif097h1ql4ax1rrz-cmake-4.4.3/bin/cmake
   ✅ conan
-     Conan version 2.28.1
+     Conan version 2.32.0
-     /nix/store/9jiyxmkpwmn6dcqs0765s83riw3l5ail-conan-2.28.1/bin/conan
+     /nix/store/921jqsgbilixmr3xchj95si0jl8pi13z-conan-2.32.0/bin/conan
   ✅ git
-     git version 2.54.0
+     git version 2.55.0
-     /nix/store/a14yxcqvv9x2l9mllgpirzhvz93pgprg-git-2.54.0/bin/git
+     /nix/store/gw7c7m0dwca5lg4152x9lpmxpj171bzw-git-2.55.0/bin/git
   ✅ python3
-     Python 3.13.13
+     Python 3.14.7
-     /nix/store/ygxqin6ydzjfawywqpp5pal8wv6sf5bh-python3-3.13.13/bin/python3.13
+     /nix/store/0kcws5blwbdyxqxjd1w8hjipz61xny3k-python3-3.14.7/bin/python3.14
 
 Development tooling:
   ✅ ccache
      ccache version 4.13.6
-     /nix/store/57davyvs6p6dkrl3svzwg1ph18wsy4cz-ccache-4.13.6/bin/ccache
+     /nix/store/ydr5nlzxp1djb5256y0zzqa87vz55gsk-ccache-4.13.6/bin/ccache
   ✅ clang
-     clang version 22.1.7
+     clang version 22.1.8
-     /nix/store/192glrb2cldvziyf3378mzjqbzx3ih4g-clang-wrapper-22.1.7/bin/clang
+     /nix/store/dakcxgwz4ixkk6ps50b7vn3dvblyzsnf-clang-wrapper-22.1.8/bin/clang
   ✅ clang-22
-     clang version 22.1.7
+     clang version 22.1.8
-     /nix/store/rbap7zqq7mw00fyqa02p5rj7gqjp4w5i-clang-22/bin/clang-22
+     /nix/store/w826sqb98nnym6kzackg829664iqdlxj-clang-22/bin/clang-22
   ✅ clang++
-     clang version 22.1.7
+     clang version 22.1.8
-     /nix/store/192glrb2cldvziyf3378mzjqbzx3ih4g-clang-wrapper-22.1.7/bin/clang++
+     /nix/store/dakcxgwz4ixkk6ps50b7vn3dvblyzsnf-clang-wrapper-22.1.8/bin/clang++
   ✅ clang++-22
-     clang version 22.1.7
+     clang version 22.1.8
-     /nix/store/v9haf787f7bcz0mq1sad4bpyx21pj6li-clang++-22/bin/clang++-22
+     /nix/store/wnwyw3yfqrhpxij65bl3pa1x65q2zg3m-clang++-22/bin/clang++-22
   ✅ ClangBuildAnalyzer
      ClangBuildAnalyzer 1.6.0
-     /nix/store/4l50ds9fa2mkvh7wg8qzrlbmjs12sb8l-clangbuildanalyzer-1.6.0/bin/ClangBuildAnalyzer
+     /nix/store/c7jjnw29ra78jdlzjww2m374izhy05n8-clangbuildanalyzer-1.6.0/bin/ClangBuildAnalyzer
   ✅ curl
-     curl 8.20.0 (aarch64-apple-darwin25.3.0) libcurl/8.20.0 OpenSSL/3.6.2 zlib/1.3.2 libssh2/1.11.1 nghttp2/1.69.0 mit-krb5/1.22.1
+     curl 8.22.0 (aarch64-apple-darwin25.6.0) libcurl/8.22.0 OpenSSL/3.5.8 zlib/1.3.2 libssh2/1.11.1 nghttp2/1.70.0 mit-krb5/1.22.2
-     /nix/store/kclq0czaxvsgh4ym9ld7b6iwy50l1snk-curl-8.20.0-bin/bin/curl
+     /nix/store/pq1h17abqy6q5y6k5dn9qj0fwb89flba-curl-8.22.0-bin/bin/curl
   ✅ file
-     file-5.47
+     file-5.48
-     /nix/store/dax63li7wwcbqxxkkgzc4g2rx7d4w86x-file-5.47/bin/file
+     /nix/store/y44vpziwbzfm8020dzlqqbybyyy7lb6g-file-5.48/bin/file
   ✅ less
-     less 692 (PCRE2 regular expressions)
+     less 710 (PCRE2 regular expressions)
-     /nix/store/lvr16y75r1pdxpdv0aph5ak2yd0hkvqm-less-692/bin/less
+     /nix/store/3yn3dx5fwg5i0inqqzwnxq7f6lwhpjqa-less-710/bin/less
   ✅ make
      GNU Make 4.4.1
-     /nix/store/8wwiw8pwyhrkzyq28hqzxfl4z84lks81-gnumake-4.4.1/bin/make
+     /nix/store/8l4wgxmhdxfvc9g18y76bnxl1ghgcp7n-gnumake-4.4.1/bin/make
   ✅ netstat
      present
-     /nix/store/qsd1kzqb0ahrk433vmyl245gp623j19s-network_cmds-730.80.3/bin/netstat
+     /nix/store/57fqvgdav8lrmzndkwm7qrgksl01yj23-network_cmds-741.100.2/bin/netstat
   ✅ ninja
      1.13.2
-     /nix/store/bqykhrblarkj4fl0hz2mf8ngwfv6x6bz-ninja-1.13.2/bin/ninja
+     /nix/store/infm4vlx71q83bqz0k559w1gn4b0rq4i-ninja-1.13.2/bin/ninja
   ✅ perl
-     v5.42.0
+     v5.42.3
-     /nix/store/js13ri9fvm0ajk1fpd3acigys2a9whdv-perl-5.42.0/bin/perl
+     /nix/store/7rvr6qjfzk2ybzn1imjw6c6qq1n1a9cr-perl-5.42.3/bin/perl
   ✅ pkg-config
      0.29.2
-     /nix/store/lzrwr375jqhhbca116kja96xf1md83l8-pkg-config-wrapper-0.29.2/bin/pkg-config
+     /nix/store/nhgylvj98klqggy54h7gbc3b2ia4a00y-pkg-config-wrapper-0.29.2/bin/pkg-config
   ✅ vim
      VIM - Vi IMproved 9.2 (2026 Feb 14, compiled Jan 01 1980 00:00:00)
-     /nix/store/6vbkykg92w603c0sw3mkk7p7mfaawbns-vim-9.2.0389/bin/vim
+     /nix/store/akaa9kqm3b8rlkv61kvsqr2l2j70rvxb-vim-9.2.1001/bin/vim
   ✅ zip
      Zip 3.0
-     /nix/store/z6ph729vcakbvz3wh8ln1wk6mi06w487-zip-3.0/bin/zip
+     /nix/store/dvawr36npnad4xa6dxi2ss0fw44aa82r-zip-3.0/bin/zip
   ✅ clang-apply-replacements
-     clang-apply-replacements version 22.1.7
+     clang-apply-replacements version 22.1.8
-     /nix/store/vzyyjf3cm1hbj9wcr2qcb66x6j98zpy7-clang-tools-22.1.7/bin/clang-apply-replacements
+     /nix/store/5bij4zn161lagwyndmrr21vmxjg054nv-clang-tools-22.1.8/bin/clang-apply-replacements
   ✅ clang-apply-replacements-22
-     clang-apply-replacements version 22.1.7
+     clang-apply-replacements version 22.1.8
-     /nix/store/m3ii69rca4077lf4wlk7m3jcag1fs577-clang-apply-replacements-22/bin/clang-apply-replacements-22
+     /nix/store/w4bz034k4l0w719rrmbwnqcgyjbswy81-clang-apply-replacements-22/bin/clang-apply-replacements-22
   ✅ clang-format
-     clang-format version 22.1.7
+     clang-format version 22.1.8
-     /nix/store/vzyyjf3cm1hbj9wcr2qcb66x6j98zpy7-clang-tools-22.1.7/bin/clang-format
+     /nix/store/5bij4zn161lagwyndmrr21vmxjg054nv-clang-tools-22.1.8/bin/clang-format
   ✅ clang-format-22
-     clang-format version 22.1.7
+     clang-format version 22.1.8
-     /nix/store/4fawqy6ngqcsqd2ygyyzm93q0xy3f5gs-clang-format-22/bin/clang-format-22
+     /nix/store/w7z346l0r8y36b6lc5i7jzj3w0581l2y-clang-format-22/bin/clang-format-22
   ✅ clang-tidy
-     LLVM version 22.1.7
+     LLVM version 22.1.8
-     /nix/store/vzyyjf3cm1hbj9wcr2qcb66x6j98zpy7-clang-tools-22.1.7/bin/clang-tidy
+     /nix/store/5bij4zn161lagwyndmrr21vmxjg054nv-clang-tools-22.1.8/bin/clang-tidy
   ✅ clang-tidy-22
-     LLVM version 22.1.7
+     LLVM version 22.1.8
-     /nix/store/jqw4280saixaxxihwdba9ldm2fsm6dr3-clang-tidy-22/bin/clang-tidy-22
+     /nix/store/0lv25qd3ddgjm3ndn70q61jfr6krlkl7-clang-tidy-22/bin/clang-tidy-22
   ✅ dot
-     dot - graphviz version 12.2.1 (0)
+     dot - graphviz version 15.1.1 (0)
-     /nix/store/ijb4fbnqa6wzlpqnhb6q9knqpf7qqn5z-graphviz-12.2.1/bin/dot
+     /nix/store/mc99a6bpbk2waym2cnw6ifmxli4ndb4x-graphviz-15.1.1/bin/dot
   ✅ doxygen
-     1.16.1
+     1.17.0
-     /nix/store/kbryjdpq9jizjb0ws0nzbf2h2ymbdiwm-doxygen-1.16.1/bin/doxygen
+     /nix/store/kz43yaj0wg6fx6cbrcmi2442z1ramy0c-doxygen-1.17.0/bin/doxygen
   ✅ gcovr
      gcovr 8.4
-     /nix/store/wn8jiyh9p0bybs96s4163qp3k8vfmczx-python3.13-gcovr-8.4/bin/gcovr
+     /nix/store/czj1vxsizrbba280gg22cys40qxkqjgr-python3.14-gcovr-8.4/bin/gcovr
   ✅ gh
-     gh version 2.94.0 (nixpkgs)
+     gh version 2.102.0 (2026-09-30)
-     /nix/store/fhnpw0hs0gjms1ha6ap02jq7rx13gkbp-gh-2.94.0/bin/gh
+     /nix/store/s8bahl6zssvry93ihivfmk1l6c58byrr-gh-2.102.0/bin/gh
   ✅ git-cliff
-     git-cliff 2.13.1
+     git-cliff 2.14.2
-     /nix/store/cy0wwhgxa7yvrz97zydbq6sqmixc90fq-git-cliff-2.13.1/bin/git-cliff
+     /nix/store/k4m5yk0qb7hfslwsq1zjajz1d94j12bj-git-cliff-2.14.2/bin/git-cliff
   ✅ git-lfs
-     git-lfs/3.7.1 (3.7.1; darwin arm64; go 1.26.3)
+     git-lfs/3.8.0 (3.8.0; darwin arm64; go 1.26.8)
-     /nix/store/k9r7zjfjplqa4d5s71cqvf2iv73jd9mc-git-lfs-3.7.1/bin/git-lfs
+     /nix/store/wzixjr3yb40a13m2q654hm3bdjn6sal3-git-lfs-3.8.0/bin/git-lfs
   ✅ gpg
      gpg (GnuPG) 2.4.9
-     /nix/store/cgh6iwzz5jgx9z5whka4vgj210i6npc6-gnupg-2.4.9/bin/gpg
+     /nix/store/0ldfwnwx385i5kh7cyvxx4mkvgjhs5rh-gnupg-2.4.9/bin/gpg
   ✅ pre-commit
-     pre-commit 4.5.1
+     pre-commit 4.6.2
-     /nix/store/z3cca68620w0w10f090szgzdnmh1waf2-pre-commit-4.5.1/bin/pre-commit
+     /nix/store/ivh54xypg9qvd3ha9lis0i8p4nkf8n7a-pre-commit-4.6.2/bin/pre-commit
   ✅ run-clang-tidy
      usage: run-clang-tidy [-h] [-allow-enabling-alpha-checkers]
-     /nix/store/4x28x911z2f9y7adqlh3qspp4a16dig7-run-clang-tidy/bin/run-clang-tidy
+     /nix/store/3xss1mm3mh1hzcmg182na6ki1p5rnxf1-run-clang-tidy/bin/run-clang-tidy
   ✅ run-clang-tidy-22
      usage: run-clang-tidy [-h] [-allow-enabling-alpha-checkers]
-     /nix/store/x8iymrh76sk5q91ryg5pa7i32s6gfh34-run-clang-tidy-22/bin/run-clang-tidy-22
+     /nix/store/w68r9z07hcq4fwbfyq3yvc7qxm8aqfbl-run-clang-tidy-22/bin/run-clang-tidy-22
 
 Rust toolchain:
   ✅ cargo
      cargo 1.97.1 (c980f4866 2026-06-30)
-     /nix/store/bnfk1sl4s9angb0vj1cj9a5y5zvqinwy-rust-minimal-1.97.1/bin/cargo
+     /nix/store/gklji8yq8yrx1k039c10kwz60vqf2dxj-rust-minimal-1.97.1/bin/cargo
   ✅ cargo-audit
-     cargo-audit-audit 0.22.1
+     cargo-audit-audit 0.22.2
-     /nix/store/snwkga2f5gyf404h7mmp9wriwxb8v65f-cargo-audit-0.22.1/bin/cargo-audit
+     /nix/store/7jgrwj557l91940aj0ag4i924ima1cqn-cargo-audit-0.22.2/bin/cargo-audit
   ✅ cargo-llvm-cov
-     cargo-llvm-cov 0.8.5
+     cargo-llvm-cov 0.9.0
-     /nix/store/fpiqdh91gwyxalqp409ynm0s0g086w7w-cargo-llvm-cov-0.8.5/bin/cargo-llvm-cov
+     /nix/store/5q1h285z8zzkw2qxig9a0b1avcsk1cf0-cargo-llvm-cov-0.9.0/bin/cargo-llvm-cov
   ✅ cargo-nextest
-     cargo-nextest 0.9.137
+     cargo-nextest 0.9.146
-     /nix/store/ylz7m947mhkgsp6i7611id3s3gcd58nq-cargo-nextest-0.9.137/bin/cargo-nextest
+     /nix/store/69v3hx3k597hcxd2zy7yad7fg0aw5yxd-cargo-nextest-0.9.146/bin/cargo-nextest
   ✅ clippy-driver
      clippy 0.1.97 (8bab26f4f6 2026-07-14)
-     /nix/store/bnfk1sl4s9angb0vj1cj9a5y5zvqinwy-rust-minimal-1.97.1/bin/clippy-driver
+     /nix/store/gklji8yq8yrx1k039c10kwz60vqf2dxj-rust-minimal-1.97.1/bin/clippy-driver
   ✅ rust-analyzer
      rust-analyzer 1.97.1 (8bab26f4 2026-07-14)
-     /nix/store/j6apc5pmd0giy15da9p650r8zklslmvi-rust-analyzer-preview-1.97.1-aarch64-apple-darwin/bin/rust-analyzer
+     /nix/store/30rbyk8gx7v53fxqhs4pp0fvxfjycspr-rust-analyzer-preview-1.97.1-aarch64-apple-darwin/bin/rust-analyzer
   ✅ rust-nightly
-     rustc 1.99.0-nightly (87e5904f5 2026-07-20)
+     rustc 1.101.0-nightly (282215592 2026-10-04)
-     /nix/store/fqpjz4l0nsnji8b2pz57mnj0akbp6hcl-rust-nightly/bin/rust-nightly
+     /nix/store/a9552rf3pylcnkijc1z0hf1lcnv50djq-rust-nightly/bin/rust-nightly
   ✅ rustc
      rustc 1.97.1 (8bab26f4f 2026-07-14)
-     /nix/store/bnfk1sl4s9angb0vj1cj9a5y5zvqinwy-rust-minimal-1.97.1/bin/rustc
+     /nix/store/gklji8yq8yrx1k039c10kwz60vqf2dxj-rust-minimal-1.97.1/bin/rustc
   ✅ rustfmt
      rustfmt 1.9.0-stable (8bab26f4f6 2026-07-14)
-     /nix/store/5ymwgr9jqjz7zzbmj0j5vqbwcd3kp0vm-rustfmt-preview-1.97.1-aarch64-apple-darwin/bin/rustfmt
+     /nix/store/0jmdipyn8266j9kqx2xxm2qkxlrlrjfc-rustfmt-preview-1.97.1-aarch64-apple-darwin/bin/rustfmt
 
 Skipping git-over-HTTPS check (CHECK_TOOLS_SKIP_CLONE is set).
 

nix/ci-env.nix

@@ -21,7 +21,8 @@ let
     )
   );
 
-  toolchain = if pkgs.stdenv.isLinux then linux.toolchain else (darwin.toolchain ++ [ darwinEnv ]);
+  toolchain =
+    if pkgs.stdenv.hostPlatform.isLinux then linux.toolchain else (darwin.toolchain ++ [ darwinEnv ]);
 in
 {
   default = pkgs.buildEnv {

nix/devshell.nix

@@ -20,15 +20,16 @@ let
 
   # Custom-glibc stdenvs, matching the CI environment. darwin has no custom
   # glibc, so there they fall back to the plain nixpkgs stdenvs.
-  customGccStdenv = if pkgs.stdenv.isLinux then linux.gccStdenv else plainGccStdenv;
+  customGccStdenv = if pkgs.stdenv.hostPlatform.isLinux then linux.gccStdenv else plainGccStdenv;
-  customClangStdenv = if pkgs.stdenv.isLinux then linux.clangStdenv else plainClangStdenv;
+  customClangStdenv =
+    if pkgs.stdenv.hostPlatform.isLinux then linux.clangStdenv else plainClangStdenv;
 
   # gcov matching each gcc shell, so `-Dcoverage=ON` builds work in the shell.
   plainGcov = mkGcov {
     name = "plain";
     cc = gccPackage.cc;
   };
-  customGccGcov = if pkgs.stdenv.isLinux then linux.gcov else plainGcov;
+  customGccGcov = if pkgs.stdenv.hostPlatform.isLinux then linux.gcov else plainGcov;
 
   # Whole directory: init.sh locates the profiles relative to itself.
   conanDir = ../conan;
@@ -51,7 +52,7 @@ let
 
   # Not sdkEnv: a shell's stdenv already sets that up. Prepended so the stub
   # beats the nixpkgs libresolv this shell's tooling drags in.
-  darwinLibresolvHook = pkgs.lib.optionalString pkgs.stdenv.isDarwin (
+  darwinLibresolvHook = pkgs.lib.optionalString pkgs.stdenv.hostPlatform.isDarwin (
     pkgs.lib.concatLines (
       pkgs.lib.mapAttrsToList (
         name: value: ''export ${name}="${value} ''${${name}:-}"''
@@ -126,7 +127,7 @@ let
 in
 rec {
   # macOS: Nix Clang. Linux: Nix GCC.
-  default = if pkgs.stdenv.isDarwin then clang else gcc;
+  default = if pkgs.stdenv.hostPlatform.isDarwin then clang else gcc;
 
