diff --git a/include/xrpl/basics/SHAMapHash.h b/include/xrpl/basics/SHAMapHash.h
index 2d2dcdc3ef..1ec326409c 100644
--- a/include/xrpl/basics/SHAMapHash.h
+++ b/include/xrpl/basics/SHAMapHash.h
@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@
 #define RIPPLE_BASICS_SHAMAP_HASH_H_INCLUDED
 
 #include <xrpl/basics/base_uint.h>
-#include <xrpl/basics/partitioned_unordered_map.h>
 
 #include <ostream>
 
diff --git a/include/xrpl/basics/TaggedCache.h b/include/xrpl/basics/TaggedCache.h
index 99c91fe393..d1e2c46253 100644
--- a/include/xrpl/basics/TaggedCache.h
+++ b/include/xrpl/basics/TaggedCache.h
@@ -170,9 +170,6 @@ public:
     bool
     retrieve(key_type const& key, T& data);
 
-    mutex_type&
-    peekMutex();
-
     std::vector<key_type>
     getKeys() const;
 
@@ -193,11 +190,14 @@ public:
 
 private:
     SharedPointerType
-    initialFetch(key_type const& key, std::lock_guard<mutex_type> const& l);
+    initialFetch(key_type const& key);
 
     void
     collect_metrics();
 
+    Mutex&
+    lockPartition(key_type const& key) const;
+
 private:
     struct Stats
     {
@@ -300,8 +300,8 @@ private:
         [[maybe_unused]] clock_type::time_point const& now,
         typename KeyValueCacheType::map_type& partition,
         SweptPointersVector& stuffToSweep,
-        std::atomic<int>& allRemovals,
-        std::lock_guard<std::recursive_mutex> const&);
+        std::atomic<int>& allRemoval,
+        Mutex& partitionLock);
 
     [[nodiscard]] std::thread
     sweepHelper(
@@ -310,14 +310,12 @@ private:
         typename KeyOnlyCacheType::map_type& partition,
         SweptPointersVector&,
         std::atomic<int>& allRemovals,
-        std::lock_guard<std::recursive_mutex> const&);
+        Mutex& partitionLock);
 
     beast::Journal m_journal;
     clock_type& m_clock;
     Stats m_stats;
 
-    mutex_type mutable m_mutex;
-
     // Used for logging
     std::string m_name;
 
@@ -328,10 +326,11 @@ private:
     clock_type::duration const m_target_age;
 
     // Number of items cached
-    int m_cache_count;
+    std::atomic<int> m_cache_count;
     cache_type m_cache;  // Hold strong reference to recent objects
-    std::uint64_t m_hits;
-    std::uint64_t m_misses;
+    std::atomic<std::uint64_t> m_hits;
+    std::atomic<std::uint64_t> m_misses;
+    mutable std::vector<mutex_type> partitionLocks_;
 };
 
 }  // namespace ripple
diff --git a/include/xrpl/basics/TaggedCache.ipp b/include/xrpl/basics/TaggedCache.ipp
index b4056be522..44991381b1 100644
--- a/include/xrpl/basics/TaggedCache.ipp
+++ b/include/xrpl/basics/TaggedCache.ipp
@@ -61,6 +61,7 @@ inline TaggedCache<
     , m_hits(0)
     , m_misses(0)
 {
+    partitionLocks_ = std::vector<mutex_type>(m_cache.partitions());
 }
 
 template <
@@ -106,8 +107,13 @@ TaggedCache<
     KeyEqual,
     Mutex>::size() const
 {
-    std::lock_guard lock(m_mutex);
-    return m_cache.size();
+    std::size_t totalSize = 0;
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < partitionLocks_.size(); ++i)
+    {
+        std::lock_guard<Mutex> lock(partitionLocks_[i]);
+        totalSize += m_cache.map()[i].size();
+    }
+    return totalSize;
 }
 
 template <
@@ -130,8 +136,7 @@ TaggedCache<
     KeyEqual,
     Mutex>::getCacheSize() const
 {
-    std::lock_guard lock(m_mutex);
-    return m_cache_count;
+    return m_cache_count.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
 }
 
 template <
@@ -154,8 +159,7 @@ TaggedCache<
     KeyEqual,
     Mutex>::getTrackSize() const
 {
-    std::lock_guard lock(m_mutex);
-    return m_cache.size();
+    return size();
 }
 
