diff --git a/src/libxrpl/ledger/helpers/MPTokenHelpers.cpp b/src/libxrpl/ledger/helpers/MPTokenHelpers.cpp
index f6daad8116..ab6dd118a0 100644
--- a/src/libxrpl/ledger/helpers/MPTokenHelpers.cpp
+++ b/src/libxrpl/ledger/helpers/MPTokenHelpers.cpp
@@ -61,10 +61,7 @@ MPTokenIssuance::isAnyFrozen(std::initializer_list<AccountID> const& accounts, i
     {
         if (isIndividualFrozen(account))
             return true;
-    }
 
-    for (auto const& account : accounts)
-    {
         if (isVaultPseudoAccountFrozen(readView_, account, mptIssue_, depth))
             return true;
     }
@@ -157,18 +154,17 @@ WritableMPTokenIssuance::authorizeMPToken(
         //      - delete the MPToken
         if (flags & tfMPTUnauthorize)
         {
-            auto const mptokenKey = keylet::mptoken(mptID_, account);
-            auto const sleMpt = applyView_.peek(mptokenKey);
-            if (!sleMpt || (*sleMpt)[sfMPTAmount] != 0)
+            WritableMPToken mptoken(*this, account);
+            if (!mptoken.exists() || (*mptoken)[sfMPTAmount] != 0)
                 return tecINTERNAL;  // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
 
             if (!applyView_.dirRemove(
-                    keylet::ownerDir(account), (*sleMpt)[sfOwnerNode], sleMpt->key(), false))
+                    keylet::ownerDir(account), (*mptoken)[sfOwnerNode], mptoken->key(), false))
                 return tecINTERNAL;  // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
 
             wrappedAcct.adjustOwnerCount(-1, journal);
 
-            applyView_.erase(sleMpt);
+            mptoken.erase();
             return tesSUCCESS;
         }
 
@@ -371,8 +367,7 @@ WritableMPTokenIssuance::enforceMPTokenAuthorization(
     if (account == mutableSle_->at(sfIssuer))
         return tefINTERNAL;  // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
 
-    auto const keylet = keylet::mptoken(mptID_, account);
-    auto const sleToken = readView_.read(keylet);  //  NOTE: might be null
+    MPToken mptoken(*this, account);
     auto const maybeDomainID = mutableSle_->at(~sfDomainID);
     bool expired = false;
     bool const authorizedByDomain = [&]() -> bool {
@@ -388,7 +383,7 @@ WritableMPTokenIssuance::enforceMPTokenAuthorization(
         return false;
     }();
 
-    if (!authorizedByDomain && sleToken == nullptr)
+    if (!authorizedByDomain && !mptoken.exists())
     {
         // Could not find MPToken and won't create one, could be either of:
         //
@@ -411,14 +406,14 @@ WritableMPTokenIssuance::enforceMPTokenAuthorization(
         // We found an MPToken, but sfDomainID is not set, so this is a classic
         // MPToken which requires authorization by the token issuer.
         XRPL_ASSERT(
-            sleToken != nullptr && !maybeDomainID,
+            mptoken.exists() && !maybeDomainID,
             "xrpl::enforceMPTokenAuthorization : found MPToken");
-        if (sleToken->isFlag(lsfMPTAuthorized))
+        if (mptoken->isFlag(lsfMPTAuthorized))
             return tesSUCCESS;
 
         return tecNO_AUTH;
     }
-    if (authorizedByDomain && sleToken != nullptr)
+    if (authorizedByDomain && mptoken.exists())
     {
         // Found an MPToken, authorized by the domain. Ignore authorization flag
         // lsfMPTAuthorized because it is meaningless. Return tesSUCCESS
@@ -430,7 +425,7 @@ WritableMPTokenIssuance::enforceMPTokenAuthorization(
         // Could not find MPToken but there should be one because we are
         // authorized by domain. Proceed to create it, then return tesSUCCESS
         XRPL_ASSERT(
-            maybeDomainID && sleToken == nullptr,
+            maybeDomainID && !mptoken.exists(),
             "xrpl::enforceMPTokenAuthorization : new MPToken for domain");
         if (auto const err = authorizeMPToken(
                 priorBalance,  // priorBalance
@@ -687,22 +682,21 @@ rippleUnlockEscrowMPT(
         return tecINTERNAL;
     }  // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
     // Decrease the MPT Holder EscrowedAmount
-    auto const mptokenID = keylet::mptoken(mptIssue.getMptID(), sender);
-    auto sle = view.peek(mptokenID);
-    if (!sle)
+    WritableMPToken mpt(mptIssuance, sender);
+    if (!mpt.exists())
     {  // LCOV_EXCL_START
         JLOG(j.error()) << "rippleUnlockEscrowMPT: MPToken not found for " << sender;
         return tecOBJECT_NOT_FOUND;
     }  // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
 
-    if (!sle->isFieldPresent(sfLockedAmount))
+    if (!mpt->isFieldPresent(sfLockedAmount))
     {  // LCOV_EXCL_START
         JLOG(j.error()) << "rippleUnlockEscrowMPT: no locked amount in MPToken for "
                         << to_string(sender);
         return tecINTERNAL;
     }  // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
 
-    auto const locked = sle->getFieldU64(sfLockedAmount);
+    auto const locked = mpt->getFieldU64(sfLockedAmount);
     auto const delta = grossAmount.mpt().value();
 
     // Underflow check for subtraction
@@ -716,13 +710,13 @@ rippleUnlockEscrowMPT(
     auto const newLocked = locked - delta;
     if (newLocked == 0)
     {
-        sle->makeFieldAbsent(sfLockedAmount);
+        mpt->makeFieldAbsent(sfLockedAmount);
     }
     else
     {
-        sle->setFieldU64(sfLockedAmount, newLocked);
+        mpt->setFieldU64(sfLockedAmount, newLocked);
     }
-    view.update(sle);
+    mpt.update();
 