   # gcc/clang use the custom-glibc toolchain, matching CI. On darwin there is no
   # custom glibc, so they fall back to the plain nixpkgs toolchain.
@@ -171,7 +172,7 @@ rec {
 # The *-plain shells (stock nixpkgs toolchain) exist only on Linux: on darwin
 # gcc/clang are already plain, so these would be redundant and are omitted, which
 # makes `nix develop .#gcc-plain` fail there rather than silently aliasing gcc.
-// pkgs.lib.optionalAttrs pkgs.stdenv.isLinux {
+// pkgs.lib.optionalAttrs pkgs.stdenv.hostPlatform.isLinux {
   gcc-plain = makeShell {
     shellName = "gcc-plain";
     stdenv = plainGccStdenv;

src/libxrpl/ledger/Ledger.cpp

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 #include <xrpl/beast/utility/instrumentation.h>
 #include <xrpl/ledger/LedgerTiming.h>
 #include <xrpl/ledger/ReadView.h>
+#include <xrpl/ledger/entries/FeeSettingsEntry.h>
 #include <xrpl/nodestore/NodeObject.h>
 #include <xrpl/protocol/Feature.h>
 #include <xrpl/protocol/Fees.h>
@@ -560,7 +561,7 @@ Ledger::setup()
 
     try
     {
-        if (auto const sle = read(keylet::feeSettings()))
+        if (auto const sle = FeeSettingsEntryR(*this))
         {
             bool oldFees = false;
             bool newFees = false;

src/libxrpl/ledger/View.cpp

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 #include <xrpl/beast/utility/instrumentation.h>
 #include <xrpl/ledger/ApplyView.h>
 #include <xrpl/ledger/ReadView.h>
+#include <xrpl/ledger/entries/LedgerHashesEntry.h>
 #include <xrpl/ledger/helpers/AccountRootHelpers.h>
 #include <xrpl/ledger/helpers/CredentialHelpers.h>
 #include <xrpl/ledger/helpers/DirectoryHelpers.h>
@@ -361,17 +362,16 @@ hashOfSeq(ReadView const& ledger, LedgerIndex seq, beast::Journal journal)
     if (int const diff = ledger.seq() - seq; diff <= 256)
     {
         // Within 256...
-        auto const hashIndex = ledger.read(keylet::skip());
+        LedgerHashesEntryR const hashIndex(ledger, journal);
         if (hashIndex)
         {
             XRPL_ASSERT(
                 hashIndex->getFieldU32(sfLastLedgerSequence) == (ledger.seq() - 1),
                 "xrpl::hashOfSeq : matching ledger sequence");
-            STVector256 vec = hashIndex->getFieldV256(sfHashes);
+            if (auto const hash = hashIndex.hashAt(diff - 1))
-            if (vec.size() >= diff)
+                return hash;
-                return vec[vec.size() - diff];
             JLOG(journal.warn()) << "Ledger " << ledger.seq() << " missing hash for " << seq << " ("
-                                 << vec.size() << "," << diff << ")";
+                                 << hashIndex->getFieldV256(sfHashes).size() << "," << diff << ")";
         }
         else
         {
@@ -387,16 +387,14 @@ hashOfSeq(ReadView const& ledger, LedgerIndex seq, beast::Journal journal)
     }
 
     // in skiplist
-    auto const hashIndex = ledger.read(keylet::skip(seq));
+    LedgerHashesEntryR const hashIndex(keylet::skip(seq), ledger, journal);
     if (hashIndex)
     {
         auto const lastSeq = hashIndex->getFieldU32(sfLastLedgerSequence);
         XRPL_ASSERT(lastSeq >= seq, "xrpl::hashOfSeq : minimum last ledger");
         XRPL_ASSERT((lastSeq & 0xff) == 0, "xrpl::hashOfSeq : valid last ledger");
-        auto const diff = (lastSeq - seq) >> 8;
+        if (auto const hash = hashIndex.hashAt((lastSeq - seq) >> 8))
-        STVector256 vec = hashIndex->getFieldV256(sfHashes);
+            return hash;
-        if (vec.size() > diff)
-            return vec[vec.size() - diff - 1];
     }
     JLOG(journal.warn()) << "Can't get seq " << seq << " from " << ledger.seq() << " error";
     return std::nullopt;

src/libxrpl/nodestore/backend/RocksDBFactory.cpp

@@ -317,8 +317,8 @@ public:
             }
             else
             {
-                status = static_cast<Status>(
+                status = checkedCast<Status>(
-                    static_cast<int>(Status::CustomCode) + unsafeCast<int>(getStatus.code()));
+                    safeCast<int>(Status::CustomCode) + safeCast<int>(getStatus.code()));
 
                 JLOG(journal.error()) << getStatus.ToString();
             }

src/libxrpl/protocol/STPathSet.cpp

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 #include <xrpl/basics/UnorderedContainers.h>
 #include <xrpl/basics/base_uint.h>
 #include <xrpl/basics/contract.h>
+#include <xrpl/basics/safe_cast.h>
 #include <xrpl/beast/hash/uhash.h>
 #include <xrpl/beast/utility/instrumentation.h>
 #include <xrpl/json/json_value.h>
@@ -17,9 +18,13 @@
 #include <xrpl/protocol/jss.h>
 
 #include <algorithm>
+#include <concepts>
 #include <cstddef>
+#include <cstdint>
 #include <memory>
+#include <optional>
 #include <stdexcept>
+#include <type_traits>
 #include <utility>
 #include <vector>
 
@@ -36,10 +41,10 @@ STPathElement::getHash(STPathElement const& element)
     //            important. We don't even really need to fully hash the whole
     //            base_uint here, as a few bytes would do for our use.
     //
-    // The note above is only true because the result of this function reaches
+    // The note above is only true because the result of this function is only
-    // nothing but STPathElement::operator==, where it is a fast-reject
+    // used by the STPathElement equality operator as a fast-reject prefilter,
-    // prefilter ahead of the field comparisons that decide the answer.  Do not
+    // ahead of the field comparisons that then decide the answer. Do not use
-    // use it to key a container.
+    // it to key a container.
 
     for (auto const x : element.getAccountID())
         hashAccount += (hashAccount * 257) ^ x;
@@ -106,12 +111,38 @@ STPathSet::operator=(STPathSet const& other)
 
 STPathSet::STPathSet(SerialIter& sit, SField const& name) : STBase(name)
 {
-    std::vector<STPathElement> path;
+    using enum STPathElement::Type;
-    for (;;)
-    {
-        int const iType = sit.get8();
 
-        if (iType == STPathElement::TypeNone || iType == STPathElement::TypeBoundary)
+    auto parsePathElementType = [](std::underlying_type_t<STPathElement::Type> byte) noexcept
+        -> std::optional<STPathElement::Type> {
+        if (byte == std::to_underlying(TypeBoundary))
+            return TypeBoundary;
+
+        constexpr auto knownBits = static_cast<std::underlying_type_t<STPathElement::Type>>(
+            std::to_underlying(TypeAccount) | std::to_underlying(TypeCurrency) |
+            std::to_underlying(TypeIssuer) | std::to_underlying(TypeMpt));
+
+        if ((byte & ~knownBits) != 0)
+            return std::nullopt;
+
+        return static_cast<STPathElement::Type>(byte);
+    };
+
+    std::vector<STPathElement> path;
+
+    std::optional<STPathElement::Type> type;
+
+    do
+    {
+        type = parsePathElementType(sit.get8());
+
+        if (!type)
+        {
+            JLOG(debugLog().error()) << "Bad path element in pathset";
+            Throw<std::runtime_error>("bad path element");
+        }
+
+        if (type == TypeNone || type == TypeBoundary)
         {
             if (path.empty())
             {
@@ -122,28 +153,11 @@ STPathSet::STPathSet(SerialIter& sit, SField const& name) : STBase(name)
             // Move rather than converting the vector to an STPath by copy.
             value_.emplace_back(std::move(path));
             path.clear();
-
-            if (iType == STPathElement::TypeNone)
-                return;
-        }
-        else if ((iType & ~STPathElement::TypeAll) != 0)
-        {
-            JLOG(debugLog().error()) << "Bad path element " << iType << " in pathset";
-            Throw<std::runtime_error>("bad path element");
         }
         else
         {
-            auto const hasAccount = (iType & STPathElement::TypeAccount) != 0u;
+            bool const hasCurrency = ((*type & TypeCurrency) == TypeCurrency);
-            auto const hasCurrency = (iType & STPathElement::TypeCurrency) != 0u;
+            bool const hasMPT = ((*type & TypeMpt) == TypeMpt);
-            auto const hasIssuer = (iType & STPathElement::TypeIssuer) != 0u;
-            auto const hasMPT = (iType & STPathElement::TypeMpt) != 0u;
-
-            AccountID account;
-            PathAsset asset;
-            AccountID issuer;
-
-            if (hasAccount)
-                account = sit.get160();
 
             if (hasCurrency && hasMPT)
             {
@@ -151,18 +165,26 @@ STPathSet::STPathSet(SerialIter& sit, SField const& name) : STBase(name)
                 Throw<std::runtime_error>("bad path element: MPT and Currency");
             }
 
+            AccountID account;
+            AccountID issuer;
+
+            if ((*type & TypeAccount) == TypeAccount)
+                account = sit.get160();
+
+            PathAsset asset;
+
             if (hasCurrency)
                 asset = Currency::fromRaw(sit.get160());
 
             if (hasMPT)
                 asset = sit.get192();
 
-            if (hasIssuer)
+            if ((*type & TypeIssuer) == TypeIssuer)
                 issuer = sit.get160();
 
             path.emplace_back(account, asset, issuer, hasCurrency || hasMPT);
         }
-    }
+    } while (type != TypeNone);
 }
 
 STBase*
@@ -216,24 +238,22 @@ STPath::getJson(JsonOptions) const
     for (auto const& it : path_)
     {
         json::Value elem(json::ValueType::Object);
-        auto const iType = it.getNodeType();
 
-        elem[jss::type] = iType;
+        elem[jss::type] = safeCast<std::uint32_t>(it.getNodeType());
 
-        if ((iType & STPathElement::TypeAccount) != 0u)
+        if (it.isType(STPathElement::TypeAccount))
             elem[jss::account] = to_string(it.getAccountID());
 
         XRPL_ASSERT(
-            ((iType & STPathElement::TypeCurrency) == 0u) ||
+            !(it.hasCurrency() && it.hasMPT()),
-                ((iType & STPathElement::TypeMpt) == 0u),
             "xrpl::STPath::getJson : not type Currency and MPT");
-        if ((iType & STPathElement::TypeCurrency) != 0u)
+        if (it.hasCurrency())
             elem[jss::currency] = to_string(it.getCurrency());
 
-        if ((iType & STPathElement::TypeMpt) != 0u)
+        if (it.hasMPT())
             elem[jss::mpt_issuance_id] = to_string(it.getMPTID());
 
-        if ((iType & STPathElement::TypeIssuer) != 0u)
+        if (it.hasIssuer())
             elem[jss::issuer] = to_string(it.getIssuerID());
 
         ret.append(elem);
@@ -265,34 +285,42 @@ STPathSet::add(Serializer& s) const
     XRPL_ASSERT(getFName().fieldType == STI_PATHSET, "xrpl::STPathSet::add : valid field type");
     bool first = true;
 
+    // Workaround, since `Serializer` does not accept strongly-typed enums
+    // yet. When support is added, the static_assert will trigger, and the
+    // lambda can be removed entirely.
+    auto const toByte = [](std::same_as<STPathElement::Type> auto t) noexcept {
+        static_assert(
+            !requires(Serializer& ser) { ser.add8(t); },
+            "Serializer::add8 now accepts STPathElement::Type directly; remove toByte.");
+        return std::to_underlying(t);
+    };
+
     for (auto const& spPath : value_)
     {
         if (!first)
-            s.add8(STPathElement::TypeBoundary);
+            s.add8(toByte(STPathElement::TypeBoundary));
 
         for (auto const& speElement : spPath)
         {
-            int const iType = speElement.getNodeType();
+            s.add8(toByte(speElement.getNodeType()));
 
-            s.add8(iType);
+            if (speElement.isType(STPathElement::TypeAccount))
-
-            if ((iType & STPathElement::TypeAccount) != 0u)
                 s.addBitString(speElement.getAccountID());
 
-            if ((iType & STPathElement::TypeMpt) != 0u)
+            if (speElement.hasMPT())
                 s.addBitString(speElement.getMPTID());
 
-            if ((iType & STPathElement::TypeCurrency) != 0u)
+            if (speElement.hasCurrency())
                 s.addBitString(speElement.getCurrency());
 
-            if ((iType & STPathElement::TypeIssuer) != 0u)
+            if (speElement.hasIssuer())
                 s.addBitString(speElement.getIssuerID());
         }
 
         first = false;
     }
 
-    s.add8(STPathElement::TypeNone);
+    s.add8(toByte(STPathElement::TypeNone));
 }
 
 }  // namespace xrpl

src/libxrpl/tx/ApplyContext.cpp

@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ ApplyContext::ApplyContext(
     , parentBatchId_(parentBatchId)
 {
     XRPL_ASSERT(
-        parentBatchId.has_value() == ((flags_ & TapBatch) == TapBatch),
+        parentBatchId.has_value() == ((flags_ & ApplyFlags::Batch) == ApplyFlags::Batch),
         "Parent Batch ID should be set if batch apply flag is set");
     view_.emplace(&base_, flags_);
 }
@@ -53,13 +53,14 @@ std::optional<TxMeta>
 ApplyContext::apply(TER ter)
 {
     // NOLINTNEXTLINE(bugprone-unchecked-optional-access) view_ emplaced in constructor
-    return view_->apply(base_, tx, ter, parentBatchId_, (flags_ & TapDryRun) != 0u, journal);
+    return view_->apply(
+        base_, tx, ter, parentBatchId_, (flags_ & ApplyFlags::DryRun) != ApplyFlags::None, journal);
 }
 
 void
 ApplyContext::addOrderBook(Book const& book)
 {
-    if ((flags_ & TapDryRun) == TapNone)
+    if ((flags_ & ApplyFlags::DryRun) == ApplyFlags::None)
         registry.get().getOrderBookDB().addOrderBook(book);
 }
 

src/libxrpl/tx/Transactor.cpp

@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ preflightCheckSigningKey(STObject const& sigObject, beast::Journal j)
 std::optional<NotTEC>
 preflightCheckSimulateKeys(ApplyFlags flags, STObject const& sigObject, beast::Journal j)
 {
-    if ((flags & TapDryRun) != 0u)  // simulation
+    if ((flags & ApplyFlags::DryRun) != ApplyFlags::None)  // simulation
     {
         std::optional<Slice> const signature = sigObject[~sfTxnSignature];
         if (signature && !signature->empty())
@@ -510,7 +510,8 @@ Transactor::minimumFee(
     Fees const& fees,
     ApplyFlags flags)
 {
-    return scaleFeeLoad(baseFee, registry.getFeeTrack(), fees, (flags & TapUnlimited) != 0u);
+    return scaleFeeLoad(
+        baseFee, registry.getFeeTrack(), fees, (flags & ApplyFlags::Unlimited) != ApplyFlags::None);
 }
 
 TER
@@ -521,7 +522,7 @@ Transactor::checkFee(PreclaimContext const& ctx, XRPAmount baseFee)
 
     auto const feePaid = ctx.tx[sfFee].xrp();
 
-    if ((ctx.flags & TapBatch) != 0u)
+    if ((ctx.flags & ApplyFlags::Batch) != ApplyFlags::None)
     {
         if (feePaid == beast::kZero)
             return tesSUCCESS;
@@ -951,7 +952,8 @@ Transactor::checkSign(
         return tesSUCCESS;
     }
 
-    if (((flags & TapDryRun) != 0u) && pkSigner.empty() && !sigObject.isFieldPresent(sfSigners))
+    if (((flags & ApplyFlags::DryRun) != ApplyFlags::None) && pkSigner.empty() &&
+        !sigObject.isFieldPresent(sfSigners))
     {
         // simulate: skip signature validation when neither SigningPubKey nor
         // Signers are provided
@@ -1122,7 +1124,7 @@ Transactor::checkMultiSign(
         }
 
         XRPL_ASSERT(
-            (flags & TapDryRun) || !spk.empty(),
+            (flags & ApplyFlags::DryRun) != ApplyFlags::None || !spk.empty(),
             "xrpl::Transactor::checkMultiSign : non-empty signer or "
             "simulation");
         AccountID const signingAcctIDFromPubKey =
@@ -1604,7 +1606,7 @@ Transactor::operator()()
         if (ctx_.size() > kOversizeMetaDataCap)
             result = tecOVERSIZE;
 
-        if (isTecClaim(result) && ((view().flags() & TapFailHard) != 0u))
+        if (isTecClaim(result) && ((view().flags() & ApplyFlags::FailHard) != ApplyFlags::None))
         {
             // If the TapFailHard flag is set, a tec result
             // must not do anything
@@ -1684,7 +1686,7 @@ Transactor::operator()()
     // Once we call apply, we will no longer be able to look at view()
     metadata = ctx_.apply(result);
 
-    if ((ctx_.flags() & TapDryRun) != 0u)
+    if ((ctx_.flags() & ApplyFlags::DryRun) != ApplyFlags::None)
         return logger(result, false, std::move(metadata));
 
     return logger(result, canApply, std::move(metadata));

src/libxrpl/tx/apply.cpp

@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ applyBatchTransactions(
     auto applyOneTransaction = [&registry, &j, &parentBatchId, &batchView](STTx const& tx) {
         OpenView perTxBatchView(kBatchView, batchView);
 
-        auto const ret = apply(registry, perTxBatchView, parentBatchId, tx, TapBatch, j);
+        auto const ret = apply(registry, perTxBatchView, parentBatchId, tx, ApplyFlags::Batch, j);
         XRPL_ASSERT(
             ret.applied == (isTesSuccess(ret.ter) || isTecClaim(ret.ter)),
             "Inner transaction should not be applied");
@@ -274,7 +274,7 @@ applyTransaction(
 {
     // Returns false if the transaction has need not be retried.
     if (retryAssured)
-        flags = flags | TapRetry;
+        flags = flags | ApplyFlags::Retry;
 
     JLOG(j.debug()) << "TXN " << txn.getTransactionID() << (retryAssured ? "/retry" : "/final");
 

src/libxrpl/tx/applySteps.cpp

@@ -346,7 +346,8 @@ preflight(
     // builds; re-check the same invariant here so a release build can't
     // silently skip a proposed transaction's signature-presence checks
     // outside of a dry run.
-    if ((flags & TapProposal) != TapNone && (flags & TapDryRun) == TapNone)
+    if ((flags & ApplyFlags::Proposal) != ApplyFlags::None &&
+        (flags & ApplyFlags::DryRun) == ApplyFlags::None)
     {
         // LCOV_EXCL_START
         JLOG(j.fatal()) << "apply (preflight): TapProposal set without TapDryRun.";
@@ -377,7 +378,8 @@ preflight(
     PreflightContext const pfCtx(registry, tx, parentBatchId, rules, flags, j);
 
     // See the comment in the other preflight() overload above.
-    if ((flags & TapProposal) != TapNone && (flags & TapDryRun) == TapNone)
+    if ((flags & ApplyFlags::Proposal) != ApplyFlags::None &&
+        (flags & ApplyFlags::DryRun) == ApplyFlags::None)
     {
         // LCOV_EXCL_START
         JLOG(j.fatal()) << "apply (preflight): TapProposal set without TapDryRun.";

src/libxrpl/tx/paths/BookStep.cpp

@@ -985,7 +985,7 @@ std::optional<std::variant<Quality, AMMOffer<TIn, TOut>>>
 BookStep<TIn, TOut, TDerived>::tip(ReadView const& view) const
 {
     // This can be simplified (and sped up) if directories are never empty.
-    Sandbox sb(&view, TapNone);
+    Sandbox sb(&view, ApplyFlags::None);
     BookTip bt(sb, book_);
     auto const lobQuality = bt.step(j_) ? std::optional<Quality>(bt.quality()) : std::nullopt;
     // Multi-path offer generates an offer with the quality

src/libxrpl/tx/paths/PaySteps.cpp

@@ -57,10 +57,8 @@ checkNear(IOUAmount const& expected, IOUAmount const& actual)
 static bool
 isXRPAccount(STPathElement const& pe)
 {
-    if (pe.getNodeType() != STPathElement::TypeAccount)
+    return pe.getNodeType() == STPathElement::TypeAccount && isXRP(pe.getAccountID());
-        return false;
+}
-    return isXRP(pe.getAccountID());
-};
 
 static std::pair<TER, std::unique_ptr<Step>>
 toStep(
@@ -71,11 +69,8 @@ toStep(
 {
     auto& j = ctx.j;
 
-    if (ctx.isFirst && e1->isAccount() &&
+    if (ctx.isFirst && e1->isAccount() && e1->hasCurrency() && e1->getPathAsset().isXRP())
-        ((e1->getNodeType() & STPathElement::TypeCurrency) != 0u) && e1->getPathAsset().isXRP())
-    {
         return makeXrpEndpointStep(ctx, e1->getAccountID());
-    }
 
     if (ctx.isLast && isXRPAccount(*e1) && e2->isAccount())
         return makeXrpEndpointStep(ctx, e2->getAccountID());
@@ -117,15 +112,9 @@ toStep(
         // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
     }
 