 template <
@@ -178,9 +182,10 @@ TaggedCache<
     KeyEqual,
     Mutex>::getHitRate()
 {
-    std::lock_guard lock(m_mutex);
-    auto const total = static_cast<float>(m_hits + m_misses);
-    return m_hits * (100.0f / std::max(1.0f, total));
+    auto hits = m_hits.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
+    auto misses = m_misses.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
+    float total = float(hits + misses);
+    return hits * (100.0f / std::max(1.0f, total));
 }
 
 template <
@@ -203,9 +208,12 @@ TaggedCache<
     KeyEqual,
     Mutex>::clear()
 {
-    std::lock_guard lock(m_mutex);
+    for (auto& mutex : partitionLocks_)
+        mutex.lock();
     m_cache.clear();
-    m_cache_count = 0;
+    for (auto& mutex : partitionLocks_)
+        mutex.unlock();
+    m_cache_count.store(0, std::memory_order_relaxed);
 }
 
 template <
@@ -228,11 +236,14 @@ TaggedCache<
     KeyEqual,
     Mutex>::reset()
 {
-    std::lock_guard lock(m_mutex);
+    for (auto& mutex : partitionLocks_)
+        mutex.lock();
     m_cache.clear();
-    m_cache_count = 0;
-    m_hits = 0;
-    m_misses = 0;
+    for (auto& mutex : partitionLocks_)
+        mutex.unlock();
+    m_cache_count.store(0, std::memory_order_relaxed);
+    m_hits.store(0, std::memory_order_relaxed);
+    m_misses.store(0, std::memory_order_relaxed);
 }
 
 template <
@@ -256,7 +267,7 @@ TaggedCache<
     KeyEqual,
     Mutex>::touch_if_exists(KeyComparable const& key)
 {
-    std::lock_guard lock(m_mutex);
+    std::lock_guard<Mutex> lock(lockPartition(key));
     auto const iter(m_cache.find(key));
     if (iter == m_cache.end())
     {
@@ -298,8 +309,6 @@ TaggedCache<
 
     auto const start = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
     {
-        std::lock_guard lock(m_mutex);
-
         if (m_target_size == 0 ||
             (static_cast<int>(m_cache.size()) <= m_target_size))
         {
@@ -331,12 +340,13 @@ TaggedCache<
                 m_cache.map()[p],
                 allStuffToSweep[p],
                 allRemovals,
-                lock));
+                partitionLocks_[p]));
         }
         for (std::thread& worker : workers)
             worker.join();
 
-        m_cache_count -= allRemovals;
+        int removals = allRemovals.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
+        m_cache_count.fetch_sub(removals, std::memory_order_relaxed);
     }
     // At this point allStuffToSweep will go out of scope outside the lock
     // and decrement the reference count on each strong pointer.
@@ -370,7 +380,8 @@ TaggedCache<
 {
     // Remove from cache, if !valid, remove from map too. Returns true if
     // removed from cache
-    std::lock_guard lock(m_mutex);
+
+    std::lock_guard<Mutex> lock(lockPartition(key));
 
     auto cit = m_cache.find(key);
 
@@ -383,7 +394,7 @@ TaggedCache<
 
     if (entry.isCached())
     {
-        --m_cache_count;
+        m_cache_count.fetch_sub(1, std::memory_order_relaxed);
         entry.ptr.convertToWeak();
         ret = true;
     }
@@ -421,17 +432,16 @@ TaggedCache<
 {
     // Return canonical value, store if needed, refresh in cache
     // Return values: true=we had the data already
-    std::lock_guard lock(m_mutex);
 
+    std::lock_guard<Mutex> lock(lockPartition(key));
     auto cit = m_cache.find(key);
-
     if (cit == m_cache.end())
     {
         m_cache.emplace(
             std::piecewise_construct,
             std::forward_as_tuple(key),
             std::forward_as_tuple(m_clock.now(), data));
-        ++m_cache_count;
+        m_cache_count.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_relaxed);
         return false;
     }
 
