diff --git a/src/libxrpl/tx/Transactor.cpp b/src/libxrpl/tx/Transactor.cpp
index 4b562692d7..de6b1f400d 100644
--- a/src/libxrpl/tx/Transactor.cpp
+++ b/src/libxrpl/tx/Transactor.cpp
@@ -817,8 +817,7 @@ Transactor::ticketDelete(
     if (!sleTicket)
     {
         // LCOV_EXCL_START
-        JLOG(j.fatal()) << "Ticket disappeared from ledger.";
-        return tefBAD_LEDGER;
+        return {tefBAD_LEDGER, "Ticket disappeared from ledger."};
         // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
     }
 
@@ -826,8 +825,7 @@ Transactor::ticketDelete(
     if (!view.dirRemove(keylet::ownerDir(account), page, ticketIndex, true))
     {
         // LCOV_EXCL_START
-        JLOG(j.fatal()) << "Unable to delete Ticket from owner.";
-        return tefBAD_LEDGER;
+        return {tefBAD_LEDGER, "Unable to delete Ticket from owner."};
         // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
     }
 
@@ -837,8 +835,7 @@ Transactor::ticketDelete(
     if (!sleAccount)
     {
         // LCOV_EXCL_START
-        JLOG(j.fatal()) << "Could not find Ticket owner account root.";
-        return tefBAD_LEDGER;
+        return {tefBAD_LEDGER, "Could not find Ticket owner account root."};
         // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
     }
 
@@ -856,8 +853,7 @@ Transactor::ticketDelete(
     else
     {
         // LCOV_EXCL_START
-        JLOG(j.fatal()) << "TicketCount field missing from account root.";
-        return tefBAD_LEDGER;
+        return {tefBAD_LEDGER, "TicketCount field missing from account root."};
         // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
     }
 
diff --git a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/account/AccountSet.cpp b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/account/AccountSet.cpp
index f0ad5b113a..57b4501ede 100644
--- a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/account/AccountSet.cpp
+++ b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/account/AccountSet.cpp
@@ -198,14 +198,12 @@ AccountSet::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
     {
         if (sle->isFlag(lsfNoFreeze))
         {
-            JLOG(ctx.j.trace()) << "Can't set Clawback if NoFreeze is set";
-            return tecNO_PERMISSION;
+            return {tecNO_PERMISSION, "Can't set Clawback if NoFreeze is set"};
         }
 
         if (!dirIsEmpty(ctx.view, keylet::ownerDir(id)))
         {
-            JLOG(ctx.j.trace()) << "Owner directory not empty.";
-            return tecOWNERS;
+            return {tecOWNERS, "Owner directory not empty."};
         }
     }
     else if (uSetFlag == asfNoFreeze)
@@ -213,8 +211,7 @@ AccountSet::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
         // Cannot set NoFreeze if clawback is enabled
         if (sle->isFlag(lsfAllowTrustLineClawback))
         {
-            JLOG(ctx.j.trace()) << "Can't set NoFreeze if clawback is enabled";
-            return tecNO_PERMISSION;
+            return {tecNO_PERMISSION, "Can't set NoFreeze if clawback is enabled"};
         }
     }
 
@@ -308,8 +305,7 @@ AccountSet::doApply()
     {
         if (!sigWithMaster)
         {
-            JLOG(j_.trace()) << "Must use master key to disable master key.";
-            return tecNEED_MASTER_KEY;
+            return {tecNEED_MASTER_KEY, "Must use master key to disable master key."};
         }
 
         if ((!sle->isFieldPresent(sfRegularKey)) && (!view().peek(keylet::signerList(accountID_))))
@@ -349,8 +345,7 @@ AccountSet::doApply()
     {
         if (!sigWithMaster && !sle->isFlag(lsfDisableMaster))
         {
-            JLOG(j_.trace()) << "Must use master key to set NoFreeze.";
-            return tecNEED_MASTER_KEY;
+            return {tecNEED_MASTER_KEY, "Must use master key to set NoFreeze."};
         }
 
         JLOG(j_.trace()) << "Set NoFreeze flag";
diff --git a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/account/SignerListSet.cpp b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/account/SignerListSet.cpp
index 799c292bfc..a17751188c 100644
--- a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/account/SignerListSet.cpp
+++ b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/account/SignerListSet.cpp
@@ -208,8 +208,7 @@ removeSignersFromLedger(
     if (!view.dirRemove(ownerDirKeylet, hint, signerListKeylet.key, false))
     {
         // LCOV_EXCL_START
-        JLOG(j.fatal()) << "Unable to delete SignerList from owner.";
-        return tefBAD_LEDGER;
+        return {tefBAD_LEDGER, "Unable to delete SignerList from owner."};
         // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
     }
 
diff --git a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/bridge/XChainBridge.cpp b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/bridge/XChainBridge.cpp
index e03cb56fd5..27fb5faef2 100644
--- a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/bridge/XChainBridge.cpp
+++ b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/bridge/XChainBridge.cpp
@@ -133,9 +133,9 @@ checkAttestationPublicKey(
             // master key
             if (sleAttestationSigningAccount->isFlag(lsfDisableMaster))
             {
-                JLOG(j.trace()) << "Attempt to add an attestation with "
-                                   "disabled master key.";
-                return tecXCHAIN_BAD_PUBLIC_KEY_ACCOUNT_PAIR;
+                return {
+                    tecXCHAIN_BAD_PUBLIC_KEY_ACCOUNT_PAIR,
+                    "Attempt to add an attestation with disabled master key."};
             }
         }
         else
@@ -165,9 +165,10 @@ checkAttestationPublicKey(
         // account does not exist.
         if (calcAccountID(pk) != attestationSignerAccount)
         {
-            JLOG(j.trace()) << "Attempt to add an attestation with non-existant account "
-                               "and mismatched pk/account pair.";
-            return tecXCHAIN_BAD_PUBLIC_KEY_ACCOUNT_PAIR;
+            return {
+                tecXCHAIN_BAD_PUBLIC_KEY_ACCOUNT_PAIR,
+                "Attempt to add an attestation with non-existant account and mismatched pk/account "
+                "pair."};
         }
     }
 
@@ -465,8 +466,7 @@ transferHelper(
             }
             if (amt < psb.fees().reserve)
             {
-                JLOG(j.trace()) << "Insufficient payment to create account.";
-                return tecNO_DST_INSUF_XRP;
+                return {tecNO_DST_INSUF_XRP, "Insufficient payment to create account."};
             }
 
             // Create the account.
diff --git a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/check/CheckCancel.cpp b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/check/CheckCancel.cpp
index f4602f98c6..73622f2c77 100644
--- a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/check/CheckCancel.cpp
+++ b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/check/CheckCancel.cpp
@@ -33,8 +33,7 @@ CheckCancel::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
     auto const sleCheck = ctx.view.read(keylet::check(ctx.tx[sfCheckID]));
     if (!sleCheck)
     {
-        JLOG(ctx.j.warn()) << "Check does not exist.";
-        return tecNO_ENTRY;
+        return {tecNO_ENTRY, "Check does not exist."};
     }
 
     // Expiration is defined in terms of the close time of the parent
@@ -48,9 +47,9 @@ CheckCancel::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
         AccountID const acctId{ctx.tx[sfAccount]};
         if (acctId != (*sleCheck)[sfAccount] && acctId != (*sleCheck)[sfDestination])
         {
-            JLOG(ctx.j.warn()) << "Check is not expired and canceler is "
-                                  "neither check source nor destination.";
-            return tecNO_PERMISSION;
+            return {
+                tecNO_PERMISSION,
+                "Check is not expired and canceler is neither check source nor destination."};
         }
     }
     return tesSUCCESS;
@@ -63,8 +62,7 @@ CheckCancel::doApply()
     if (!sleCheck)
     {
         // Error should have been caught in preclaim.
-        JLOG(j_.warn()) << "Check does not exist.";
-        return tecNO_ENTRY;
+        return {tecNO_ENTRY, "Check does not exist."};
     }
 
     AccountID const srcId{sleCheck->getAccountID(sfAccount)};
@@ -79,8 +77,7 @@ CheckCancel::doApply()
         if (!view().dirRemove(keylet::ownerDir(dstId), page, sleCheck->key(), true))
         {
             // LCOV_EXCL_START
-            JLOG(j_.fatal()) << "Unable to delete check from destination.";
-            return tefBAD_LEDGER;
+            return {tefBAD_LEDGER, "Unable to delete check from destination."};
             // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
         }
     }
@@ -89,8 +86,7 @@ CheckCancel::doApply()
         if (!view().dirRemove(keylet::ownerDir(srcId), page, sleCheck->key(), true))
         {
             // LCOV_EXCL_START
-            JLOG(j_.fatal()) << "Unable to delete check from owner.";
-            return tefBAD_LEDGER;
+            return {tefBAD_LEDGER, "Unable to delete check from owner."};
             // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
         }
     }
diff --git a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/check/CheckCash.cpp b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/check/CheckCash.cpp
index a8c989f4df..f22da6783e 100644
--- a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/check/CheckCash.cpp
+++ b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/check/CheckCash.cpp
@@ -89,16 +89,14 @@ CheckCash::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
     auto const sleCheck = ctx.view.read(keylet::check(ctx.tx[sfCheckID]));
     if (!sleCheck)
     {
-        JLOG(ctx.j.warn()) << "Check does not exist.";
-        return tecNO_ENTRY;
+        return {tecNO_ENTRY, "Check does not exist."};
     }
 
     // Only cash a check with this account as the destination.
     AccountID const dstId = sleCheck->at(sfDestination);
     if (ctx.tx[sfAccount] != dstId)
     {
-        JLOG(ctx.j.warn()) << "Cashing a check with wrong Destination.";
-        return tecNO_PERMISSION;
+        return {tecNO_PERMISSION, "Cashing a check with wrong Destination."};
     }
     AccountID const srcId = sleCheck->at(sfAccount);
     if (srcId == dstId)
@@ -106,8 +104,7 @@ CheckCash::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
         // They wrote a check to themselves.  This should be caught when
         // the check is created, but better late than never.
         // LCOV_EXCL_START
-        JLOG(ctx.j.error()) << "Malformed transaction: Cashing check to self.";
-        return tecINTERNAL;
+        return {tecINTERNAL, "Malformed transaction: Cashing check to self."};
         // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
     }
     {
@@ -116,23 +113,20 @@ CheckCash::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
         if (!sleSrc || !sleDst)
         {
             // If the check exists this should never occur.
-            JLOG(ctx.j.warn()) << "Malformed transaction: source or destination not in ledger";
-            return tecNO_ENTRY;
+            return {tecNO_ENTRY, "Malformed transaction: source or destination not in ledger"};
         }
 
         if (sleDst->isFlag(lsfRequireDestTag) && !sleCheck->isFieldPresent(sfDestinationTag))
         {
             // The tag is basically account-specific information we don't
             // understand, but we can require someone to fill it in.
-            JLOG(ctx.j.warn()) << "Malformed transaction: DestinationTag required in check.";
-            return tecDST_TAG_NEEDED;
+            return {tecDST_TAG_NEEDED, "Malformed transaction: DestinationTag required in check."};
         }
     }
 
     if (hasExpired(ctx.view, sleCheck->at(~sfExpiration)))
     {
-        JLOG(ctx.j.warn()) << "Cashing a check that has already expired.";
-        return tecEXPIRED;
+        return {tecEXPIRED, "Cashing a check that has already expired."};
     }
 
     {
@@ -162,8 +156,7 @@ CheckCash::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
         }
         if (value > sendMax)
         {
-            JLOG(ctx.j.warn()) << "Check cashed for more than check sendMax.";
-            return tecPATH_PARTIAL;
+            return {tecPATH_PARTIAL, "Check cashed for more than check sendMax."};
         }
 
         // Make sure the check owner holds at least value.  If they have
@@ -186,8 +179,7 @@ CheckCash::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
 
             if (value > availableFunds)
             {
-                JLOG(ctx.j.warn()) << "Check cashed for more than owner's balance.";
-                return tecPATH_PARTIAL;
+                return {tecPATH_PARTIAL, "Check cashed for more than owner's balance."};
             }
         }
 
@@ -230,9 +222,7 @@ CheckCash::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
 
                         if (!isAuthorized)
                         {
-                            JLOG(ctx.j.warn()) << "Can't receive IOUs from "
-                                                  "issuer without auth.";
-                            return tecNO_AUTH;
+                            return {tecNO_AUTH, "Can't receive IOUs from issuer without auth."};
                         }
                     }
 
@@ -245,8 +235,7 @@ CheckCash::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
                     // not be frozen.
                     if (isFrozen(ctx.view, dstId, currency, issuerId))
                     {
-                        JLOG(ctx.j.warn()) << "Cashing a check to a frozen trustline.";
-                        return tecFROZEN;
+                        return {tecFROZEN, "Cashing a check to a frozen trustline."};
                     }
 
                     return tesSUCCESS;
@@ -270,8 +259,7 @@ CheckCash::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
 
                     if (isFrozen(ctx.view, dstId, issue))
                     {
-                        JLOG(ctx.j.warn()) << "Cashing a check to a frozen MPT.";
-                        return tecLOCKED;
+                        return {tecLOCKED, "Cashing a check to a frozen MPT."};
                     }
 
                     if (auto const err = canTransfer(ctx.view, issue, srcId, dstId);
@@ -299,8 +287,7 @@ CheckCash::doApply()
     if (!sleCheck)
     {
         // LCOV_EXCL_START
-        JLOG(j_.fatal()) << "Precheck did not verify check's existence.";
-        return tecFAILED_PROCESSING;
+        return {tecFAILED_PROCESSING, "Precheck did not verify check's existence."};
         // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
     }
 