-    XRPL_ASSERT(
+    XRPL_ASSERT(e2->hasAsset() || e2->hasIssuer(), "xrpl::toStep : currency or issuer");
-        (e2->getNodeType() & STPathElement::TypeAsset) ||
+    PathAsset const outAsset = e2->hasAsset() ? e2->getPathAsset() : curAsset;
-            (e2->getNodeType() & STPathElement::TypeIssuer),
+    auto const outIssuer = e2->hasIssuer() ? e2->getIssuerID() : curAsset.getIssuer();
-        "xrpl::toStep : currency or issuer");
-    PathAsset const outAsset =
-        ((e2->getNodeType() & STPathElement::TypeAsset) != 0u) ? e2->getPathAsset() : curAsset;
-    auto const outIssuer = ((e2->getNodeType() & STPathElement::TypeIssuer) != 0u)
-        ? e2->getIssuerID()
-        : curAsset.getIssuer();
 
     if (isXRP(curAsset) && outAsset.isXRP())
     {
@@ -197,16 +186,15 @@ toStrand(
     for (std::size_t i = 0; i < path.size(); ++i)
     {
         auto const& pe = path[i];
-        auto const t = pe.getNodeType();
 
-        if (((t & ~STPathElement::TypeAll) != 0u) || (t == 0u))
+        if ((pe.getNodeType() & ~STPathElement::TypeAll) != STPathElement::TypeNone || pe.isNone())
             return {temBAD_PATH, Strand{}};
 
-        bool const hasAccount = (t & STPathElement::TypeAccount) != 0u;
+        bool const hasAccount = pe.isType(STPathElement::TypeAccount);
-        bool const hasIssuer = (t & STPathElement::TypeIssuer) != 0u;
+        bool const hasIssuer = pe.hasIssuer();
-        bool const hasCurrency = (t & STPathElement::TypeCurrency) != 0u;
+        bool const hasCurrency = pe.hasCurrency();
-        bool const hasMPT = (t & STPathElement::TypeMpt) != 0u;
+        bool const hasMPT = pe.hasMPT();
-        bool const hasAsset = (t & STPathElement::TypeAsset) != 0u;
+        bool const hasAsset = pe.hasAsset();
 
         if (hasAccount && (hasIssuer || hasCurrency))
             return {temBAD_PATH, Strand{}};
@@ -250,9 +238,7 @@ toStrand(
     }();
 
     // Currency or MPT
-    auto hasAsset = [](STPathElement const pe) {
+    auto hasAsset = [](STPathElement const& pe) { return pe.hasAsset(); };
-        return pe.getNodeType() & STPathElement::TypeAsset;
-    };
 
     std::vector<STPathElement> normPath;
     // reserve enough for the path, the implied source, destination,

src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/account/AccountSet.cpp

@@ -187,7 +187,8 @@ AccountSet::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
         if (!dirIsEmpty(ctx.view, keylet::ownerDir(id)))
         {
             JLOG(ctx.j.trace()) << "Retry: Owner directory not empty.";
-            return ((ctx.flags & TapRetry) != 0u) ? TER{terOWNERS} : TER{tecOWNERS};
+            return ((ctx.flags & ApplyFlags::Retry) != ApplyFlags::None) ? TER{terOWNERS}
+                                                                         : TER{tecOWNERS};
         }
     }
 

src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/dex/OfferCreate.cpp

@@ -295,7 +295,8 @@ OfferCreate::checkAcceptAsset(
         JLOG(j.debug()) << "delay: can't receive IOUs from non-existent issuer: "
                         << to_string(asset.getIssuer());
 
-        return ((flags & TapRetry) != 0u) ? TER{terNO_ACCOUNT} : TER{tecNO_ISSUER};
+        return ((flags & ApplyFlags::Retry) != ApplyFlags::None) ? TER{terNO_ACCOUNT}
+                                                                 : TER{tecNO_ISSUER};
     }
 
     // An account cannot create a trustline to itself, so no line can exist
@@ -318,7 +319,8 @@ OfferCreate::checkAcceptAsset(
                 {
                     JLOG(j.debug()) << "delay: can't receive IOUs from issuer with "
                                        "DisallowIncomingTrustline set";
-                    return ((flags & TapRetry) != 0u) ? TER{terNO_LINE} : TER{tecNO_LINE};
+                    return ((flags & ApplyFlags::Retry) != ApplyFlags::None) ? TER{terNO_LINE}
+                                                                             : TER{tecNO_LINE};
                 }
             }
 
@@ -326,7 +328,8 @@ OfferCreate::checkAcceptAsset(
             {
                 if (!trustLine)
                 {
-                    return ((flags & TapRetry) != 0u) ? TER{terNO_LINE} : TER{tecNO_LINE};
+                    return ((flags & ApplyFlags::Retry) != ApplyFlags::None) ? TER{terNO_LINE}
+                                                                             : TER{tecNO_LINE};
                 }
 
                 // Entries have a canonical representation, determined by a
@@ -342,7 +345,8 @@ OfferCreate::checkAcceptAsset(
                     JLOG(j.debug()) << "delay: can't receive IOUs from "
                                        "issuer without auth.";
 
-                    return ((flags & TapRetry) != 0u) ? TER{terNO_AUTH} : TER{tecNO_AUTH};
+                    return ((flags & ApplyFlags::Retry) != ApplyFlags::None) ? TER{terNO_AUTH}
+                                                                             : TER{tecNO_AUTH};
                 }
             }
 

src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/escrow/EscrowCancel.cpp

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 #include <xrpl/basics/Log.h>
 #include <xrpl/ledger/ApplyView.h>
 #include <xrpl/ledger/View.h>
+#include <xrpl/ledger/entries/EscrowEntry.h>
 #include <xrpl/ledger/helpers/AccountRootHelpers.h>
 #include <xrpl/ledger/helpers/EscrowHelpers.h>
 #include <xrpl/ledger/helpers/MPTokenHelpers.h>
@@ -94,13 +95,12 @@ EscrowCancel::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
     if (ctx.view.rules().enabled(featureTokenEscrow))
     {
         auto const seqProxy = SeqProxy::rawSequence(ctx.tx[sfOfferSequence]);
-        auto const k = keylet::escrow(ctx.tx[sfOwner], seqProxy);
+        EscrowEntryR const escrow(ctx.tx[sfOwner], seqProxy, ctx.view);
-        auto const slep = ctx.view.read(k);
+        if (!escrow)
-        if (!slep)
             return tecNO_TARGET;
 
-        AccountID const account = (*slep)[sfAccount];
+        AccountID const account = (*escrow)[sfAccount];
-        STAmount const amount = (*slep)[sfAmount];
+        STAmount const amount = (*escrow)[sfAmount];
 
         if (!isXRP(amount))
         {
@@ -120,9 +120,8 @@ TER
 EscrowCancel::doApply()
 {
     auto const seqProxy = SeqProxy::rawSequence(ctx_.tx[sfOfferSequence]);
-    auto const k = keylet::escrow(ctx_.tx[sfOwner], seqProxy);
+    EscrowEntryW escrow(ctx_.tx[sfOwner], seqProxy, ctx_.view(), j_);
-    auto const slep = ctx_.view().peek(k);
+    if (!escrow)
-    if (!slep)
     {
         if (ctx_.view().rules().enabled(featureTokenEscrow))
             return tecINTERNAL;  // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
@@ -133,19 +132,19 @@ EscrowCancel::doApply()
     auto const now = ctx_.view().header().parentCloseTime;
 
     // No cancel time specified: can't execute at all.
-    if (!(*slep)[~sfCancelAfter])
+    if (!(*escrow)[~sfCancelAfter])
         return tecNO_PERMISSION;
 
     // Too soon: can't execute before the cancel time.
-    if (!after(now, (*slep)[sfCancelAfter]))
+    if (!after(now, (*escrow)[sfCancelAfter]))
         return tecNO_PERMISSION;
 
-    AccountID const account = (*slep)[sfAccount];
+    AccountID const account = (*escrow)[sfAccount];
 
     // Remove escrow from owner directory
     {
-        auto const page = (*slep)[sfOwnerNode];
+        auto const page = (*escrow)[sfOwnerNode];
-        if (!ctx_.view().dirRemove(keylet::ownerDir(account), page, k.key, true))
+        if (!ctx_.view().dirRemove(keylet::ownerDir(account), page, escrow.key(), true))
         {
             // LCOV_EXCL_START
             JLOG(j_.fatal()) << "Unable to delete Escrow from owner.";
@@ -155,9 +154,10 @@ EscrowCancel::doApply()
     }
 
     // Remove escrow from recipient's owner directory, if present.
-    if (auto const optPage = (*slep)[~sfDestinationNode]; optPage)
+    if (auto const optPage = (*escrow)[~sfDestinationNode]; optPage)
     {
-        if (!ctx_.view().dirRemove(keylet::ownerDir((*slep)[sfDestination]), *optPage, k.key, true))
+        if (!ctx_.view().dirRemove(
+                keylet::ownerDir((*escrow)[sfDestination]), *optPage, escrow.key(), true))
         {
             // LCOV_EXCL_START
             JLOG(j_.fatal()) << "Unable to delete Escrow from recipient.";
@@ -167,13 +167,13 @@ EscrowCancel::doApply()
     }
 
     auto const sle = ctx_.view().peek(keylet::account(account));
-    STAmount const amount = slep->getFieldAmount(sfAmount);
+    STAmount const amount = escrow->getFieldAmount(sfAmount);
 
     // The return can re-create a holding the owner deleted while the escrow
     // was pending; the removed escrow must not be counted against its reserve.
     bool const recycleReserve = ctx_.view().rules().enabled(fixCleanup3_4_0);
     if (recycleReserve)
-        decreaseOwnerCountForObject(ctx_.view(), sle, slep, 1, ctx_.journal);
+        decreaseOwnerCountForObject(ctx_.view(), sle, escrow.mutableRawSle(), 1, ctx_.journal);
 
     // Transfer amount back to the owner
     if (isXRP(amount))
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ EscrowCancel::doApply()
                     return escrowUnlockApplyHelper<T>(
                         ctx_.getApplyViewContext(),
                         kParityRate,
-                        ctx_.view().rules().enabled(fixCleanup3_2_0) ? sle : slep,
+                        ctx_.view().rules().enabled(fixCleanup3_2_0) ? sle : escrow.mutableRawSle(),
                         preFeeBalance_,
                         amount,
                         issuer,
@@ -206,9 +206,9 @@ EscrowCancel::doApply()
             return ret;  // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
 
         // Remove escrow from issuers owner directory, if present.
-        if (auto const optPage = (*slep)[~sfIssuerNode]; optPage)
+        if (auto const optPage = (*escrow)[~sfIssuerNode]; optPage)
         {
-            if (!ctx_.view().dirRemove(keylet::ownerDir(issuer), *optPage, k.key, true))
+            if (!ctx_.view().dirRemove(keylet::ownerDir(issuer), *optPage, escrow.key(), true))
             {
                 // LCOV_EXCL_START
                 JLOG(j_.fatal()) << "Unable to delete Escrow from recipient.";
@@ -219,10 +219,10 @@ EscrowCancel::doApply()
     }
 
     if (!recycleReserve)
-        decreaseOwnerCountForObject(ctx_.view(), sle, slep, 1, ctx_.journal);
+        decreaseOwnerCountForObject(ctx_.view(), sle, escrow.mutableRawSle(), 1, ctx_.journal);
 
     // Remove escrow from ledger
-    ctx_.view().erase(slep);
+    escrow.erase();
 
     return tesSUCCESS;
 }

src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/escrow/EscrowCreate.cpp

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 #include <xrpl/core/ServiceRegistry.h>
 #include <xrpl/ledger/ApplyView.h>
 #include <xrpl/ledger/View.h>
+#include <xrpl/ledger/entries/EscrowEntry.h>
 #include <xrpl/ledger/helpers/AccountRootHelpers.h>
 #include <xrpl/ledger/helpers/DirectoryHelpers.h>
 #include <xrpl/ledger/helpers/MPTokenHelpers.h>
@@ -481,30 +482,31 @@ EscrowCreate::doApply()
 
     // Create escrow in ledger.  Note that we use the value from the
     // sequence or ticket.  For more explanation see comments in SeqProxy.h.
-    Keylet const escrowKeylet = keylet::escrow(accountID_, ctx_.tx.getSeqProxy());
+    EscrowEntryW escrow(accountID_, ctx_.tx.getSeqProxy(), ctx_.view(), j_);
-    auto const slep = std::make_shared<SLE>(escrowKeylet);
+    Keylet const escrowKeylet = escrow.keylet();
-    (*slep)[sfAmount] = amount;
+    escrow.newSLE();
-    (*slep)[sfAccount] = accountID_;
+    (*escrow)[sfAmount] = amount;
-    (*slep)[~sfCondition] = ctx_.tx[~sfCondition];
+    (*escrow)[sfAccount] = accountID_;
-    (*slep)[~sfSourceTag] = ctx_.tx[~sfSourceTag];
+    (*escrow)[~sfCondition] = ctx_.tx[~sfCondition];
-    (*slep)[sfDestination] = ctx_.tx[sfDestination];
+    (*escrow)[~sfSourceTag] = ctx_.tx[~sfSourceTag];
-    (*slep)[~sfCancelAfter] = ctx_.tx[~sfCancelAfter];
+    (*escrow)[sfDestination] = ctx_.tx[sfDestination];
-    (*slep)[~sfFinishAfter] = ctx_.tx[~sfFinishAfter];
+    (*escrow)[~sfCancelAfter] = ctx_.tx[~sfCancelAfter];
-    (*slep)[~sfDestinationTag] = ctx_.tx[~sfDestinationTag];
+    (*escrow)[~sfFinishAfter] = ctx_.tx[~sfFinishAfter];
+    (*escrow)[~sfDestinationTag] = ctx_.tx[~sfDestinationTag];
 
     if (ctx_.view().rules().enabled(fixIncludeKeyletFields))
     {
-        (*slep)[sfSequence] = ctx_.tx.getSeqProxy().value();
+        (*escrow)[sfSequence] = ctx_.tx.getSeqProxy().value();
     }
 
     if (ctx_.view().rules().enabled(featureTokenEscrow) && !isXRP(amount))
     {
         auto const xferRate = transferRate(ctx_.view(), amount);
         if (xferRate != kParityRate)
-            (*slep)[sfTransferRate] = xferRate.value;
+            (*escrow)[sfTransferRate] = xferRate.value;
     }
 
-    ctx_.view().insert(slep);
+    escrow.insert();
 
     // Add escrow to sender's owner directory
     {
@@ -512,7 +514,7 @@ EscrowCreate::doApply()
             keylet::ownerDir(accountID_), escrowKeylet, describeOwnerDir(accountID_));
         if (!page)
             return tecDIR_FULL;  // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
-        (*slep)[sfOwnerNode] = *page;
+        (*escrow)[sfOwnerNode] = *page;
     }
 
     // If it's not a self-send, add escrow to recipient's owner directory.
@@ -523,7 +525,7 @@ EscrowCreate::doApply()
             ctx_.view().dirInsert(keylet::ownerDir(dest), escrowKeylet, describeOwnerDir(dest));
         if (!page)
             return tecDIR_FULL;  // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
-        (*slep)[sfDestinationNode] = *page;
+        (*escrow)[sfDestinationNode] = *page;
     }
 
     // IOU escrow objects are added to the issuer's owner directory to help
@@ -536,7 +538,7 @@ EscrowCreate::doApply()
             ctx_.view().dirInsert(keylet::ownerDir(issuer), escrowKeylet, describeOwnerDir(issuer));
         if (!page)
             return tecDIR_FULL;  // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
-        (*slep)[sfIssuerNode] = *page;
+        (*escrow)[sfIssuerNode] = *page;
     }
 
     // Deduct owner's balance
@@ -559,7 +561,7 @@ EscrowCreate::doApply()
 
     // increment owner count
     increaseOwnerCount(ctx_.getApplyViewContext(), sle, 1, ctx_.journal);
-    addSponsorToLedgerEntry(ctx_.getApplyViewContext(), slep);
+    addSponsorToLedgerEntry(ctx_.getApplyViewContext(), escrow.mutableRawSle());
     ctx_.view().update(sle);
     return tesSUCCESS;
 }

src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/escrow/EscrowFinish.cpp

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 #include <xrpl/ledger/ApplyView.h>
 #include <xrpl/ledger/ReadView.h>
 #include <xrpl/ledger/View.h>
+#include <xrpl/ledger/entries/EscrowEntry.h>
 #include <xrpl/ledger/helpers/AccountRootHelpers.h>
 #include <xrpl/ledger/helpers/CredentialHelpers.h>
 #include <xrpl/ledger/helpers/EscrowHelpers.h>
@@ -211,13 +212,12 @@ EscrowFinish::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
     if (ctx.view.rules().enabled(featureTokenEscrow))
     {
         auto const seqProxy = SeqProxy::rawSequence(ctx.tx[sfOfferSequence]);
-        auto const k = keylet::escrow(ctx.tx[sfOwner], seqProxy);
+        EscrowEntryR const escrow(ctx.tx[sfOwner], seqProxy, ctx.view);
-        auto const slep = ctx.view.read(k);
+        if (!escrow)
-        if (!slep)
             return tecNO_TARGET;
 
-        AccountID const dest = (*slep)[sfDestination];
+        AccountID const dest = (*escrow)[sfDestination];
-        STAmount const amount = (*slep)[sfAmount];
+        STAmount const amount = (*escrow)[sfAmount];
 
         if (!isXRP(amount))
         {
@@ -237,9 +237,8 @@ TER
 EscrowFinish::doApply()
 {
     auto const seqProxy = SeqProxy::rawSequence(ctx_.tx[sfOfferSequence]);
-    auto const k = keylet::escrow(ctx_.tx[sfOwner], seqProxy);
+    EscrowEntryW escrow(ctx_.tx[sfOwner], seqProxy, ctx_.view(), j_);
-    auto const slep = ctx_.view().peek(k);
+    if (!escrow)
-    if (!slep)
     {
         if (ctx_.view().rules().enabled(featureTokenEscrow))
             return tecINTERNAL;  // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
@@ -252,11 +251,11 @@ EscrowFinish::doApply()
     auto const now = ctx_.view().header().parentCloseTime;
 
     // Too soon: can't execute before the finish time
-    if ((*slep)[~sfFinishAfter] && !after(now, (*slep)[sfFinishAfter]))
+    if ((*escrow)[~sfFinishAfter] && !after(now, (*escrow)[sfFinishAfter]))
         return tecNO_PERMISSION;
 
     // Too late: can't execute after the cancel time
-    if ((*slep)[~sfCancelAfter] && after(now, (*slep)[sfCancelAfter]))
+    if ((*escrow)[~sfCancelAfter] && after(now, (*escrow)[sfCancelAfter]))
         return tecNO_PERMISSION;
 
     // Check cryptocondition fulfillment
@@ -296,7 +295,7 @@ EscrowFinish::doApply()
             return tecCRYPTOCONDITION_ERROR;
 
         // Check against condition in the ledger entry:
-        auto const cond = (*slep)[~sfCondition];
+        auto const cond = (*escrow)[~sfCondition];
 
         // If a condition wasn't specified during creation,
         // one shouldn't be included now.
@@ -313,7 +312,7 @@ EscrowFinish::doApply()
     }
 
     // NOTE: Escrow payments cannot be used to fund accounts.
-    AccountID const destID = (*slep)[sfDestination];
+    AccountID const destID = (*escrow)[sfDestination];
     auto const sled = ctx_.view().peek(keylet::account(destID));
     if (!sled)
         return tecNO_DST;
@@ -323,12 +322,12 @@ EscrowFinish::doApply()
         !isTesSuccess(err))
         return err;
 
-    AccountID const account = (*slep)[sfAccount];
+    AccountID const account = (*escrow)[sfAccount];
 
     // Remove escrow from owner directory
     {
-        auto const page = (*slep)[sfOwnerNode];
+        auto const page = (*escrow)[sfOwnerNode];
-        if (!ctx_.view().dirRemove(keylet::ownerDir(account), page, k.key, true))
+        if (!ctx_.view().dirRemove(keylet::ownerDir(account), page, escrow.key(), true))
         {
             // LCOV_EXCL_START
             JLOG(j_.fatal()) << "Unable to delete Escrow from owner.";
@@ -338,9 +337,9 @@ EscrowFinish::doApply()
     }
 
