diff --git a/.codecov.yml b/.codecov.yml
index 3d9d2734e8..ff1b951cba 100644
--- a/.codecov.yml
+++ b/.codecov.yml
@@ -39,5 +39,7 @@ ignore:
   # Telemetry modules — conditionally compiled behind XRPL_ENABLE_TELEMETRY,
   # which is not enabled in coverage builds.
   - "src/xrpld/telemetry/"
+  - "src/libxrpl/telemetry/"
+  - "include/xrpl/telemetry/"
   - "src/libxrpl/beast/insight/OTelCollector.cpp"
   - "include/xrpl/beast/insight/OTelCollector.h"
diff --git a/include/xrpl/telemetry/SpanGuard.h b/include/xrpl/telemetry/SpanGuard.h
index fa96753bd8..4758602b74 100644
--- a/include/xrpl/telemetry/SpanGuard.h
+++ b/include/xrpl/telemetry/SpanGuard.h
@@ -248,11 +248,11 @@ public:
      */
 #ifdef XRPL_ENABLE_TELEMETRY
     [[nodiscard]] bool
-    isValid() const;
+    isValid() const noexcept;
 #else
     // NOLINTBEGIN(readability-convert-member-functions-to-static)
     [[nodiscard]] bool
-    isValid() const
+    isValid() const noexcept
     {
         return false;
     }
@@ -287,7 +287,7 @@ class SpanGuard
     struct Impl;
     std::unique_ptr<Impl> impl_;
 
-    explicit SpanGuard(std::unique_ptr<Impl> impl);
+    explicit SpanGuard(std::unique_ptr<Impl> impl) noexcept;
 
     // ScopedSpanGuard wraps a SpanGuard and needs the raw span to build
     // its Scope; it reads impl_ directly so no OTel type leaks here.
@@ -318,7 +318,7 @@ public:
      * @param name    Span name suffix (e.g. "submit").
      */
     [[nodiscard]] static SpanGuard
-    span(TraceCategory cat, std::string_view prefix, std::string_view name);
+    span(TraceCategory cat, std::string_view prefix, std::string_view name) noexcept;
 
     /**
      * Create a span that always starts a fresh trace root.
@@ -336,7 +336,7 @@ public:
      * @return An active root-span guard, or a null guard if disabled.
      */
     [[nodiscard]] static SpanGuard
-    freshRoot(TraceCategory cat, std::string_view prefix, std::string_view name);
+    freshRoot(TraceCategory cat, std::string_view prefix, std::string_view name) noexcept;
 
     // --- Child / linked span creation ----------------------------------
 
@@ -358,7 +358,7 @@ public:
      * @return A new guard, or null if this guard is inactive.
      */
     [[nodiscard]] SpanGuard
-    childSpan(std::string_view name) const;
+    childSpan(std::string_view name) const noexcept;
 
     /**
      * Create a child span parented to an explicit captured context.
@@ -367,7 +367,7 @@ public:
      * @return A new guard, or null if parentCtx is invalid.
      */
     [[nodiscard]] static SpanGuard
-    childSpan(std::string_view name, SpanContext const& parentCtx);
+    childSpan(std::string_view name, SpanContext const& parentCtx) noexcept;
 
     /**
      * Create a span linked (follows-from) to this guard's span.
@@ -377,7 +377,7 @@ public:
      * @return A new guard, or null if this guard is inactive.
      */
     [[nodiscard]] SpanGuard
-    linkedSpan(std::string_view name) const;
+    linkedSpan(std::string_view name) const noexcept;
 
     /**
      * Create a span linked to an explicit captured context.
@@ -386,7 +386,7 @@ public:
      * @return A new guard, or null if linkCtx is invalid.
      */
     [[nodiscard]] static SpanGuard
-    linkedSpan(std::string_view name, SpanContext const& linkCtx);
+    linkedSpan(std::string_view name, SpanContext const& linkCtx) noexcept;
 
     // --- Hash-derived span (category-gated) -----------------------------
 
@@ -448,7 +448,7 @@ public:
      * threadLocalContext() for that.
      */
     [[nodiscard]] SpanContext
-    spanContext() const;
+    spanContext() const noexcept;
 
