diff --git a/src/ripple/app/ledger/LedgerMaster.cpp b/src/ripple/app/ledger/LedgerMaster.cpp
index 04824d7fdb..2ef2a5c191 100644
--- a/src/ripple/app/ledger/LedgerMaster.cpp
+++ b/src/ripple/app/ledger/LedgerMaster.cpp
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 #include <ripple/basics/RangeSet.h>
 #include <ripple/app/ledger/LedgerMaster.h>
 #include <ripple/validators/Manager.h>
+#include <algorithm>
 #include <cassert>
 #include <beast/cxx14/memory.h> // <memory>
 
@@ -772,15 +773,25 @@ public:
             getApp().getOrderBookDB().setup(ledger);
         }
 
-        std::uint64_t fee, fee2, ref;
-        ref = getApp().getFeeTrack().getLoadBase();
-        int count = getApp().getValidations().getFeeAverage(ledger->getHash(), ref, fee);
-        int count2 = getApp().getValidations().getFeeAverage(ledger->getParentHash(), ref, fee2);
-
-        if ((count + count2) == 0)
-            getApp().getFeeTrack().setRemoteFee(ref);
+        std::uint64_t const base = getApp().getFeeTrack().getLoadBase();
+        auto fees = getApp().getValidations().fees (ledger->getHash(), base);
+        {
+            auto fees2 = getApp().getValidations().fees (ledger->getParentHash(), base);
+            fees.reserve (fees.size() + fees2.size());
+            std::copy (fees2.begin(), fees2.end(), std::back_inserter(fees));
+        }
+        std::uint64_t fee;
+        if (! fees.empty())
+        {
+            std::sort (fees.begin(), fees.end());
+            fee = fees[fees.size() / 2]; // median
+        }
         else
-            getApp().getFeeTrack().setRemoteFee(((fee * count) + (fee2 * count2)) / (count + count2));
+        {
+            fee = base;
+        }
+
+        getApp().getFeeTrack().setRemoteFee(fee);
 
         tryAdvance ();
     }
diff --git a/src/ripple/app/misc/Validations.cpp b/src/ripple/app/misc/Validations.cpp
index 03b2796857..5acbe6f221 100644
--- a/src/ripple/app/misc/Validations.cpp
+++ b/src/ripple/app/misc/Validations.cpp
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 
 #include <ripple/basics/StringUtilities.h>
 #include <beast/cxx14/memory.h> // <memory>
+#include <mutex>
 #include <thread>
 
 namespace ripple {
@@ -26,10 +27,10 @@ namespace ripple {
 class ValidationsImp : public Validations
 {
 private:
-    typedef RippleMutex LockType;
+    using LockType = std::mutex;
     typedef std::lock_guard <LockType> ScopedLockType;
     typedef beast::GenericScopedUnlock <LockType> ScopedUnlockType;
-    LockType mLock;
+    std::mutex mutable mLock;
 
     TaggedCache<uint256, ValidationSet> mValidations;
     ValidationSet mCurrentValidations;
@@ -233,34 +234,27 @@ private:
         return trusted;
     }
 
-    int getFeeAverage (uint256 const& ledger, std::uint64_t ref, std::uint64_t& fee)
+    std::vector <std::uint64_t>
+    fees (uint256 const& ledger, std::uint64_t base) override
     {
-        int trusted = 0;
-        fee = 0;
-
-        ScopedLockType sl (mLock);
-        auto set = findSet (ledger);
-
+        std::vector <std::uint64_t> result;
+        std::lock_guard <std::mutex> lock (mLock);
+        auto const set = findSet (ledger);
         if (set)
         {
-            for (auto& it: *set)
+            for (auto const& v : *set)
             {
-                if (it.second->isTrusted ())
+                if (v.second->isTrusted())
                 {
-                    ++trusted;
-                    if (it.second->isFieldPresent(sfLoadFee))
-                        fee += it.second->getFieldU32(sfLoadFee);
+                    if (v.second->isFieldPresent(sfLoadFee))
+                        result.push_back(v.second->getFieldU32(sfLoadFee));
                     else
-                        fee += ref;
-                 }
+                        result.push_back(base);
+                }
             }
         }
 
-        if (trusted == 0)
-            fee = ref;
-        else
-            fee /= trusted;
-        return trusted;
+        return result;
     }
 
     int getNodesAfter (uint256 const& ledger)
diff --git a/src/ripple/app/misc/Validations.h b/src/ripple/app/misc/Validations.h
index ae8064130e..2eff884760 100644
--- a/src/ripple/app/misc/Validations.h
+++ b/src/ripple/app/misc/Validations.h
@@ -51,8 +51,10 @@ public:
 
     virtual int getTrustedValidationCount (uint256 const& ledger) = 0;
 
-    virtual int getFeeAverage(
-        uint256 const& ledger, std::uint64_t ref, std::uint64_t& fee) = 0;
+    /** Returns fees reported by trusted validators in the given ledger. */
+    virtual
+    std::vector <std::uint64_t>
+    fees (uint256 const& ledger, std::uint64_t base) = 0;
 
     virtual int getNodesAfter (uint256 const& ledger) = 0;
     virtual int getLoadRatio (bool overLoaded) = 0;
diff --git a/src/ripple/http/impl/Door.cpp b/src/ripple/http/impl/Door.cpp
index f93b63d623..72ccab1ddd 100644
--- a/src/ripple/http/impl/Door.cpp
+++ b/src/ripple/http/impl/Door.cpp
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 
 #include <ripple/http/impl/Door.h>
 #include <ripple/http/impl/Peer.h>
+#include <boost/asio/buffer.hpp>
 #include <beast/asio/placeholders.h>
 #include <boost/logic/tribool.hpp>
 #include <functional>
@@ -53,7 +54,7 @@ detect_ssl (Socket& socket, StreamBuf& buf, Yield yield)
     for(;;)
     {
         std::size_t const max = 4; // the most bytes we could need
-        std::array <unsigned char, max> data;
+        unsigned char data[max];
         auto const bytes = boost::asio::buffer_copy (
             boost::asio::buffer(data), buf.data());