@@ -308,8 +295,7 @@ CheckCash::doApply()
     if (!psb.exists(keylet::account(srcId)) || !psb.exists(keylet::account(accountID_)))
     {
         // LCOV_EXCL_START
-        JLOG(ctx_.journal.fatal()) << "Precheck did not verify source or destination's existence.";
-        return tecFAILED_PROCESSING;
+        return {tecFAILED_PROCESSING, "Precheck did not verify source or destination's existence."};
         // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
     }
 
@@ -566,8 +552,7 @@ CheckCash::doApply()
             {
                 if (result.actualAmountOut < *optDeliverMin)
                 {
-                    JLOG(ctx_.journal.warn()) << "flow did not produce DeliverMin.";
-                    return tecPATH_PARTIAL;
+                    return {tecPATH_PARTIAL, "flow did not produce DeliverMin."};
                 }
                 ctx_.deliver(result.actualAmountOut);
             }
@@ -587,8 +572,7 @@ CheckCash::doApply()
             keylet::ownerDir(accountID_), sleCheck->at(sfDestinationNode), sleCheck->key(), true))
     {
         // LCOV_EXCL_START
-        JLOG(j_.fatal()) << "Unable to delete check from destination.";
-        return tefBAD_LEDGER;
+        return {tefBAD_LEDGER, "Unable to delete check from destination."};
         // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
     }
 
@@ -596,8 +580,7 @@ CheckCash::doApply()
     if (!psb.dirRemove(keylet::ownerDir(srcId), sleCheck->at(sfOwnerNode), sleCheck->key(), true))
     {
         // LCOV_EXCL_START
-        JLOG(j_.fatal()) << "Unable to delete check from owner.";
-        return tefBAD_LEDGER;
+        return {tefBAD_LEDGER, "Unable to delete check from owner."};
         // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
     }
 
diff --git a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/check/CheckCreate.cpp b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/check/CheckCreate.cpp
index cb1d81ba4a..8353e34afe 100644
--- a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/check/CheckCreate.cpp
+++ b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/check/CheckCreate.cpp
@@ -83,8 +83,7 @@ CheckCreate::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
     auto const sleDst = ctx.view.read(keylet::account(dstId));
     if (!sleDst)
     {
-        JLOG(ctx.j.warn()) << "Destination account does not exist.";
-        return tecNO_DST;
+        return {tecNO_DST, "Destination account does not exist."};
     }
 
     // Check if the destination has disallowed incoming checks
@@ -102,8 +101,7 @@ CheckCreate::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
     {
         // The tag is basically account-specific information we don't
         // understand, but we can require someone to fill it in.
-        JLOG(ctx.j.warn()) << "Malformed transaction: DestinationTag required.";
-        return tecDST_TAG_NEEDED;
+        return {tecDST_TAG_NEEDED, "Malformed transaction: DestinationTag required."};
     }
 
     {
@@ -114,8 +112,7 @@ CheckCreate::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
             AccountID const& issuerId{sendMax.getIssuer()};
             if (auto const ter = checkGlobalFrozen(ctx.view, sendMax.asset()); !isTesSuccess(ter))
             {
-                JLOG(ctx.j.warn()) << "Creating a check for frozen or locked asset";
-                return ter;
+                return {ter, "Creating a check for frozen or locked asset"};
             }
             auto const err = sendMax.asset().visit(
                 [&](Issue const& issue) -> std::optional<TER> {
@@ -132,8 +129,7 @@ CheckCreate::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
                         if (sleTrust &&
                             sleTrust->isFlag((issuerId > srcId) ? lsfHighFreeze : lsfLowFreeze))
                         {
-                            JLOG(ctx.j.warn()) << "Creating a check for frozen trustline.";
-                            return tecFROZEN;
+                            return TER{tecFROZEN, "Creating a check for frozen trustline."};
                         }
                     }
                     if (issuerId != dstId)
@@ -144,9 +140,8 @@ CheckCreate::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
                         if (sleTrust &&
                             sleTrust->isFlag((dstId > issuerId) ? lsfHighFreeze : lsfLowFreeze))
                         {
-                            JLOG(ctx.j.warn()) << "Creating a check for "
-                                                  "destination frozen trustline.";
-                            return tecFROZEN;
+                            return TER{
+                                tecFROZEN, "Creating a check for destination frozen trustline."};
                         }
                     }
 
@@ -155,19 +150,16 @@ CheckCreate::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
                 [&](MPTIssue const& issue) -> std::optional<TER> {
                     if (srcId != issuerId && isFrozen(ctx.view, srcId, issue))
                     {
-                        JLOG(ctx.j.warn()) << "Creating a check for locked MPT.";
-                        return tecLOCKED;
+                        return TER{tecLOCKED, "Creating a check for locked MPT."};
                     }
                     if (dstId != issuerId && isFrozen(ctx.view, dstId, issue))
                     {
-                        JLOG(ctx.j.warn()) << "Creating a check for locked MPT.";
-                        return tecLOCKED;
+                        return TER{tecLOCKED, "Creating a check for locked MPT."};
                     }
                     if (auto const ter = canTransfer(ctx.view, issue, srcId, dstId);
                         !isTesSuccess(ter))
                     {
-                        JLOG(ctx.j.warn()) << "MPT transfer is disabled.";
-                        return ter;
+                        return TER{ter, "MPT transfer is disabled."};
                     }
 
                     return std::nullopt;
@@ -178,8 +170,7 @@ CheckCreate::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
     }
     if (hasExpired(ctx.view, ctx.tx[~sfExpiration]))
     {
-        JLOG(ctx.j.warn()) << "Creating a check that has already expired.";
-        return tecEXPIRED;
+        return {tecEXPIRED, "Creating a check that has already expired."};
     }
 
     return tesSUCCESS;
diff --git a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/credentials/CredentialCreate.cpp b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/credentials/CredentialCreate.cpp
index e902ee73a6..6db3409401 100644
--- a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/credentials/CredentialCreate.cpp
+++ b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/credentials/CredentialCreate.cpp
@@ -86,14 +86,12 @@ CredentialCreate::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
 
     if (!ctx.view.exists(keylet::account(subject)))
     {
-        JLOG(ctx.j.trace()) << "Subject doesn't exist.";
-        return tecNO_TARGET;
+        return {tecNO_TARGET, "Subject doesn't exist."};
     }
 
     if (ctx.view.exists(keylet::credential(subject, ctx.tx[sfAccount], credType)))
     {
-        JLOG(ctx.j.trace()) << "Credential already exists.";
-        return tecDUPLICATE;
+        return {tecDUPLICATE, "Credential already exists."};
     }
 
     return tesSUCCESS;
@@ -118,9 +116,7 @@ CredentialCreate::doApply()
 
         if (closeTime > *optExp)
         {
-            JLOG(j_.trace()) << "Malformed transaction: "
-                                "Expiration time is in the past.";
-            return tecEXPIRED;
+            return {tecEXPIRED, "Malformed transaction: Expiration time is in the past."};
         }
 
         sleCred->setFieldU32(sfExpiration, *optExp);
diff --git a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/credentials/CredentialDelete.cpp b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/credentials/CredentialDelete.cpp
index 6bd4ad54c5..2c52a3a5df 100644
--- a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/credentials/CredentialDelete.cpp
+++ b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/credentials/CredentialDelete.cpp
@@ -87,8 +87,7 @@ CredentialDelete::doApply()
     if ((subject != accountID_) && (issuer != accountID_) &&
         !checkExpired(*sleCred, ctx_.view().header().parentCloseTime))
     {
-        JLOG(j_.trace()) << "Can't delete non-expired credential.";
-        return tecNO_PERMISSION;
+        return {tecNO_PERMISSION, "Can't delete non-expired credential."};
     }
 
     return deleteSLE(view(), sleCred, j_);
diff --git a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/delegate/DelegateSet.cpp b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/delegate/DelegateSet.cpp
index 96e6c9e443..ffc0527634 100644
--- a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/delegate/DelegateSet.cpp
+++ b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/delegate/DelegateSet.cpp
@@ -152,8 +152,7 @@ DelegateSet::deleteDelegate(ApplyView& view, SLE::ref sle, beast::Journal j)
     if (!view.dirRemove(keylet::ownerDir(delegator), (*sle)[sfOwnerNode], sle->key(), false))
     {
         // LCOV_EXCL_START
-        JLOG(j.fatal()) << "Unable to delete Delegate from owner.";
-        return tefBAD_LEDGER;
+        return {tefBAD_LEDGER, "Unable to delete Delegate from owner."};
         // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
     }
 
@@ -163,8 +162,7 @@ DelegateSet::deleteDelegate(ApplyView& view, SLE::ref sle, beast::Journal j)
         if (!view.dirRemove(keylet::ownerDir(delegatee), *optPage, sle->key(), false))
         {
             // LCOV_EXCL_START
-            JLOG(j.fatal()) << "Unable to delete Delegate from authorized account.";
-            return tefBAD_LEDGER;
+            return {tefBAD_LEDGER, "Unable to delete Delegate from authorized account."};
             // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
         }
     }
diff --git a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/dex/AMMBid.cpp b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/dex/AMMBid.cpp
index 3454559e82..6f1f2107c6 100644
--- a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/dex/AMMBid.cpp
+++ b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/dex/AMMBid.cpp
@@ -107,8 +107,7 @@ AMMBid::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
     auto const ammSle = ctx.view.read(keylet::amm(ctx.tx[sfAsset], ctx.tx[sfAsset2]));
     if (!ammSle)
     {
-        JLOG(ctx.j.debug()) << "AMM Bid: Invalid asset pair.";
-        return terNO_AMM;
+        return {terNO_AMM, "AMM Bid: Invalid asset pair."};
     }
 
     auto const lpTokensBalance = (*ammSle)[sfLPTokenBalance];
@@ -121,8 +120,7 @@ AMMBid::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
         {
             if (!ctx.view.read(keylet::account(account[sfAccount])))
             {
-                JLOG(ctx.j.debug()) << "AMM Bid: Invalid Account.";
-                return terNO_ACCOUNT;
+                return {terNO_ACCOUNT, "AMM Bid: Invalid Account."};
             }
         }
     }
@@ -131,8 +129,7 @@ AMMBid::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
     // Not LP
     if (lpTokens == beast::kZero)
     {
-        JLOG(ctx.j.debug()) << "AMM Bid: account is not LP.";
-        return tecAMM_INVALID_TOKENS;
+        return {tecAMM_INVALID_TOKENS, "AMM Bid: account is not LP."};
     }
 
     auto const bidMin = ctx.tx[~sfBidMin];
@@ -146,8 +143,7 @@ AMMBid::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
         }
         if (*bidMin > lpTokens || *bidMin >= lpTokensBalance)
         {
-            JLOG(ctx.j.debug()) << "AMM Bid: Invalid Tokens.";
-            return tecAMM_INVALID_TOKENS;
+            return {tecAMM_INVALID_TOKENS, "AMM Bid: Invalid Tokens."};
         }
     }
 
@@ -161,15 +157,13 @@ AMMBid::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
         }
         if (*bidMax > lpTokens || *bidMax >= lpTokensBalance)
         {
-            JLOG(ctx.j.debug()) << "AMM Bid: Invalid Tokens.";
-            return tecAMM_INVALID_TOKENS;
+            return {tecAMM_INVALID_TOKENS, "AMM Bid: Invalid Tokens."};
         }
     }
 
     if (bidMin && bidMax && bidMin > bidMax)
     {
-        JLOG(ctx.j.debug()) << "AMM Bid: Invalid Max/MinSlotPrice.";
-        return tecAMM_INVALID_TOKENS;
+        return {tecAMM_INVALID_TOKENS, "AMM Bid: Invalid Max/MinSlotPrice."};
     }
 
     return tesSUCCESS;
diff --git a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/dex/AMMClawback.cpp b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/dex/AMMClawback.cpp
index c1ef9f875e..2386347033 100644
--- a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/dex/AMMClawback.cpp
+++ b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/dex/AMMClawback.cpp
@@ -112,8 +112,7 @@ AMMClawback::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
     auto const ammSle = ctx.view.read(keylet::amm(asset, asset2));
     if (!ammSle)
     {
-        JLOG(ctx.j.debug()) << "AMM Clawback: Invalid asset pair.";
-        return terNO_AMM;
+        return {terNO_AMM, "AMM Clawback: Invalid asset pair."};
     }
 
     if (!ctx.view.rules().enabled(featureMPTokensV2))
diff --git a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/dex/AMMCreate.cpp b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/dex/AMMCreate.cpp
index 7c7d35497a..cf197ad2c8 100644
--- a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/dex/AMMCreate.cpp
+++ b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/dex/AMMCreate.cpp
@@ -102,8 +102,7 @@ AMMCreate::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
     if (auto const ammKeylet = keylet::amm(amount.asset(), amount2.asset());
         ctx.view.read(ammKeylet))
     {
-        JLOG(ctx.j.debug()) << "AMM Instance: ltAMM already exists.";
-        return tecDUPLICATE;
+        return {tecDUPLICATE, "AMM Instance: ltAMM already exists."};
     }
 
     if (auto const ter = requireAuth(ctx.view, amount.asset(), accountID); !isTesSuccess(ter))
@@ -122,13 +121,11 @@ AMMCreate::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
     if (auto const ter = checkFrozen(ctx.view, accountID, amount.asset()); !isTesSuccess(ter))
 
