diff --git a/src/test/app/LoanBroker_test.cpp b/src/test/app/LoanBroker_test.cpp
index 6169ef325c..e8b450e886 100644
--- a/src/test/app/LoanBroker_test.cpp
+++ b/src/test/app/LoanBroker_test.cpp
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ class LoanBroker_test : public beast::unit_test::suite
 
             using namespace loanBroker;
             // Can't create a loan broker regardless of whether the vault exists
-            env(set(alice, keylet.key), ter(temDISABLED));
+            env(set(alice, keylet.key), fee(increment), ter(temDISABLED));
         };
         failAll(all - featureMPTokensV1);
         failAll(all - featureSingleAssetVault - featureLendingProtocol);
@@ -153,62 +153,80 @@ class LoanBroker_test : public beast::unit_test::suite
             {
                 auto badKeylet = keylet::vault(alice.id(), env.seq(alice));
                 // Try some failure cases
+                // insufficient fee
+                env(set(evan, vault.vaultID), ter(telINSUF_FEE_P));
                 // not the vault owner
-                env(set(evan, vault.vaultID), ter(tecNO_PERMISSION));
+                env(set(evan, vault.vaultID),
+                    fee(increment),
+                    ter(tecNO_PERMISSION));
                 // not a vault
-                env(set(alice, badKeylet.key), ter(tecNO_ENTRY));
+                env(set(alice, badKeylet.key),
+                    fee(increment),
+                    ter(tecNO_ENTRY));
                 // flags are checked first
                 env(set(evan, vault.vaultID, ~tfUniversal),
+                    fee(increment),
                     ter(temINVALID_FLAG));
                 // field length validation
                 // sfData: good length, bad account
                 env(set(evan, vault.vaultID),
+                    fee(increment),
                     data(std::string(maxDataPayloadLength, 'X')),
                     ter(tecNO_PERMISSION));
                 // sfData: too long
                 env(set(evan, vault.vaultID),
+                    fee(increment),
                     data(std::string(maxDataPayloadLength + 1, 'Y')),
                     ter(temINVALID));
                 // sfManagementFeeRate: good value, bad account
                 env(set(evan, vault.vaultID),
                     managementFeeRate(maxFeeRate),
+                    fee(increment),
                     ter(tecNO_PERMISSION));
                 // sfManagementFeeRate: too big
                 env(set(evan, vault.vaultID),
                     managementFeeRate(maxFeeRate + 1),
+                    fee(increment),
                     ter(temINVALID));
                 // sfCoverRateMinimum: good value, bad account
                 env(set(evan, vault.vaultID),
                     coverRateMinimum(maxCoverRate),
+                    fee(increment),
                     ter(tecNO_PERMISSION));
                 // sfCoverRateMinimum: too big
                 env(set(evan, vault.vaultID),
                     coverRateMinimum(maxCoverRate + 1),
+                    fee(increment),
                     ter(temINVALID));
                 // sfCoverRateLiquidation: good value, bad account
                 env(set(evan, vault.vaultID),
                     coverRateLiquidation(maxCoverRate),
+                    fee(increment),
                     ter(tecNO_PERMISSION));
                 // sfCoverRateLiquidation: too big
                 env(set(evan, vault.vaultID),
                     coverRateLiquidation(maxCoverRate + 1),
+                    fee(increment),
                     ter(temINVALID));
                 // sfDebtMaximum: good value, bad account
                 env(set(evan, vault.vaultID),
                     debtMaximum(Number(0)),
+                    fee(increment),
                     ter(tecNO_PERMISSION));
                 // sfDebtMaximum: overflow
                 env(set(evan, vault.vaultID),
                     debtMaximum(Number(1, 100)),
+                    fee(increment),
                     ter(temINVALID));
                 // sfDebtMaximum: negative
                 env(set(evan, vault.vaultID),
                     debtMaximum(Number(-1)),
+                    fee(increment),
                     ter(temINVALID));
 
                 auto keylet = keylet::loanbroker(alice.id(), env.seq(alice));
                 // Successfully create a Loan Broker with all default values.
-                env(set(alice, vault.vaultID));
+                env(set(alice, vault.vaultID), fee(increment));
                 env.close();
                 if (auto broker = env.le(keylet); BEAST_EXPECT(broker))
                 {
@@ -339,7 +357,8 @@ class LoanBroker_test : public beast::unit_test::suite
                     managementFeeRate(123),
                     debtMaximum(Number(9)),
                     coverRateMinimum(100),
-                    coverRateLiquidation(200));
+                    coverRateLiquidation(200),
+                    fee(increment));
                 env.close();
                 if (auto broker = env.le(keylet2); BEAST_EXPECT(broker))
                 {
diff --git a/src/test/jtx/fee.h b/src/test/jtx/fee.h
index 7d54804f87..3e3740b80d 100644
--- a/src/test/jtx/fee.h
+++ b/src/test/jtx/fee.h
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ class fee
 {
 private:
     bool manual_ = true;
+    bool increment_ = false;
     std::optional<STAmount> amount_;
 