     /**
      * Snapshot the calling thread's CURRENTLY-ACTIVE OTel context (the
@@ -461,7 +461,7 @@ public:
      * @return A SpanContext holding the thread's current context.
      */
     [[nodiscard]] static SpanContext
-    threadLocalContext();
+    threadLocalContext() noexcept;
 
     /**
      * Extract raw trace context bytes from this span for propagation.
@@ -496,31 +496,31 @@ public:
      * Set a string attribute. No-op on a null guard.
      */
     void
-    setAttribute(std::string_view key, std::string_view value);
+    setAttribute(std::string_view key, std::string_view value) noexcept;
 
     /**
      * Set a string attribute (C-string overload). No-op on a null guard.
      */
     void
-    setAttribute(std::string_view key, char const* value);
+    setAttribute(std::string_view key, char const* value) noexcept;
 
     /**
      * Set an integer attribute. No-op on a null guard.
      */
     void
-    setAttribute(std::string_view key, std::int64_t value);
+    setAttribute(std::string_view key, std::int64_t value) noexcept;
 
     /**
      * Set a floating-point attribute. No-op on a null guard.
      */
     void
-    setAttribute(std::string_view key, double value);
+    setAttribute(std::string_view key, double value) noexcept;
 
     /**
      * Set a boolean attribute. No-op on a null guard.
      */
     void
-    setAttribute(std::string_view key, bool value);
+    setAttribute(std::string_view key, bool value) noexcept;
 
     // --- Status / events -----------------------------------------------
 
@@ -528,21 +528,21 @@ public:
      * Mark the span status as OK. No-op on a null guard.
      */
     void
-    setOk();
+    setOk() noexcept;
 
     /**
      * Mark the span status as error. No-op on a null guard.
      * @param description  Optional human-readable error description.
      */
     void
-    setError(std::string_view description = "");
+    setError(std::string_view description = "") noexcept;
 
     /**
      * Add a named event to the span's timeline. No-op on a null guard.
      * @param name  Event name.
      */
     void
-    addEvent(std::string_view name);
+    addEvent(std::string_view name) noexcept;
 
     /**
      * Add a named event with key-value attributes to the span's timeline.
@@ -551,7 +551,7 @@ public:
      * @param attrs  Attribute pairs (all string_view for simplicity).
      */
     void
-    addEvent(std::string_view name, std::initializer_list<EventAttribute> attrs);
+    addEvent(std::string_view name, std::initializer_list<EventAttribute> attrs) noexcept;
 
     /**
      * Record an exception as a span event following OTel semantic
@@ -560,7 +560,7 @@ public:
      * @param e  The exception to record.
      */
     void
-    recordException(std::exception const& e);
+    recordException(std::exception const& e) noexcept;
 
     /**
      * Mark this span for discard and end it immediately.
@@ -568,7 +568,7 @@ public:
      * batch export queue. After discard(), the guard is inert.
      */
     void
-    discard();
+    discard() noexcept;
 
     // --- Activation (non-owning) ---------------------------------------
 
@@ -579,13 +579,13 @@ public:
      * @return an RAII activation; drop it to restore the prior context.
      */
     [[nodiscard]] ScopedActivation
-    activate() const;
+    activate() const noexcept;
 
     /**
      * @return true if this guard holds an active span.
      */
     explicit
-    operator bool() const;
+    operator bool() const noexcept;
 };
 
 /**
@@ -677,7 +677,7 @@ class ScopedSpanGuard
     struct ScopedImpl;
     std::unique_ptr<ScopedImpl> impl_;
 
-    explicit ScopedSpanGuard(SpanGuard&& guard);
+    explicit ScopedSpanGuard(SpanGuard&& guard) noexcept;
 
 public:
     /**
@@ -688,7 +688,7 @@ public:
      * @param prefix  Span name prefix (e.g. "rpc.command").
      * @param name    Span name suffix (e.g. "submit").
      */
-    ScopedSpanGuard(TraceCategory cat, std::string_view prefix, std::string_view name);
+    ScopedSpanGuard(TraceCategory cat, std::string_view prefix, std::string_view name) noexcept;
 
     ~ScopedSpanGuard();
 