     {
-        JLOG(ctx.j.debug()) << "AMM Instance: involves frozen or locked asset.";
-        return ter;
+        return {ter, "AMM Instance: involves frozen or locked asset."};
     }
     if (auto const ter = checkFrozen(ctx.view, accountID, amount2.asset()); !isTesSuccess(ter))
     {
-        JLOG(ctx.j.debug()) << "AMM Instance: involves frozen or locked asset.";
-        return ter;
+        return {ter, "AMM Instance: involves frozen or locked asset."};
     }
 
     auto noDefaultRipple = [](ReadView const& view, Asset const& asset) {
@@ -143,8 +140,7 @@ AMMCreate::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
 
     if (noDefaultRipple(ctx.view, amount.asset()) || noDefaultRipple(ctx.view, amount2.asset()))
     {
-        JLOG(ctx.j.debug()) << "AMM Instance: DefaultRipple not set";
-        return terNO_RIPPLE;
+        return {terNO_RIPPLE, "AMM Instance: DefaultRipple not set"};
     }
 
     // Check the reserve for LPToken trustline
@@ -152,8 +148,7 @@ AMMCreate::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
     // Insufficient reserve
     if (xrpBalance <= beast::kZero)
     {
-        JLOG(ctx.j.debug()) << "AMM Instance: insufficient reserves";
-        return tecINSUF_RESERVE_LINE;
+        return {tecINSUF_RESERVE_LINE, "AMM Instance: insufficient reserves"};
     }
 
     auto insufficientBalance = [&](STAmount const& amount) {
diff --git a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/dex/AMMDelete.cpp b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/dex/AMMDelete.cpp
index e2ecec8242..1f318cb45d 100644
--- a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/dex/AMMDelete.cpp
+++ b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/dex/AMMDelete.cpp
@@ -39,8 +39,7 @@ AMMDelete::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
     auto const ammSle = ctx.view.read(keylet::amm(ctx.tx[sfAsset], ctx.tx[sfAsset2]));
     if (!ammSle)
     {
-        JLOG(ctx.j.debug()) << "AMM Delete: Invalid asset pair.";
-        return terNO_AMM;
+        return {terNO_AMM, "AMM Delete: Invalid asset pair."};
     }
 
     auto const lpTokensBalance = (*ammSle)[sfLPTokenBalance];
diff --git a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/dex/AMMDeposit.cpp b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/dex/AMMDeposit.cpp
index 0d1798babc..10abb58b6f 100644
--- a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/dex/AMMDeposit.cpp
+++ b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/dex/AMMDeposit.cpp
@@ -181,8 +181,7 @@ AMMDeposit::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
     auto const ammSle = ctx.view.read(keylet::amm(ctx.tx[sfAsset], ctx.tx[sfAsset2]));
     if (!ammSle)
     {
-        JLOG(ctx.j.debug()) << "AMM Deposit: Invalid asset pair.";
-        return terNO_AMM;
+        return {terNO_AMM, "AMM Deposit: Invalid asset pair."};
     }
 
     auto const expected = ammHolds(
@@ -203,8 +202,7 @@ AMMDeposit::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
         if (amountBalance != beast::kZero || amount2Balance != beast::kZero)
         {
             // LCOV_EXCL_START
-            JLOG(ctx.j.debug()) << "AMM Deposit: tokens balance is not zero.";
-            return tecINTERNAL;
+            return {tecINTERNAL, "AMM Deposit: tokens balance is not zero."};
             // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
         }
     }
@@ -216,8 +214,7 @@ AMMDeposit::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
             lptAMMBalance < beast::kZero)
         {
             // LCOV_EXCL_START
-            JLOG(ctx.j.debug()) << "AMM Deposit: reserves or tokens balance is zero.";
-            return tecINTERNAL;
+            return {tecINTERNAL, "AMM Deposit: reserves or tokens balance is zero."};
             // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
         }
     }
@@ -393,8 +390,7 @@ AMMDeposit::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
         // Insufficient reserve
         if (xrpBalance <= beast::kZero)
         {
-            JLOG(ctx.j.debug()) << "AMM Instance: insufficient reserves";
-            return tecINSUF_RESERVE_LINE;
+            return {tecINSUF_RESERVE_LINE, "AMM Instance: insufficient reserves"};
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/dex/AMMVote.cpp b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/dex/AMMVote.cpp
index 0f2b721ac4..709d180fcf 100644
--- a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/dex/AMMVote.cpp
+++ b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/dex/AMMVote.cpp
@@ -61,8 +61,7 @@ AMMVote::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
     auto const ammSle = ctx.view.read(keylet::amm(ctx.tx[sfAsset], ctx.tx[sfAsset2]));
     if (!ammSle)
     {
-        JLOG(ctx.j.debug()) << "AMM Vote: Invalid asset pair.";
-        return terNO_AMM;
+        return {terNO_AMM, "AMM Vote: Invalid asset pair."};
     }
     if (ammSle->getFieldAmount(sfLPTokenBalance) == beast::kZero)
     {
@@ -71,8 +70,7 @@ AMMVote::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
     if (auto const lpTokensNew = ammLPHolds(ctx.view, *ammSle, ctx.tx[sfAccount], ctx.j);
         lpTokensNew == beast::kZero)
     {
-        JLOG(ctx.j.debug()) << "AMM Vote: account is not LP.";
-        return tecAMM_INVALID_TOKENS;
+        return {tecAMM_INVALID_TOKENS, "AMM Vote: account is not LP."};
     }
 
     return tesSUCCESS;
diff --git a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/dex/AMMWithdraw.cpp b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/dex/AMMWithdraw.cpp
index 2baa7edfb4..7aac6914c8 100644
--- a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/dex/AMMWithdraw.cpp
+++ b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/dex/AMMWithdraw.cpp
@@ -186,8 +186,7 @@ AMMWithdraw::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
     auto const ammSle = ctx.view.read(keylet::amm(ctx.tx[sfAsset], ctx.tx[sfAsset2]));
     if (!ammSle)
     {
-        JLOG(ctx.j.debug()) << "AMM Withdraw: Invalid asset pair.";
-        return terNO_AMM;
+        return {terNO_AMM, "AMM Withdraw: Invalid asset pair."};
     }
 
     auto const amount = ctx.tx[~sfAmount];
@@ -210,8 +209,7 @@ AMMWithdraw::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
         lptAMMBalance < beast::kZero)
     {
         // LCOV_EXCL_START
-        JLOG(ctx.j.debug()) << "AMM Withdraw: reserves or tokens balance is zero.";
-        return tecINTERNAL;
+        return {tecINTERNAL, "AMM Withdraw: reserves or tokens balance is zero."};
         // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
     }
 
@@ -280,8 +278,7 @@ AMMWithdraw::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
 
     if (lpTokens <= beast::kZero)
     {
-        JLOG(ctx.j.debug()) << "AMM Withdraw: tokens balance is zero.";
-        return tecAMM_BALANCE;
+        return {tecAMM_BALANCE, "AMM Withdraw: tokens balance is zero."};
     }
 
     if (lpTokensWithdraw && lpTokensWithdraw->asset() != lpTokens.asset())
@@ -292,8 +289,7 @@ AMMWithdraw::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
 
     if (lpTokensWithdraw && *lpTokensWithdraw > lpTokens)
     {
-        JLOG(ctx.j.debug()) << "AMM Withdraw: invalid tokens.";
-        return tecAMM_INVALID_TOKENS;
+        return {tecAMM_INVALID_TOKENS, "AMM Withdraw: invalid tokens."};
     }
 
     if (auto const ePrice = ctx.tx[~sfEPrice]; ePrice && ePrice->asset() != lpTokens.asset())
diff --git a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/dex/OfferCreate.cpp b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/dex/OfferCreate.cpp
index fb47cf0f97..8e8a3dcb0a 100644
--- a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/dex/OfferCreate.cpp
+++ b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/dex/OfferCreate.cpp
@@ -190,13 +190,11 @@ OfferCreate::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
 
     if (auto const ter = checkGlobalFrozen(ctx.view, saTakerPays.asset()); !isTesSuccess(ter))
     {
-        JLOG(ctx.j.debug()) << "Offer involves frozen or locked asset";
-        return ter;
+        return {ter, "Offer involves frozen or locked asset"};
     }
     if (auto const ter = checkGlobalFrozen(ctx.view, saTakerGets.asset()); !isTesSuccess(ter))
     {
-        JLOG(ctx.j.debug()) << "Offer involves frozen or locked asset";
-        return ter;
+        return {ter, "Offer involves frozen or locked asset"};
     }
 
     // Allow unfunded MPT for issuer (OutstandingAmount >= MaximumAmount)
@@ -209,8 +207,7 @@ OfferCreate::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
             AuthHandling::ZeroIfUnauthorized,
             viewJ) <= beast::kZero)
     {
-        JLOG(ctx.j.debug()) << "delay: Offers must be at least partially funded.";
-        return tecUNFUNDED_OFFER;
+        return {tecUNFUNDED_OFFER, "delay: Offers must be at least partially funded."};
     }
 
     // This can probably be simplified to make sure that you cancel sequences
@@ -587,8 +584,9 @@ OfferCreate::applyHybrid(
 
     if (!bookNode)
     {
-        JLOG(j_.debug()) << "final result: failed to add hybrid offer to open book";
-        return tecDIR_FULL;  // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
+        return {
+            tecDIR_FULL,
+            "final result: failed to add hybrid offer to open book"};  // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
     }
 
     STArray bookArr(sfAdditionalBooks, 1);
diff --git a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/did/DIDDelete.cpp b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/did/DIDDelete.cpp
index a2af4c1100..5f103b3b90 100644
--- a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/did/DIDDelete.cpp
+++ b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/did/DIDDelete.cpp
@@ -41,8 +41,7 @@ DIDDelete::deleteSLE(ApplyView& view, SLE::pointer sle, AccountID const owner, b
     if (!view.dirRemove(keylet::ownerDir(owner), (*sle)[sfOwnerNode], sle->key(), true))
     {
         // LCOV_EXCL_START
-        JLOG(j.fatal()) << "Unable to delete DID from owner.";
-        return tefBAD_LEDGER;
+        return {tefBAD_LEDGER, "Unable to delete DID from owner."};
         // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
     }
 
diff --git a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/escrow/EscrowCancel.cpp b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/escrow/EscrowCancel.cpp
index feed43d410..ad3943a22d 100644
--- a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/escrow/EscrowCancel.cpp
+++ b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/escrow/EscrowCancel.cpp
@@ -145,8 +145,7 @@ EscrowCancel::doApply()
         if (!ctx_.view().dirRemove(keylet::ownerDir(account), page, k.key, true))
         {
             // LCOV_EXCL_START
-            JLOG(j_.fatal()) << "Unable to delete Escrow from owner.";
-            return tefBAD_LEDGER;
+            return {tefBAD_LEDGER, "Unable to delete Escrow from owner."};
             // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
         }
     }
@@ -157,8 +156,7 @@ EscrowCancel::doApply()
         if (!ctx_.view().dirRemove(keylet::ownerDir((*slep)[sfDestination]), *optPage, k.key, true))
         {
             // LCOV_EXCL_START
-            JLOG(j_.fatal()) << "Unable to delete Escrow from recipient.";
-            return tefBAD_LEDGER;
+            return {tefBAD_LEDGER, "Unable to delete Escrow from recipient."};
             // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
         }
     }
@@ -202,8 +200,7 @@ EscrowCancel::doApply()
             if (!ctx_.view().dirRemove(keylet::ownerDir(issuer), *optPage, k.key, true))
             {
                 // LCOV_EXCL_START
-                JLOG(j_.fatal()) << "Unable to delete Escrow from recipient.";
-                return tefBAD_LEDGER;
+                return {tefBAD_LEDGER, "Unable to delete Escrow from recipient."};
                 // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
             }
         }
diff --git a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/escrow/EscrowFinish.cpp b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/escrow/EscrowFinish.cpp
index 8bc98c7aa8..71dbc74b49 100644
--- a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/escrow/EscrowFinish.cpp
+++ b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/escrow/EscrowFinish.cpp
@@ -322,8 +322,7 @@ EscrowFinish::doApply()
         if (!ctx_.view().dirRemove(keylet::ownerDir(account), page, k.key, true))
         {
             // LCOV_EXCL_START
-            JLOG(j_.fatal()) << "Unable to delete Escrow from owner.";
-            return tefBAD_LEDGER;
+            return {tefBAD_LEDGER, "Unable to delete Escrow from owner."};
             // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
         }
     }
@@ -334,8 +333,7 @@ EscrowFinish::doApply()
         if (!ctx_.view().dirRemove(keylet::ownerDir(destID), *optPage, k.key, true))
         {
             // LCOV_EXCL_START
-            JLOG(j_.fatal()) << "Unable to delete Escrow from recipient.";
-            return tefBAD_LEDGER;
+            return {tefBAD_LEDGER, "Unable to delete Escrow from recipient."};
             // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
         }
     }
@@ -390,8 +388,7 @@ EscrowFinish::doApply()
             if (!ctx_.view().dirRemove(keylet::ownerDir(issuer), *optPage, k.key, true))
             {
                 // LCOV_EXCL_START
-                JLOG(j_.fatal()) << "Unable to delete Escrow from recipient.";
-                return tefBAD_LEDGER;
+                return {tefBAD_LEDGER, "Unable to delete Escrow from recipient."};
                 // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
             }
         }
diff --git a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/lending/LoanBrokerCoverClawback.cpp b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/lending/LoanBrokerCoverClawback.cpp
index b914f3cf24..0b6b42388b 100644
--- a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/lending/LoanBrokerCoverClawback.cpp
+++ b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/lending/LoanBrokerCoverClawback.cpp
@@ -248,8 +248,7 @@ LoanBrokerCoverClawback::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
     auto const sleBroker = ctx.view.read(keylet::loanBroker(brokerID));
     if (!sleBroker)
     {
-        JLOG(ctx.j.warn()) << "LoanBroker does not exist.";
-        return tecNO_ENTRY;
+        return {tecNO_ENTRY, "LoanBroker does not exist."};
     }
 