     // Remove escrow from recipient's owner directory, if present.
-    if (auto const optPage = (*slep)[~sfDestinationNode])
+    if (auto const optPage = (*escrow)[~sfDestinationNode])
     {
-        if (!ctx_.view().dirRemove(keylet::ownerDir(destID), *optPage, k.key, true))
+        if (!ctx_.view().dirRemove(keylet::ownerDir(destID), *optPage, escrow.key(), true))
         {
             // LCOV_EXCL_START
             JLOG(j_.fatal()) << "Unable to delete Escrow from recipient.";
@@ -355,9 +354,9 @@ EscrowFinish::doApply()
     bool const recycleReserve =
         ctx_.view().rules().enabled(featureSponsor) || ctx_.view().rules().enabled(fixCleanup3_4_0);
     if (recycleReserve)
-        decreaseOwnerCountForObject(ctx_.view(), account, slep, 1, ctx_.journal);
+        decreaseOwnerCountForObject(ctx_.view(), account, escrow.mutableRawSle(), 1, ctx_.journal);
 
-    STAmount const amount = slep->getFieldAmount(sfAmount);
+    STAmount const amount = escrow->getFieldAmount(sfAmount);
     // Transfer amount to destination
     if (isXRP(amount))
     {
@@ -368,8 +367,8 @@ EscrowFinish::doApply()
         if (!ctx_.view().rules().enabled(featureTokenEscrow))
             return temDISABLED;  // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
 
-        Rate lockedRate = slep->isFieldPresent(sfTransferRate)
+        Rate lockedRate = escrow->isFieldPresent(sfTransferRate)
-            ? xrpl::Rate(slep->getFieldU32(sfTransferRate))
+            ? xrpl::Rate(escrow->getFieldU32(sfTransferRate))
             : kParityRate;
         auto const issuer = amount.getIssuer();
         bool const createAsset = destID == accountID_;
@@ -392,9 +391,9 @@ EscrowFinish::doApply()
             return ret;
 
         // Remove escrow from issuers owner directory, if present.
-        if (auto const optPage = (*slep)[~sfIssuerNode]; optPage)
+        if (auto const optPage = (*escrow)[~sfIssuerNode]; optPage)
         {
-            if (!ctx_.view().dirRemove(keylet::ownerDir(issuer), *optPage, k.key, true))
+            if (!ctx_.view().dirRemove(keylet::ownerDir(issuer), *optPage, escrow.key(), true))
             {
                 // LCOV_EXCL_START
                 JLOG(j_.fatal()) << "Unable to delete Escrow from recipient.";
@@ -407,10 +406,10 @@ EscrowFinish::doApply()
     ctx_.view().update(sled);
 
     if (!recycleReserve)
-        decreaseOwnerCountForObject(ctx_.view(), account, slep, 1, ctx_.journal);
+        decreaseOwnerCountForObject(ctx_.view(), account, escrow.mutableRawSle(), 1, ctx_.journal);
 
     // Remove escrow from ledger
-    ctx_.view().erase(slep);
+    escrow.erase();
     return tesSUCCESS;
 }
 

src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/lending/LoanSet.cpp

@@ -91,7 +91,8 @@ LoanSet::preflight(PreflightContext const& ctx)
     // A proposed LoanSet is stored unsigned; its CounterpartySignature is
     // collected on-ledger afterward, so its absence here is expected, not an
     // error (On-Chain Cosigner spec §5.3.1.2).
-    if (!tx.isFlag(tfInnerBatchTxn) && !counterPartySig && (ctx.flags & TapProposal) == 0)
+    if (!tx.isFlag(tfInnerBatchTxn) && !counterPartySig &&
+        (ctx.flags & ApplyFlags::Proposal) == ApplyFlags::None)
     {
         JLOG(ctx.j.warn()) << "LoanSet transaction must have a CounterpartySignature.";
         return temBAD_SIGNER;

src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/proposal/TransactionProposalCreate.cpp

@@ -54,8 +54,8 @@ TransactionProposalCreate::preflight(PreflightContext const& ctx)
     try
     {
         STTx const stx{STObject{proposedTx}};
-        auto const inner =
+        auto const inner = xrpl::preflight(
-            xrpl::preflight(ctx.registry, ctx.rules, stx, TapDryRun | TapProposal, ctx.j);
+            ctx.registry, ctx.rules, stx, ApplyFlags::DryRun | ApplyFlags::Proposal, ctx.j);
         if (!isTesSuccess(inner.ter))
         {
             JLOG(ctx.j.debug()) << "TransactionProposalCreate: proposed txn "

src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/sponsor/SponsorshipTransfer.cpp

@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ SponsorshipTransfer::preflight(PreflightContext const& ctx)
     // is collected on-ledger afterward, so its absence here is expected, not
     // an error (On-Chain Cosigner spec §5.3.1.2).
     if (isAccountReserveSponsorship && !ctx.tx.isFieldPresent(sfSponsorSignature) &&
-        (ctx.flags & TapProposal) == 0)
+        (ctx.flags & ApplyFlags::Proposal) == ApplyFlags::None)
     {
         JLOG(ctx.j.debug()) << "preflight: account sponsorship requires sfSponsorSignature";
         return temMALFORMED;

src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/system/Batch.cpp

@@ -359,7 +359,8 @@ Batch::preflight(PreflightContext const& ctx)
         // TapBatch — PreflightContext with a parentBatchId requires it.
         // LoanSet already short-circuits on tfInnerBatchTxn; it is also in
         // kDisabledTxTypes, so it never reaches this call.
-        ApplyFlags const innerFlags = TapBatch | (ctx.flags & (TapProposal | TapDryRun));
+        ApplyFlags const innerFlags =
+            ApplyFlags::Batch | (ctx.flags & (ApplyFlags::Proposal | ApplyFlags::DryRun));
         if (auto const preflightResult =
                 xrpl::preflight(ctx.registry, ctx.rules, parentBatchId, stx, innerFlags, ctx.j);
             !isTesSuccess(preflightResult.ter))
@@ -431,7 +432,7 @@ Batch::preflightSigValidated(PreflightContext const& ctx)
     // A proposed Batch is stored unsigned; its BatchSigners are collected
     // on-ledger afterward, so the signer-presence match belongs to submission
     // time, not proposal creation (On-Chain Cosigner spec §5.3.1.2).
-    if ((ctx.flags & TapProposal) != 0)
+    if ((ctx.flags & ApplyFlags::Proposal) != ApplyFlags::None)
         return tesSUCCESS;
 
     auto const parentBatchId = ctx.tx.getTransactionID();

src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/system/Change.cpp

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 #include <xrpl/beast/utility/instrumentation.h>
 #include <xrpl/core/ServiceRegistry.h>
 #include <xrpl/ledger/AmendmentTable.h>
+#include <xrpl/ledger/entries/FeeSettingsEntry.h>
 #include <xrpl/protocol/Feature.h>
 #include <xrpl/protocol/Indexes.h>
 #include <xrpl/protocol/Protocol.h>
@@ -260,16 +261,14 @@ Change::applyAmendment()
 TER
 Change::applyFee()
 {
-    auto const k = keylet::feeSettings();
+    FeeSettingsEntryW feeObject(view());
-
-    SLE::pointer feeObject = view().peek(k);
 
     if (!feeObject)
     {
-        feeObject = std::make_shared<SLE>(k);
+        feeObject.newSLE();
-        view().insert(feeObject);
+        feeObject.insert();
     }
-    auto set = [](SLE::pointer& feeObject, STTx const& tx, auto const& field) {
+    auto set = [](FeeSettingsEntryW& feeObject, STTx const& tx, auto const& field) {
         feeObject->at(field) = tx[field];
     };
     if (view().rules().enabled(featureXRPFees))
@@ -291,7 +290,7 @@ Change::applyFee()
         set(feeObject, ctx_.tx, sfReserveIncrement);
     }
 
-    view().update(feeObject);
+    feeObject.update();
 
     JLOG(j_.warn()) << "Fees have been changed";
     return tesSUCCESS;

src/test/app/AMMExtendedMPT_test.cpp

@@ -1890,7 +1890,7 @@ private:
             auto const flowResult = [&] {
                 STAmount const deliver(eth(51'000'000));
                 STAmount smax(btc(61'000'000));
-                PaymentSandbox sb(env.current().get(), TapNone);
+                PaymentSandbox sb(env.current().get(), ApplyFlags::None);
                 STPathSet paths;
                 auto ipe = [](MPTTester const& iss) {
                     return STPathElement(
@@ -1928,7 +1928,7 @@ private:
             env.app().getOpenLedger().modify([&](OpenView& view, beast::Journal j) {
                 if (flowResult.removableOffers.empty())
                     return false;
-                Sandbox sb(&view, TapNone);
+                Sandbox sb(&view, ApplyFlags::None);
                 for (auto const& o : flowResult.removableOffers)
                 {
                     if (auto ok = sb.peek(keylet::offer(o)))

src/test/app/AMMExtended_test.cpp

@@ -2049,7 +2049,7 @@ private:
             auto const flowResult = [&] {
                 STAmount const deliver(USD(51));
                 STAmount smax(BTC(61));
-                PaymentSandbox sb(env.current().get(), TapNone);
+                PaymentSandbox sb(env.current().get(), ApplyFlags::None);
                 STPathSet paths;
                 auto ipe = [](Issue const& iss) {
                     return STPathElement(
@@ -2087,7 +2087,7 @@ private:
             env.app().getOpenLedger().modify([&](OpenView& view, beast::Journal j) {
                 if (flowResult.removableOffers.empty())
                     return false;
-                Sandbox sb(&view, TapNone);
+                Sandbox sb(&view, ApplyFlags::None);
                 for (auto const& o : flowResult.removableOffers)
                 {
                     if (auto ok = sb.peek(keylet::offer(o)))

src/test/app/AMMMPT_test.cpp

@@ -4158,7 +4158,7 @@ private:
                 auto jtx = env.jt(tx, Seq(1), Fee(10));
                 env.app().config().features.erase(featureMPTokensV2);
                 PreflightContext const ctx(
-                    env.app(), *jtx.stx, env.current()->rules(), TapNone, env.journal);
+                    env.app(), *jtx.stx, env.current()->rules(), ApplyFlags::None, env.journal);
                 auto pf = AMMBid::checkExtraFeatures(ctx);
                 BEAST_EXPECT(pf == false);
                 env.app().config().features.insert(featureMPTokensV2);
@@ -4170,7 +4170,7 @@ private:
                 jtx.jv["Asset2"].removeMember("mpt_issuance_id");
                 jtx.stx = env.ust(jtx);
                 PreflightContext const ctx(
-                    env.app(), *jtx.stx, env.current()->rules(), TapNone, env.journal);
+                    env.app(), *jtx.stx, env.current()->rules(), ApplyFlags::None, env.journal);
                 auto pf = AMMBid::preflight(ctx);
                 BEAST_EXPECT(pf == temBAD_AMM_TOKENS);
             }

src/test/app/AMM_test.cpp

@@ -3263,7 +3263,7 @@ private:
                 auto jtx = env.jt(tx, Seq(1), Fee(baseFee));
                 env.app().config().features.erase(featureAMM);
                 PreflightContext const pfCtx(
-                    env.app(), *jtx.stx, env.current()->rules(), TapNone, env.journal);
+                    env.app(), *jtx.stx, env.current()->rules(), ApplyFlags::None, env.journal);
                 auto pf = Transactor::invokePreflight<AMMBid>(pfCtx);
                 BEAST_EXPECT(pf == temDISABLED);
                 env.app().config().features.insert(featureAMM);
@@ -3274,7 +3274,7 @@ private:
                 jtx.jv["TxnSignature"] = "deadbeef";
                 jtx.stx = env.ust(jtx);
                 PreflightContext const pfCtx(
-                    env.app(), *jtx.stx, env.current()->rules(), TapNone, env.journal);
+                    env.app(), *jtx.stx, env.current()->rules(), ApplyFlags::None, env.journal);
                 auto pf = Transactor::invokePreflight<AMMBid>(pfCtx);
                 BEAST_EXPECT(!isTesSuccess(pf));
             }
@@ -3285,7 +3285,7 @@ private:
                 jtx.jv["Asset2"].removeMember("issuer");
                 jtx.stx = env.ust(jtx);
                 PreflightContext const pfCtx(
-                    env.app(), *jtx.stx, env.current()->rules(), TapNone, env.journal);
+                    env.app(), *jtx.stx, env.current()->rules(), ApplyFlags::None, env.journal);
                 auto pf = Transactor::invokePreflight<AMMBid>(pfCtx);
                 BEAST_EXPECT(pf == temBAD_AMM_TOKENS);
             }

src/test/app/AccountSet_test.cpp

@@ -594,7 +594,7 @@ public:
         stx->at(sfSigningPubKey) = makeSlice(std::string("badkey"));
 
         env.app().getOpenLedger().modify([&](OpenView& view, beast::Journal j) {
-            auto const result = xrpl::apply(env.app(), view, *stx, TapNone, j);
+            auto const result = xrpl::apply(env.app(), view, *stx, ApplyFlags::None, j);
             BEAST_EXPECT(result.ter == temBAD_SIGNATURE);
             BEAST_EXPECT(!result.applied);
             return result.applied;

src/test/app/Batch_test.cpp

@@ -436,7 +436,7 @@ class Batch_test : public beast::unit_test::Suite
         {
             auto jtx = env.jt(pay(alice, bob, XRP(1)), Txflags(tfInnerBatchTxn));
             PreflightContext const pfCtx(
-                env.app(), *jtx.stx, env.current()->rules(), TapNone, env.journal);
+                env.app(), *jtx.stx, env.current()->rules(), ApplyFlags::None, env.journal);
             auto const pf = Transactor::invokePreflight<Payment>(pfCtx);
             BEAST_EXPECT(pf == temINVALID_INNER_BATCH);
         }
@@ -451,7 +451,7 @@ class Batch_test : public beast::unit_test::Suite
                 disabledEnv.app(),
                 *jtx.stx,
                 disabledEnv.current()->rules(),
-                TapNone,
+                ApplyFlags::None,
                 disabledEnv.journal);
             auto const pf = Transactor::invokePreflight<Payment>(pfCtx);
             BEAST_EXPECT(pf == temINVALID_FLAG);
@@ -462,7 +462,12 @@ class Batch_test : public beast::unit_test::Suite
         {
             auto jtx = env.jt(pay(alice, bob, XRP(1)));
             PreflightContext const pfCtx(
-                env.app(), *jtx.stx, UInt256{1}, env.current()->rules(), TapBatch, env.journal);
+                env.app(),
+                *jtx.stx,
+                UInt256{1},
+                env.current()->rules(),
+                ApplyFlags::Batch,
+                env.journal);
             auto const pf = Transactor::invokePreflight<Payment>(pfCtx);
             BEAST_EXPECT(pf == temINVALID_INNER_BATCH);
         }
@@ -1590,7 +1595,7 @@ class Batch_test : public beast::unit_test::Suite
                 batch::Sig(std::vector<Reg>(kMaxBatchSigners + 1, bob)));
 
             env.app().getOpenLedger().modify([&](OpenView& view, beast::Journal j) {
-                auto const result = xrpl::apply(env.app(), view, *jt.stx, TapNone, j);
+                auto const result = xrpl::apply(env.app(), view, *jt.stx, ApplyFlags::None, j);
                 BEAST_EXPECT(!result.applied && result.ter == temARRAY_TOO_LARGE);
                 return result.applied;
             });
@@ -4391,7 +4396,7 @@ class Batch_test : public beast::unit_test::Suite
         BEAST_EXPECT(!passesLocalChecks(stx, reason));
         BEAST_EXPECT(reason == "Cannot submit pseudo transactions.");
         env.app().getOpenLedger().modify([&](OpenView& view, beast::Journal j) {
-            auto const result = xrpl::apply(env.app(), view, stx, TapNone, j);
+            auto const result = xrpl::apply(env.app(), view, stx, ApplyFlags::None, j);
             BEAST_EXPECT(!result.applied && result.ter == temINVALID_FLAG);
             return result.applied;
         });
@@ -5637,7 +5642,7 @@ class Batch_test : public beast::unit_test::Suite
                     obj.setFieldU32(sfFlags, tfInnerBatchTxn);
                 });
 
-                auto const result = xrpl::apply(env.app(), view, stx, TapNone, j);
+                auto const result = xrpl::apply(env.app(), view, stx, ApplyFlags::None, j);
                 // Must NOT be applied — signature was never checked
                 BEAST_EXPECT(!result.applied);
                 return false;

src/test/app/ConfidentialTransfer_test.cpp

@@ -1745,7 +1745,8 @@ class ConfidentialTransfer_test : public ConfidentialTransferTestBase
                 (*sle)[sfConfidentialBalanceVersion] = wrappedFrom;
                 view.rawReplace(sle);
 
-                auto const result = xrpl::apply(env.app(), view, *jt.stx, TapNone, env.journal);
+                auto const result =
+                    xrpl::apply(env.app(), view, *jt.stx, ApplyFlags::None, env.journal);
                 BEAST_EXPECT(result.ter == tesSUCCESS);
                 return result.applied;
             }));

src/test/app/Credentials_test.cpp

@@ -901,8 +901,7 @@ struct Credentials_test : public beast::unit_test::Suite
 
             {
                 testcase("deleteSLE fail, bad SLE.");
-                auto view =
+                auto view = std::make_shared<ApplyViewImpl>(env.current().get(), ApplyFlags::None);
-                    std::make_shared<ApplyViewImpl>(env.current().get(), ApplyFlags::TapNone);
                 auto ter = xrpl::credentials::deleteSLE(*view, {}, env.journal);
                 BEAST_EXPECT(ter == tecNO_ENTRY);
             }
@@ -1125,7 +1124,7 @@ struct Credentials_test : public beast::unit_test::Suite
         // Create an ApplyViewImpl on top of the current closed ledger
         // and corrupt it by erasing the issuer's account SLE
         auto const open = env.current();
-        ApplyViewImpl av(&*open, TapNone);
+        ApplyViewImpl av(&*open, ApplyFlags::None);
 
         // Erase the issuer's account to simulate ledger corruption
         auto sleIssuer = av.peek(keylet::account(issuer.id()));

src/test/app/EscrowToken_test.cpp

@@ -2795,7 +2795,7 @@ struct EscrowToken_test : public beast::unit_test::Suite
 
             auto const seq1 = env.seq(alice);
             env.app().getOpenLedger().modify([&](OpenView& view, beast::Journal j) {
-                Sandbox sb(&view, TapNone);
+                Sandbox sb(&view, ApplyFlags::None);
                 auto sleNew =
                     std::make_shared<SLE>(keylet::escrow(alice, SeqProxy::rawSequence(seq1)));
                 MPTIssue const mpt{MPTIssue{makeMptID(1, AccountID(0x4985601))}};
@@ -3023,7 +3023,7 @@ struct EscrowToken_test : public beast::unit_test::Suite
 
             auto const seq1 = env.seq(alice);
             env.app().getOpenLedger().modify([&](OpenView& view, beast::Journal j) {
-                Sandbox sb(&view, TapNone);
+                Sandbox sb(&view, ApplyFlags::None);
                 auto sleNew =
                     std::make_shared<SLE>(keylet::escrow(alice, SeqProxy::rawSequence(seq1)));
                 MPTIssue const mpt{MPTIssue{makeMptID(1, AccountID(0x4985601))}};

src/test/app/Escrow_test.cpp

@@ -1302,8 +1302,8 @@ struct Escrow_test : public beast::unit_test::Suite
                 escrow::kFinishTime(env.now() + 1s),
                 Seq(1),
                 Fee(baseFee));
-            auto const pf =
+            auto const pf = preflight(
-                preflight(env.app(), env.current()->rules(), *jtx.stx, TapNone, env.journal);
+                env.app(), env.current()->rules(), *jtx.stx, ApplyFlags::None, env.journal);
             BEAST_EXPECT(isTesSuccess(pf.ter));
             BEAST_EXPECT(!pf.consequences.isBlocker());
             BEAST_EXPECT(pf.consequences.fee() == drops(baseFee));
@@ -1312,8 +1312,8 @@ struct Escrow_test : public beast::unit_test::Suite
 
         {
             auto const jtx = env.jt(escrow::cancel("bob", "alice", 3), Seq(1), Fee(baseFee));
-            auto const pf =
+            auto const pf = preflight(
-                preflight(env.app(), env.current()->rules(), *jtx.stx, TapNone, env.journal);
+                env.app(), env.current()->rules(), *jtx.stx, ApplyFlags::None, env.journal);
             BEAST_EXPECT(isTesSuccess(pf.ter));
             BEAST_EXPECT(!pf.consequences.isBlocker());
             BEAST_EXPECT(pf.consequences.fee() == drops(baseFee));
@@ -1322,8 +1322,8 @@ struct Escrow_test : public beast::unit_test::Suite
 