@@ -710,7 +710,7 @@ public:
      * @return An active scoped root-span guard, or a null one if disabled.
      */
     [[nodiscard]] static ScopedSpanGuard
-    freshRoot(TraceCategory cat, std::string_view prefix, std::string_view name);
+    freshRoot(TraceCategory cat, std::string_view prefix, std::string_view name) noexcept;
 
     // --- Child / linked span creation ----------------------------------
 
@@ -721,7 +721,7 @@ public:
      * @return A new scoped guard, or a null one if this guard is inactive.
      */
     [[nodiscard]] ScopedSpanGuard
-    childSpan(std::string_view name) const;
+    childSpan(std::string_view name) const noexcept;
 
     /**
      * Create a scoped child span parented to an explicit captured
@@ -731,7 +731,7 @@ public:
      * @return A new scoped guard, or a null one if parentCtx is invalid.
      */
     [[nodiscard]] static ScopedSpanGuard
-    childSpan(std::string_view name, SpanContext const& parentCtx);
+    childSpan(std::string_view name, SpanContext const& parentCtx) noexcept;
 
     /**
      * Create a scoped span linked (follows-from) to this guard's span
@@ -740,7 +740,7 @@ public:
      * @return A new scoped guard, or a null one if this guard is inactive.
      */
     [[nodiscard]] ScopedSpanGuard
-    linkedSpan(std::string_view name) const;
+    linkedSpan(std::string_view name) const noexcept;
 
     /**
      * Create a scoped span linked to an explicit captured context and
@@ -750,7 +750,7 @@ public:
      * @return A new scoped guard, or a null one if linkCtx is invalid.
      */
     [[nodiscard]] static ScopedSpanGuard
-    linkedSpan(std::string_view name, SpanContext const& linkCtx);
+    linkedSpan(std::string_view name, SpanContext const& linkCtx) noexcept;
 
     // --- Handoff bridge -------------------------------------------------
 
@@ -761,7 +761,7 @@ public:
      * store is active.
      * @return The unscoped SpanGuard that now owns the span.
      */
-    operator SpanGuard() &&;
+    operator SpanGuard() && noexcept;
 
     // --- Context capture -----------------------------------------------
 
@@ -775,7 +775,7 @@ public:
      * SpanGuard::threadLocalContext() for that.
      */
     [[nodiscard]] SpanContext
-    spanContext() const;
+    spanContext() const noexcept;
 
     // --- Forwarding methods (delegate to the owned SpanGuard) ----------
 
@@ -783,51 +783,51 @@ public:
      * Set a string attribute. No-op on a null guard.
      */
     void
-    setAttribute(std::string_view key, std::string_view value);
+    setAttribute(std::string_view key, std::string_view value) noexcept;
 
     /**
      * Set a string attribute (C-string overload). No-op on a null guard.
      */
     void
-    setAttribute(std::string_view key, char const* value);
+    setAttribute(std::string_view key, char const* value) noexcept;
 
     /**
      * Set an integer attribute. No-op on a null guard.
      */
     void
-    setAttribute(std::string_view key, std::int64_t value);
+    setAttribute(std::string_view key, std::int64_t value) noexcept;
 
     /**
      * Set a floating-point attribute. No-op on a null guard.
      */
     void
-    setAttribute(std::string_view key, double value);
+    setAttribute(std::string_view key, double value) noexcept;
 
     /**
      * Set a boolean attribute. No-op on a null guard.
      */
     void
-    setAttribute(std::string_view key, bool value);
+    setAttribute(std::string_view key, bool value) noexcept;
 
     /**
      * Mark the span status as OK. No-op on a null guard.
      */
     void
-    setOk();
+    setOk() noexcept;
 
     /**
      * Mark the span status as error. No-op on a null guard.
      * @param description  Optional human-readable error description.
      */
     void
-    setError(std::string_view description = "");
+    setError(std::string_view description = "") noexcept;
 
     /**
      * Add a named event to the span's timeline. No-op on a null guard.
      * @param name  Event name.
      */
     void
-    addEvent(std::string_view name);
+    addEvent(std::string_view name) noexcept;
 
     /**
      * Record an exception as a span event and mark status as error.
@@ -835,7 +835,7 @@ public:
      * @param e  The exception to record.
      */
     void
-    recordException(std::exception const& e);
+    recordException(std::exception const& e) noexcept;
 