@@ -480,12 +490,12 @@ TaggedCache<
             data = cachedData;
         }
 
-        ++m_cache_count;
+        m_cache_count.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_relaxed);
         return true;
     }
 
     entry.ptr = data;
-    ++m_cache_count;
+    m_cache_count.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_relaxed);
 
     return false;
 }
@@ -561,10 +571,11 @@ TaggedCache<
     KeyEqual,
     Mutex>::fetch(key_type const& key)
 {
-    std::lock_guard<mutex_type> l(m_mutex);
-    auto ret = initialFetch(key, l);
+    std::lock_guard<Mutex> lock(lockPartition(key));
+
+    auto ret = initialFetch(key);
     if (!ret)
-        ++m_misses;
+        m_misses.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_relaxed);
     return ret;
 }
 
@@ -628,8 +639,8 @@ TaggedCache<
     Mutex>::insert(key_type const& key)
     -> std::enable_if_t<IsKeyCache, ReturnType>
 {
-    std::lock_guard lock(m_mutex);
     clock_type::time_point const now(m_clock.now());
+    std::lock_guard<Mutex> lock(lockPartition(key));
     auto [it, inserted] = m_cache.emplace(
         std::piecewise_construct,
         std::forward_as_tuple(key),
@@ -669,29 +680,6 @@ TaggedCache<
     return true;
 }
 
-template <
-    class Key,
-    class T,
-    bool IsKeyCache,
-    class SharedWeakUnionPointer,
-    class SharedPointerType,
-    class Hash,
-    class KeyEqual,
-    class Mutex>
-inline auto
-TaggedCache<
-    Key,
-    T,
-    IsKeyCache,
-    SharedWeakUnionPointer,
-    SharedPointerType,
-    Hash,
-    KeyEqual,
-    Mutex>::peekMutex() -> mutex_type&
-{
-    return m_mutex;
-}
-
 template <
     class Key,
     class T,
@@ -715,10 +703,13 @@ TaggedCache<
     std::vector<key_type> v;
 
     {
-        std::lock_guard lock(m_mutex);
         v.reserve(m_cache.size());
-        for (auto const& _ : m_cache)
-            v.push_back(_.first);
+        for (std::size_t i = 0; i < partitionLocks_.size(); ++i)
+        {
+            std::lock_guard<Mutex> lock(partitionLocks_[i]);
+            for (auto const& entry : m_cache.map()[i])
+                v.push_back(entry.first);
+        }
     }
 
     return v;
@@ -744,11 +735,12 @@ TaggedCache<
     KeyEqual,
     Mutex>::rate() const
 {
-    std::lock_guard lock(m_mutex);
-    auto const tot = m_hits + m_misses;
+    auto hits = m_hits.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
+    auto misses = m_misses.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
+    auto const tot = hits + misses;
     if (tot == 0)
-        return 0;
-    return double(m_hits) / tot;
+        return 0.0;
+    return double(hits) / tot;
 }
 
 template <
@@ -772,18 +764,16 @@ TaggedCache<
     KeyEqual,
     Mutex>::fetch(key_type const& digest, Handler const& h)
 {
-    {
-        std::lock_guard l(m_mutex);
-        if (auto ret = initialFetch(digest, l))
-            return ret;
-    }
+    std::lock_guard<Mutex> lock(lockPartition(digest));
+
+    if (auto ret = initialFetch(digest))
+        return ret;
 
     auto sle = h();
     if (!sle)
         return {};
 
-    std::lock_guard l(m_mutex);
-    ++m_misses;
+    m_misses.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_relaxed);
     auto const [it, inserted] =
         m_cache.emplace(digest, Entry(m_clock.now(), std::move(sle)));
     if (!inserted)
@@ -810,9 +800,10 @@ TaggedCache<
     SharedPointerType,
     Hash,
     KeyEqual,
-    Mutex>::
-    initialFetch(key_type const& key, std::lock_guard<mutex_type> const& l)
+    Mutex>::initialFetch(key_type const& key)
 {
+    std::lock_guard<Mutex> lock(lockPartition(key));
+
     auto cit = m_cache.find(key);
     if (cit == m_cache.end())
         return {};
@@ -820,7 +811,7 @@ TaggedCache<
     Entry& entry = cit->second;
     if (entry.isCached())
     {
-        ++m_hits;
+        m_hits.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_relaxed);
         entry.touch(m_clock.now());
         return entry.ptr.getStrong();
     }
@@ -828,12 +819,13 @@ TaggedCache<
     if (entry.isCached())
     {
         // independent of cache size, so not counted as a hit
-        ++m_cache_count;
+        m_cache_count.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_relaxed);
         entry.touch(m_clock.now());
         return entry.ptr.getStrong();
     }
 