     auto const brokerPseudoAccountID = sleBroker->at(sfAccount);
@@ -267,16 +266,14 @@ LoanBrokerCoverClawback::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
 
     if (vaultAsset.native())
     {
-        JLOG(ctx.j.warn()) << "Cannot clawback native asset.";
-        return tecNO_PERMISSION;
+        return {tecNO_PERMISSION, "Cannot clawback native asset."};
     }
 
     // Only the issuer of the vault asset can claw it back from the broker's
     // cover funds.
     if (vaultAsset.getIssuer() != account)
     {
-        JLOG(ctx.j.warn()) << "Account is not the issuer of the vault asset.";
-        return tecNO_PERMISSION;
+        return {tecNO_PERMISSION, "Account is not the issuer of the vault asset."};
     }
 
     if (amount)
@@ -287,9 +284,10 @@ LoanBrokerCoverClawback::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
         auto const txAsset = *findAsset;
         if (txAsset != vaultAsset)
         {
-            JLOG(ctx.j.warn()) << "Account is the correct issuer, but trying "
-                                  "to clawback the wrong asset from LoanBroker";
-            return tecWRONG_ASSET;
+            return {
+                tecWRONG_ASSET,
+                "Account is the correct issuer, but trying to clawback the wrong asset from "
+                "LoanBroker"};
         }
     }
 
@@ -323,8 +321,7 @@ LoanBrokerCoverClawback::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
     if (!sleIssuer)
     {
         // LCOV_EXCL_START
-        JLOG(ctx.j.fatal()) << "Issuer account does not exist.";
-        return tefBAD_LEDGER;
+        return {tefBAD_LEDGER, "Issuer account does not exist."};
         // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
     }
 
diff --git a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/lending/LoanBrokerCoverDeposit.cpp b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/lending/LoanBrokerCoverDeposit.cpp
index 09ab03347a..a5210d5f54 100644
--- a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/lending/LoanBrokerCoverDeposit.cpp
+++ b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/lending/LoanBrokerCoverDeposit.cpp
@@ -54,13 +54,11 @@ LoanBrokerCoverDeposit::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
     auto const sleBroker = ctx.view.read(keylet::loanBroker(brokerID));
     if (!sleBroker)
     {
-        JLOG(ctx.j.warn()) << "LoanBroker does not exist.";
-        return tecNO_ENTRY;
+        return {tecNO_ENTRY, "LoanBroker does not exist."};
     }
     if (account != sleBroker->at(sfOwner))
     {
-        JLOG(ctx.j.warn()) << "Account is not the owner of the LoanBroker.";
-        return tecNO_PERMISSION;
+        return {tecNO_PERMISSION, "Account is not the owner of the LoanBroker."};
     }
     auto const vault = ctx.view.read(keylet::vault(sleBroker->at(sfVaultID)));
     if (!vault)
diff --git a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/lending/LoanBrokerCoverWithdraw.cpp b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/lending/LoanBrokerCoverWithdraw.cpp
index 498f3c99eb..dccb2a771d 100644
--- a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/lending/LoanBrokerCoverWithdraw.cpp
+++ b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/lending/LoanBrokerCoverWithdraw.cpp
@@ -67,19 +67,16 @@ LoanBrokerCoverWithdraw::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
 
     if (isPseudoAccount(ctx.view, dstAcct))
     {
-        JLOG(ctx.j.warn()) << "Trying to withdraw into a pseudo-account.";
-        return tecPSEUDO_ACCOUNT;
+        return {tecPSEUDO_ACCOUNT, "Trying to withdraw into a pseudo-account."};
     }
     auto const sleBroker = ctx.view.read(keylet::loanBroker(brokerID));
     if (!sleBroker)
     {
-        JLOG(ctx.j.warn()) << "LoanBroker does not exist.";
-        return tecNO_ENTRY;
+        return {tecNO_ENTRY, "LoanBroker does not exist."};
     }
     if (account != sleBroker->at(sfOwner))
     {
-        JLOG(ctx.j.warn()) << "Account is not the owner of the LoanBroker.";
-        return tecNO_PERMISSION;
+        return {tecNO_PERMISSION, "Account is not the owner of the LoanBroker."};
     }
     auto const vault = ctx.view.read(keylet::vault(sleBroker->at(sfVaultID)));
     if (!vault)
diff --git a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/lending/LoanBrokerDelete.cpp b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/lending/LoanBrokerDelete.cpp
index b36977d225..b301bbbdd8 100644
--- a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/lending/LoanBrokerDelete.cpp
+++ b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/lending/LoanBrokerDelete.cpp
@@ -46,16 +46,14 @@ LoanBrokerDelete::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
     auto const sleBroker = ctx.view.read(keylet::loanBroker(brokerID));
     if (!sleBroker)
     {
-        JLOG(ctx.j.warn()) << "LoanBroker does not exist.";
-        return tecNO_ENTRY;
+        return {tecNO_ENTRY, "LoanBroker does not exist."};
     }
 
     auto const brokerOwner = sleBroker->at(sfOwner);
 
     if (account != brokerOwner)
     {
-        JLOG(ctx.j.warn()) << "Account is not the owner of the LoanBroker.";
-        return tecNO_PERMISSION;
+        return {tecNO_PERMISSION, "Account is not the owner of the LoanBroker."};
     }
     if (auto const ownerCount = sleBroker->at(sfOwnerCount); ownerCount != 0)
     {
@@ -170,18 +168,21 @@ LoanBrokerDelete::doApply()
     // obligations associated with the broker or broker pseudo-account.
     if (*brokerPseudoSLE->at(sfBalance))
     {
-        JLOG(j_.warn()) << "LoanBrokerDelete: Pseudo-account has a balance";
-        return tecHAS_OBLIGATIONS;  // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
+        return {
+            tecHAS_OBLIGATIONS,
+            "LoanBrokerDelete: Pseudo-account has a balance"};  // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
     }
     if (brokerPseudoSLE->at(sfOwnerCount) != 0)
     {
-        JLOG(j_.warn()) << "LoanBrokerDelete: Pseudo-account still owns objects";
-        return tecHAS_OBLIGATIONS;  // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
+        return {
+            tecHAS_OBLIGATIONS,
+            "LoanBrokerDelete: Pseudo-account still owns objects"};  // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
     }
     if (auto const directory = keylet::ownerDir(brokerPseudoID); view().read(directory))
     {
-        JLOG(j_.warn()) << "LoanBrokerDelete: Pseudo-account has a directory";
-        return tecHAS_OBLIGATIONS;  // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
+        return {
+            tecHAS_OBLIGATIONS,
+            "LoanBrokerDelete: Pseudo-account has a directory"};  // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
     }
 
     view().erase(brokerPseudoSLE);
diff --git a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/lending/LoanBrokerSet.cpp b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/lending/LoanBrokerSet.cpp
index e9c153404c..7d64dfbf3c 100644
--- a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/lending/LoanBrokerSet.cpp
+++ b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/lending/LoanBrokerSet.cpp
@@ -99,15 +99,13 @@ LoanBrokerSet::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
     auto const sleVault = ctx.view.read(keylet::vault(vaultID));
     if (!sleVault)
     {
-        JLOG(ctx.j.warn()) << "Vault does not exist.";
-        return tecNO_ENTRY;
+        return {tecNO_ENTRY, "Vault does not exist."};
     }
     Asset const asset = sleVault->at(sfAsset);
 
     if (account != sleVault->at(sfOwner))
     {
-        JLOG(ctx.j.warn()) << "Account is not the owner of the Vault.";
-        return tecNO_PERMISSION;
+        return {tecNO_PERMISSION, "Account is not the owner of the Vault."};
     }
 
     if (auto const brokerID = tx[~sfLoanBrokerID])
@@ -117,18 +115,15 @@ LoanBrokerSet::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
         auto const sleBroker = ctx.view.read(keylet::loanBroker(*brokerID));
         if (!sleBroker)
         {
-            JLOG(ctx.j.warn()) << "LoanBroker does not exist.";
-            return tecNO_ENTRY;
+            return {tecNO_ENTRY, "LoanBroker does not exist."};
         }
         if (vaultID != sleBroker->at(sfVaultID))
         {
-            JLOG(ctx.j.warn()) << "Can not change VaultID on an existing LoanBroker.";
-            return tecNO_PERMISSION;
+            return {tecNO_PERMISSION, "Can not change VaultID on an existing LoanBroker."};
         }
         if (account != sleBroker->at(sfOwner))
         {
-            JLOG(ctx.j.warn()) << "Account is not the owner of the LoanBroker.";
-            return tecNO_PERMISSION;
+            return {tecNO_PERMISSION, "Account is not the owner of the LoanBroker."};
         }
 
         if (auto const debtMax = tx[~sfDebtMaximum])
@@ -137,8 +132,7 @@ LoanBrokerSet::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
             auto const currentDebtTotal = sleBroker->at(sfDebtTotal);
             if (*debtMax != 0 && *debtMax < currentDebtTotal)
             {
-                JLOG(ctx.j.warn()) << "Cannot reduce DebtMaximum below current DebtTotal.";
-                return tecLIMIT_EXCEEDED;
+                return {tecLIMIT_EXCEEDED, "Cannot reduce DebtMaximum below current DebtTotal."};
             }
         }
     }
@@ -149,8 +143,7 @@ LoanBrokerSet::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
 
         if (auto const ter = checkFrozen(ctx.view, sleVault->at(sfAccount), sleVault->at(sfAsset)))
         {
-            JLOG(ctx.j.warn()) << "Vault pseudo-account is frozen.";
-            return ter;
+            return {ter, "Vault pseudo-account is frozen."};
         }
     }
 
@@ -183,8 +176,7 @@ LoanBrokerSet::doApply()
         {
             // This should be impossible
             // LCOV_EXCL_START
-            JLOG(j_.fatal()) << "LoanBroker does not exist.";
-            return tefBAD_LEDGER;
+            return {tefBAD_LEDGER, "LoanBroker does not exist."};
             // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
         }
 