     /**
      * Mark this span for discard and end it immediately. discard() pops the
@@ -844,13 +844,13 @@ public:
      * no-op.
      */
     void
-    discard();
+    discard() noexcept;
 
     /**
      * @return true if this guard holds an active span.
      */
     explicit
-    operator bool() const;
+    operator bool() const noexcept;
 };
 
 /**
@@ -904,7 +904,7 @@ class ScopedActivation
     struct Impl;
     std::unique_ptr<Impl> impl_;
     friend class SpanGuard;
-    explicit ScopedActivation(std::unique_ptr<Impl> impl);
+    explicit ScopedActivation(std::unique_ptr<Impl> impl) noexcept;
 
 public:
     /**
@@ -984,35 +984,35 @@ public:
     operator=(SpanGuard const&) = delete;
 
     [[nodiscard]] static SpanGuard
-    span(TraceCategory, std::string_view, std::string_view)
+    span(TraceCategory, std::string_view, std::string_view) noexcept
     {
         return {};
     }
 
     [[nodiscard]] static SpanGuard
-    freshRoot(TraceCategory, std::string_view, std::string_view)
+    freshRoot(TraceCategory, std::string_view, std::string_view) noexcept
     {
         return {};
     }
 
     // NOLINTBEGIN(readability-convert-member-functions-to-static)
     [[nodiscard]] SpanGuard
-    childSpan(std::string_view) const
+    childSpan(std::string_view) const noexcept
     {
         return {};
     }
     [[nodiscard]] static SpanGuard
-    childSpan(std::string_view, SpanContext const&)
+    childSpan(std::string_view, SpanContext const&) noexcept
     {
         return {};
     }
     [[nodiscard]] SpanGuard
-    linkedSpan(std::string_view) const
+    linkedSpan(std::string_view) const noexcept
     {
         return {};
     }
     [[nodiscard]] static SpanGuard
-    linkedSpan(std::string_view, SpanContext const&)
+    linkedSpan(std::string_view, SpanContext const&) noexcept
     {
         return {};
     }
@@ -1041,7 +1041,7 @@ public:
     }
 
     [[nodiscard]] SpanContext
-    spanContext() const
+    spanContext() const noexcept
     {
         return {};
     }
@@ -1058,67 +1058,67 @@ public:
     // NOLINTEND(readability-convert-member-functions-to-static)
 
     [[nodiscard]] static SpanContext
-    threadLocalContext()
+    threadLocalContext() noexcept
     {
         return {};
     }
 
     void
-    setAttribute(std::string_view, std::string_view)
+    setAttribute(std::string_view, std::string_view) noexcept
     {
     }
     void
-    setAttribute(std::string_view, char const*)
+    setAttribute(std::string_view, char const*) noexcept
     {
     }
     void
-    setAttribute(std::string_view, std::int64_t)
+    setAttribute(std::string_view, std::int64_t) noexcept
     {
     }
     void
-    setAttribute(std::string_view, double)
+    setAttribute(std::string_view, double) noexcept
     {
     }
     void
-    setAttribute(std::string_view, bool)
+    setAttribute(std::string_view, bool) noexcept
     {
     }
 
     void
-    setOk()
+    setOk() noexcept
     {
     }
     void
-    setError(std::string_view = "")
+    setError(std::string_view = "") noexcept
     {
     }
     void
-    addEvent(std::string_view)
+    addEvent(std::string_view) noexcept
     {
     }
     void
-    addEvent(std::string_view, std::initializer_list<EventAttribute>)
+    addEvent(std::string_view, std::initializer_list<EventAttribute>) noexcept
     {
     }
     void
-    recordException(std::exception const&)
+    recordException(std::exception const&) noexcept
     {
     }
     void
-    discard()
+    discard() noexcept
     {
     }
 
