Use fallocate to prevent excessive allocation of sst files and logs

Summary:
On some filesystems, pre-allocation can be a considerable
amount of space.  xfs in our production environment pre-allocates by
1GB, for instance.  By using fallocate to inform the kernel of our
expected file sizes, we eliminate this wasteage (that isn't recovered
until the file is closed which, in the case of LOG files, can be a
considerable amount of time).

Test Plan:
created an xfs loopback filesystem, mounted with
allocsize=4M, and ran db_stress.  LOG file without this change was 4M,
and with it it was 128k then grew to normal size.

Reviewers: dhruba

Reviewed By: dhruba

CC: adsharma, leveldb

Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D7953

db/db_test.cc

@@ -524,6 +524,35 @@ TEST(DBTest, ReadWrite) {
   } while (ChangeOptions());
 }
 
+TEST(DBTest, Preallocation) {
+  const std::string src = dbname_ + "/alloc_test";
+  unique_ptr<WritableFile> srcfile;
+  ASSERT_OK(env_->NewWritableFile(src, &srcfile));
+  srcfile->SetPreallocationBlockSize(1024 * 1024);
+
+  // No writes should mean no preallocation
+  size_t block_size, last_allocated_block;
+  srcfile->GetPreallocationStatus(&block_size, &last_allocated_block);
+  ASSERT_EQ(last_allocated_block, 0UL);
+
+  // Small write should preallocate one block
+  srcfile->Append("test");
+  srcfile->GetPreallocationStatus(&block_size, &last_allocated_block);
+  ASSERT_EQ(last_allocated_block, 1UL);
+
+  // Write an entire preallocation block, make sure we increased by two.
+  std::string buf(block_size, ' ');
+  srcfile->Append(buf);
+  srcfile->GetPreallocationStatus(&block_size, &last_allocated_block);
+  ASSERT_EQ(last_allocated_block, 2UL);
+
+  // Write five more blocks at once, ensure we're where we need to be.
+  buf = std::string(block_size * 5, ' ');
+  srcfile->Append(buf);
+  srcfile->GetPreallocationStatus(&block_size, &last_allocated_block);
+  ASSERT_EQ(last_allocated_block, 7UL);
+}
+
 TEST(DBTest, PutDeleteGet) {
   do {
     ASSERT_OK(db_->Put(WriteOptions(), "foo", "v1"));