         {
             auto const jtx = env.jt(escrow::finish("bob", "alice", 3), Seq(1), Fee(baseFee));
-            auto const pf =
+            auto const pf = preflight(
-                preflight(env.app(), env.current()->rules(), *jtx.stx, TapNone, env.journal);
+                env.app(), env.current()->rules(), *jtx.stx, ApplyFlags::None, env.journal);
             BEAST_EXPECT(isTesSuccess(pf.ter));
             BEAST_EXPECT(!pf.consequences.isBlocker());
             BEAST_EXPECT(pf.consequences.fee() == drops(baseFee));

src/test/app/FeeVote_test.cpp

@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ createInvalidFeeTx(
 bool
 applyFeeAndTestResult(jtx::Env& env, OpenView& view, STTx const& tx)
 {
-    auto const res = apply(env.app(), view, tx, ApplyFlags::TapNone, env.journal);
+    auto const res = apply(env.app(), view, tx, ApplyFlags::None, env.journal);
     return isTesSuccess(res.ter);
 }
 

src/test/app/FlowMPT_test.cpp

@@ -333,7 +333,7 @@ struct FlowMPT_test : public beast::unit_test::Suite
                 auto const flowResult = [&] {
                     STAmount const deliver(usd(5'100));
                     STAmount smax(btc(61));
-                    PaymentSandbox sb(env.current().get(), TapNone);
+                    PaymentSandbox sb(env.current().get(), ApplyFlags::None);
                     STPathSet paths;
                     auto ipe = [](Asset const& asset) {
                         return STPathElement(
@@ -371,7 +371,7 @@ struct FlowMPT_test : public beast::unit_test::Suite
                 env.app().getOpenLedger().modify([&](OpenView& view, beast::Journal j) {
                     if (flowResult.removableOffers.empty())
                         return false;
-                    Sandbox sb(&view, TapNone);
+                    Sandbox sb(&view, ApplyFlags::None);
                     for (auto const& o : flowResult.removableOffers)
                     {
                         if (auto ok = sb.peek(keylet::offer(o)))

src/test/app/Flow_test.cpp

@@ -476,7 +476,7 @@ struct Flow_test : public beast::unit_test::Suite
             auto const flowResult = [&] {
                 STAmount const deliver(usd(51));
                 STAmount smax(btc(61));
-                PaymentSandbox sb(env.current().get(), TapNone);
+                PaymentSandbox sb(env.current().get(), ApplyFlags::None);
                 STPathSet paths;
                 auto ipe = [](Issue const& iss) {
                     return STPathElement(
@@ -514,7 +514,7 @@ struct Flow_test : public beast::unit_test::Suite
             env.app().getOpenLedger().modify([&](OpenView& view, beast::Journal j) {
                 if (flowResult.removableOffers.empty())
                     return false;
-                Sandbox sb(&view, TapNone);
+                Sandbox sb(&view, ApplyFlags::None);
                 for (auto const& o : flowResult.removableOffers)
                 {
                     if (auto ok = sb.peek(keylet::offer(o)))

src/test/app/LedgerHistory_test.cpp

@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ public:
         if (stx)
         {
             OpenView accum(&*res);
-            applyTransaction(env.app(), accum, *stx, false, TapNone, env.journal);
+            applyTransaction(env.app(), accum, *stx, false, ApplyFlags::None, env.journal);
             accum.apply(*res);
         }
         res->updateSkipList();

src/test/app/LedgerReplay_test.cpp

@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ struct LedgerReplay_test : public beast::unit_test::Suite
         auto const lastClosedParent = ledgerMaster.getLedgerByHash(lastClosed->header().parentHash);
 
         auto const replayed = buildLedger(
-            LedgerReplay(lastClosedParent, lastClosed), TapNone, env.app(), env.journal);
+            LedgerReplay(lastClosedParent, lastClosed), ApplyFlags::None, env.app(), env.journal);
 
         BEAST_EXPECT(replayed->header().hash == lastClosed->header().hash);
     }
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ struct LedgerReplay_test : public beast::unit_test::Suite
         auto const lastClosedParent = ledgerMaster.getLedgerByHash(lastClosed->header().parentHash);
 
         auto const replayed = buildLedger(
-            LedgerReplay(lastClosedParent, lastClosed), TapNone, env.app(), env.journal);
+            LedgerReplay(lastClosedParent, lastClosed), ApplyFlags::None, env.app(), env.journal);
 
         BEAST_EXPECT(replayed->header().hash == lastClosed->header().hash);
     }

src/test/app/MPToken_test.cpp

@@ -4059,7 +4059,7 @@ class MPToken_test : public beast::unit_test::Suite
                                  TER expectedTer,
                                  std::optional<std::uint64_t> expectedOutstanding,
                                  std::string const& label) {
-            ApplyViewImpl av(&*env.current(), TapNone);
+            ApplyViewImpl av(&*env.current(), ApplyFlags::None);
             auto const ter =
                 accountSendMulti(av, issuer.id(), asset, receivers, env.app().getJournal("View"));
             BEAST_EXPECTS(ter == expectedTer, label);

src/test/app/NFTokenBurn_test.cpp

@@ -776,7 +776,13 @@ class NFTokenBurn_test : public beast::unit_test::Suite
                 test::StreamSink sink{beast::Severity::Warning};
                 beast::Journal const jlog{sink};
                 ApplyContext ac{
-                    env.app(), ov, tx, tesSUCCESS, env.current()->fees().base, TapNone, jlog};
+                    env.app(),
+                    ov,
+                    tx,
+                    tesSUCCESS,
+                    env.current()->fees().base,
+                    ApplyFlags::None,
+                    jlog};
 
                 // Verify that the last page is present and contains one NFT.
                 auto lastNFTokenPage = ac.view().peek(keylet::nftokenPageMax(alice));
@@ -808,7 +814,13 @@ class NFTokenBurn_test : public beast::unit_test::Suite
                 test::StreamSink sink{beast::Severity::Warning};
                 beast::Journal const jlog{sink};
                 ApplyContext ac{
-                    env.app(), ov, tx, tesSUCCESS, env.current()->fees().base, TapNone, jlog};
+                    env.app(),
+                    ov,
+                    tx,
+                    tesSUCCESS,
+                    env.current()->fees().base,
+                    ApplyFlags::None,
+                    jlog};
 
                 // Verify that the middle  page is present.
                 auto lastNFTokenPage = ac.view().peek(keylet::nftokenPageMax(alice));

src/test/app/PayChan_test.cpp

@@ -1404,6 +1404,30 @@ struct PayChan_test : public beast::unit_test::Suite
                 rv = env.rpc("channel_authorize", "alice", chan1StrBad, "1000");
                 BEAST_EXPECT(rv[jss::error] == "channelMalformed");
             }
+            {
+                // channel_id is not a string.
+                json::Value args{json::ValueType::Object};
+                args[jss::amount] = "2000";
+                args[jss::channel_id] = 2000;
+                args[jss::key_type] = "secp256k1";
+                args[jss::passphrase] = "passphrase_can_be_anything";
+
+                auto const ra =
+                    env.rpc("json", "channel_authorize", args.toStyledString())[jss::result];
+                BEAST_EXPECT(ra[jss::error] == "invalidParams");
+            }
+            {
+                // channel_id is not a string.
+                json::Value args{json::ValueType::Object};
+                args[jss::public_key] = chan1PkStr;
+                args[jss::channel_id] = 2000;
+                args[jss::amount] = "1000";
+                args[jss::signature] = sig;
+
+                auto const rv =
+                    env.rpc("json", "channel_verify", args.toStyledString())[jss::result];
+                BEAST_EXPECT(rv[jss::error] == "invalidParams");
+            }
             {
                 // give an ill formed base 58 public key
                 auto illFormedPk = chan1PkStr.substr(0, chan1PkStr.size() - 1);

src/test/app/PayStrandMPT_test.cpp

@@ -572,7 +572,7 @@ struct PayStrandMPT_test : public beast::unit_test::Suite
         inputs.defaultPathsAllowed = true;
         try
         {
-            PaymentSandbox sb{env.current().get(), TapNone};
+            PaymentSandbox sb{env.current().get(), ApplyFlags::None};
             {
                 auto const r = ::xrpl::path::RippleCalc::rippleCalculate(
                     sb,

src/test/app/PayStrand_test.cpp

@@ -768,7 +768,8 @@ struct PayStrand_test : public beast::unit_test::Suite
                 env,
                 usd,
                 std::nullopt,
-                STPath({STPathElement(0, xrpAccount(), xrpCurrency(), xrpAccount())}),
+                STPath({STPathElement(
+                    STPathElement::Type::TypeNone, xrpAccount(), xrpCurrency(), xrpAccount())}),
                 temBAD_PATH);
 
             // The same account can't appear more than once on a path
@@ -1076,7 +1077,7 @@ struct PayStrand_test : public beast::unit_test::Suite
         inputs.defaultPathsAllowed = true;
         try
         {
-            PaymentSandbox sb{env.current().get(), TapNone};
+            PaymentSandbox sb{env.current().get(), ApplyFlags::None};
             {
                 auto const r = ::xrpl::path::RippleCalc::rippleCalculate(
                     sb,

src/test/app/PseudoTx_test.cpp

@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ struct PseudoTx_test : public beast::unit_test::Suite
             BEAST_EXPECT(!passesLocalChecks(stx, reason));
             BEAST_EXPECT(reason == "Cannot submit pseudo transactions.");
             env.app().getOpenLedger().modify([&](OpenView& view, beast::Journal j) {
-                auto const result = xrpl::apply(env.app(), view, stx, TapNone, j);
+                auto const result = xrpl::apply(env.app(), view, stx, ApplyFlags::None, j);
                 BEAST_EXPECT(!result.applied && result.ter == temINVALID);
                 return result.applied;
             });

src/test/app/Regression_test.cpp

@@ -103,7 +103,8 @@ struct Regression_test : public beast::unit_test::Suite
             auto const jt = env.jt(pay(env.master, "alice", aliceAmount));
             OpenView accum(&*next);
 
-            auto const result = xrpl::apply(env.app(), accum, *jt.stx, TapNone, env.journal);
+            auto const result =
+                xrpl::apply(env.app(), accum, *jt.stx, ApplyFlags::None, env.journal);
             BEAST_EXPECT(isTesSuccess(result.ter));
             BEAST_EXPECT(result.applied);
 
@@ -126,7 +127,8 @@ struct Regression_test : public beast::unit_test::Suite
 
             OpenView accum(&*next);
 
-            auto const result = xrpl::apply(env.app(), accum, *jt.stx, TapNone, env.journal);
+            auto const result =
+                xrpl::apply(env.app(), accum, *jt.stx, ApplyFlags::None, env.journal);
             BEAST_EXPECT(result.ter == tecINSUFF_FEE);
             BEAST_EXPECT(result.applied);
 

src/test/app/Sponsor_test.cpp

@@ -915,8 +915,8 @@ public:
                 sponsor::SponseeAcc(alice),
                 Seq(1),
                 Fee(baseFee));
-            auto const pf =
+            auto const pf = preflight(
-                preflight(env.app(), env.current()->rules(), *jt.stx, TapNone, env.journal);
+                env.app(), env.current()->rules(), *jt.stx, ApplyFlags::None, env.journal);
             BEAST_EXPECT(isTesSuccess(pf.ter));
             BEAST_EXPECT(!pf.consequences.isBlocker());
             BEAST_EXPECT(pf.consequences.fee() == drops(baseFee));
@@ -931,8 +931,8 @@ public:
                 sponsor::SponseeAcc(alice),
                 Seq(1),
                 Fee(baseFee));
-            auto const pf =
+            auto const pf = preflight(
-                preflight(env.app(), env.current()->rules(), *jt.stx, TapNone, env.journal);
+                env.app(), env.current()->rules(), *jt.stx, ApplyFlags::None, env.journal);
             BEAST_EXPECT(isTesSuccess(pf.ter));
             BEAST_EXPECT(!pf.consequences.isBlocker());
             BEAST_EXPECT(pf.consequences.fee() == drops(baseFee));
@@ -946,8 +946,8 @@ public:
                 sponsor::SponseeAcc(alice),
                 Seq(1),
                 Fee(baseFee));
-            auto const pf =
+            auto const pf = preflight(
-                preflight(env.app(), env.current()->rules(), *jt.stx, TapNone, env.journal);
+                env.app(), env.current()->rules(), *jt.stx, ApplyFlags::None, env.journal);
             BEAST_EXPECT(isTesSuccess(pf.ter));
             BEAST_EXPECT(!pf.consequences.isBlocker());
             BEAST_EXPECT(pf.consequences.fee() == drops(baseFee));
@@ -2242,7 +2242,8 @@ public:
                 Seq(env.seq(alice)),
                 sponsor::As(carol, spfSponsorFee));
 
-            auto const result = xrpl::apply(env.app(), overlay, *jt.stx, TapNone, env.journal);
+            auto const result =
+                xrpl::apply(env.app(), overlay, *jt.stx, ApplyFlags::None, env.journal);
             BEAST_EXPECT(result.ter == tecINSUFF_FEE);
             BEAST_EXPECT(result.applied);
 
@@ -2295,7 +2296,8 @@ public:
                 Fee(fixFee),
                 sponsor::As(sponsor, spfSponsorFee));
 
-            auto const pf = preflight(env.app(), overlay.rules(), *jt.stx, TapNone, env.journal);
+            auto const pf =
+                preflight(env.app(), overlay.rules(), *jt.stx, ApplyFlags::None, env.journal);
             BEAST_EXPECT(isTesSuccess(pf.ter));
             auto const pc = preclaim(pf, env.app(), overlay);
             BEAST_EXPECT(isTesSuccess(pc.ter));

src/test/app/TheoreticalQuality_test.cpp

@@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ class TheoreticalQuality_test : public beast::unit_test::Suite
         std::shared_ptr<ReadView const> closed,
         std::optional<Quality> const& expectedQ = {})
     {
-        PaymentSandbox const sb(closed.get(), TapNone);
+        PaymentSandbox const sb(closed.get(), ApplyFlags::None);
         AMMContext ammContext(rcp.srcAccount, false);
 
         auto const sendMaxIssue = [&rcp]() -> std::optional<Asset> {

src/test/app/TxQ_test.cpp

@@ -989,7 +989,8 @@ public:
             Env::ParsedResult parsed;
 
             env.app().getOpenLedger().modify([&](OpenView& view, beast::Journal j) {
-                auto const result = xrpl::apply(env.app(), view, *jt.stx, TapNone, env.journal);
+                auto const result =
+                    xrpl::apply(env.app(), view, *jt.stx, ApplyFlags::None, env.journal);
                 parsed.ter = result.ter;
                 return result.applied;
             });
@@ -2424,8 +2425,8 @@ public:
         env.memoize("carol");
         {
             auto const jtx = env.jt(offerCancel(alice, 3), Seq(5), Fee(10));
-            auto const pf =
+            auto const pf = preflight(
-                preflight(env.app(), env.current()->rules(), *jtx.stx, TapNone, env.journal);
+                env.app(), env.current()->rules(), *jtx.stx, ApplyFlags::None, env.journal);
             BEAST_EXPECT(isTesSuccess(pf.ter));
             BEAST_EXPECT(!pf.consequences.isBlocker());
             BEAST_EXPECT(pf.consequences.fee() == drops(10));
@@ -2436,8 +2437,8 @@ public:
             auto usd = alice["USD"];
 
             auto const jtx = env.jt(trust("carol", usd(50000000)), Seq(1), Fee(10));
-            auto const pf =
+            auto const pf = preflight(
-                preflight(env.app(), env.current()->rules(), *jtx.stx, TapNone, env.journal);
+                env.app(), env.current()->rules(), *jtx.stx, ApplyFlags::None, env.journal);
             BEAST_EXPECT(isTesSuccess(pf.ter));
             BEAST_EXPECT(!pf.consequences.isBlocker());
             BEAST_EXPECT(pf.consequences.fee() == drops(10));
@@ -2446,8 +2447,8 @@ public:
 
         {
             auto const jtx = env.jt(ticket::create(alice, 1), Seq(1), Fee(10));
-            auto const pf =
+            auto const pf = preflight(
-                preflight(env.app(), env.current()->rules(), *jtx.stx, TapNone, env.journal);
+                env.app(), env.current()->rules(), *jtx.stx, ApplyFlags::None, env.journal);
             BEAST_EXPECT(isTesSuccess(pf.ter));
             BEAST_EXPECT(!pf.consequences.isBlocker());
             BEAST_EXPECT(pf.consequences.fee() == drops(10));
@@ -4002,7 +4003,7 @@ public:
         //  be callable via RPC.)
         env.app().getOpenLedger().modify([&](OpenView& view, beast::Journal j) {
             auto const tx = env.jt(noop(alice), Seq(aliceSeq), Fee(openLedgerCost(env)));
-            auto const result = xrpl::apply(env.app(), view, *tx.stx, TapUnlimited, j);
+            auto const result = xrpl::apply(env.app(), view, *tx.stx, ApplyFlags::Unlimited, j);
             BEAST_EXPECT(isTesSuccess(result.ter) && result.applied);
             return result.applied;
         });
@@ -4070,7 +4071,7 @@ public:
         //  be callable via RPC.)
         env.app().getOpenLedger().modify([&](OpenView& view, beast::Journal j) {
             auto const tx = env.jt(noop(alice), ticket::Use(tktSeq0 + 1), Fee(openLedgerCost(env)));
-            auto const result = xrpl::apply(env.app(), view, *tx.stx, TapUnlimited, j);
+            auto const result = xrpl::apply(env.app(), view, *tx.stx, ApplyFlags::Unlimited, j);
             BEAST_EXPECT(isTesSuccess(result.ter) && result.applied);
             return result.applied;
         });

src/test/app/invariants/InvariantsBase.cpp

@@ -122,7 +122,8 @@ InvariantsBase::doInvariantCheck(
     OpenView ov{*env.current()};
     test::StreamSink sink{beast::Severity::Warning};
     beast::Journal const jlog{sink};
-    ApplyContext ac{env.app(), ov, tx, tesSUCCESS, env.current()->fees().base, TapNone, jlog};
+    ApplyContext ac{
+        env.app(), ov, tx, tesSUCCESS, env.current()->fees().base, ApplyFlags::None, jlog};
 
     // Invariants normally run in the Transaction's "apply" (operator()) context, and can always
     // access global Rules.

src/test/app/invariants/InvariantsMisc_test.cpp

@@ -811,7 +811,13 @@ class InvariantsMisc_test : public InvariantsBase
                 test::StreamSink sink{beast::Severity::Warning};
                 beast::Journal const jlog{sink};
                 ApplyContext ac{
-                    env.app(), ov, tx, tesSUCCESS, env.current()->fees().base, TapNone, jlog};
+                    env.app(),
+                    ov,
+                    tx,
+                    tesSUCCESS,
+                    env.current()->fees().base,
+                    ApplyFlags::None,
+                    jlog};
                 CurrentTransactionRulesGuard const rulesGuard(ov.rules());
 
                 auto sleLoan = ac.view().peek(loanKeylet);
@@ -866,7 +872,13 @@ class InvariantsMisc_test : public InvariantsBase
                 test::StreamSink sink{beast::Severity::Warning};
                 beast::Journal const jlog{sink};
                 ApplyContext ac{
-                    env.app(), ov, tx, tesSUCCESS, env.current()->fees().base, TapNone, jlog};
+                    env.app(),
+                    ov,
+                    tx,
+                    tesSUCCESS,
+                    env.current()->fees().base,
+                    ApplyFlags::None,
+                    jlog};
                 CurrentTransactionRulesGuard const rulesGuard(ov.rules());
 
                 auto sleLoan = ac.view().peek(loanKeylet);
@@ -979,7 +991,13 @@ class InvariantsMisc_test : public InvariantsBase
                     test::StreamSink sink{beast::Severity::Warning};
                     beast::Journal const jlog{sink};
                     ApplyContext ac{
-                        env.app(), ov, tx, tesSUCCESS, env.current()->fees().base, TapNone, jlog};
+                        env.app(),
+                        ov,
+                        tx,
+                        tesSUCCESS,
+                        env.current()->fees().base,
+                        ApplyFlags::None,
+                        jlog};
                     CurrentTransactionRulesGuard const rulesGuard(ov.rules());
 
                     auto sleLoan = ac.view().peek(loanKeylet);
@@ -1417,7 +1435,7 @@ class InvariantsMisc_test : public InvariantsBase
             test::StreamSink sink{beast::Severity::Warning};
             beast::Journal const jlog{sink};
             ApplyContext ac{
-                env.app(), ov, tx, tesSUCCESS, env.current()->fees().base, TapNone, jlog};
+                env.app(), ov, tx, tesSUCCESS, env.current()->fees().base, ApplyFlags::None, jlog};
             CurrentTransactionRulesGuard const rulesGuard(ov.rules());
 
             auto sle = ac.view().peek(vaultKeylet);
@@ -1484,7 +1502,7 @@ class InvariantsMisc_test : public InvariantsBase
             test::StreamSink sink{beast::Severity::Warning};
             beast::Journal const jlog{sink};
             ApplyContext ac{
-                env.app(), ov, tx, tesSUCCESS, env.current()->fees().base, TapNone, jlog};
+                env.app(), ov, tx, tesSUCCESS, env.current()->fees().base, ApplyFlags::None, jlog};
             CurrentTransactionRulesGuard const rulesGuard(ov.rules());
 