     // NOLINTBEGIN(readability-convert-member-functions-to-static)
     [[nodiscard]] ScopedActivation
-    activate() const
+    activate() const noexcept
     {
         return {};
     }
     // NOLINTEND(readability-convert-member-functions-to-static)
 
     explicit
-    operator bool() const
+    operator bool() const noexcept
     {
         return false;
     }
@@ -1132,7 +1132,7 @@ class ScopedSpanGuard
     ScopedSpanGuard() = default;
 
 public:
-    ScopedSpanGuard(TraceCategory, std::string_view, std::string_view)
+    ScopedSpanGuard(TraceCategory, std::string_view, std::string_view) noexcept
     {
     }
     ~ScopedSpanGuard() = default;
@@ -1145,89 +1145,89 @@ public:
     operator=(ScopedSpanGuard const&) = delete;
 
     [[nodiscard]] static ScopedSpanGuard
-    freshRoot(TraceCategory, std::string_view, std::string_view)
+    freshRoot(TraceCategory, std::string_view, std::string_view) noexcept
     {
         return {};
     }
 
     // NOLINTBEGIN(readability-convert-member-functions-to-static)
     [[nodiscard]] ScopedSpanGuard
-    childSpan(std::string_view) const
+    childSpan(std::string_view) const noexcept
     {
         return {};
     }
     [[nodiscard]] static ScopedSpanGuard
-    childSpan(std::string_view, SpanContext const&)
+    childSpan(std::string_view, SpanContext const&) noexcept
     {
         return {};
     }
     [[nodiscard]] ScopedSpanGuard
-    linkedSpan(std::string_view) const
+    linkedSpan(std::string_view) const noexcept
     {
         return {};
     }
     [[nodiscard]] static ScopedSpanGuard
-    linkedSpan(std::string_view, SpanContext const&)
+    linkedSpan(std::string_view, SpanContext const&) noexcept
     {
         return {};
     }
 
     [[nodiscard]] SpanContext
-    spanContext() const
+    spanContext() const noexcept
     {
         return {};
     }
     // NOLINTEND(readability-convert-member-functions-to-static)
 
-    operator SpanGuard() &&
+    operator SpanGuard() && noexcept
     {
         return {};
     }
 
     void
-    setAttribute(std::string_view, std::string_view)
+    setAttribute(std::string_view, std::string_view) noexcept
     {
     }
     void
-    setAttribute(std::string_view, char const*)
+    setAttribute(std::string_view, char const*) noexcept
     {
     }
     void
-    setAttribute(std::string_view, std::int64_t)
+    setAttribute(std::string_view, std::int64_t) noexcept
     {
     }
     void
-    setAttribute(std::string_view, double)
+    setAttribute(std::string_view, double) noexcept
     {
     }
     void
-    setAttribute(std::string_view, bool)
+    setAttribute(std::string_view, bool) noexcept
     {
     }
 
     void
-    setOk()
+    setOk() noexcept
     {
     }
     void
-    setError(std::string_view = "")
+    setError(std::string_view = "") noexcept
     {
     }
     void
-    addEvent(std::string_view)
+    addEvent(std::string_view) noexcept
     {
     }
     void
-    recordException(std::exception const&)
+    recordException(std::exception const&) noexcept
     {
     }
     void
-    discard()
+    discard() noexcept
     {
     }
 
     explicit
-    operator bool() const
+    operator bool() const noexcept
     {
         return false;
     }
diff --git a/src/libxrpl/telemetry/SpanGuard.cpp b/src/libxrpl/telemetry/SpanGuard.cpp
index 2a74475880..08b8e7b3f2 100644
--- a/src/libxrpl/telemetry/SpanGuard.cpp
+++ b/src/libxrpl/telemetry/SpanGuard.cpp
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ SpanContext::SpanContext(std::shared_ptr<Impl> impl) : impl_(std::move(impl))
 }
 
 bool
-SpanContext::isValid() const
+SpanContext::isValid() const noexcept
 {
     return impl_ != nullptr;
 }
@@ -132,12 +132,12 @@ SpanGuard::SpanGuard(SpanGuard&&) noexcept = default;
 SpanGuard&
 SpanGuard::operator=(SpanGuard&&) noexcept = default;
 
-SpanGuard::SpanGuard(std::unique_ptr<Impl> impl) : impl_(std::move(impl))
+SpanGuard::SpanGuard(std::unique_ptr<Impl> impl) noexcept : impl_(std::move(impl))
 {
 }
 
 SpanGuard::
-operator bool() const
+operator bool() const noexcept
 {
     return impl_ != nullptr;
 }
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ categoryToSpanKind(TraceCategory cat)
 }  // namespace
 
