Address issues identified by external review:

* RIPD-1617, RIPD-1619, RIPD-1621:
  Verify serialized public keys more strictly before
  using them.

* RIPD-1618:
    * Simplify the base58 decoder logic.
    * Reduce the complexity of the base58 encoder and
      eliminate a potential out-of-bounds memory access.
    * Improve type safety by using an `enum class` to
      enforce strict type checking for token types.

* RIPD-1616:
  Avoid calling `memcpy` with a null pointer even if the
  size is specified as zero, since it results in undefined
  behavior.

Acknowledgements:
Ripple thanks Guido Vranken for responsibly disclosing these
issues.

Bug Bounties and Responsible Disclosures:
We welcome reviews of the rippled code and urge researchers
to responsibly disclose any issues that they may find. For
more on Ripple's Bug Bounty program, please visit:
https://ripple.com/bug-bounty

src/test/rpc/ValidatorRPC_test.cpp

@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ public:
         using address_type = boost::asio::ip::address;
 
         auto toStr = [](PublicKey const& publicKey) {
-            return toBase58(TokenType::TOKEN_NODE_PUBLIC, publicKey);
+            return toBase58(TokenType::NodePublic, publicKey);
         };
 
         // Publisher manifest/signing keys