             // visitEntry only runs for entries the transaction touched, so
@@ -1541,7 +1559,8 @@ class InvariantsMisc_test : public InvariantsBase
         STTx const tx{ttACCOUNT_SET, [](STObject&) {}};
         test::StreamSink sink{beast::Severity::Warning};
         beast::Journal const jlog{sink};
-        ApplyContext ac{env.app(), ov, tx, tesSUCCESS, env.current()->fees().base, TapNone, jlog};
+        ApplyContext ac{
+            env.app(), ov, tx, tesSUCCESS, env.current()->fees().base, ApplyFlags::None, jlog};
         CurrentTransactionRulesGuard const rulesGuard(ov.rules());
 
         FailingTxInvariantCheck failing;

src/test/app/invariants/InvariantsPseudoAccount_test.cpp

@@ -581,7 +581,7 @@ class InvariantsPseudoAccount_test : public InvariantsBase
             test::StreamSink sink{beast::Severity::Warning};
             beast::Journal const jlog{sink};
             ApplyContext ac{
-                env.app(), ov, tx, tesSUCCESS, env.current()->fees().base, TapNone, jlog};
+                env.app(), ov, tx, tesSUCCESS, env.current()->fees().base, ApplyFlags::None, jlog};
             CurrentTransactionRulesGuard const rulesGuard(ov.rules());
 
             auto sleBroker = ac.view().peek(brokerKeylet);
@@ -633,7 +633,7 @@ class InvariantsPseudoAccount_test : public InvariantsBase
             test::StreamSink sink{beast::Severity::Warning};
             beast::Journal const jlog{sink};
             ApplyContext ac{
-                env.app(), ov, tx, tesSUCCESS, env.current()->fees().base, TapNone, jlog};
+                env.app(), ov, tx, tesSUCCESS, env.current()->fees().base, ApplyFlags::None, jlog};
             CurrentTransactionRulesGuard const rulesGuard(ov.rules());
 
             auto sleBroker = ac.view().peek(brokerKeylet);
@@ -681,7 +681,7 @@ class InvariantsPseudoAccount_test : public InvariantsBase
             test::StreamSink sink{beast::Severity::Warning};
             beast::Journal const jlog{sink};
             ApplyContext ac{
-                env.app(), ov, tx, tesSUCCESS, env.current()->fees().base, TapNone, jlog};
+                env.app(), ov, tx, tesSUCCESS, env.current()->fees().base, ApplyFlags::None, jlog};
             CurrentTransactionRulesGuard const rulesGuard(ov.rules());
 
             auto sleBroker = ac.view().peek(brokerKeylet);

src/test/app/invariants/InvariantsVault_test.cpp

@@ -1088,7 +1088,13 @@ class InvariantsVault_test : public InvariantsBase
                 test::StreamSink sink{beast::Severity::Warning};
                 beast::Journal const jlog{sink};
                 ApplyContext ac{
-                    env.app(), ov, tx, tesSUCCESS, env.current()->fees().base, TapNone, jlog};
+                    env.app(),
+                    ov,
+                    tx,
+                    tesSUCCESS,
+                    env.current()->fees().base,
+                    ApplyFlags::None,
+                    jlog};
                 CurrentTransactionRulesGuard const rulesGuard(ov.rules());
 
                 auto sleLoan = ac.view().peek(loanKeylet);
@@ -1140,7 +1146,7 @@ class InvariantsVault_test : public InvariantsBase
             test::StreamSink sink{beast::Severity::Warning};
             beast::Journal const jlog{sink};
             ApplyContext ac{
-                env.app(), ov, tx, tesSUCCESS, env.current()->fees().base, TapNone, jlog};
+                env.app(), ov, tx, tesSUCCESS, env.current()->fees().base, ApplyFlags::None, jlog};
             CurrentTransactionRulesGuard const rulesGuard(ov.rules());
 
             auto sleLoan = ac.view().peek(loanKeylet);
@@ -1302,7 +1308,13 @@ class InvariantsVault_test : public InvariantsBase
                 test::StreamSink sink{beast::Severity::Warning};
                 beast::Journal const jlog{sink};
                 ApplyContext ac{
-                    env.app(), ov, tx, tesSUCCESS, env.current()->fees().base, TapNone, jlog};
+                    env.app(),
+                    ov,
+                    tx,
+                    tesSUCCESS,
+                    env.current()->fees().base,
+                    ApplyFlags::None,
+                    jlog};
                 CurrentTransactionRulesGuard const rulesGuard(ov.rules());
 
                 auto sleLoan = ac.view().peek(loanKeylet);
@@ -1357,7 +1369,13 @@ class InvariantsVault_test : public InvariantsBase
                     test::StreamSink sink{beast::Severity::Warning};
                     beast::Journal const jlog{sink};
                     ApplyContext ac{
-                        env.app(), ov, tx, tesSUCCESS, env.current()->fees().base, TapNone, jlog};
+                        env.app(),
+                        ov,
+                        tx,
+                        tesSUCCESS,
+                        env.current()->fees().base,
+                        ApplyFlags::None,
+                        jlog};
                     CurrentTransactionRulesGuard const rulesGuard(ov.rules());
 
                     auto sleLoan = ac.view().peek(loanKeylet);
@@ -1457,7 +1475,7 @@ class InvariantsVault_test : public InvariantsBase
             test::StreamSink sink{beast::Severity::Warning};
             beast::Journal const jlog{sink};
             ApplyContext ac{
-                env.app(), ov, tx, tesSUCCESS, env.current()->fees().base, TapNone, jlog};
+                env.app(), ov, tx, tesSUCCESS, env.current()->fees().base, ApplyFlags::None, jlog};
             CurrentTransactionRulesGuard const rulesGuard(ov.rules());
 
             {

src/test/app/lending/LoanBroker_test.cpp

@@ -1249,7 +1249,8 @@ class LoanBroker_test : public beast::unit_test::Suite
         OpenView ov{*env.current()};
         test::StreamSink sink{beast::Severity::Warning};
         beast::Journal const jlog{sink};
-        ApplyContext ac{env.app(), ov, tx, tesSUCCESS, env.current()->fees().base, TapNone, jlog};
+        ApplyContext ac{
+            env.app(), ov, tx, tesSUCCESS, env.current()->fees().base, ApplyFlags::None, jlog};
 
         if (auto sleBroker = ac.view().peek(keylet::loanBroker(brokerKeylet.key)))
         {
@@ -1262,7 +1263,7 @@ class LoanBroker_test : public beast::unit_test::Suite
 
         // Invoke preclaim against the mutated (ApplyView) view; triggers
         // nullptr deref
-        PreclaimContext const pctx{env.app(), ac.view(), tesSUCCESS, tx, TapNone, jlog};
+        PreclaimContext const pctx{env.app(), ac.view(), tesSUCCESS, tx, ApplyFlags::None, jlog};
         (void)LoanBrokerCoverDeposit::preclaim(pctx);
     }
 

src/test/app/vault/VaultScale_test.cpp

@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ private:
             auto const peek = [keylet, &env, this](std::function<bool(SLE&, SLE&)> fn) -> bool {
                 return env.app().getOpenLedger().modify(
                     [&](OpenView& view, beast::Journal j) -> bool {
-                        Sandbox sb(&view, TapNone);
+                        Sandbox sb(&view, ApplyFlags::None);
                         auto vault = sb.peek(keylet::vault(keylet.key));
                         if (!BEAST_EXPECT(vault))
                             return false;

src/test/app/vault/VaultShares_test.cpp

@@ -300,7 +300,7 @@ private:
         env.app().getOpenLedger().modify([&](OpenView& view, beast::Journal j) {
             for (auto const field : encryptedBalanceFields)
             {
-                Sandbox sb(&view, TapNone);
+                Sandbox sb(&view, ApplyFlags::None);
                 auto const token = sb.peek(tokenKeylet);
                 if (!BEAST_EXPECT(token))
                     return false;

src/test/beast/beast_Journal_test.cpp

@@ -1,90 +0,0 @@
-#include <xrpl/beast/unit_test/suite.h>
-#include <xrpl/beast/utility/Journal.h>
-
-#include <string>
-
-namespace beast {
-
-class Journal_test : public unit_test::Suite
-{
-public:
-    class TestSink : public Journal::Sink
-    {
-    private:
-        int count_{0};
-
-    public:
-        TestSink() : Sink(Severity::Warning, false)
-        {
-        }
-
-        [[nodiscard]] int
-        count() const
-        {
-            return count_;
-        }
-
-        void
-        reset()
-        {
-            count_ = 0;
-        }
-
-        void
-        write(Severity level, std::string const&) override
-        {
-            if (level >= threshold())
-                ++count_;
-        }
-
-        void
-        writeAlways(Severity level, std::string const&) override
-        {
-            ++count_;
-        }
-    };
-
-    void
-    run() override
-    {
-        TestSink sink;
-
-        sink.threshold(Severity::Info);
-
-        Journal const j(sink);
-
-        j.trace() << " ";
-        BEAST_EXPECT(sink.count() == 0);
-        j.debug() << " ";
-        BEAST_EXPECT(sink.count() == 0);
-        j.info() << " ";
-        BEAST_EXPECT(sink.count() == 1);
-        j.warn() << " ";
-        BEAST_EXPECT(sink.count() == 2);
-        j.error() << " ";
-        BEAST_EXPECT(sink.count() == 3);
-        j.fatal() << " ";
-        BEAST_EXPECT(sink.count() == 4);
-
-        sink.reset();
-
-        sink.threshold(Severity::Debug);
-
-        j.trace() << " ";
-        BEAST_EXPECT(sink.count() == 0);
-        j.debug() << " ";
-        BEAST_EXPECT(sink.count() == 1);
-        j.info() << " ";
-        BEAST_EXPECT(sink.count() == 2);
-        j.warn() << " ";
-        BEAST_EXPECT(sink.count() == 3);
-        j.error() << " ";
-        BEAST_EXPECT(sink.count() == 4);
-        j.fatal() << " ";
-        BEAST_EXPECT(sink.count() == 5);
-    }
-};
-
-BEAST_DEFINE_TESTSUITE(Journal, beast, beast);
-
-}  // namespace beast

src/test/beast/beast_basic_seconds_clock_test.cpp

@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-#include <xrpl/beast/clock/basic_seconds_clock.h>
-#include <xrpl/beast/unit_test/suite.h>
-
-namespace beast {
-
-class BasicSecondsClock_test : public unit_test::Suite
-{
-public:
-    void
-    run() override
-    {
-        BasicSecondsClock::now();
-        pass();
-    }
-};
-
-BEAST_DEFINE_TESTSUITE(BasicSecondsClock, beast, beast);
-
-}  // namespace beast

src/test/beast/xxhasher_test.cpp

@@ -1,196 +0,0 @@
-#include <xrpl/beast/hash/xxhasher.h>
-#include <xrpl/beast/unit_test/suite.h>
-
-#include <cstdint>
-
-namespace beast {
-
-class XXHasher_test : public unit_test::Suite
-{
-public:
-    void
-    testWithoutSeed()
-    {
-        testcase("Without seed");
-
-        Xxhasher hasher{};
-
-        std::string objectToHash{"Hello, xxHash!"};
-        hasher(objectToHash.data(), objectToHash.size());
-
-        BEAST_EXPECT(static_cast<Xxhasher::result_type>(hasher) == 16042857369214894119ULL);
-    }
-
-    void
-    testWithSeed()
-    {
-        testcase("With seed");
-
-        Xxhasher hasher{static_cast<std::uint32_t>(102)};
-
-        std::string objectToHash{"Hello, xxHash!"};
-        hasher(objectToHash.data(), objectToHash.size());
-
-        BEAST_EXPECT(static_cast<Xxhasher::result_type>(hasher) == 14440132435660934800ULL);
-    }
-
-    void
-    testWithTwoSeeds()
-    {
-        testcase("With two seeds");
-        Xxhasher hasher{static_cast<std::uint32_t>(102), static_cast<std::uint32_t>(103)};
-
-        std::string objectToHash{"Hello, xxHash!"};
-        hasher(objectToHash.data(), objectToHash.size());
-
-        BEAST_EXPECT(static_cast<Xxhasher::result_type>(hasher) == 14440132435660934800ULL);
-    }
-
-    void
-    testBigObjectWithMultipleSmallUpdatesWithoutSeed()
-    {
-        testcase("Big object with multiple small updates without seed");
-        Xxhasher hasher{};
-
-        std::string objectToHash{"Hello, xxHash!"};
-        for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++)
-        {
-            hasher(objectToHash.data(), objectToHash.size());
-        }
-
-        BEAST_EXPECT(static_cast<Xxhasher::result_type>(hasher) == 15296278154063476002ULL);
-    }
-
-    void
-    testBigObjectWithMultipleSmallUpdatesWithSeed()
-    {
-        testcase("Big object with multiple small updates with seed");
-        Xxhasher hasher{static_cast<std::uint32_t>(103)};
-
-        std::string objectToHash{"Hello, xxHash!"};
-        for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++)
-        {
-            hasher(objectToHash.data(), objectToHash.size());
-        }
-
-        BEAST_EXPECT(static_cast<Xxhasher::result_type>(hasher) == 17285302196561698791ULL);
-    }
-
-    void
-    testBigObjectWithSmallAndBigUpdatesWithoutSeed()
-    {
-        testcase("Big object with small and big updates without seed");
-        Xxhasher hasher{};
-
-        std::string objectToHash{"Hello, xxHash!"};
-        std::string bigObject;
-        for (int i = 0; i < 20; i++)
-        {
-            bigObject += "Hello, xxHash!";
-        }
-        hasher(objectToHash.data(), objectToHash.size());
-        hasher(bigObject.data(), bigObject.size());
-        hasher(objectToHash.data(), objectToHash.size());
-
-        BEAST_EXPECT(static_cast<Xxhasher::result_type>(hasher) == 1865045178324729219ULL);
-    }
-
-    void
-    testBigObjectWithSmallAndBigUpdatesWithSeed()
-    {
-        testcase("Big object with small and big updates with seed");
-        Xxhasher hasher{static_cast<std::uint32_t>(103)};
-
-        std::string objectToHash{"Hello, xxHash!"};
-        std::string bigObject;
-        for (int i = 0; i < 20; i++)
-        {
-            bigObject += "Hello, xxHash!";
-        }
-        hasher(objectToHash.data(), objectToHash.size());
-        hasher(bigObject.data(), bigObject.size());
-        hasher(objectToHash.data(), objectToHash.size());
-
-        BEAST_EXPECT(static_cast<Xxhasher::result_type>(hasher) == 16189862915636005281ULL);
-    }
-
-    void
-    testBigObjectWithOneUpdateWithoutSeed()
-    {
-        testcase("Big object with one update without seed");
-        Xxhasher hasher{};
-
-        std::string objectToHash;
-        for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++)
-        {
-            objectToHash += "Hello, xxHash!";
-        }
-        hasher(objectToHash.data(), objectToHash.size());
-
-        BEAST_EXPECT(static_cast<Xxhasher::result_type>(hasher) == 15296278154063476002ULL);
-    }
-
-    void
-    testBigObjectWithOneUpdateWithSeed()
-    {
-        testcase("Big object with one update with seed");
-        Xxhasher hasher{static_cast<std::uint32_t>(103)};
-
-        std::string objectToHash;
-        for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++)
-        {
-            objectToHash += "Hello, xxHash!";
-        }
-        hasher(objectToHash.data(), objectToHash.size());
-
-        BEAST_EXPECT(static_cast<Xxhasher::result_type>(hasher) == 17285302196561698791ULL);
-    }
-
-    void
-    testOperatorResultTypeDoesNotChangeInternalState()
-    {
-        testcase("Operator result type doesn't change the internal state");
-        {
-            Xxhasher hasher;
-
-            std::string object{"Hello xxhash"};
-            hasher(object.data(), object.size());
-            auto xxhashResult1 = static_cast<Xxhasher::result_type>(hasher);
-            auto xxhashResult2 = static_cast<Xxhasher::result_type>(hasher);
-
-            BEAST_EXPECT(xxhashResult1 == xxhashResult2);
-        }
-        {
-            Xxhasher hasher;
-
-            std::string object;
-            for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++)
-            {
-                object += "Hello, xxHash!";
-            }
-            hasher(object.data(), object.size());
-            auto xxhashResult1 = hasher.operator Xxhasher::result_type();
-            auto xxhashResult2 = hasher.operator Xxhasher::result_type();
-
-            BEAST_EXPECT(xxhashResult1 == xxhashResult2);
-        }
-    }
-
-    void
-    run() override
-    {
-        testWithoutSeed();
-        testWithSeed();
-        testWithTwoSeeds();
-        testBigObjectWithMultipleSmallUpdatesWithoutSeed();
-        testBigObjectWithMultipleSmallUpdatesWithSeed();
-        testBigObjectWithSmallAndBigUpdatesWithoutSeed();
-        testBigObjectWithSmallAndBigUpdatesWithSeed();
-        testBigObjectWithOneUpdateWithoutSeed();
-        testBigObjectWithOneUpdateWithSeed();
-        testOperatorResultTypeDoesNotChangeInternalState();
-    }
-};
-
-BEAST_DEFINE_TESTSUITE(XXHasher, beast_core, beast);
-}  // namespace beast

src/test/consensus/NegativeUNL_test.cpp

@@ -1902,7 +1902,7 @@ negUnlSizeTest(
 bool
 applyAndTestResult(jtx::Env& env, OpenView& view, STTx const& tx, bool pass)
 {
-    auto const res = apply(env.app(), view, tx, ApplyFlags::TapNone, env.journal);
+    auto const res = apply(env.app(), view, tx, ApplyFlags::None, env.journal);
     if (pass)
     {
         return isTesSuccess(res.ter);

src/test/jtx/impl/directory.cpp

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ bumpLastPage(
 {
     std::expected<void, Error> res{};
     env.app().getOpenLedger().modify([&](OpenView& view, beast::Journal j) -> bool {
-        Sandbox sb(&view, TapNone);
+        Sandbox sb(&view, ApplyFlags::None);
 
         // Find the root page
         auto sleRoot = sb.peek(directory);

src/test/ledger/Directory_test.cpp

@@ -313,7 +313,7 @@ struct Directory_test : public beast::unit_test::Suite
         // All the offers have been cancelled, so the book
         // should have no entries and be empty:
         {
-            Sandbox const sb(env.closed().get(), TapNone);
+            Sandbox const sb(env.closed().get(), ApplyFlags::None);
             UInt256 const bookBase = getBookBase({xrpIssue(), usd, std::nullopt});
 
             BEAST_EXPECT(dirIsEmpty(sb, keylet::page(bookBase)));
@@ -352,7 +352,7 @@ struct Directory_test : public beast::unit_test::Suite
 
         {
             // Create a chain of three pages:
-            Sandbox sb(env.closed().get(), TapNone);
+            Sandbox sb(env.closed().get(), ApplyFlags::None);
             makePages(sb, kBase, 3);
 
             // Insert an item in the middle page:
@@ -376,7 +376,7 @@ struct Directory_test : public beast::unit_test::Suite
 
         {
             // Create a chain of four pages:
-            Sandbox sb(env.closed().get(), TapNone);
+            Sandbox sb(env.closed().get(), ApplyFlags::None);
             makePages(sb, kBase, 4);
 