 SpanGuard
-SpanGuard::span(TraceCategory cat, std::string_view prefix, std::string_view name)
+SpanGuard::span(TraceCategory cat, std::string_view prefix, std::string_view name) noexcept
 {
     auto* tel = Telemetry::getInstance();
     if ((tel == nullptr) || !tel->isEnabled() || !isCategoryEnabled(*tel, cat))
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ SpanGuard::span(TraceCategory cat, std::string_view prefix, std::string_view nam
 }
 
 SpanGuard
-SpanGuard::freshRoot(TraceCategory cat, std::string_view prefix, std::string_view name)
+SpanGuard::freshRoot(TraceCategory cat, std::string_view prefix, std::string_view name) noexcept
 {
     auto* tel = Telemetry::getInstance();
     if ((tel == nullptr) || !tel->isEnabled() || !isCategoryEnabled(*tel, cat))
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ SpanGuard::freshRoot(TraceCategory cat, std::string_view prefix, std::string_vie
 // ===== Child / linked span creation ========================================
 
 SpanGuard
-SpanGuard::childSpan(std::string_view name) const
+SpanGuard::childSpan(std::string_view name) const noexcept
 {
     if (!impl_)
         return {};
@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ SpanGuard::childSpan(std::string_view name) const
 }
 
 SpanGuard
-SpanGuard::childSpan(std::string_view name, SpanContext const& parentCtx)
+SpanGuard::childSpan(std::string_view name, SpanContext const& parentCtx) noexcept
 {
     if (!parentCtx.isValid())
         return {};
@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ SpanGuard::childSpan(std::string_view name, SpanContext const& parentCtx)
 }
 
 SpanGuard
-SpanGuard::linkedSpan(std::string_view name) const
+SpanGuard::linkedSpan(std::string_view name) const noexcept
 {
     if (!impl_)
         return {};
@@ -277,7 +277,7 @@ SpanGuard::linkedSpan(std::string_view name) const
 }
 
 SpanGuard
-SpanGuard::linkedSpan(std::string_view name, SpanContext const& linkCtx)
+SpanGuard::linkedSpan(std::string_view name, SpanContext const& linkCtx) noexcept
 {
     if (!linkCtx.isValid())
         return {};
@@ -401,7 +401,7 @@ SpanGuard::hashSpan(
 // ===== Context capture =====================================================
 
 SpanContext
-SpanGuard::spanContext() const
+SpanGuard::spanContext() const noexcept
 {
     if (!impl_ || !impl_->span)
         return {};
@@ -416,7 +416,7 @@ SpanGuard::spanContext() const
 }
 
 SpanContext
-SpanGuard::threadLocalContext()
+SpanGuard::threadLocalContext() noexcept
 {
     // Snapshot whatever span is currently active on THIS thread's context
     // stack (the ambient context), independent of any guard. This is the
@@ -455,7 +455,7 @@ SpanGuard::injectCurrentContextToProtobuf(protocol::TraceContext& proto)
 // ===== Attribute setters ===================================================
 
 void
-SpanGuard::setAttribute(std::string_view key, std::string_view value)
+SpanGuard::setAttribute(std::string_view key, std::string_view value) noexcept
 {
     if (impl_)
     {
@@ -466,27 +466,27 @@ SpanGuard::setAttribute(std::string_view key, std::string_view value)
 }
 
 void
-SpanGuard::setAttribute(std::string_view key, char const* value)
+SpanGuard::setAttribute(std::string_view key, char const* value) noexcept
 {
     setAttribute(key, std::string_view(value));
 }
 
 void
-SpanGuard::setAttribute(std::string_view key, std::int64_t value)
+SpanGuard::setAttribute(std::string_view key, std::int64_t value) noexcept
 {
     if (impl_)
         impl_->span->SetAttribute(opentelemetry::nostd::string_view(key.data(), key.size()), value);
 }
 
 void
-SpanGuard::setAttribute(std::string_view key, double value)
+SpanGuard::setAttribute(std::string_view key, double value) noexcept
 {
     if (impl_)
         impl_->span->SetAttribute(opentelemetry::nostd::string_view(key.data(), key.size()), value);
 }
 