@@ -212,8 +204,7 @@ LoanBrokerSet::doApply()
         {
             // This should be impossible
             // LCOV_EXCL_START
-            JLOG(j_.fatal()) << "Vault does not exist.";
-            return tefBAD_LEDGER;
+            return {tefBAD_LEDGER, "Vault does not exist."};
             // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
         }
         auto const vaultPseudoID = sleVault->at(sfAccount);
@@ -225,8 +216,7 @@ LoanBrokerSet::doApply()
         {
             // This should be impossible
             // LCOV_EXCL_START
-            JLOG(j_.fatal()) << "Account does not exist.";
-            return tefBAD_LEDGER;
+            return {tefBAD_LEDGER, "Account does not exist."};
             // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
         }
         auto broker = std::make_shared<SLE>(keylet::loanBroker(accountID_, sequence));
diff --git a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/lending/LoanDelete.cpp b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/lending/LoanDelete.cpp
index 1a77489b4b..96d2993062 100644
--- a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/lending/LoanDelete.cpp
+++ b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/lending/LoanDelete.cpp
@@ -44,13 +44,11 @@ LoanDelete::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
     auto const loanSle = ctx.view.read(keylet::loan(loanID));
     if (!loanSle)
     {
-        JLOG(ctx.j.warn()) << "Loan does not exist.";
-        return tecNO_ENTRY;
+        return {tecNO_ENTRY, "Loan does not exist."};
     }
     if (loanSle->at(sfPaymentRemaining) > 0)
     {
-        JLOG(ctx.j.warn()) << "Active loan can not be deleted.";
-        return tecHAS_OBLIGATIONS;
+        return {tecHAS_OBLIGATIONS, "Active loan can not be deleted."};
     }
 
     auto const loanBrokerID = loanSle->at(sfLoanBrokerID);
@@ -62,8 +60,7 @@ LoanDelete::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
     }
     if (loanBrokerSle->at(sfOwner) != account && loanSle->at(sfBorrower) != account)
     {
-        JLOG(ctx.j.warn()) << "Account is not Loan Broker Owner or Loan Borrower.";
-        return tecNO_PERMISSION;
+        return {tecNO_PERMISSION, "Account is not Loan Broker Owner or Loan Borrower."};
     }
 
     return tesSUCCESS;
diff --git a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/lending/LoanManage.cpp b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/lending/LoanManage.cpp
index a0aa948876..107e3fd809 100644
--- a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/lending/LoanManage.cpp
+++ b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/lending/LoanManage.cpp
@@ -72,8 +72,7 @@ LoanManage::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
     auto const loanSle = ctx.view.read(keylet::loan(loanID));
     if (!loanSle)
     {
-        JLOG(ctx.j.warn()) << "Loan does not exist.";
-        return tecNO_ENTRY;
+        return {tecNO_ENTRY, "Loan does not exist."};
     }
     // Impairment only allows certain transitions.
     // 1. Once it's in default, it can't be changed.
@@ -83,31 +82,27 @@ LoanManage::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
     // 4. If it's in a state, it can't be put in that state again.
     if (loanSle->isFlag(lsfLoanDefault))
     {
-        JLOG(ctx.j.warn()) << "Loan is in default. A defaulted loan can not be modified.";
-        return tecNO_PERMISSION;
+        return {tecNO_PERMISSION, "Loan is in default. A defaulted loan can not be modified."};
     }
     if (loanSle->isFlag(lsfLoanImpaired) && tx.isFlag(tfLoanImpair))
     {
-        JLOG(ctx.j.warn()) << "Loan is impaired. A loan can not be impaired twice.";
-        return tecNO_PERMISSION;
+        return {tecNO_PERMISSION, "Loan is impaired. A loan can not be impaired twice."};
     }
     if (!(loanSle->isFlag(lsfLoanImpaired) || loanSle->isFlag(lsfLoanDefault)) &&
         (tx.isFlag(tfLoanUnimpair)))
     {
-        JLOG(ctx.j.warn()) << "Loan is unimpaired. Can not be unimpaired again.";
-        return tecNO_PERMISSION;
+        return {tecNO_PERMISSION, "Loan is unimpaired. Can not be unimpaired again."};
     }
     if (loanSle->at(sfPaymentRemaining) == 0)
     {
-        JLOG(ctx.j.warn()) << "Loan is fully paid. A loan can not be modified "
-                              "after it is fully paid.";
-        return tecNO_PERMISSION;
+        return {
+            tecNO_PERMISSION,
+            "Loan is fully paid. A loan can not be modified after it is fully paid."};
     }
     if (tx.isFlag(tfLoanDefault) &&
         !hasExpired(ctx.view, loanSle->at(sfNextPaymentDueDate) + loanSle->at(sfGracePeriod)))
     {
-        JLOG(ctx.j.warn()) << "A loan can not be defaulted before the next payment due date.";
-        return tecTOO_SOON;
+        return {tecTOO_SOON, "A loan can not be defaulted before the next payment due date."};
     }
 
     auto const loanBrokerID = loanSle->at(sfLoanBrokerID);
@@ -119,9 +114,10 @@ LoanManage::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
     }
     if (loanBrokerSle->at(sfOwner) != account)
     {
-        JLOG(ctx.j.warn()) << "LoanBroker for Loan does not belong to the account. LoanManage "
-                              "can only be submitted by the Loan Broker.";
-        return tecNO_PERMISSION;
+        return {
+            tecNO_PERMISSION,
+            "LoanBroker for Loan does not belong to the account. LoanManage can only be submitted "
+            "by the Loan Broker."};
     }
 
     return tesSUCCESS;
@@ -199,8 +195,7 @@ LoanManage::defaultLoan(
         if (vaultTotalProxy < vaultDefaultAmount)
         {
             // LCOV_EXCL_START
-            JLOG(j.warn()) << "Vault total assets is less than the vault default amount";
-            return tefBAD_LEDGER;
+            return {tefBAD_LEDGER, "Vault total assets is less than the vault default amount"};
             // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
         }
 
@@ -244,8 +239,7 @@ LoanManage::defaultLoan(
             if (vaultLossUnrealizedProxy < totalDefaultAmount)
             {
                 // LCOV_EXCL_START
-                JLOG(j.warn()) << "Vault unrealized loss is less than the default amount";
-                return tefBAD_LEDGER;
+                return {tefBAD_LEDGER, "Vault unrealized loss is less than the default amount"};
                 // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
             }
             adjustImpreciseNumber(
@@ -264,8 +258,7 @@ LoanManage::defaultLoan(
         if (coverAvailableProxy < defaultCovered)
         {
             // LCOV_EXCL_START
-            JLOG(j.warn()) << "LoanBroker cover available is less than amount covered";
-            return tefBAD_LEDGER;
+            return {tefBAD_LEDGER, "LoanBroker cover available is less than amount covered"};
             // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
         }
         coverAvailableProxy -= defaultCovered;
@@ -318,9 +311,8 @@ LoanManage::impairLoan(
     {
         // Having a loss greater than the vault's unavailable assets
         // will leave the vault in an invalid / inconsistent state.
-        JLOG(j.warn()) << "Vault unrealized loss is too large, and will "
-                          "corrupt the vault.";
-        return tecLIMIT_EXCEEDED;
+        return {
+            tecLIMIT_EXCEEDED, "Vault unrealized loss is too large, and will corrupt the vault."};
     }
     view.update(vaultSle);
 
@@ -357,8 +349,7 @@ LoanManage::unimpairLoan(
     if (vaultLossUnrealizedProxy < lossReversed)
     {
         // LCOV_EXCL_START
-        JLOG(j.warn()) << "Vault unrealized loss is less than the amount to be cleared";
-        return tefBAD_LEDGER;
+        return {tefBAD_LEDGER, "Vault unrealized loss is less than the amount to be cleared"};
         // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
     }
     // Reverse the "paper loss"
diff --git a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/lending/LoanPay.cpp b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/lending/LoanPay.cpp
index 54ee85b186..c34925fdf0 100644
--- a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/lending/LoanPay.cpp
+++ b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/lending/LoanPay.cpp
@@ -187,14 +187,12 @@ LoanPay::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
     auto const loanSle = ctx.view.read(keylet::loan(loanID));
     if (!loanSle)
     {
-        JLOG(ctx.j.warn()) << "Loan does not exist.";
-        return tecNO_ENTRY;
+        return {tecNO_ENTRY, "Loan does not exist."};
     }
 
     if (loanSle->at(sfBorrower) != account)
     {
-        JLOG(ctx.j.warn()) << "Loan does not belong to the account.";
-        return tecNO_PERMISSION;
+        return {tecNO_PERMISSION, "Loan does not belong to the account."};
     }
 
     if (tx.isFlag(tfLoanOverpayment) && !loanSle->isFlag(lsfLoanOverpayment))
@@ -208,8 +206,7 @@ LoanPay::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
 
     if (paymentRemaining == 0 || principalOutstanding == 0)
     {
-        JLOG(ctx.j.warn()) << "Loan is already paid off.";
-        return tecKILLED;
+        return {tecKILLED, "Loan is already paid off."};
     }
 
     auto const loanBrokerID = loanSle->at(sfLoanBrokerID);
@@ -218,8 +215,7 @@ LoanPay::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
     {
         // This should be impossible
         // LCOV_EXCL_START
-        JLOG(ctx.j.fatal()) << "LoanBroker does not exist.";
-        return tefBAD_LEDGER;
+        return {tefBAD_LEDGER, "LoanBroker does not exist."};
         // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
     }
     auto const vaultID = loanBrokerSle->at(sfVaultID);
@@ -228,8 +224,7 @@ LoanPay::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
     {
         // This should be impossible
         // LCOV_EXCL_START
-        JLOG(ctx.j.fatal()) << "Vault does not exist.";
-        return tefBAD_LEDGER;
+        return {tefBAD_LEDGER, "Vault does not exist."};
         // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
     }
     auto const asset = vaultSle->at(sfAsset);
@@ -237,8 +232,7 @@ LoanPay::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
 
     if (amount.asset() != asset)
     {
-        JLOG(ctx.j.warn()) << "Loan amount does not match the Vault asset.";
-        return tecWRONG_ASSET;
+        return {tecWRONG_ASSET, "Loan amount does not match the Vault asset."};
     }
 
     if (auto const ret = checkFrozen(ctx.view, account, asset))
@@ -415,8 +409,7 @@ LoanPay::doApply()
         paymentParts->feePaid < 0)
     {
         // LCOV_EXCL_START
-        JLOG(j_.fatal()) << "Loan payment computation returned invalid values.";
-        return tecLIMIT_EXCEEDED;
+        return {tecLIMIT_EXCEEDED, "Loan payment computation returned invalid values."};
         // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
     }
 
diff --git a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/lending/LoanSet.cpp b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/lending/LoanSet.cpp
index 694d01c69f..f7d735fda2 100644
--- a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/lending/LoanSet.cpp
+++ b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/lending/LoanSet.cpp
@@ -246,29 +246,27 @@ LoanSet::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
         // mostly so that unit tests can test that specific case.
         if (grace > timeAvailable)
         {
-            JLOG(ctx.j.warn()) << "Grace period exceeds protocol time limit.";
-            return tecKILLED;
+            return {tecKILLED, "Grace period exceeds protocol time limit."};
         }
 
         if (interval > timeAvailable)
         {
-            JLOG(ctx.j.warn()) << "Payment interval exceeds protocol time limit.";
-            return tecKILLED;
+            return {tecKILLED, "Payment interval exceeds protocol time limit."};
         }
 
         if (total > timeAvailable)
         {
-            JLOG(ctx.j.warn()) << "Payment total exceeds protocol time limit.";
-            return tecKILLED;
+            return {tecKILLED, "Payment total exceeds protocol time limit."};
         }
 
         auto const timeLastPayment = timeAvailable - grace;
 
         if (timeLastPayment / interval < total)
         {
-            JLOG(ctx.j.warn()) << "Last payment due date, or grace period for "
-                                  "last payment exceeds protocol time limit.";
-            return tecKILLED;
+            return {
+                tecKILLED,
+                "Last payment due date, or grace period for last payment exceeds protocol time "
+                "limit."};
         }
     }
 
@@ -280,16 +278,14 @@ LoanSet::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
     {
         // This can only be hit if there's a counterparty specified, otherwise
         // it'll fail in the signature check
-        JLOG(ctx.j.warn()) << "LoanBroker does not exist.";
-        return tecNO_ENTRY;
+        return {tecNO_ENTRY, "LoanBroker does not exist."};
     }
     auto const brokerOwner = brokerSle->at(sfOwner);
     auto const counterparty = tx[~sfCounterparty].value_or(brokerOwner);
     if (account != brokerOwner && counterparty != brokerOwner)
     {
-        JLOG(ctx.j.warn()) << "Neither Account nor Counterparty are the owner "
-                              "of the LoanBroker.";
-        return tecNO_PERMISSION;
+        return {
+            tecNO_PERMISSION, "Neither Account nor Counterparty are the owner of the LoanBroker."};
     }
     auto const brokerPseudo = brokerSle->at(sfAccount);
 
@@ -298,8 +294,7 @@ LoanSet::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
     {
         // It may not be possible to hit this case, because it'll fail the
         // signature check with terNO_ACCOUNT.
-        JLOG(ctx.j.warn()) << "Borrower does not exist.";
-        return terNO_ACCOUNT;
+        return {terNO_ACCOUNT, "Borrower does not exist."};
     }
 
     auto const vault = ctx.view.read(keylet::vault(brokerSle->at(sfVaultID)));
@@ -311,8 +306,7 @@ LoanSet::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
 
     if (vault->at(sfAssetsMaximum) != 0 && vault->at(sfAssetsTotal) >= vault->at(sfAssetsMaximum))
     {
-        JLOG(ctx.j.warn()) << "Vault at maximum assets limit. Can't add another loan.";
-        return tecLIMIT_EXCEEDED;
+        return {tecLIMIT_EXCEEDED, "Vault at maximum assets limit. Can't add another loan."};
     }
 
     Asset const asset = vault->at(sfAsset);
@@ -415,8 +409,8 @@ LoanSet::doApply()
     auto const vaultScale = getAssetsTotalScale(vaultSle);
     if (vaultAvailableProxy < principalRequested)
     {
-        JLOG(j_.warn()) << "Insufficient assets available in the Vault to fund the loan.";
-        return tecINSUFFICIENT_FUNDS;
+        return {
+            tecINSUFFICIENT_FUNDS, "Insufficient assets available in the Vault to fund the loan."};
     }
 