             // Now add items on pages 1 and 2:

src/test/ledger/PaymentSandbox_test.cpp

@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ class PaymentSandbox_test : public beast::unit_test::Suite
         STAmount const toDebit(usdGw1(20));
         {
             // accountSend, no deferredCredits
-            ApplyViewImpl av(&*env.current(), TapNone);
+            ApplyViewImpl av(&*env.current(), ApplyFlags::None);
 
             auto const iss = usdGw1;
             auto const startingAmount =
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ class PaymentSandbox_test : public beast::unit_test::Suite
 
         {
             // directSendNoFee, no deferredCredits
-            ApplyViewImpl av(&*env.current(), TapNone);
+            ApplyViewImpl av(&*env.current(), ApplyFlags::None);
 
             auto const iss = usdGw1;
             auto const startingAmount =
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ class PaymentSandbox_test : public beast::unit_test::Suite
 
         {
             // accountSend, w/ deferredCredits
-            ApplyViewImpl av(&*env.current(), TapNone);
+            ApplyViewImpl av(&*env.current(), ApplyFlags::None);
             PaymentSandbox pv(&av);
 
             auto const iss = usdGw1;
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ class PaymentSandbox_test : public beast::unit_test::Suite
 
         {
             // directSendNoFee, w/ deferredCredits
-            ApplyViewImpl av(&*env.current(), TapNone);
+            ApplyViewImpl av(&*env.current(), ApplyFlags::None);
             PaymentSandbox pv(&av);
 
             auto const iss = usdGw1;
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ class PaymentSandbox_test : public beast::unit_test::Suite
 
         {
             // redeemIOU, w/ deferredCredits
-            ApplyViewImpl av(&*env.current(), TapNone);
+            ApplyViewImpl av(&*env.current(), ApplyFlags::None);
             PaymentSandbox pv(&av);
 
             auto const iss = usdGw1;
@@ -237,7 +237,7 @@ class PaymentSandbox_test : public beast::unit_test::Suite
 
         {
             // issueIOU, w/ deferredCredits
-            ApplyViewImpl av(&*env.current(), TapNone);
+            ApplyViewImpl av(&*env.current(), ApplyFlags::None);
             PaymentSandbox pv(&av);
 
             auto const iss = usdGw1;
@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ class PaymentSandbox_test : public beast::unit_test::Suite
 
         {
             // accountSend, w/ deferredCredits and stacked views
-            ApplyViewImpl av(&*env.current(), TapNone);
+            ApplyViewImpl av(&*env.current(), ApplyFlags::None);
             PaymentSandbox pv(&av);
 
             auto const iss = usdGw1;
@@ -319,7 +319,7 @@ class PaymentSandbox_test : public beast::unit_test::Suite
         STAmount const hugeAmt(
             issue, STAmount::kMaxValue, STAmount::kMaxOffset - 1, false, STAmount::Unchecked{});
 
-        ApplyViewImpl av(&*env.current(), TapNone);
+        ApplyViewImpl av(&*env.current(), ApplyFlags::None);
         PaymentSandbox pv(&av);
         pv.creditHookIOU(gw, alice, hugeAmt, -tinyAmt);
         BEAST_EXPECT(pv.balanceHookIOU(alice, gw, hugeAmt) == tinyAmt);
@@ -347,7 +347,7 @@ class PaymentSandbox_test : public beast::unit_test::Suite
         env.fund(reserve(env, 1), alice);
 
         env.close();
-        ApplyViewImpl av(&*env.current(), TapNone);
+        ApplyViewImpl av(&*env.current(), ApplyFlags::None);
         PaymentSandbox sb(&av);
         {
             // Send alice an amount and spend it. The deferredCredits will cause
@@ -380,7 +380,7 @@ class PaymentSandbox_test : public beast::unit_test::Suite
         auto const usd = gw["USD"];
         Account const alice("alice");
 
-        ApplyViewImpl av(&*env.current(), TapNone);
+        ApplyViewImpl av(&*env.current(), ApplyFlags::None);
         PaymentSandbox sb(&av);
 
         // The currency we pass for the last argument mimics the currency that
@@ -412,7 +412,7 @@ class PaymentSandbox_test : public beast::unit_test::Suite
         env.fund(XRP(10000), alice, sponsor);
         env.close();
 
-        ApplyViewImpl av(&*env.current(), TapNone);
+        ApplyViewImpl av(&*env.current(), ApplyFlags::None);
         PaymentSandbox sb(&av);
 
         // Test basic owner count hook without sponsor

src/test/ledger/View_test.cpp

@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ class View_test : public beast::unit_test::Suite
         Env env(*this);
         wipe(env.app().getOpenLedger());
         auto const open = env.current();
-        ApplyViewImpl v(&*open, TapNone);
+        ApplyViewImpl v(&*open, ApplyFlags::None);
         succ(v, 0, std::nullopt);
         v.insert(sle(1));
         BEAST_EXPECT(v.exists(k(1)));
@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ class View_test : public beast::unit_test::Suite
         Env env(*this);
         wipe(env.app().getOpenLedger());
         auto const open = env.current();
-        ApplyViewImpl v0(&*open, TapNone);
+        ApplyViewImpl v0(&*open, ApplyFlags::None);
         v0.insert(sle(1));
         v0.insert(sle(2));
         v0.insert(sle(4));
@@ -288,7 +288,7 @@ class View_test : public beast::unit_test::Suite
         Env env(*this);
         wipe(env.app().getOpenLedger());
         auto const open = env.current();
-        ApplyViewImpl v0(&*open, TapNone);
+        ApplyViewImpl v0(&*open, ApplyFlags::None);
         v0.rawInsert(sle(1, 1));
         v0.rawInsert(sle(2, 2));
         v0.rawInsert(sle(4, 4));
@@ -368,22 +368,22 @@ class View_test : public beast::unit_test::Suite
                 BEAST_EXPECT(v1.seq() == v0.seq());
                 BEAST_EXPECT(v1.parentCloseTime() == v1.parentCloseTime());
 
-                ApplyViewImpl v2(&v1, TapRetry);
+                ApplyViewImpl v2(&v1, ApplyFlags::Retry);
                 BEAST_EXPECT(v2.parentCloseTime() == v1.parentCloseTime());
                 BEAST_EXPECT(v2.seq() == v1.seq());
-                BEAST_EXPECT(v2.flags() == TapRetry);
+                BEAST_EXPECT(v2.flags() == ApplyFlags::Retry);
 
                 Sandbox const v3(&v2);
                 BEAST_EXPECT(v3.seq() == v2.seq());
                 BEAST_EXPECT(v3.parentCloseTime() == v2.parentCloseTime());
-                BEAST_EXPECT(v3.flags() == TapRetry);
+                BEAST_EXPECT(v3.flags() == ApplyFlags::Retry);
             }
             {
-                ApplyViewImpl v1(&v0, TapRetry);
+                ApplyViewImpl v1(&v0, ApplyFlags::Retry);
                 PaymentSandbox v2(&v1);
                 BEAST_EXPECT(v2.seq() == v0.seq());
                 BEAST_EXPECT(v2.parentCloseTime() == v0.parentCloseTime());
-                BEAST_EXPECT(v2.flags() == TapRetry);
+                BEAST_EXPECT(v2.flags() == ApplyFlags::Retry);
                 PaymentSandbox const v3(&v2);
                 BEAST_EXPECT(v3.seq() == v2.seq());
                 BEAST_EXPECT(v3.parentCloseTime() == v2.parentCloseTime());
@@ -1028,7 +1028,7 @@ class View_test : public beast::unit_test::Suite
             wipe(*ledger);
             ledger->rawInsert(sle(1));
             ReadView const& v0 = *ledger;
-            ApplyViewImpl v1(&v0, TapNone);
+            ApplyViewImpl v1(&v0, ApplyFlags::None);
             {
                 Sandbox v2(&v1);
                 v2.erase(v2.peek(k(1)));

src/tests/libxrpl/beast/Journal.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+#include <xrpl/beast/utility/Journal.h>
+
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <string>
+
+namespace beast {
+namespace {
+
+// Counts the messages that actually reach the sink, so the tests can assert on
+// which severities the journal let through.
+class CountingSink : public Journal::Sink
+{
+    std::size_t count_{0};
+
+public:
+    CountingSink() : Sink(Severity::Warning, false)
+    {
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::size_t
+    count() const
+    {
+        return count_;
+    }
+
+    void
+    write(Severity level, std::string const&) override
+    {
+        if (level >= threshold())
+            ++count_;
+    }
+
+    void
+    writeAlways(Severity, std::string const&) override
+    {
+        ++count_;
+    }
+};
+
+}  // namespace
+
+TEST(Journal, info_threshold)
+{
+    CountingSink sink;
+    sink.threshold(Severity::Info);
+    Journal const j(sink);
+
+    j.trace() << " ";
+    EXPECT_EQ(sink.count(), 0uz);
+    j.debug() << " ";
+    EXPECT_EQ(sink.count(), 0uz);
+    j.info() << " ";
+    EXPECT_EQ(sink.count(), 1uz);
+    j.warn() << " ";
+    EXPECT_EQ(sink.count(), 2uz);
+    j.error() << " ";
+    EXPECT_EQ(sink.count(), 3uz);
+    j.fatal() << " ";
+    EXPECT_EQ(sink.count(), 4uz);
+}
+
+TEST(Journal, debug_threshold)
+{
+    CountingSink sink;
+    sink.threshold(Severity::Debug);
+    Journal const j(sink);
+
+    j.trace() << " ";
+    EXPECT_EQ(sink.count(), 0uz);
+    j.debug() << " ";
+    EXPECT_EQ(sink.count(), 1uz);
+    j.info() << " ";
+    EXPECT_EQ(sink.count(), 2uz);
+    j.warn() << " ";
+    EXPECT_EQ(sink.count(), 3uz);
+    j.error() << " ";
+    EXPECT_EQ(sink.count(), 4uz);
+    j.fatal() << " ";
+    EXPECT_EQ(sink.count(), 5uz);
+}
+
+// A Journal holds a reference to its sink rather than a copy of the threshold,
+// so lowering the threshold has to take effect on a Journal that already exists.
+// The two tests above each build the Journal after setting the threshold, so
+// neither of them would notice if that stopped working.
+TEST(Journal, threshold_change_applies_to_an_existing_journal)
+{
+    CountingSink sink;
+    sink.threshold(Severity::Info);
+    Journal const j(sink);
+
+    j.debug() << " ";
+    EXPECT_EQ(sink.count(), 0uz);
+
+    sink.threshold(Severity::Debug);
+
+    j.debug() << " ";
+    EXPECT_EQ(sink.count(), 1uz);
+}
+
+}  // namespace beast

src/tests/libxrpl/beast/basic_seconds_clock.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+#include <xrpl/beast/clock/basic_seconds_clock.h>
+
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+
+namespace beast {
+
+// The clock keeps a lazily started background thread; this only asserts that
+// asking it for the time does not throw or crash.
+TEST(BasicSecondsClock, now)
+{
+    EXPECT_NO_THROW({ BasicSecondsClock::now(); });
+}
+
+}  // namespace beast

src/tests/libxrpl/beast/xxhasher.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+#include <xrpl/beast/hash/xxhasher.h>
+
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <string>
+#include <string_view>
+
+namespace beast {
+namespace {
+
+constexpr std::string_view kInput{"Hello, xxHash!"};
+constexpr std::uint32_t kSeed{102};
+constexpr std::uint32_t kOtherSeed{103};
+
+// The multiple-update and one-update cases hash the same kRepeatCount copies of
+// kInput, so their expected digests must agree.
+constexpr std::size_t kRepeatCount{100};
+constexpr std::size_t kBigObjectRepeat{20};
+
+// Returns text repeated the given number of times.
+//
+// Used by the cases that hash a large object in one update, so that their
+// expected digest can be compared against the cases that feed the same bytes
+// in as many small updates.
+std::string
+repeat(std::string_view text, std::size_t times)
+{
+    std::string out;
+    out.reserve(text.size() * times);
+    for (std::size_t i = 0; i < times; ++i)
+        out += text;
+    return out;
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+TEST(XXHasher, without_seed)
+{
+    Xxhasher hasher{};
+    hasher(kInput.data(), kInput.size());
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(static_cast<Xxhasher::result_type>(hasher), 16042857369214894119ULL);
+}
+
+TEST(XXHasher, with_seed)
+{
+    Xxhasher hasher{kSeed};
+    hasher(kInput.data(), kInput.size());
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(static_cast<Xxhasher::result_type>(hasher), 14440132435660934800ULL);
+}
+
+TEST(XXHasher, with_two_seeds)
+{
+    Xxhasher hasher{kSeed, kOtherSeed};
+    hasher(kInput.data(), kInput.size());
+
+    // The second seed is ignored, so this matches the single-seed result.
+    EXPECT_EQ(static_cast<Xxhasher::result_type>(hasher), 14440132435660934800ULL);
+}
+
+// Feeds the bytes in as kRepeatCount small updates, never materializing the full object.
+// big_object_with_one_update_without_seed below hashes the same bytes in a single
+// update and must agree, which is what exercises xxHash's internal buffering.
+TEST(XXHasher, big_object_with_multiple_small_updates_without_seed)
+{
+    Xxhasher hasher{};
+    for (std::size_t i = 0; i < kRepeatCount; ++i)
+        hasher(kInput.data(), kInput.size());
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(static_cast<Xxhasher::result_type>(hasher), 15296278154063476002ULL);
+}
+
+TEST(XXHasher, big_object_with_multiple_small_updates_with_seed)
+{
+    Xxhasher hasher{kOtherSeed};
+    for (std::size_t i = 0; i < kRepeatCount; ++i)
+        hasher(kInput.data(), kInput.size());
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(static_cast<Xxhasher::result_type>(hasher), 17285302196561698791ULL);
+}
+
+TEST(XXHasher, big_object_with_small_and_big_updates_without_seed)
+{
+    Xxhasher hasher{};
+    std::string const bigObject = repeat(kInput, kBigObjectRepeat);
+
+    hasher(kInput.data(), kInput.size());
+    hasher(bigObject.data(), bigObject.size());
+    hasher(kInput.data(), kInput.size());
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(static_cast<Xxhasher::result_type>(hasher), 1865045178324729219ULL);
+}
+
+TEST(XXHasher, big_object_with_small_and_big_updates_with_seed)
+{
+    Xxhasher hasher{kOtherSeed};
+    std::string const bigObject = repeat(kInput, kBigObjectRepeat);
+
+    hasher(kInput.data(), kInput.size());
+    hasher(bigObject.data(), bigObject.size());
+    hasher(kInput.data(), kInput.size());
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(static_cast<Xxhasher::result_type>(hasher), 16189862915636005281ULL);
+}
+
+TEST(XXHasher, big_object_with_one_update_without_seed)
+{
+    Xxhasher hasher{};
+    std::string const object = repeat(kInput, kRepeatCount);
+    hasher(object.data(), object.size());
+
+    // Hashing the whole object at once must match hashing it in kRepeatCount pieces.
+    EXPECT_EQ(static_cast<Xxhasher::result_type>(hasher), 15296278154063476002ULL);
+}
+
+TEST(XXHasher, big_object_with_one_update_with_seed)
+{
+    Xxhasher hasher{kOtherSeed};
+    std::string const object = repeat(kInput, kRepeatCount);
+    hasher(object.data(), object.size());
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(static_cast<Xxhasher::result_type>(hasher), 17285302196561698791ULL);
+}
+
+TEST(XXHasher, operator_result_type_does_not_change_internal_state)
+{
+    {
+        Xxhasher hasher;
+        std::string const object{"Hello xxhash"};
+        hasher(object.data(), object.size());
+
+        EXPECT_EQ(
+            static_cast<Xxhasher::result_type>(hasher), static_cast<Xxhasher::result_type>(hasher));
+    }
+    {
+        Xxhasher hasher;
+        std::string const object = repeat(kInput, kRepeatCount);
+        hasher(object.data(), object.size());
+
+        EXPECT_EQ(hasher.operator Xxhasher::result_type(), hasher.operator Xxhasher::result_type());
+    }
+}
+
+}  // namespace beast

src/tests/libxrpl/helpers/TxTest.cpp

@@ -107,7 +107,8 @@ TxTest::getRules() const
 [[nodiscard]] TxResult
 TxTest::submit(std::shared_ptr<STTx const> stx)
 {
-    auto result = apply(registry_, *openLedger_, *stx, TapNone, registry_.getJournal("apply"));
+    auto result =
+        apply(registry_, *openLedger_, *stx, ApplyFlags::None, registry_.getJournal("apply"));
 
     // Track successfully applied transactions for canonical reordering on close
     // We make a copy since the TransactionBase doesn't own the STTx
@@ -198,7 +199,8 @@ TxTest::close()
         OpenView accum(&*newLedger);
         for (auto const& [key, tx] : txSet)
         {
-            auto result = apply(registry_, accum, *tx, TapNone, registry_.getJournal("apply"));
+            auto result =
+                apply(registry_, accum, *tx, ApplyFlags::None, registry_.getJournal("apply"));
             if (!result.applied)
             {
                 throw std::runtime_error("TxTest::close: failed to apply transaction");

src/tests/libxrpl/ledger/EntryTestHelpers.h

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ public:
     Account const bob{"bob"};
     Account const carol{"carol"};
 
-    EntryTestEnv() : av_(&fundAndClose(), TapNone)
+    EntryTestEnv() : av_(&fundAndClose(), ApplyFlags::None)
     {
     }
 

src/tests/libxrpl/ledger/SLEBase.cpp

@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ TEST_F(SLEBaseTests, adopt_sle)
 
 TEST_F(SLEBaseTests, writable_accessors)
 {
-    ApplyViewImpl av(&env_.getClosedLedger(), TapNone);
+    ApplyViewImpl av(&env_.getClosedLedger(), ApplyFlags::None);
     beast::Journal const j{beast::Journal::getNullSink()};
 
     AccountRootEntryW account(alice_.id(), av, j);
@@ -239,7 +239,7 @@ TEST_F(SLEBaseTests, writable_accessors)
 
 TEST_F(SLEBaseTests, apply_view_context_ctor)
 {
-    ApplyViewImpl av(&env_.getClosedLedger(), TapNone);
+    ApplyViewImpl av(&env_.getClosedLedger(), ApplyFlags::None);
     beast::Journal const j{beast::Journal::getNullSink()};
 
     transactions::AccountSetBuilder builder{alice_.id()};
@@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ TEST_F(SLEBaseTests, apply_view_context_ctor)
 TEST_F(SLEBaseTests, writable_lifecycle)
 {
     // A view we never apply, so nothing here reaches the ledger.
-    ApplyViewImpl av(&env_.getClosedLedger(), TapNone);
+    ApplyViewImpl av(&env_.getClosedLedger(), ApplyFlags::None);
 
     // Entry that does not exist yet: newSLE() -> insert().
     {
@@ -289,7 +289,7 @@ TEST_F(SLEBaseTests, writable_lifecycle)
     // Erase but not Cache, so it shows the difference: building the entry
     // only peeks, and the write is invisible to the view until update().
     {
-        ApplyViewImpl fresh(&env_.getClosedLedger(), TapNone);
+        ApplyViewImpl fresh(&env_.getClosedLedger(), ApplyFlags::None);
 
         AccountRootEntryW account(alice_.id(), fresh);
         EXPECT_TRUE(account.exists());
@@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ TEST_F(SLEBaseTests, writable_lifecycle)
 
 TEST_F(SLEBaseTests, conversion)
 {
-    ApplyViewImpl av(&env_.getClosedLedger(), TapNone);
+    ApplyViewImpl av(&env_.getClosedLedger(), ApplyFlags::None);
 
     AccountRootEntryW const writable(alice_.id(), av);
     EXPECT_TRUE(writable.exists());
@@ -346,7 +346,7 @@ TEST_F(SLEBaseTests, resolve_entry_peeks)
     AccountRootEntryR const overLedger(alice_.id(), ledger);
     EXPECT_TRUE(overLedger.exists());
 
-    ApplyViewImpl av(&ledger, TapNone);
+    ApplyViewImpl av(&ledger, ApplyFlags::None);
 
     // ReadView const& binds an ApplyViewImpl just as happily, and there the
     // dynamic_cast succeeds, so this one resolves through ApplyView::peek().
@@ -393,7 +393,7 @@ TEST_F(SLEBaseTests, throws_on_missing_entry)
 TEST_F(SLEBaseTests, throws_on_missing_writable_entry)
 {
     // A view we never apply, so nothing here reaches the ledger.
-    ApplyViewImpl av(&env_.getClosedLedger(), TapNone);
+    ApplyViewImpl av(&env_.getClosedLedger(), ApplyFlags::None);
 