 void
-SpanGuard::setAttribute(std::string_view key, bool value)
+SpanGuard::setAttribute(std::string_view key, bool value) noexcept
 {
     if (impl_)
         impl_->span->SetAttribute(opentelemetry::nostd::string_view(key.data(), key.size()), value);
@@ -495,28 +495,28 @@ SpanGuard::setAttribute(std::string_view key, bool value)
 // ===== Status / events =====================================================
 
 void
-SpanGuard::setOk()
+SpanGuard::setOk() noexcept
 {
     if (impl_)
         impl_->span->SetStatus(otel_trace::StatusCode::kOk);
 }
 
 void
-SpanGuard::setError(std::string_view description)
+SpanGuard::setError(std::string_view description) noexcept
 {
     if (impl_)
         impl_->span->SetStatus(otel_trace::StatusCode::kError, std::string(description));
 }
 
 void
-SpanGuard::addEvent(std::string_view name)
+SpanGuard::addEvent(std::string_view name) noexcept
 {
     if (impl_)
         impl_->span->AddEvent(std::string(name));
 }
 
 void
-SpanGuard::addEvent(std::string_view name, std::initializer_list<EventAttribute> attrs)
+SpanGuard::addEvent(std::string_view name, std::initializer_list<EventAttribute> attrs) noexcept
 {
     if (!impl_)
         return;
@@ -541,7 +541,7 @@ SpanGuard::addEvent(std::string_view name, std::initializer_list<EventAttribute>
 }
 
 void
-SpanGuard::recordException(std::exception const& e)
+SpanGuard::recordException(std::exception const& e) noexcept
 {
     if (!impl_)
         return;
@@ -556,7 +556,7 @@ SpanGuard::recordException(std::exception const& e)
 }
 
 void
-SpanGuard::discard()
+SpanGuard::discard() noexcept
 {
     if (impl_)
     {
@@ -637,7 +637,7 @@ struct ScopedSpanGuard::ScopedImpl
 
 // ===== ScopedSpanGuard core lifecycle ======================================
 
-ScopedSpanGuard::ScopedSpanGuard(SpanGuard&& guard)
+ScopedSpanGuard::ScopedSpanGuard(SpanGuard&& guard) noexcept
     : impl_(std::make_unique<ScopedImpl>(std::move(guard)))
 {
 }
@@ -656,37 +656,43 @@ ScopedSpanGuard::~ScopedSpanGuard()
 
 // ===== ScopedSpanGuard factory methods =====================================
 
-ScopedSpanGuard::ScopedSpanGuard(TraceCategory cat, std::string_view prefix, std::string_view name)
+ScopedSpanGuard::ScopedSpanGuard(
+    TraceCategory cat,
+    std::string_view prefix,
+    std::string_view name) noexcept
     : ScopedSpanGuard(SpanGuard::span(cat, prefix, name))
 {
 }
 
 ScopedSpanGuard
-ScopedSpanGuard::freshRoot(TraceCategory cat, std::string_view prefix, std::string_view name)
+ScopedSpanGuard::freshRoot(
+    TraceCategory cat,
+    std::string_view prefix,
+    std::string_view name) noexcept
 {
     return ScopedSpanGuard(SpanGuard::freshRoot(cat, prefix, name));
 }
 
 ScopedSpanGuard
-ScopedSpanGuard::childSpan(std::string_view name) const
+ScopedSpanGuard::childSpan(std::string_view name) const noexcept
 {
     return ScopedSpanGuard(impl_->guard.childSpan(name));
 }
 
 ScopedSpanGuard
-ScopedSpanGuard::childSpan(std::string_view name, SpanContext const& parentCtx)
+ScopedSpanGuard::childSpan(std::string_view name, SpanContext const& parentCtx) noexcept
 {
     return ScopedSpanGuard(SpanGuard::childSpan(name, parentCtx));
 }
 
 ScopedSpanGuard
-ScopedSpanGuard::linkedSpan(std::string_view name) const
+ScopedSpanGuard::linkedSpan(std::string_view name) const noexcept
 {
     return ScopedSpanGuard(impl_->guard.linkedSpan(name));
 }
 
