ci: Update CI image to use Conan 2 (#2178)

I pushed this image to my fork, and will use it to test everything works

docker/ci/conan/clang.profile

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+[settings]
+arch=x86_64
+build_type=Release
+compiler=clang
+compiler.cppstd=20
+compiler.libcxx=libc++
+compiler.version=16
+os=Linux
+
+[conf]
+tools.build:compiler_executables={'c': '/usr/bin/clang-16', 'cpp': '/usr/bin/clang++-16'}