 public:
@@ -44,6 +45,10 @@ public:
     {
     }
 
+    explicit fee(increment_t) : increment_(true)
+    {
+    }
+
     explicit fee(none_t)
     {
     }
diff --git a/src/test/jtx/impl/fee.cpp b/src/test/jtx/impl/fee.cpp
index 71e3dd089a..b887849946 100644
--- a/src/test/jtx/impl/fee.cpp
+++ b/src/test/jtx/impl/fee.cpp
@@ -26,13 +26,15 @@ namespace test {
 namespace jtx {
 
 void
-fee::operator()(Env&, JTx& jt) const
+fee::operator()(Env& env, JTx& jt) const
 {
     if (!manual_)
         return;
     jt.fill_fee = false;
+    if (increment_)
+        jt[sfFee] = STAmount(env.current()->fees().increment).getJson();
     if (amount_)
-        jt[jss::Fee] = amount_->getJson(JsonOptions::none);
+        jt[sfFee] = amount_->getJson(JsonOptions::none);
 }
 
 }  // namespace jtx
diff --git a/src/test/jtx/tags.h b/src/test/jtx/tags.h
index bb64295f05..4d55929d69 100644
--- a/src/test/jtx/tags.h
+++ b/src/test/jtx/tags.h
@@ -49,6 +49,16 @@ struct disabled_t
 };
 static disabled_t const disabled;
 
+/** Used for fee() calls that use an owner reserve increment */
+struct increment_t
+{
+    increment_t()
+    {
+    }
+};
+
+static increment_t const increment;
+
 }  // namespace jtx
 
 }  // namespace test
diff --git a/src/test/ledger/Invariants_test.cpp b/src/test/ledger/Invariants_test.cpp
index d3950cdfa2..b0230e9aee 100644
--- a/src/test/ledger/Invariants_test.cpp
+++ b/src/test/ledger/Invariants_test.cpp
@@ -1319,21 +1319,16 @@ class Invariants_test : public beast::unit_test::suite
                 auto [tx, vKeylet] =
                     vault.create({.owner = a, .asset = xrpAsset});
                 env(tx);
-                env.close();
                 BEAST_EXPECT(env.le(vKeylet));
 
                 vaultID = vKeylet.key;
 
-                env(vault.deposit(
-                    {.depositor = a, .id = vaultID, .amount = xrpAsset(50)}));
-                env.close();
-
                 // Create Loan Broker
                 using namespace loanBroker;
 
                 loanBrokerKeylet = keylet::loanbroker(a.id(), env.seq(a));
                 // Create a Loan Broker with all default values.
-                env(set(a, vaultID));
+                env(set(a, vaultID), fee(increment));
 
                 return BEAST_EXPECT(env.le(loanBrokerKeylet));
             };
diff --git a/src/xrpld/app/tx/detail/AMMCreate.cpp b/src/xrpld/app/tx/detail/AMMCreate.cpp
index 56f898871e..4e376e51dd 100644
--- a/src/xrpld/app/tx/detail/AMMCreate.cpp
+++ b/src/xrpld/app/tx/detail/AMMCreate.cpp
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ XRPAmount
 AMMCreate::calculateBaseFee(ReadView const& view, STTx const& tx)
 {
     // The fee required for AMMCreate is one owner reserve.
-    return view.fees().increment;
+    return calculateOwnerReserveFee(view, tx);
 }
 
 TER
diff --git a/src/xrpld/app/tx/detail/DeleteAccount.cpp b/src/xrpld/app/tx/detail/DeleteAccount.cpp
index 3ca9f6d324..b2150a6d55 100644
--- a/src/xrpld/app/tx/detail/DeleteAccount.cpp
+++ b/src/xrpld/app/tx/detail/DeleteAccount.cpp
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ XRPAmount
 DeleteAccount::calculateBaseFee(ReadView const& view, STTx const& tx)
 {
     // The fee required for AccountDelete is one owner reserve.
-    return view.fees().increment;
+    return calculateOwnerReserveFee(view, tx);
 }
 
 namespace {
diff --git a/src/xrpld/app/tx/detail/LedgerStateFix.cpp b/src/xrpld/app/tx/detail/LedgerStateFix.cpp
index a3a7ba90a8..9ea022bb30 100644
--- a/src/xrpld/app/tx/detail/LedgerStateFix.cpp
+++ b/src/xrpld/app/tx/detail/LedgerStateFix.cpp
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ LedgerStateFix::calculateBaseFee(ReadView const& view, STTx const& tx)
 {
     // The fee required for LedgerStateFix is one owner reserve, just like
     // the fee for AccountDelete.
-    return view.fees().increment;
+    return calculateOwnerReserveFee(view, tx);
 }
 