 ScopedSpanGuard
-ScopedSpanGuard::linkedSpan(std::string_view name, SpanContext const& linkCtx)
+ScopedSpanGuard::linkedSpan(std::string_view name, SpanContext const& linkCtx) noexcept
 {
     return ScopedSpanGuard(SpanGuard::linkedSpan(name, linkCtx));
 }
@@ -694,7 +700,7 @@ ScopedSpanGuard::linkedSpan(std::string_view name, SpanContext const& linkCtx)
 // ===== ScopedSpanGuard handoff bridge ======================================
 
 ScopedSpanGuard::
-operator SpanGuard() &&
+operator SpanGuard() && noexcept
 {
     // The scope must be popped while its constructing context store is
     // active; handing off under a different store would pop the wrong stack.
@@ -710,7 +716,7 @@ operator SpanGuard() &&
 // ===== ScopedSpanGuard context capture =====================================
 
 SpanContext
-ScopedSpanGuard::spanContext() const
+ScopedSpanGuard::spanContext() const noexcept
 {
     return impl_->guard.spanContext();
 }
@@ -718,61 +724,61 @@ ScopedSpanGuard::spanContext() const
 // ===== ScopedSpanGuard forwarding methods ==================================
 
 void
-ScopedSpanGuard::setAttribute(std::string_view key, std::string_view value)
+ScopedSpanGuard::setAttribute(std::string_view key, std::string_view value) noexcept
 {
     impl_->guard.setAttribute(key, value);
 }
 
 void
-ScopedSpanGuard::setAttribute(std::string_view key, char const* value)
+ScopedSpanGuard::setAttribute(std::string_view key, char const* value) noexcept
 {
     impl_->guard.setAttribute(key, value);
 }
 
 void
-ScopedSpanGuard::setAttribute(std::string_view key, std::int64_t value)
+ScopedSpanGuard::setAttribute(std::string_view key, std::int64_t value) noexcept
 {
     impl_->guard.setAttribute(key, value);
 }
 
 void
-ScopedSpanGuard::setAttribute(std::string_view key, double value)
+ScopedSpanGuard::setAttribute(std::string_view key, double value) noexcept
 {
     impl_->guard.setAttribute(key, value);
 }
 
 void
-ScopedSpanGuard::setAttribute(std::string_view key, bool value)
+ScopedSpanGuard::setAttribute(std::string_view key, bool value) noexcept
 {
     impl_->guard.setAttribute(key, value);
 }
 
 void
-ScopedSpanGuard::setOk()
+ScopedSpanGuard::setOk() noexcept
 {
     impl_->guard.setOk();
 }
 
 void
-ScopedSpanGuard::setError(std::string_view description)
+ScopedSpanGuard::setError(std::string_view description) noexcept
 {
     impl_->guard.setError(description);
 }
 
 void
-ScopedSpanGuard::addEvent(std::string_view name)
+ScopedSpanGuard::addEvent(std::string_view name) noexcept
 {
     impl_->guard.addEvent(name);
 }
 
 void
-ScopedSpanGuard::recordException(std::exception const& e)
+ScopedSpanGuard::recordException(std::exception const& e) noexcept
 {
     impl_->guard.recordException(e);
 }
 
 void
-ScopedSpanGuard::discard()
+ScopedSpanGuard::discard() noexcept
 {
     // A live Scope must be popped while its constructing context store is
     // active; discarding under a different store corrupts that store's
@@ -788,7 +794,7 @@ ScopedSpanGuard::discard()
 }
 
 ScopedSpanGuard::
-operator bool() const
+operator bool() const noexcept
 {
     return impl_ && static_cast<bool>(impl_->guard);
 }
@@ -827,7 +833,7 @@ struct ScopedActivation::Impl
 
 ScopedActivation::ScopedActivation() = default;
 
-ScopedActivation::ScopedActivation(std::unique_ptr<Impl> impl) : impl_(std::move(impl))
+ScopedActivation::ScopedActivation(std::unique_ptr<Impl> impl) noexcept : impl_(std::move(impl))
 {
 }
 
@@ -844,7 +850,7 @@ ScopedActivation::~ScopedActivation()
 }
 
 ScopedActivation
-SpanGuard::activate() const
+SpanGuard::activate() const noexcept
 {
     if (!impl_ || !impl_->span)
         return {};