     // bob is unfunded, so this resolves to nothing and every operation that
     // needs an SLE has to throw instead of dereferencing null. These are the

src/xrpld/app/consensus/RCLConsensus.cpp

@@ -655,7 +655,7 @@ RCLConsensus::Adaptor::doAccept(
             localTxs_.getTxSet(),
             anyDisputes,
             retriableTxs,
-            TapNone,
+            ApplyFlags::None,
             "consensus",
             [&](OpenView& view, beast::Journal j) {
                 // Stuff the ledger with transactions from the queue.
@@ -760,7 +760,7 @@ RCLConsensus::Adaptor::buildLCL(
             XRPL_ASSERT(
                 replayData->parent()->header().hash == previousLedger.id(),
                 "xrpl::RCLConsensus::Adaptor::buildLCL : parent hash match");
-            return buildLedger(*replayData, TapNone, app_, j_);
+            return buildLedger(*replayData, ApplyFlags::None, app_, j_);
         }
         return buildLedger(
             previousLedger.ledger,

src/xrpld/app/consensus/RCLValidations.cpp

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 #include <xrpl/core/Job.h>
 #include <xrpl/core/JobQueue.h>
 #include <xrpl/core/PerfLog.h>
-#include <xrpl/protocol/Indexes.h>
+#include <xrpl/ledger/entries/LedgerHashesEntry.h>
 #include <xrpl/protocol/PublicKey.h>
 #include <xrpl/protocol/RippleLedgerHash.h>
 #include <xrpl/protocol/SField.h>
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ RCLValidatedLedger::RCLValidatedLedger(
     beast::Journal j)
     : ledgerID_{ledger->header().hash}, ledgerSeq_{ledger->seq()}, j_{j}
 {
-    auto const hashIndex = ledger->read(keylet::skip());
+    LedgerHashesEntryR const hashIndex(*ledger, j_);
     if (hashIndex)
     {
         XRPL_ASSERT(

src/xrpld/app/ledger/detail/BuildLedger.cpp

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 #include <xrpl/ledger/CanonicalTXSet.h>
 #include <xrpl/ledger/Ledger.h>
 #include <xrpl/ledger/OpenView.h>
+#include <xrpl/ledger/entries/FeeSettingsEntry.h>
 #include <xrpl/nodestore/NodeObject.h>
 #include <xrpl/protocol/Indexes.h>  // IWYU pragma: keep
 #include <xrpl/protocol/LedgerHeader.h>
@@ -74,7 +75,7 @@ buildLedgerImpl(
 
     // Accept ledger
     XRPL_ASSERT(
-        built->header().seq < kXrpLedgerEarliestFees || built->read(keylet::feeSettings()),
+        built->header().seq < kXrpLedgerEarliestFees || FeeSettingsEntryR(*built),
         "xrpl::buildLedgerImpl : valid ledger fees");
     built->setAccepted(closeTime, closeResolution, closeTimeCorrect);
 
@@ -125,7 +126,7 @@ applyTransactions(
                     continue;
                 }
 
-                switch (applyTransaction(app, view, *it->second, certainRetry, TapNone, j))
+                switch (applyTransaction(app, view, *it->second, certainRetry, ApplyFlags::None, j))
                 {
                     case ApplyTransactionResult::Success:
                         it = txns.erase(it);

src/xrpld/app/ledger/detail/InboundLedger.cpp

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 #include <xrpl/core/Job.h>
 #include <xrpl/core/JobQueue.h>
 #include <xrpl/json/json_value.h>
+#include <xrpl/ledger/entries/FeeSettingsEntry.h>
 #include <xrpl/nodestore/Database.h>
 #include <xrpl/nodestore/NodeObject.h>
 #include <xrpl/protocol/HashPrefix.h>
@@ -110,7 +111,7 @@ InboundLedger::init(ScopedLockType& collectionLock)
     JLOG(journal_.debug()) << "Acquiring ledger we already have in "
                            << " local store. " << hash_;
     XRPL_ASSERT(
-        ledger_->header().seq < kXrpLedgerEarliestFees || ledger_->read(keylet::feeSettings()),
+        ledger_->header().seq < kXrpLedgerEarliestFees || FeeSettingsEntryR(*ledger_),
         "xrpl::InboundLedger::init : valid ledger fees");
     ledger_->setImmutable();
 
@@ -331,7 +332,7 @@ InboundLedger::tryDB(node_store::Database& srcDB)
         JLOG(journal_.debug()) << "Had everything locally";
         complete_ = true;
         XRPL_ASSERT(
-            ledger_->header().seq < kXrpLedgerEarliestFees || ledger_->read(keylet::feeSettings()),
+            ledger_->header().seq < kXrpLedgerEarliestFees || FeeSettingsEntryR(*ledger_),
             "xrpl::InboundLedger::tryDB : valid ledger fees");
         ledger_->setImmutable();
     }
@@ -430,7 +431,7 @@ InboundLedger::done()
     if (complete_ && !failed_ && ledger_)
     {
         XRPL_ASSERT(
-            ledger_->header().seq < kXrpLedgerEarliestFees || ledger_->read(keylet::feeSettings()),
+            ledger_->header().seq < kXrpLedgerEarliestFees || FeeSettingsEntryR(*ledger_),
             "xrpl::InboundLedger::done : valid ledger fees");
         ledger_->setImmutable();
         switch (reason_)

src/xrpld/app/ledger/detail/LedgerDeltaAcquire.cpp

@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ LedgerDeltaAcquire::tryBuild(std::shared_ptr<Ledger const> const& parent)
         "xrpl::LedgerDeltaAcquire::tryBuild : parent hash match");
     // build ledger
     LedgerReplay const replayData(parent, replayTemp_, std::move(orderedTxns_));
-    fullLedger_ = buildLedger(replayData, TapNone, app_, journal_);
+    fullLedger_ = buildLedger(replayData, ApplyFlags::None, app_, journal_);
     if (fullLedger_ && fullLedger_->header().hash == hash_)
     {
         JLOG(journal_.info()) << "Built " << hash_;

src/xrpld/app/ledger/detail/LedgerPersistence.cpp

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 #include <xrpl/core/JobQueue.h>
 #include <xrpl/core/ServiceRegistry.h>
 #include <xrpl/ledger/PendingSaves.h>
+#include <xrpl/ledger/entries/FeeSettingsEntry.h>
 #include <xrpl/protocol/Indexes.h>  // IWYU pragma: keep
 #include <xrpl/protocol/Rules.h>
 #include <xrpl/protocol/SystemParameters.h>  // IWYU pragma: keep
@@ -122,7 +123,7 @@ finishLoadByIndexOrHash(std::shared_ptr<Ledger> const& ledger, beast::Journal j)
         return;
 
     XRPL_ASSERT(
-        ledger->header().seq < kXrpLedgerEarliestFees || ledger->read(keylet::feeSettings()),
+        ledger->header().seq < kXrpLedgerEarliestFees || FeeSettingsEntryR(*ledger),
         "xrpl::finishLoadByIndexOrHash : valid ledger fees");
     ledger->setImmutable();
 

src/xrpld/app/ledger/detail/OpenLedger.cpp

@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ OpenLedger::applyOne(
     beast::Journal j) -> Result
 {
     if (retry)
-        flags = flags | TapRetry;
+        flags = flags | ApplyFlags::Retry;
     // If it's in anybody's proposed set, try to keep it in the ledger
     auto const result = xrpl::apply(app, view, *tx, flags, j);
     if (result.applied || result.ter == terQUEUED)

src/xrpld/app/ledger/detail/SkipListAcquire.cpp

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 #include <xrpl/basics/base_uint.h>
 #include <xrpl/beast/utility/instrumentation.h>
 #include <xrpl/core/Job.h>
+#include <xrpl/ledger/entries/LedgerHashesEntry.h>
 #include <xrpl/protocol/Indexes.h>
 #include <xrpl/protocol/SField.h>
 #include <xrpl/shamap/SHAMapItem.h>
@@ -183,7 +184,7 @@ SkipListAcquire::getData() const
 void
 SkipListAcquire::retrieveSkipList(std::shared_ptr<Ledger const> const& ledger, ScopedLockType& sl)
 {
-    if (auto const hashIndex = ledger->read(keylet::skip());
+    if (LedgerHashesEntryR const hashIndex(*ledger, journal_);
         hashIndex && hashIndex->isFieldPresent(sfHashes))
     {
         auto const& slist = hashIndex->getFieldV256(sfHashes).value();

src/xrpld/app/main/Application.cpp

@@ -72,6 +72,7 @@
 #include <xrpl/ledger/Ledger.h>
 #include <xrpl/ledger/OpenView.h>
 #include <xrpl/ledger/PendingSaves.h>
+#include <xrpl/ledger/entries/FeeSettingsEntry.h>
 #include <xrpl/nodestore/Database.h>
 #include <xrpl/nodestore/DummyScheduler.h>
 #include <xrpl/nodestore/Manager.h>
@@ -1700,7 +1701,7 @@ ApplicationImp::startGenesisLedger()
     auto const next = std::make_shared<Ledger>(*genesis, getTimeKeeper().closeTime());
     next->updateSkipList();
     XRPL_ASSERT(
-        next->header().seq < kXrpLedgerEarliestFees || next->read(keylet::feeSettings()),
+        next->header().seq < kXrpLedgerEarliestFees || FeeSettingsEntryR(*next),
         "xrpl::ApplicationImp::startGenesisLedger : valid ledger fees");
     next->setImmutable();
     openLedger_.emplace(next, cachedSLEs_, logs_->journal("OpenLedger"));
@@ -1722,7 +1723,7 @@ ApplicationImp::getLastFullLedger()
             return ledger;
 
         XRPL_ASSERT(
-            ledger->header().seq < kXrpLedgerEarliestFees || ledger->read(keylet::feeSettings()),
+            ledger->header().seq < kXrpLedgerEarliestFees || FeeSettingsEntryR(*ledger),
             "xrpl::ApplicationImp::getLastFullLedger : valid ledger fees");
         ledger->setImmutable();
 
@@ -1873,8 +1874,7 @@ ApplicationImp::loadLedgerFromFile(std::string const& name)
         loadLedger->stateMap().flushDirty(NodeObjectType::AccountNode);
 
         XRPL_ASSERT(
-            loadLedger->header().seq < kXrpLedgerEarliestFees ||
+            loadLedger->header().seq < kXrpLedgerEarliestFees || FeeSettingsEntryR(*loadLedger),
-                loadLedger->read(keylet::feeSettings()),
             "xrpl::ApplicationImp::loadLedgerFromFile : valid ledger fees");
         loadLedger->setAccepted(closeTime, closeTimeResolution, !closeTimeEstimated);
 

src/xrpld/app/misc/FeeVoteImpl.cpp

@@ -226,27 +226,22 @@ FeeVoteImpl::doVoting(
         auto doVote = [](std::shared_ptr<STValidation> const& val,
                          detail::VotableValue& value,
                          auto const& valueField) {
-            if (auto const field = val->at(~valueField))
+            using XRPType = XRPAmount::value_type;
+
+            if (auto const field = val->at(~valueField); field && std::in_range<XRPType>(*field))
             {
-                using XRPType = XRPAmount::value_type;
+                if (auto const amount = XRPAmount{checkedCast<XRPType>(*field)};
-                auto const vote = *field;
+                    isLegalAmountSigned(amount))
-                if (vote <= std::numeric_limits<XRPType>::max() &&
-                    isLegalAmountSigned(XRPAmount{unsafeCast<XRPType>(vote)}))
                 {
-                    value.addVote(XRPAmount{unsafeCast<XRPType>(vote)});
+                    value.addVote(amount);
-                }
+                    return;
-                else
-                {
-                    // Invalid amounts will be treated as if they're
-                    // not provided. Don't throw because this value is
-                    // provided by an external entity.
-                    value.noVote();
                 }
             }
-            else
+
-            {
+            // Invalid or missing amounts are treated as if they're not
-                value.noVote();
+            // provided. Don't throw because this value is provided by an
-            }
+            // external entity.
+            value.noVote();
         };
 
         for (auto const& val : set)

src/xrpld/app/misc/NegativeUNLVote.cpp

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 #include <xrpl/beast/utility/Journal.h>
 #include <xrpl/beast/utility/instrumentation.h>
 #include <xrpl/ledger/Ledger.h>
-#include <xrpl/protocol/Indexes.h>
+#include <xrpl/ledger/entries/LedgerHashesEntry.h>
 #include <xrpl/protocol/Protocol.h>
 #include <xrpl/protocol/PublicKey.h>
 #include <xrpl/protocol/SField.h>
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ NegativeUNLVote::buildScoreTable(
     validations.setSeqToKeep(seq - 1, seq + kFlagLedgerInterval);
 
     // Find FLAG_LEDGER_INTERVAL (i.e. 256) previous ledger hashes
-    auto const hashIndex = prevLedger->read(keylet::skip());
+    LedgerHashesEntryR const hashIndex(*prevLedger, j_);
     if (!hashIndex || !hashIndex->isFieldPresent(sfHashes))
     {
         JLOG(j_.debug()) << "N-UNL: ledger " << seq << " no history.";

src/xrpld/app/misc/NetworkOPs.cpp

@@ -1706,12 +1706,12 @@ NetworkOPsImp::apply(std::unique_lock<std::mutex>& batchLock)
                 for (TransactionStatus& e : transactions)
                 {
                     // we check before adding to the batch
-                    ApplyFlags flags = TapNone;
+                    ApplyFlags flags = ApplyFlags::None;
                     if (e.admin)
-                        flags |= TapUnlimited;
+                        flags |= ApplyFlags::Unlimited;
 
                     if (e.failType == FailHard::Yes)
-                        flags |= TapFailHard;
+                        flags |= ApplyFlags::FailHard;
 
                     auto const result = registry_.get().getTxQ().apply(
                         registry_.get().getApp(), view, e.transaction->getSTransaction(), flags, j);
@@ -2207,7 +2207,7 @@ NetworkOPsImp::switchLastClosedLedger(std::shared_ptr<Ledger const> const& newLC
             OrderedTxs({}),
             false,
             retries,
-            TapNone,
+            ApplyFlags::None,
             "jump",
             [&](OpenView& view, beast::Journal j) {
                 // Stuff the ledger with transactions from the queue.

src/xrpld/app/misc/detail/TxQ.cpp

@@ -333,8 +333,9 @@ TxQ::MaybeTx::apply(Application& app, OpenView& view, beast::Journal j)
     if (pfResult->rules != view.rules() || pfResult->flags != flags)
     {
         JLOG(j.debug()) << "Queued transaction " << txID
-                        << " rules or flags have changed. Flags from " << pfResult->flags << " to "
+                        << " rules or flags have changed. Flags from "
-                        << flags;
+                        << std::to_underlying(pfResult->flags) << " to "
+                        << std::to_underlying(flags);
 
         pfResult.emplace(preflight(app, view.rules(), pfResult->tx, flags, pfResult->j));
     }
@@ -425,7 +426,7 @@ TxQ::canBeHeld(
     // queue yet, but should be added in the future.
     // TapFailHard transactions are never held
     if (tx.isFieldPresent(sfPreviousTxnID) || tx.isFieldPresent(sfAccountTxnID) ||
-        ((flags & TapFailHard) != 0u))
+        ((flags & ApplyFlags::FailHard) != ApplyFlags::None))
         return telCAN_NOT_QUEUE;
 
     // Disallow delegated transactions from being queued.
@@ -777,7 +778,7 @@ TxQ::apply(
     if (auto directApplied = tryDirectApply(app, view, tx, flags, j))
         return *directApplied;
 
-    if ((flags & TapDryRun) != 0u)
+    if ((flags & ApplyFlags::DryRun) != ApplyFlags::None)
         return {telCAN_NOT_QUEUE, false};
 
     // If we get past tryDirectApply() without returning then we expect
@@ -1345,7 +1346,7 @@ TxQ::apply(
     // will not be checked again, so the cost should be minimal.
 
     // Don't allow soft failures, which can lead to retries
-    flags &= ~TapRetry;
+    flags &= ~ApplyFlags::Retry;
 
     auto& candidate = accountIter->second.add({tx, transactionID, feeLevelPaid, flags, pfResult});
 
@@ -1354,8 +1355,7 @@ TxQ::apply(
     JLOG(j_.debug()) << "Added transaction " << candidate.txID << " with result "
                      << transToken(pfResult.ter) << " from "
                      << (accountIsInQueue ? "existing" : "new") << " account " << candidate.account
-                     << " to queue."
+                     << " to queue. Flags: " << std::to_underlying(flags);
-                     << " Flags: " << flags;
 
     return {terQUEUED, false};
 }
@@ -1473,7 +1473,8 @@ TxQ::accept(Application& app, OpenView& view)
             candidateIter++;
             continue;
         }
-        auto const requiredFeeLevel = getRequiredFeeLevel(view, TapNone, metricsSnapshot, lock);
+        auto const requiredFeeLevel =
+            getRequiredFeeLevel(view, ApplyFlags::None, metricsSnapshot, lock);
         auto const feeLevelPaid = candidateIter->feeLevel;
         JLOG(j_.trace()) << "Queued transaction " << candidateIter->txID << " from account "
                          << candidateIter->account << " has fee level of " << feeLevelPaid
@@ -1515,7 +1516,8 @@ TxQ::accept(Application& app, OpenView& view)
             {
                 JLOG(j_.debug()) << "Queued transaction " << candidateIter->txID << " failed with "
                                  << transToken(txnResult) << ". Leave in queue."
-                                 << " Applied: " << didApply << ". Flags: " << candidateIter->flags;
+                                 << " Applied: " << didApply
+                                 << ". Flags: " << std::to_underlying(candidateIter->flags);
                 if (account.retryPenalty && candidateIter->retriesRemaining > 2)
                 {
                     candidateIter->retriesRemaining = 1;

src/xrpld/rpc/detail/PathRequest.cpp

@@ -633,7 +633,7 @@ PathRequest::findPaths(
         path::RippleCalc::Input rcInput;
         if (convertAll_)
             rcInput.partialPaymentAllowed = true;
-        auto sandbox = std::make_unique<PaymentSandbox>(&*cache->getLedger(), TapNone);
+        auto sandbox = std::make_unique<PaymentSandbox>(&*cache->getLedger(), ApplyFlags::None);
         auto rc = path::RippleCalc::rippleCalculate(
             *sandbox,
             saMaxAmount,  // --> Amount to send is unlimited
@@ -654,7 +654,7 @@ PathRequest::findPaths(
             JLOG(journal_.debug()) << iIdentifier_ << " Trying with an extra path element";
 
             ps.pushBack(fullLiquidityPath);
-            sandbox = std::make_unique<PaymentSandbox>(&*cache->getLedger(), TapNone);
+            sandbox = std::make_unique<PaymentSandbox>(&*cache->getLedger(), ApplyFlags::None);
             rc = path::RippleCalc::rippleCalculate(
                 *sandbox,
                 saMaxAmount,  // --> Amount to send is unlimited

src/xrpld/rpc/detail/Pathfinder.cpp

@@ -392,7 +392,7 @@ Pathfinder::getPathLiquidity(
     path::RippleCalc::Input rcInput;
     rcInput.defaultPathsAllowed = false;
 
-    PaymentSandbox sandbox(&*ledger_, TapNone);
+    PaymentSandbox sandbox(&*ledger_, ApplyFlags::None);
 
     try
     {
@@ -455,7 +455,7 @@ Pathfinder::computePathRanks(int maxPaths, std::function<bool(void)> const& cont
     // Must subtract liquidity in default path from remaining amount.
     try
     {
-        PaymentSandbox sandbox(&*ledger_, TapNone);
+        PaymentSandbox sandbox(&*ledger_, ApplyFlags::None);
 
         path::RippleCalc::Input rcInput;
         rcInput.partialPaymentAllowed = true;
@@ -948,7 +948,7 @@ Pathfinder::isNoRippleOut(STPath const& currentPath)
 
     // Last link must be an account.
     STPathElement const& endElement = currentPath.back();
-    if ((endElement.getNodeType() & STPathElement::TypeAccount) == 0u)
+    if (!endElement.isType(STPathElement::TypeAccount))
         return false;
 
     // If there's only one item in the path, return true if that item specifies