     TenthBips32 const interestRate{tx[~sfInterestRate].value_or(0)};
@@ -446,8 +440,7 @@ LoanSet::doApply()
         "Vault is below maximum limit");
     if (vaultMaximum != 0 && state.interestDue > vaultMaximum - vaultTotalProxy)
     {
-        JLOG(j_.warn()) << "Loan would exceed the maximum assets of the vault";
-        return tecLIMIT_EXCEEDED;
+        return {tecLIMIT_EXCEEDED, "Loan would exceed the maximum assets of the vault"};
     }
     // Check that relevant values won't lose precision. This is mostly only
     // relevant for IOU assets.
@@ -495,8 +488,7 @@ LoanSet::doApply()
     if (auto const debtMaximum = brokerSle->at(sfDebtMaximum);
         debtMaximum != 0 && debtMaximum < newDebtTotal)
     {
-        JLOG(j_.warn()) << "Loan would exceed the maximum debt limit of the LoanBroker.";
-        return tecLIMIT_EXCEEDED;
+        return {tecLIMIT_EXCEEDED, "Loan would exceed the maximum debt limit of the LoanBroker."};
     }
     TenthBips32 const coverRateMinimum{brokerSle->at(sfCoverRateMinimum)};
     {
@@ -514,8 +506,7 @@ LoanSet::doApply()
         }();
         if (brokerSle->at(sfCoverAvailable) < minCover)
         {
-            JLOG(j_.warn()) << "Insufficient first-loss capital to cover the loan.";
-            return tecINSUFFICIENT_FUNDS;
+            return {tecINSUFFICIENT_FUNDS, "Insufficient first-loss capital to cover the loan."};
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/oracle/OracleDelete.cpp b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/oracle/OracleDelete.cpp
index b4c12b9514..a8cc6f3691 100644
--- a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/oracle/OracleDelete.cpp
+++ b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/oracle/OracleDelete.cpp
@@ -34,16 +34,14 @@ OracleDelete::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
         ctx.view.read(keylet::oracle(ctx.tx.getAccountID(sfAccount), ctx.tx[sfOracleDocumentID]));
     if (!sle)
     {
-        JLOG(ctx.j.debug()) << "Oracle Delete: Oracle does not exist.";
-        return tecNO_ENTRY;
+        return {tecNO_ENTRY, "Oracle Delete: Oracle does not exist."};
     }
 
     if (ctx.tx.getAccountID(sfAccount) != sle->getAccountID(sfOwner))
     {
         // this can't happen because of the above check
         // LCOV_EXCL_START
-        JLOG(ctx.j.debug()) << "Oracle Delete: invalid account.";
-        return tecINTERNAL;
+        return {tecINTERNAL, "Oracle Delete: invalid account."};
         // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
     }
     return tesSUCCESS;
@@ -62,8 +60,7 @@ OracleDelete::deleteOracle(
     if (!view.dirRemove(keylet::ownerDir(account), (*sle)[sfOwnerNode], sle->key(), true))
     {
         // LCOV_EXCL_START
-        JLOG(j.fatal()) << "Unable to delete Oracle from owner.";
-        return tefBAD_LEDGER;
+        return {tefBAD_LEDGER, "Unable to delete Oracle from owner."};
         // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
     }
 
diff --git a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/payment/DepositPreauth.cpp b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/payment/DepositPreauth.cpp
index d3e2af86ef..7c0659ddd1 100644
--- a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/payment/DepositPreauth.cpp
+++ b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/payment/DepositPreauth.cpp
@@ -267,8 +267,7 @@ DepositPreauth::removeFromLedger(ApplyView& view, uint256 const& preauthIndex, b
     auto const slePreauth{view.peek(keylet::depositPreauth(preauthIndex))};
     if (!slePreauth)
     {
-        JLOG(j.warn()) << "Selected DepositPreauth does not exist.";
-        return tecNO_ENTRY;
+        return {tecNO_ENTRY, "Selected DepositPreauth does not exist."};
     }
 
     AccountID const account{(*slePreauth)[sfAccount]};
@@ -276,8 +275,7 @@ DepositPreauth::removeFromLedger(ApplyView& view, uint256 const& preauthIndex, b
     if (!view.dirRemove(keylet::ownerDir(account), page, preauthIndex, false))
     {
         // LCOV_EXCL_START
-        JLOG(j.fatal()) << "Unable to delete DepositPreauth from owner.";
-        return tefBAD_LEDGER;
+        return {tefBAD_LEDGER, "Unable to delete DepositPreauth from owner."};
         // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
     }
 
diff --git a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/payment/Payment.cpp b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/payment/Payment.cpp
index 17c96a1919..ce4743a796 100644
--- a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/payment/Payment.cpp
+++ b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/payment/Payment.cpp
@@ -429,9 +429,7 @@ Payment::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
 
         // We didn't make this test for a newly-formed account because there's
         // no way for this field to be set.
-        JLOG(ctx.j.trace()) << "Malformed transaction: DestinationTag required.";
-
-        return tecDST_TAG_NEEDED;
+        return {tecDST_TAG_NEEDED, "Malformed transaction: DestinationTag required."};
     }
 
     // Payment with at least one intermediate step and uses transitive balances.
diff --git a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/permissioned_domain/PermissionedDomainDelete.cpp b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/permissioned_domain/PermissionedDomainDelete.cpp
index dc1b323482..8700b31e9b 100644
--- a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/permissioned_domain/PermissionedDomainDelete.cpp
+++ b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/permissioned_domain/PermissionedDomainDelete.cpp
@@ -58,8 +58,7 @@ PermissionedDomainDelete::doApply()
     if (!view().dirRemove(keylet::ownerDir(accountID_), page, slePd->key(), true))
     {
         // LCOV_EXCL_START
-        JLOG(j_.fatal()) << "Unable to delete permissioned domain directory entry.";
-        return tefBAD_LEDGER;
+        return {tefBAD_LEDGER, "Unable to delete permissioned domain directory entry."};
         // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
     }
 
diff --git a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/sponsor/SponsorshipSet.cpp b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/sponsor/SponsorshipSet.cpp
index 2b6ab8cf15..013ff0a95a 100644
--- a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/sponsor/SponsorshipSet.cpp
+++ b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/sponsor/SponsorshipSet.cpp
@@ -182,15 +182,13 @@ deleteSponsorship(ApplyView& view, SLE::ref sle, beast::Journal j)
     if (!view.dirRemove(keylet::ownerDir(sponsorID), (*sle)[sfOwnerNode], sle->key(), false))
     {
         // LCOV_EXCL_START
-        JLOG(j.fatal()) << "Unable to delete Sponsorship from sponsor.";
-        return tefBAD_LEDGER;
+        return {tefBAD_LEDGER, "Unable to delete Sponsorship from sponsor."};
         // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
     }
     if (!view.dirRemove(keylet::ownerDir(sponseeID), (*sle)[sfSponseeNode], sle->key(), false))
     {
         // LCOV_EXCL_START
-        JLOG(j.fatal()) << "Unable to delete Sponsorship from sponsee.";
-        return tefBAD_LEDGER;
+        return {tefBAD_LEDGER, "Unable to delete Sponsorship from sponsee."};
         // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
     }
 
diff --git a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/system/Change.cpp b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/system/Change.cpp
index f27855a5c8..3df674bae5 100644
--- a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/system/Change.cpp
+++ b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/system/Change.cpp
@@ -287,8 +287,7 @@ Change::applyFee()
 
     view().update(feeObject);
 
-    JLOG(j_.warn()) << "Fees have been changed";
-    return tesSUCCESS;
+    return {tesSUCCESS, "Fees have been changed"};
 }
 
 TER
@@ -304,8 +303,7 @@ Change::applyUNLModify()
         ctx_.tx.getFieldU8(sfUNLModifyDisabling) > 1 || !ctx_.tx.isFieldPresent(sfLedgerSequence) ||
         !ctx_.tx.isFieldPresent(sfUNLModifyValidator))
     {
-        JLOG(j_.warn()) << "N-UNL: applyUNLModify, wrong Tx format.";
-        return tefFAILURE;
+        return {tefFAILURE, "N-UNL: applyUNLModify, wrong Tx format."};
     }
 
     bool const disabling = ctx_.tx.getFieldU8(sfUNLModifyDisabling) != 0u;
@@ -319,8 +317,7 @@ Change::applyUNLModify()
     Blob const validator = ctx_.tx.getFieldVL(sfUNLModifyValidator);
     if (!publicKeyType(makeSlice(validator)))
     {
-        JLOG(j_.warn()) << "N-UNL: applyUNLModify, bad validator key";
-        return tefFAILURE;
+        return {tefFAILURE, "N-UNL: applyUNLModify, bad validator key"};
     }
 
     JLOG(j_.info()) << "N-UNL: applyUNLModify, " << (disabling ? "ToDisable" : "ToReEnable")
@@ -352,8 +349,7 @@ Change::applyUNLModify()
         // cannot have more than one toDisable
         if (negUnlObject->isFieldPresent(sfValidatorToDisable))
         {
-            JLOG(j_.warn()) << "N-UNL: applyUNLModify, already has ToDisable";
-            return tefFAILURE;
+            return {tefFAILURE, "N-UNL: applyUNLModify, already has ToDisable"};
         }
 
         // cannot be the same as toReEnable
@@ -361,16 +357,14 @@ Change::applyUNLModify()
         {
             if (negUnlObject->getFieldVL(sfValidatorToReEnable) == validator)
             {
-                JLOG(j_.warn()) << "N-UNL: applyUNLModify, ToDisable is same as ToReEnable";
-                return tefFAILURE;
+                return {tefFAILURE, "N-UNL: applyUNLModify, ToDisable is same as ToReEnable"};
             }
         }
 
         // cannot be in negative UNL already
         if (found)
         {
-            JLOG(j_.warn()) << "N-UNL: applyUNLModify, ToDisable already in negative UNL";
-            return tefFAILURE;
+            return {tefFAILURE, "N-UNL: applyUNLModify, ToDisable already in negative UNL"};
         }
 
         negUnlObject->setFieldVL(sfValidatorToDisable, validator);
@@ -380,8 +374,7 @@ Change::applyUNLModify()
         // cannot have more than one toReEnable
         if (negUnlObject->isFieldPresent(sfValidatorToReEnable))
         {
-            JLOG(j_.warn()) << "N-UNL: applyUNLModify, already has ToReEnable";
-            return tefFAILURE;
+            return {tefFAILURE, "N-UNL: applyUNLModify, already has ToReEnable"};
         }
 
         // cannot be the same as toDisable
@@ -389,16 +382,14 @@ Change::applyUNLModify()
         {
             if (negUnlObject->getFieldVL(sfValidatorToDisable) == validator)
             {
-                JLOG(j_.warn()) << "N-UNL: applyUNLModify, ToReEnable is same as ToDisable";
-                return tefFAILURE;
+                return {tefFAILURE, "N-UNL: applyUNLModify, ToReEnable is same as ToDisable"};
             }
         }
 
         // must be in negative UNL
         if (!found)
         {
-            JLOG(j_.warn()) << "N-UNL: applyUNLModify, ToReEnable is not in negative UNL";
-            return tefFAILURE;
+            return {tefFAILURE, "N-UNL: applyUNLModify, ToReEnable is not in negative UNL"};
         }
 
         negUnlObject->setFieldVL(sfValidatorToReEnable, validator);
diff --git a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/token/ConfidentialMPTConvert.cpp b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/token/ConfidentialMPTConvert.cpp
index 454eb39ead..485f8d15b6 100644
--- a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/token/ConfidentialMPTConvert.cpp
+++ b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/token/ConfidentialMPTConvert.cpp
@@ -245,9 +245,8 @@ ConfidentialMPTConvert::doApply()
             if (!sum)
             {
                 // LCOV_EXCL_START
-                JLOG(ctx_.journal.error())
-                    << "ConfidentialMPTConvert failed homomorphic add for holder inbox.";
-                return tecINTERNAL;
+                return {
+                    tecINTERNAL, "ConfidentialMPTConvert failed homomorphic add for holder inbox."};
                 // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
             }
 
@@ -260,9 +259,9 @@ ConfidentialMPTConvert::doApply()
             if (!sum)
             {
                 // LCOV_EXCL_START
-                JLOG(ctx_.journal.error())
-                    << "ConfidentialMPTConvert failed homomorphic add for issuer balance.";
-                return tecINTERNAL;
+                return {
+                    tecINTERNAL,
+                    "ConfidentialMPTConvert failed homomorphic add for issuer balance."};
                 // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
             }
 
@@ -279,9 +278,9 @@ ConfidentialMPTConvert::doApply()
             if (!sum)
             {
                 // LCOV_EXCL_START
-                JLOG(ctx_.journal.error())
-                    << "ConfidentialMPTConvert failed homomorphic add for auditor balance.";
-                return tecINTERNAL;
+                return {
+                    tecINTERNAL,
+                    "ConfidentialMPTConvert failed homomorphic add for auditor balance."};
                 // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
             }
 
diff --git a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/token/ConfidentialMPTConvertBack.cpp b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/token/ConfidentialMPTConvertBack.cpp
index 87f9e476d6..538184724b 100644
--- a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/token/ConfidentialMPTConvertBack.cpp
+++ b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/token/ConfidentialMPTConvertBack.cpp
@@ -244,10 +244,10 @@ ConfidentialMPTConvertBack::doApply()
         if (!res)
         {
             // LCOV_EXCL_START
-            JLOG(ctx_.journal.error())
-                << "ConfidentialMPTConvertBack failed homomorphic subtract for holder spending "
-                   "balance.";
-            return tecINTERNAL;
+            return {
+                tecINTERNAL,
+                "ConfidentialMPTConvertBack failed homomorphic subtract for holder spending "
+                "balance."};
             // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
         }
 