 TER
diff --git a/src/xrpld/app/tx/detail/LoanBrokerSet.cpp b/src/xrpld/app/tx/detail/LoanBrokerSet.cpp
index 7d09383752..7a043e205b 100644
--- a/src/xrpld/app/tx/detail/LoanBrokerSet.cpp
+++ b/src/xrpld/app/tx/detail/LoanBrokerSet.cpp
@@ -92,6 +92,15 @@ LoanBrokerSet::doPreflight(PreflightContext const& ctx)
     return tesSUCCESS;
 }
 
+XRPAmount
+LoanBrokerSet::calculateBaseFee(ReadView const& view, STTx const& tx)
+{
+    // One reserve increment is typically much greater than one base fee.
+    if (!tx.isFieldPresent(sfLoanBrokerID))
+        return calculateOwnerReserveFee(view, tx);
+    return Transactor::calculateBaseFee(view, tx);
+}
+
 TER
 LoanBrokerSet::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
 {
diff --git a/src/xrpld/app/tx/detail/LoanBrokerSet.h b/src/xrpld/app/tx/detail/LoanBrokerSet.h
index be118ebe92..23248d1c9d 100644
--- a/src/xrpld/app/tx/detail/LoanBrokerSet.h
+++ b/src/xrpld/app/tx/detail/LoanBrokerSet.h
@@ -46,6 +46,9 @@ public:
     static NotTEC
     doPreflight(PreflightContext const& ctx);
 
+    static XRPAmount
+    calculateBaseFee(ReadView const& view, STTx const& tx);
+
     static TER
     preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx);
 
diff --git a/src/xrpld/app/tx/detail/Transactor.cpp b/src/xrpld/app/tx/detail/Transactor.cpp
index a5dbca31a4..54ca58c0e5 100644
--- a/src/xrpld/app/tx/detail/Transactor.cpp
+++ b/src/xrpld/app/tx/detail/Transactor.cpp
@@ -233,6 +233,18 @@ Transactor::calculateBaseFee(ReadView const& view, STTx const& tx)
     return baseFee + (signerCount * baseFee);
 }
 
+// Returns the fee in fee units, not scaled for load.
+XRPAmount
+Transactor::calculateOwnerReserveFee(ReadView const& view, STTx const& tx)
+{
+    // One reserve increment is typically much greater than one base fee.
+    XRPL_ASSERT(
+        view.fees().increment > view.fees().base * 100,
+        "ripple::Transactor::calculateOwnerReserveFee : Owner reserve is much "
+        "greater than base fee");
+    return view.fees().increment;
+}
+
 XRPAmount
 Transactor::minimumFee(
     Application& app,
diff --git a/src/xrpld/app/tx/detail/Transactor.h b/src/xrpld/app/tx/detail/Transactor.h
index 2f42c6b13e..096474e315 100644
--- a/src/xrpld/app/tx/detail/Transactor.h
+++ b/src/xrpld/app/tx/detail/Transactor.h
@@ -208,6 +208,10 @@ protected:
         Fees const& fees,
         ApplyFlags flags);
 
+    // Returns the fee in fee units, not scaled for load.
+    static XRPAmount
+    calculateOwnerReserveFee(ReadView const& view, STTx const& tx);
+
     // Base class always returns true
     static bool
     isEnabled(PreflightContext const& ctx);
diff --git a/src/xrpld/app/tx/detail/VaultCreate.cpp b/src/xrpld/app/tx/detail/VaultCreate.cpp
index 05bab34d5c..4e99505761 100644
--- a/src/xrpld/app/tx/detail/VaultCreate.cpp
+++ b/src/xrpld/app/tx/detail/VaultCreate.cpp
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ XRPAmount
 VaultCreate::calculateBaseFee(ReadView const& view, STTx const& tx)
 {
     // One reserve increment is typically much greater than one base fee.
-    return view.fees().increment;
+    return calculateOwnerReserveFee(view, tx);
 }
 
 TER