ci: Check binaries separately from building them (#7355)

Co-authored-by: Copilot Autofix powered by AI <175728472+Copilot@users.noreply.github.com>

docker/test_files/cpp_sources/ubsan.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+#include <iostream>
+#include <limits>
+
+int
+main()
+{
+    int maxInt = std::numeric_limits<int>::max();
+    int volatile one = 1;
+    std::cout << "Current max: " << maxInt << std::endl;
+    int overflowed = maxInt + one;
+    std::cout << "Overflowed result: " << overflowed << std::endl;
+    return 0;
+}