@@ -261,9 +261,9 @@ ConfidentialMPTConvertBack::doApply()
         if (!res)
         {
             // LCOV_EXCL_START
-            JLOG(ctx_.journal.error())
-                << "ConfidentialMPTConvertBack failed homomorphic subtract for issuer balance.";
-            return tecINTERNAL;
+            return {
+                tecINTERNAL,
+                "ConfidentialMPTConvertBack failed homomorphic subtract for issuer balance."};
             // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
         }
 
@@ -277,9 +277,9 @@ ConfidentialMPTConvertBack::doApply()
         if (!res)
         {
             // LCOV_EXCL_START
-            JLOG(ctx_.journal.error())
-                << "ConfidentialMPTConvertBack failed homomorphic subtract for auditor balance.";
-            return tecINTERNAL;
+            return {
+                tecINTERNAL,
+                "ConfidentialMPTConvertBack failed homomorphic subtract for auditor balance."};
             // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
         }
 
diff --git a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/token/ConfidentialMPTMergeInbox.cpp b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/token/ConfidentialMPTMergeInbox.cpp
index 0b98382a61..310a08ed9c 100644
--- a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/token/ConfidentialMPTMergeInbox.cpp
+++ b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/token/ConfidentialMPTMergeInbox.cpp
@@ -100,9 +100,7 @@ ConfidentialMPTMergeInbox::doApply()
     if (!sum)
     {
         // LCOV_EXCL_START
-        JLOG(ctx_.journal.error())
-            << "ConfidentialMPTMergeInbox failed homomorphic add for inbox merge.";
-        return tecINTERNAL;
+        return {tecINTERNAL, "ConfidentialMPTMergeInbox failed homomorphic add for inbox merge."};
         // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
     }
 
diff --git a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/token/ConfidentialMPTSend.cpp b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/token/ConfidentialMPTSend.cpp
index d121ec2634..1381f6f846 100644
--- a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/token/ConfidentialMPTSend.cpp
+++ b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/token/ConfidentialMPTSend.cpp
@@ -306,9 +306,9 @@ ConfidentialMPTSend::doApply()
         if (!newSpending)
         {
             // LCOV_EXCL_START
-            JLOG(ctx_.journal.error())
-                << "ConfidentialMPTSend failed homomorphic subtract for sender spending balance.";
-            return tecINTERNAL;
+            return {
+                tecINTERNAL,
+                "ConfidentialMPTSend failed homomorphic subtract for sender spending balance."};
             // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
         }
 
@@ -322,9 +322,9 @@ ConfidentialMPTSend::doApply()
         if (!newIssuerEnc)
         {
             // LCOV_EXCL_START
-            JLOG(ctx_.journal.error())
-                << "ConfidentialMPTSend failed homomorphic subtract for sender issuer balance.";
-            return tecINTERNAL;
+            return {
+                tecINTERNAL,
+                "ConfidentialMPTSend failed homomorphic subtract for sender issuer balance."};
             // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
         }
 
@@ -339,9 +339,9 @@ ConfidentialMPTSend::doApply()
         if (!newAuditorEnc)
         {
             // LCOV_EXCL_START
-            JLOG(ctx_.journal.error())
-                << "ConfidentialMPTSend failed homomorphic subtract for sender auditor balance.";
-            return tecINTERNAL;
+            return {
+                tecINTERNAL,
+                "ConfidentialMPTSend failed homomorphic subtract for sender auditor balance."};
             // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
         }
 
@@ -360,9 +360,8 @@ ConfidentialMPTSend::doApply()
         if (!newInbox)
         {
             // LCOV_EXCL_START
-            JLOG(ctx_.journal.error())
-                << "ConfidentialMPTSend failed homomorphic add for destination inbox.";
-            return tecINTERNAL;
+            return {
+                tecINTERNAL, "ConfidentialMPTSend failed homomorphic add for destination inbox."};
             // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
         }
 
@@ -381,9 +380,9 @@ ConfidentialMPTSend::doApply()
         if (!newIssuerEnc)
         {
             // LCOV_EXCL_START
-            JLOG(ctx_.journal.error())
-                << "ConfidentialMPTSend failed homomorphic add for destination issuer balance.";
-            return tecINTERNAL;
+            return {
+                tecINTERNAL,
+                "ConfidentialMPTSend failed homomorphic add for destination issuer balance."};
             // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
         }
 
@@ -403,9 +402,9 @@ ConfidentialMPTSend::doApply()
         if (!newAuditorEnc)
         {
             // LCOV_EXCL_START
-            JLOG(ctx_.journal.error())
-                << "ConfidentialMPTSend failed homomorphic add for destination auditor balance.";
-            return tecINTERNAL;
+            return {
+                tecINTERNAL,
+                "ConfidentialMPTSend failed homomorphic add for destination auditor balance."};
             // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
         }
 
diff --git a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/token/TrustSet.cpp b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/token/TrustSet.cpp
index 3d078ce825..9378fa957c 100644
--- a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/token/TrustSet.cpp
+++ b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/token/TrustSet.cpp
@@ -165,8 +165,7 @@ TrustSet::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
 
     if (bSetAuth && !sle->isFlag(lsfRequireAuth))
     {
-        JLOG(ctx.j.trace()) << "Retry: Auth not required.";
-        return tefNO_AUTH_REQUIRED;
+        return {tefNO_AUTH_REQUIRED, "Retry: Auth not required."};
     }
 
     auto const saLimitAmount = ctx.tx[sfLimitAmount];
@@ -354,8 +353,7 @@ TrustSet::doApply()
 
     if (!sleDst)
     {
-        JLOG(j_.trace()) << "Delay transaction: Destination account does not exist.";
-        return tecNO_DST;
+        return {tecNO_DST, "Delay transaction: Destination account does not exist."};
     }
 
     STAmount saLimitAllow = saLimitAmount;
@@ -683,8 +681,7 @@ TrustSet::doApply()
                                                   // setting default quality out.
         (!bSetAuth))
     {
-        JLOG(j_.trace()) << "Redundant: Setting non-existent ripple line to defaults.";
-        return tecNO_LINE_REDUNDANT;
+        return {tecNO_LINE_REDUNDANT, "Redundant: Setting non-existent ripple line to defaults."};
     }
     // reserve is not scaled by load
     else if (!view().rules().enabled(featureSponsor) && preFeeBalance_ < reserveCreate)
diff --git a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/vault/VaultClawback.cpp b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/vault/VaultClawback.cpp
index d77286b667..5d27009b61 100644
--- a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/vault/VaultClawback.cpp
+++ b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/vault/VaultClawback.cpp
@@ -90,8 +90,7 @@ VaultClawback::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
     if (!sleShareIssuance)
     {
         // LCOV_EXCL_START
-        JLOG(ctx.j.error()) << "VaultClawback: missing issuance of vault shares.";
-        return tefINTERNAL;
+        return {tefINTERNAL, "VaultClawback: missing issuance of vault shares."};
         // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
     }
 
@@ -100,8 +99,7 @@ VaultClawback::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
     // Ambiguous case: If Issuer is Owner they must specify the asset
     if (!maybeAmount && !vaultAsset.native() && vaultAsset.getIssuer() == vault->at(sfOwner))
     {
-        JLOG(ctx.j.debug()) << "VaultClawback: must specify amount when issuer is owner.";
-        return tecWRONG_ASSET;
+        return {tecWRONG_ASSET, "VaultClawback: must specify amount when issuer is owner."};
     }
 
     auto const amount = clawbackAmount(vault, maybeAmount, account);
@@ -115,8 +113,7 @@ VaultClawback::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
         // Only the Vault Owner may clawback shares
         if (account != vault->at(sfOwner))
         {
-            JLOG(ctx.j.debug()) << "VaultClawback: only vault owner can clawback shares.";
-            return tecNO_PERMISSION;
+            return {tecNO_PERMISSION, "VaultClawback: only vault owner can clawback shares."};
         }
 
         auto const assetsTotal = vault->at(sfAssetsTotal);
@@ -126,9 +123,9 @@ VaultClawback::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
         // Owner can clawback funds when the vault has shares but no assets
         if (sharesTotal == 0 || (assetsTotal != 0 || assetsAvailable != 0))
         {
-            JLOG(ctx.j.debug()) << "VaultClawback: vault owner can clawback shares only"
-                                   " when vault has no assets.";
-            return tecNO_PERMISSION;
+            return {
+                tecNO_PERMISSION,
+                "VaultClawback: vault owner can clawback shares only when vault has no assets."};
         }
 
         // If amount is non-zero, the VaultOwner must burn all shares
@@ -145,9 +142,7 @@ VaultClawback::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
             // The VaultOwner must burn all shares
             if (amount != sharesHeld)
             {
-                JLOG(ctx.j.debug()) << "VaultClawback: vault owner must clawback all "
-                                       "shares.";
-                return tecLIMIT_EXCEEDED;
+                return {tecLIMIT_EXCEEDED, "VaultClawback: vault owner must clawback all shares."};
             }
         }
 
@@ -160,22 +155,19 @@ VaultClawback::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
         // XRP cannot be clawed back
         if (vaultAsset.native())
         {
-            JLOG(ctx.j.debug()) << "VaultClawback: cannot clawback XRP.";
-            return tecNO_PERMISSION;
+            return {tecNO_PERMISSION, "VaultClawback: cannot clawback XRP."};
         }
 
         // Only the Asset Issuer may clawback the asset
         if (account != vaultAsset.getIssuer())
         {
-            JLOG(ctx.j.debug()) << "VaultClawback: only asset issuer can clawback asset.";
-            return tecNO_PERMISSION;
+            return {tecNO_PERMISSION, "VaultClawback: only asset issuer can clawback asset."};
         }
 
         // The issuer cannot clawback from itself
         if (account == holder)
         {
-            JLOG(ctx.j.debug()) << "VaultClawback: issuer cannot be the holder.";
-            return tecNO_PERMISSION;
+            return {tecNO_PERMISSION, "VaultClawback: issuer cannot be the holder."};
         }
 
         return vaultAsset.visit(
@@ -186,9 +178,7 @@ VaultClawback::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
 
                 if (!mptIssue->isFlag(lsfMPTCanClawback))
                 {
-                    JLOG(ctx.j.debug()) << "VaultClawback: cannot clawback "
-                                           "MPT vault asset.";
-                    return tecNO_PERMISSION;
+                    return {tecNO_PERMISSION, "VaultClawback: cannot clawback MPT vault asset."};
                 }
 
                 return tesSUCCESS;
@@ -198,16 +188,13 @@ VaultClawback::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
                 if (!issuerSle)
                 {
                     // LCOV_EXCL_START
-                    JLOG(ctx.j.error()) << "VaultClawback: missing submitter account.";
-                    return tefINTERNAL;
+                    return {tefINTERNAL, "VaultClawback: missing submitter account."};
                     // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
                 }
 
                 if (!issuerSle->isFlag(lsfAllowTrustLineClawback) || issuerSle->isFlag(lsfNoFreeze))
                 {
-                    JLOG(ctx.j.debug()) << "VaultClawback: cannot clawback "
-                                           "IOU vault asset.";
-                    return tecNO_PERMISSION;
+                    return {tecNO_PERMISSION, "VaultClawback: cannot clawback IOU vault asset."};
                 }
 
                 return tesSUCCESS;
@@ -341,8 +328,7 @@ VaultClawback::doApply()
     if (!sleIssuance)
     {
         // LCOV_EXCL_START
-        JLOG(j_.error()) << "VaultClawback: missing issuance of vault shares.";
-        return tefINTERNAL;
+        return {tefINTERNAL, "VaultClawback: missing issuance of vault shares."};
         // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
     }
     MPTIssue const share{mptIssuanceID};
@@ -440,8 +426,7 @@ VaultClawback::doApply()
                 j_) < beast::kZero)
         {
             // LCOV_EXCL_START
-            JLOG(j_.error()) << "VaultClawback: negative balance of vault assets.";
-            return tefINTERNAL;
+            return {tefINTERNAL, "VaultClawback: negative balance of vault assets."};
             // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
         }
     }
diff --git a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/vault/VaultDelete.cpp b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/vault/VaultDelete.cpp
index 497a2f2465..856bebc6b5 100644
--- a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/vault/VaultDelete.cpp
+++ b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/vault/VaultDelete.cpp
@@ -48,20 +48,17 @@ VaultDelete::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
 
     if (vault->at(sfOwner) != ctx.tx[sfAccount])
     {
-        JLOG(ctx.j.debug()) << "VaultDelete: account is not an owner.";
-        return tecNO_PERMISSION;
+        return {tecNO_PERMISSION, "VaultDelete: account is not an owner."};
     }
 
     if (vault->at(sfAssetsAvailable) != 0)
     {
-        JLOG(ctx.j.debug()) << "VaultDelete: nonzero assets available.";
-        return tecHAS_OBLIGATIONS;
+        return {tecHAS_OBLIGATIONS, "VaultDelete: nonzero assets available."};
     }
 
     if (vault->at(sfAssetsTotal) != 0)
     {
-        JLOG(ctx.j.debug()) << "VaultDelete: nonzero assets total.";
-        return tecHAS_OBLIGATIONS;
+        return {tecHAS_OBLIGATIONS, "VaultDelete: nonzero assets total."};
     }
 