-    m_cache.erase(cit);
+    m_cache.erase(cit);  // TODO: if this erase happens on fetch, what is left
+                         // for a sweep?
     return {};
 }
 
@@ -862,10 +854,11 @@ TaggedCache<
     {
         beast::insight::Gauge::value_type hit_rate(0);
         {
-            std::lock_guard lock(m_mutex);
-            auto const total(m_hits + m_misses);
+            auto const hits = m_hits.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
+            auto const misses = m_misses.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
+            auto const total = hits + misses;
             if (total != 0)
-                hit_rate = (m_hits * 100) / total;
+                hit_rate = (hits * 100) / total;
         }
         m_stats.hit_rate.set(hit_rate);
     }
@@ -896,7 +889,7 @@ TaggedCache<
         typename KeyValueCacheType::map_type& partition,
         SweptPointersVector& stuffToSweep,
         std::atomic<int>& allRemovals,
-        std::lock_guard<std::recursive_mutex> const&)
+        Mutex& partitionLock)
 {
     return std::thread([&, this]() {
         beast::setCurrentThreadName("sweep-1");
@@ -904,6 +897,8 @@ TaggedCache<
         int cacheRemovals = 0;
         int mapRemovals = 0;
 
+        std::lock_guard<Mutex> lock(partitionLock);
+
         // Keep references to all the stuff we sweep
         // so that we can destroy them outside the lock.
         stuffToSweep.reserve(partition.size());
@@ -987,7 +982,7 @@ TaggedCache<
         typename KeyOnlyCacheType::map_type& partition,
         SweptPointersVector&,
         std::atomic<int>& allRemovals,
-        std::lock_guard<std::recursive_mutex> const&)
+        Mutex& partitionLock)
 {
     return std::thread([&, this]() {
         beast::setCurrentThreadName("sweep-2");
@@ -995,6 +990,8 @@ TaggedCache<
         int cacheRemovals = 0;
         int mapRemovals = 0;
 
+        std::lock_guard<Mutex> lock(partitionLock);
+
         // Keep references to all the stuff we sweep
         // so that we can destroy them outside the lock.
         {
@@ -1029,6 +1026,29 @@ TaggedCache<
     });
 }
 
+template <
+    class Key,
+    class T,
+    bool IsKeyCache,
+    class SharedWeakUnionPointer,
+    class SharedPointerType,
+    class Hash,
+    class KeyEqual,
+    class Mutex>
+inline Mutex&
+TaggedCache<
+    Key,
+    T,
+    IsKeyCache,
+    SharedWeakUnionPointer,
+    SharedPointerType,
+    Hash,
+    KeyEqual,
+    Mutex>::lockPartition(key_type const& key) const
+{
+    return partitionLocks_[m_cache.partition_index(key)];
+}
+
 }  // namespace ripple
 
 #endif
diff --git a/include/xrpl/basics/partitioned_unordered_map.h b/include/xrpl/basics/partitioned_unordered_map.h
index 4e503ad0fa..d45221e4fb 100644
--- a/include/xrpl/basics/partitioned_unordered_map.h
+++ b/include/xrpl/basics/partitioned_unordered_map.h
@@ -277,6 +277,12 @@ public:
         return map_;
     }
 
+    partition_map_type const&
+    map() const
+    {
+        return map_;
+    }
+
     iterator
     begin()
     {
@@ -321,6 +327,12 @@ public:
         return cend();
     }
 
+    std::size_t
+    partition_index(key_type const& key) const
+    {
+        return partitioner(key);
+    }
+
 private:
     template <class T>
     void
@@ -380,7 +392,7 @@ public:
     clear()
     {
         for (auto& p : map_)
-            p.clear();
+            p.clear();  // TODO make sure that it is locked inside
     }
 
     iterator
@@ -406,7 +418,7 @@ public:
     {
         std::size_t ret = 0;
         for (auto& p : map_)
-            ret += p.size();
+            ret += p.size();  // TODO make sure that it is locked inside
         return ret;
     }
 
diff --git a/include/xrpl/protocol/Protocol.h b/include/xrpl/protocol/Protocol.h
index 898fd06fbd..bd39233cca 100644
--- a/include/xrpl/protocol/Protocol.h
+++ b/include/xrpl/protocol/Protocol.h
@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@
 
 #include <xrpl/basics/ByteUtilities.h>
 #include <xrpl/basics/base_uint.h>
-#include <xrpl/basics/partitioned_unordered_map.h>
 
 #include <cstdint>
 
diff --git a/src/xrpld/app/ledger/LedgerHistory.cpp b/src/xrpld/app/ledger/LedgerHistory.cpp
index ccec209bd4..a59cdcabf5 100644
--- a/src/xrpld/app/ledger/LedgerHistory.cpp
+++ b/src/xrpld/app/ledger/LedgerHistory.cpp
@@ -63,8 +63,8 @@ LedgerHistory::insert(
         ledger->stateMap().getHash().isNonZero(),
         "ripple::LedgerHistory::insert : nonzero hash");
 
-    std::unique_lock sl(m_ledgers_by_hash.peekMutex());
-
+    // TODOL merge the below into a single call to avoid lock and race
+    // conditions, i.e. - return alreadyHad on assignment somehow.
     bool const alreadyHad = m_ledgers_by_hash.canonicalize_replace_cache(
         ledger->info().hash, ledger);
     if (validated)
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ LedgerHistory::insert(
 LedgerHash
 LedgerHistory::getLedgerHash(LedgerIndex index)
 {
-    std::unique_lock sl(m_ledgers_by_hash.peekMutex());
+    // TODO: is it safe to get iterator without lock here?
     if (auto it = mLedgersByIndex.find(index); it != mLedgersByIndex.end())
         return it->second;
     return {};
@@ -86,13 +86,12 @@ std::shared_ptr<Ledger const>
 LedgerHistory::getLedgerBySeq(LedgerIndex index)
 {
     {
-        std::unique_lock sl(m_ledgers_by_hash.peekMutex());
+        // TODO: this lock is not needed
         auto it = mLedgersByIndex.find(index);
 
         if (it != mLedgersByIndex.end())
         {
             uint256 hash = it->second;
-            sl.unlock();
             return getLedgerByHash(hash);
         }
     }
@@ -108,7 +107,8 @@ LedgerHistory::getLedgerBySeq(LedgerIndex index)
 
     {
         // Add this ledger to the local tracking by index
-        std::unique_lock sl(m_ledgers_by_hash.peekMutex());
+        // std::unique_lock sl(m_ledgers_by_hash.peekMutex());
+        // TODO: make sure that canonicalize_replace_client lock the partition
 
         XRPL_ASSERT(
             ret->isImmutable(),
@@ -458,7 +458,8 @@ LedgerHistory::builtLedger(
     XRPL_ASSERT(
         !hash.isZero(), "ripple::LedgerHistory::builtLedger : nonzero hash");
 
-    std::unique_lock sl(m_consensus_validated.peekMutex());
+    // std::unique_lock sl(m_consensus_validated.peekMutex());
+    // TODO: make sure that canonicalize_replace_client lock the partition
 
     auto entry = std::make_shared<cv_entry>();
     m_consensus_validated.canonicalize_replace_client(index, entry);
@@ -500,7 +501,8 @@ LedgerHistory::validatedLedger(
         !hash.isZero(),
         "ripple::LedgerHistory::validatedLedger : nonzero hash");
 
-    std::unique_lock sl(m_consensus_validated.peekMutex());
+    // std::unique_lock sl(m_consensus_validated.peekMutex());
+    // TODO: make sure that canonicalize_replace_client lock the partition
 
     auto entry = std::make_shared<cv_entry>();
     m_consensus_validated.canonicalize_replace_client(index, entry);
@@ -535,7 +537,9 @@ LedgerHistory::validatedLedger(
 bool
 LedgerHistory::fixIndex(LedgerIndex ledgerIndex, LedgerHash const& ledgerHash)
 {
-    std::unique_lock sl(m_ledgers_by_hash.peekMutex());
+    // std::unique_lock sl(m_ledgers_by_hash.peekMutex());
+    // TODO: how to ensure that? "Ensure m_ledgers_by_hash doesn't have the
+    // wrong hash for a particular index"
     auto it = mLedgersByIndex.find(ledgerIndex);
 
     if ((it != mLedgersByIndex.end()) && (it->second != ledgerHash))