     // Note: The gross amount is the amount that was locked, the net
     // amount is the amount that is being unlocked. The difference is the fee
@@ -782,9 +776,9 @@ MPTokenIssuance::accountHolds(
 
     STAmount amount;
 
-    auto const sleMpt = readView_.read(keylet::mptoken(mptID_, account));
+    MPToken mpt(*this, account);
 
-    if (!sleMpt)
+    if (!mpt.exists())
     {
         amount.clear(mptIssue_);
     }
@@ -794,7 +788,7 @@ MPTokenIssuance::accountHolds(
     }
     else
     {
-        amount = STAmount{mptIssue_, sleMpt->getFieldU64(sfMPTAmount)};
+        amount = STAmount{mptIssue_, mpt->getFieldU64(sfMPTAmount)};
 
         // Only if auth check is needed, as it needs to do an additional read
         // operation. Note featureSingleAssetVault will affect error codes.
@@ -808,7 +802,7 @@ MPTokenIssuance::accountHolds(
         {
             // if auth is enabled on the issuance and mpt is not authorized,
             // clear amount
-            if (sle_ && sle_->isFlag(lsfMPTRequireAuth) && !sleMpt->isFlag(lsfMPTAuthorized))
+            if (sle_ && sle_->isFlag(lsfMPTRequireAuth) && !mpt->isFlag(lsfMPTAuthorized))
                 amount.clear(mptIssue_);
         }
     }
diff --git a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/check/CheckCash.cpp b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/check/CheckCash.cpp
index ea3911afd4..e722769c6b 100644
--- a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/check/CheckCash.cpp
+++ b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/check/CheckCash.cpp
@@ -195,8 +195,7 @@ CheckCash::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
 
             // However, the trustline from destination to issuer may not
             // be frozen.
-            IOUToken wrapped(ctx.view, Issue{currency, issuerId});
-            if (wrapped.isFrozen(dstId))
+            if (iouToken.isFrozen(dstId))
             {
                 JLOG(ctx.j.warn()) << "Cashing a check to a frozen trustline.";
                 return tecFROZEN;
diff --git a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/nft/NFTokenUtils.cpp b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/nft/NFTokenUtils.cpp
index 75d7d8dd8c..b7ff3b2c19 100644
--- a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/nft/NFTokenUtils.cpp
+++ b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/nft/NFTokenUtils.cpp
@@ -830,6 +830,7 @@ tokenOfferCreatePreclaim(
     std::optional<AccountID> const& owner,
     std::uint32_t txFlags)
 {
+    IOUToken token(view, amount.issue());
     if (!(nftFlags & nft::flagCreateTrustLines) && !amount.native() && xferFee)
     {
         if (!view.exists(keylet::account(nftIssuer)))
@@ -843,13 +844,12 @@ tokenOfferCreatePreclaim(
                 !view.read(keylet::line(nftIssuer, amount.issue())))
                 return tecNO_LINE;
         }
-        else if (!view.exists(keylet::line(nftIssuer, amount.issue())))
+        else if (!token.hasHolder(nftIssuer))
         {
             return tecNO_LINE;
         }
 
-        IOUToken wrapped(view, amount.issue());
-        if (wrapped.isFrozen(nftIssuer))
+        if (token.isFrozen(nftIssuer))
             return tecFROZEN;
     }
 
@@ -862,7 +862,7 @@ tokenOfferCreatePreclaim(
             return tefNFTOKEN_IS_NOT_TRANSFERABLE;
     }
 
-    if (IOUToken(view, amount.issue()).isFrozen(acctID))
+    if (token.isFrozen(acctID))
         return tecFROZEN;
 
     // If this is an offer to buy the token, the account must have the
diff --git a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/vault/VaultDeposit.cpp b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/vault/VaultDeposit.cpp
index 3d1c6829f0..feb87147b6 100644
--- a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/vault/VaultDeposit.cpp
+++ b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/vault/VaultDeposit.cpp
@@ -62,8 +62,8 @@ VaultDeposit::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
         // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
     }
 
-    auto const mptIssuance = MPTokenIssuance(ctx.view, vaultShare);
-    if (!mptIssuance)
+    auto const shareIssuance = MPTokenIssuance(ctx.view, vaultShare);
+    if (!shareIssuance)
     {
         // LCOV_EXCL_START
         JLOG(ctx.j.error()) << "VaultDeposit: missing issuance of vault shares.";
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ VaultDeposit::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
         // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
     }
 
-    if (mptIssuance->isFlag(lsfMPTLocked))
+    if (shareIssuance->isFlag(lsfMPTLocked))
     {
         // LCOV_EXCL_START
         JLOG(ctx.j.error()) << "VaultDeposit: issuance of vault shares is locked.";
@@ -84,12 +84,12 @@ VaultDeposit::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
         return vaultAsset.holds<Issue>() ? tecFROZEN : tecLOCKED;
 
     // Cannot deposit if the shares of the vault are frozen
-    if (MPTokenIssuance(ctx.view, vaultShare).isFrozen(account))
+    if (shareIssuance.isFrozen(account))
         return tecLOCKED;
 
     if (vault->isFlag(lsfVaultPrivate) && account != vault->at(sfOwner))
     {
-        auto const maybeDomainID = mptIssuance->at(~sfDomainID);
+        auto const maybeDomainID = shareIssuance->at(~sfDomainID);
         // Since this is a private vault and the account is not its owner, we
         // perform authorization check based on DomainID read from mptIssuance.
         // Had the vault shares been a regular MPToken, we would allow