     // Verify we can destroy MPTokenIssuance
@@ -70,23 +67,20 @@ VaultDelete::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
     if (!sleMPT)
     {
         // LCOV_EXCL_START
-        JLOG(ctx.j.error()) << "VaultDelete: missing issuance of vault shares.";
-        return tecOBJECT_NOT_FOUND;
+        return {tecOBJECT_NOT_FOUND, "VaultDelete: missing issuance of vault shares."};
         // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
     }
 
     if (sleMPT->at(sfIssuer) != vault->getAccountID(sfAccount))
     {
         // LCOV_EXCL_START
-        JLOG(ctx.j.error()) << "VaultDelete: invalid owner of vault shares.";
-        return tecNO_PERMISSION;
+        return {tecNO_PERMISSION, "VaultDelete: invalid owner of vault shares."};
         // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
     }
 
     if (sleMPT->at(sfOutstandingAmount) != 0)
     {
-        JLOG(ctx.j.debug()) << "VaultDelete: nonzero outstanding shares.";
-        return tecHAS_OBLIGATIONS;
+        return {tecHAS_OBLIGATIONS, "VaultDelete: nonzero outstanding shares."};
     }
 
     return tesSUCCESS;
@@ -112,8 +106,7 @@ VaultDelete::doApply()
     if (!pseudoAcct)
     {
         // LCOV_EXCL_START
-        JLOG(j_.error()) << "VaultDelete: missing vault pseudo-account.";
-        return tefBAD_LEDGER;
+        return {tefBAD_LEDGER, "VaultDelete: missing vault pseudo-account."};
         // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
     }
 
@@ -124,8 +117,7 @@ VaultDelete::doApply()
     if (!mpt)
     {
         // LCOV_EXCL_START
-        JLOG(j_.error()) << "VaultDelete: missing issuance of vault shares.";
-        return tefINTERNAL;
+        return {tefINTERNAL, "VaultDelete: missing issuance of vault shares."};
         // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
     }
 
@@ -150,8 +142,7 @@ VaultDelete::doApply()
     if (!view().dirRemove(keylet::ownerDir(pseudoID), (*mpt)[sfOwnerNode], mpt->key(), false))
     {
         // LCOV_EXCL_START
-        JLOG(j_.error()) << "VaultDelete: failed to delete issuance object.";
-        return tefBAD_LEDGER;
+        return {tefBAD_LEDGER, "VaultDelete: failed to delete issuance object."};
         // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
     }
     decreaseOwnerCountForObject(view(), pseudoAcct, mpt, 1, j_);
@@ -172,22 +163,19 @@ VaultDelete::doApply()
     if (*vaultPseudoSLE->at(sfBalance))
     {
         // LCOV_EXCL_START
-        JLOG(j_.error()) << "VaultDelete: pseudo-account has a balance";
-        return tecHAS_OBLIGATIONS;
+        return {tecHAS_OBLIGATIONS, "VaultDelete: pseudo-account has a balance"};
         // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
     }
     if (vaultPseudoSLE->at(sfOwnerCount) != 0)
     {
         // LCOV_EXCL_START
-        JLOG(j_.error()) << "VaultDelete: pseudo-account still owns objects";
-        return tecHAS_OBLIGATIONS;
+        return {tecHAS_OBLIGATIONS, "VaultDelete: pseudo-account still owns objects"};
         // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
     }
     if (view().exists(keylet::ownerDir(pseudoID)))
     {
         // LCOV_EXCL_START
-        JLOG(j_.error()) << "VaultDelete: pseudo-account has a directory";
-        return tecHAS_OBLIGATIONS;
+        return {tecHAS_OBLIGATIONS, "VaultDelete: pseudo-account has a directory"};
         // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
     }
 
@@ -198,8 +186,7 @@ VaultDelete::doApply()
     if (!view().dirRemove(keylet::ownerDir(ownerID), vault->at(sfOwnerNode), vault->key(), false))
     {
         // LCOV_EXCL_START
-        JLOG(j_.error()) << "VaultDelete: failed to delete vault object.";
-        return tefBAD_LEDGER;
+        return {tefBAD_LEDGER, "VaultDelete: failed to delete vault object."};
         // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
     }
 
@@ -207,8 +194,7 @@ VaultDelete::doApply()
     if (!owner)
     {
         // LCOV_EXCL_START
-        JLOG(j_.error()) << "VaultDelete: missing vault owner account.";
-        return tefBAD_LEDGER;
+        return {tefBAD_LEDGER, "VaultDelete: missing vault owner account."};
         // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
     }
 
diff --git a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/vault/VaultDeposit.cpp b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/vault/VaultDeposit.cpp
index aa9cfc8537..b84d10fdc5 100644
--- a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/vault/VaultDeposit.cpp
+++ b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/vault/VaultDeposit.cpp
@@ -80,8 +80,7 @@ VaultDeposit::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
     auto const& vaultAccount = vault->at(sfAccount);
     if (auto ter = canTransfer(ctx.view, vaultAsset, account, vaultAccount); !isTesSuccess(ter))
     {
-        JLOG(ctx.j.debug()) << "VaultDeposit: vault assets are non-transferable.";
-        return ter;
+        return {ter, "VaultDeposit: vault assets are non-transferable."};
     }
 
     auto const mptIssuanceID = vault->at(sfShareMPTID);
@@ -89,8 +88,7 @@ VaultDeposit::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
     if (vaultShare == amount.asset())
     {
         // LCOV_EXCL_START
-        JLOG(ctx.j.error()) << "VaultDeposit: vault shares and assets cannot be same.";
-        return tefINTERNAL;
+        return {tefINTERNAL, "VaultDeposit: vault shares and assets cannot be same."};
         // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
     }
 
@@ -98,16 +96,14 @@ VaultDeposit::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
     if (!sleIssuance)
     {
         // LCOV_EXCL_START
-        JLOG(ctx.j.error()) << "VaultDeposit: missing issuance of vault shares.";
-        return tefINTERNAL;
+        return {tefINTERNAL, "VaultDeposit: missing issuance of vault shares."};
         // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
     }
 
     if (sleIssuance->isFlag(lsfMPTLocked))
     {
         // LCOV_EXCL_START
-        JLOG(ctx.j.error()) << "VaultDeposit: issuance of vault shares is locked.";
-        return tefINTERNAL;
+        return {tefINTERNAL, "VaultDeposit: issuance of vault shares is locked."};
         // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
     }
 
@@ -222,8 +218,7 @@ VaultDeposit::doApply()
     if (!sleIssuance)
     {
         // LCOV_EXCL_START
-        JLOG(j_.error()) << "VaultDeposit: missing issuance of vault shares.";
-        return tefINTERNAL;
+        return {tefINTERNAL, "VaultDeposit: missing issuance of vault shares."};
         // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
     }
 
@@ -292,8 +287,7 @@ VaultDeposit::doApply()
         if (*maybeAssets > amount)
         {
             // LCOV_EXCL_START
-            JLOG(j_.error()) << "VaultDeposit: would take more than offered.";
-            return tecINTERNAL;
+            return {tecINTERNAL, "VaultDeposit: would take more than offered."};
             // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
         }
         assetsDeposited = *maybeAssets;
@@ -346,8 +340,7 @@ VaultDeposit::doApply()
                 AuthHandling::IgnoreAuth,
                 j_) < beast::kZero)
         {
-            JLOG(j_.error()) << "VaultDeposit: negative balance of account assets.";
-            return tefINTERNAL;
+            return {tefINTERNAL, "VaultDeposit: negative balance of account assets."};
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/vault/VaultSet.cpp b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/vault/VaultSet.cpp
index c71e84858a..ecfc131954 100644
--- a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/vault/VaultSet.cpp
+++ b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/vault/VaultSet.cpp
@@ -70,8 +70,7 @@ VaultSet::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
     // Assert that submitter is the Owner.
     if (ctx.tx[sfAccount] != vault->at(sfOwner))
     {
-        JLOG(ctx.j.debug()) << "VaultSet: account is not an owner.";
-        return tecNO_PERMISSION;
+        return {tecNO_PERMISSION, "VaultSet: account is not an owner."};
     }
 
     auto const mptIssuanceID = (*vault)[sfShareMPTID];
@@ -79,8 +78,7 @@ VaultSet::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
     if (!sleIssuance)
     {
         // LCOV_EXCL_START
-        JLOG(ctx.j.error()) << "VaultSet: missing issuance of vault shares.";
-        return tefINTERNAL;
+        return {tefINTERNAL, "VaultSet: missing issuance of vault shares."};
         // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
     }
 
@@ -89,8 +87,7 @@ VaultSet::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
         // We can only set domain if private flag was originally set
         if (!vault->isFlag(lsfVaultPrivate))
         {
-            JLOG(ctx.j.debug()) << "VaultSet: vault is not private";
-            return tecNO_PERMISSION;
+            return {tecNO_PERMISSION, "VaultSet: vault is not private"};
         }
 
         if (*domain != beast::kZero)
@@ -104,8 +101,7 @@ VaultSet::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
         if (!sleIssuance->isFlag(lsfMPTRequireAuth))
         {
             // LCOV_EXCL_START
-            JLOG(ctx.j.error()) << "VaultSet: issuance of vault shares is not private.";
-            return tefINTERNAL;
+            return {tefINTERNAL, "VaultSet: issuance of vault shares is not private."};
             // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
         }
     }
@@ -134,8 +130,7 @@ VaultSet::doApply()
     if (!sleIssuance)
     {
         // LCOV_EXCL_START
-        JLOG(j_.error()) << "VaultSet: missing issuance of vault shares.";
-        return tefINTERNAL;
+        return {tefINTERNAL, "VaultSet: missing issuance of vault shares."};
         // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
     }
 
diff --git a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/vault/VaultWithdraw.cpp b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/vault/VaultWithdraw.cpp
index 353b72c30d..3aaff7e3b4 100644
--- a/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/vault/VaultWithdraw.cpp
+++ b/src/libxrpl/tx/transactors/vault/VaultWithdraw.cpp
@@ -90,16 +90,14 @@ VaultWithdraw::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
     if (auto ter = canTransfer(ctx.view, vaultAsset, vaultAccount, dstAcct, waive);
         !isTesSuccess(ter))
     {
-        JLOG(ctx.j.debug()) << "VaultWithdraw: vault assets are non-transferable.";
-        return ter;
+        return {ter, "VaultWithdraw: vault assets are non-transferable."};
     }
 
     // Enforce valid withdrawal policy
     if (vault->at(sfWithdrawalPolicy) != kVaultStrategyFirstComeFirstServe)
     {
         // LCOV_EXCL_START
-        JLOG(ctx.j.error()) << "VaultWithdraw: invalid withdrawal policy.";
-        return tefINTERNAL;
+        return {tefINTERNAL, "VaultWithdraw: invalid withdrawal policy."};
         // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
     }
 
@@ -113,8 +111,7 @@ VaultWithdraw::preclaim(PreclaimContext const& ctx)
         if (!sleIssuance)
         {
             // LCOV_EXCL_START
-            JLOG(ctx.j.error()) << "VaultWithdraw: missing issuance of vault shares.";
-            return tefINTERNAL;
+            return {tefINTERNAL, "VaultWithdraw: missing issuance of vault shares."};
             // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
         }
 
@@ -203,8 +200,7 @@ VaultWithdraw::doApply()
     if (!sleIssuance)
     {
         // LCOV_EXCL_START
-        JLOG(j_.error()) << "VaultWithdraw: missing issuance of vault shares.";
-        return tefINTERNAL;
+        return {tefINTERNAL, "VaultWithdraw: missing issuance of vault shares."};
         // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
     }
 
@@ -283,8 +279,7 @@ VaultWithdraw::doApply()
     if (accountHolds(view(), accountID_, share, freezeHandling, AuthHandling::IgnoreAuth, j_) <
         sharesRedeemed)
     {
-        JLOG(j_.debug()) << "VaultWithdraw: account doesn't hold enough shares";
-        return tecINSUFFICIENT_FUNDS;
+        return {tecINSUFFICIENT_FUNDS, "VaultWithdraw: account doesn't hold enough shares"};
     }
 
     auto assetsAvailable = vault->at(sfAssetsAvailable);
@@ -297,8 +292,7 @@ VaultWithdraw::doApply()
     // The vault must have enough assets on hand.
     if (*assetsAvailable < assetsWithdrawn)
     {
-        JLOG(j_.debug()) << "VaultWithdraw: vault doesn't hold enough assets";
-        return tecINSUFFICIENT_FUNDS;
+        return {tecINSUFFICIENT_FUNDS, "VaultWithdraw: vault doesn't hold enough assets"};
     }
 
     // Post-fixCleanup3_2_0 "final withdrawal" rule: